2007 International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium

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Proceedings for the 2007 International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium. For more information about the symposium, please see the Solid Freeform Fabrication website.

The Seventeenth Solid Freeform Fabrication (SFF) Symposium, held at The University of Texas in Austin on August 6-8, 2007, was attended by almost 100 national and international researchers from 8 countries. Papers addressed SFF issues in computer software, machine design, materials synthesis and processing, and integrated manufacturing. The diverse domestic and foreign attendees included industrial users, SFF machine manufacturers, university researchers and representatives from the government. The Symposium organizers look forward to its being a continuing forum for technical exchange among the expanding body of researchers involved in SFF.

The Symposium was again organized in a manner to allow the multi-disciplinary nature of the SFF research to be presented coherently, with various sessions emphasizing process development, design tools, modeling and control, process parameter optimization, applications and materials. We believe that documenting the changing state of SFF art as represented by these Proceedings will serve both those presently involved in this fruitful technical area as well as new researchers and users entering the field.

Two special themes for this year’s conference included an industrial perspective and design. For the former, Terry Wohlers of Wohlers Associates presented an overview of the state of the art in industrial practice and was followed by a panel presentation on perspectives by Joe Beaman (University of Texas at Austin), Brent Stucker (Utah State University) and Neil Hopkinson (Loughborough University). The special session on Design was organized by Carolyn Seeperesad. Presentations explored design tools, fundamental research and applications in biomedical, aerospace and automotive.

This year’s best oral presentation was given by David Rosen of Georgia Institute of Technology. Selection is based on the overall quality of the paper, the presentation and discussion at the meeting, the significance of the work and the manuscript submitted to the proceedings. The paper title was, “Design for Additive Manufacturing: A Method to Explore Unexplored Regions of the Design Space”. Selected from 55 oral presentations, his presentation appears on Page 402 of this Proceedings. The best poster presentation selected from 6 posters was given by Omer Cansizoglu of North Carolina State University (co-authors Ola L.A. Harrysson, Denis J. Marcellin-Little, Denis R. Cormier, Harvey A. West II). The paper title was, “Tailored Structures to Reduce Stress Shielding in Hip Implants.”

The editors would like to extend a warm “Thank You” to Rosalie Foster for her detailed handling of the logistics of the meeting and the Proceedings, as well as her excellent performance as registrar and problem solver during the meeting. We would like to thank the Organizing Committee, the session chairs, the attendees for their enthusiastic contributions, and the speakers both for their significant contribution to the meeting and for the relatively prompt delivery of the manuscripts comprising this volume. We look forward to the continued close cooperation of the SFF community in organizing the Symposium. We also want to thank the Office of Naval Research (N00014-07-1-0970) and the National Science Foundation (CMMI-0728118) for supporting this meeting financially. The meeting was co-organized by the University of Connecticut at Storrs, and the Mechanical Engineering Department, Laboratory for Freeform Fabrication and the Texas Materials Institute at The University of Texas at Austin.

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    2007 International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium Table of Contents
    (2007) Laboratory for Freeform Fabrication and University of Texas at Austin
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    Topology Design and Freeform Fabrication of Deployable Structures with Lattice Skins
    (2007) Maheshwaraa, Uma; Seepersad, Carolyn Conner; Bourell, David
    Solid freeform fabrication is particularly suitable for fabricating customized parts, but it has not been used for fabricating deployable structures that can be stored in a compact configuration and deployed quickly and easily in the field. In previous work, lattice structures have been established as a feasible means of deploying parts. Before fabricating the parts with a selective laser sintering (SLS) machine and Duraform® Flex material, lattice sub-skins are added strategically beneath the surface of the part. The lattice structure provides elastic energy for folding and deploying the structure or constrains expansion upon application of internal air pressure. In this paper, a procedure is presented for optimizing the lattice skin topology for improved overall performance of the structure, measured in terms of deviation from desired surface profile. A ground structure-based topology optimization procedure is utilized, with a penalization scheme that encourages convergence to sets of thick lattice elements that are manufacturable and extremely thin lattice elements that are removed from the final structure. A deployable wing is designed for a miniature unmanned aerial vehicle. A physical prototype of the optimal configuration is fabricated with SLS and compared with the virtual prototype.
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    Manufacturing Metallic Parts with Designed Mesostructure via Three-Dimensional Printing of Metal Oxide Powder
    (2007-09-05) Williams, Christopher B.; Rosen, David W.
    Cellular materials, metallic bodies with gaseous voids, are a promising class of materials that offer high strength accompanied by a relatively low mass. In this paper, the authors investigate the use of ThreeDimensional Printing (3DP) to manufacture metallic cellular materials by selectively printing binder into a bed of metal oxide ceramic powder. The resulting green part undergoes a thermal chemical post-process in order to convert it to metal. As a result of their investigation, the authors are able to create cellular materials made of maraging steel that feature wall sizes as small as 400 µm and angled trusses and channels that are 1 mm in diameter.
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    Printing Food
    (2007-08-21) Periard, Dan; Schaal, Noy; Schaal, Maor; Malone, Evan; Lipson, Hod
    This paper examines the possible applications of food as a raw material in freeform fabrication, and provides several demonstrations of edible three-dimensional objects. The use of edible materials offers several advantages: First, it opens the door to the application of SFF technology in custom food industry, such as manufacturing of complex confections with specialized geometries and intricate material compositions. For pedagogical purposes, edible materials provide an easily accessible, nontoxic and low cost way to experiment with rapid prototyping techniques using educational systems such as Fab@Home. For more traditional SFF technologies, food materials with appropriate rheological properties can serve as sacrificial, bio-degradable, bio-compatible or recyclable materials for structural support and draft-printing. We have used the Fab@Home personal fabrication system to produce multi-material edible 3D objects with cake frosting, chocolate, processed cheese, and peanut butter. These are just indicative of the range of potential edible materials and applications.
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    Layered Fabrication of Branched Networks Using Lindenmayer Systems
    (2007) Yasar, O.; Martin, M.; Harris, C.; Sun, S.; Starly, B.
    A current challenge impeding the growth of bone tissue engineering is the lack of functional scaffolds of geometric sizes greater than 10mm due to the inability of cells to survive deep within the scaffold. It is hypothesized that these scaffolds must have an inbuilt nutrient distribution network to sustain the uniform growth of cells. In this paper, we seek to enhance the design and layered fabrication of scaffold internal architecture through the development of Lindenmayer systems, a graphical language based theory to create nutrient delivery networks. The scaffolds are fabricated using the Texas Instruments DLP™ system through UV‐photopolymerization to produce polyethylene glycol hydrogels with internal branch structures. The paper will discuss the Lindenmayer system, process planning algorithms, layered fabrication of samples, challenges and future tasks.
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    Accuracy and Mechanical Properties of Open-Cell Microstructures Fabricated by Selective Laser Sintering
    (2007) Eosoly, S.; Ryder, G.; Tansey, T.; Looney, L.
    This paper investigates the applicability of selective laser sintering (SLS) for the manufacture of scaffold geometries for bone tissue engineering applications. Porous scaffold geometries with open-cell structure and relative density of 10-60 v% were computationally designed and fabricated by selective laser sintering using polyamide powder. Strut and pore sizes ranging from 0.4 - 1 mm and 1.2 -2 mm are explored. The effect of process parameters on compressive properties and accuracy of scaffolds was examined and outline laser power and scan spacing were identified as significant factors. In general, the designed scaffold geometry was not accurately fabricated on the micron-scale. The smallest successfully fabricated strut and pore size was 0.4 mm and 1.2 mm, respectively. It was found that selective laser sintering has the potential to fabricate hard tissue engineering scaffolds. However the technology is not able to replicate exact geometries on the micron-scale but by accounting for errors resulting from the diameter of the laser and from the manufacturing induced geometrical deformations in different building directions, the exact dimensions of the manufactured scaffolds can be predicted and controlled indirectly, which corresponds favorably with its application in computer aided tissue engineering.
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    Deposition of Ti/TiC Composite Coatings on Implant Structures Using Laser Engineered Net Shaping
    (2007-09-05) Janaki Ram, G.D.; Yang, Y.; Stucker, B. E.
    A new method of depositing hard and wear resistant composite coatings on metal-onmetal bearing surfaces of titanium implant structures is proposed and demonstrated. The method consists of depositing a Ti/TiC composite coating (~ 2.5 mm thick) on titanium implant bearing surfaces using Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS®). Defect-free composite coatings were successfully produced at various amounts of the reinforcing TiC phase with excellent interfacial characteristics using a mixture of commercially pure Ti and TiC powders. The coatings consisted of a mixture of coarser unmelted/partially melted (UMC) TiC particles and finer, discreet resolidified (RSC) TiC particles uniformly distributed in the titanium matrix. The amounts of UMC and RSC were found to increase with increasing TiC content of the original powder mixture. The coatings exhibited a high level of hardness, which increased with increasing TiC content of the original powder mixture. Fractographic studies indicated that the coatings, even at 60 vol.% TiC, do not fail in a brittle manner. Various aspects of LENS® deposition of Ti/TiC composite coatings are addressed and a preliminary understanding of structure-property-fracture correlations is presented. The current work shows that the proposed approach to deposit composite coatings using laser-based metal deposition processes is highly-effective, which can be readily utilized on a commercial basis for manufacture of high-performance implants.
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    Freeform Fabrication of a Complete Electrochemical Relay
    (2007-09-05) Malone, Evan; Lipson, Hod
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    Printing Embedded Circuits
    (2007-09-05) Periard, Daniel; Malone, Evan; Lipson, Hod
    Automated manufacturing technologies such as freeform fabrication can greatly reduce the cost and complexity of infrastructure required to manufacture unique devices or invent new technologies. Multi-material freeform fabrication processes under development have the potential to automatically build complete functional devices including electronics. Making this technology available to creative individuals will revolutionize art and invention, but requires extensive simplification and cost reduction of what is still a laboratory technology. The combination of a Fab@Home Model 1 personal fabrication system and commercially available materials allows the demonstration of simple and inexpensive freeform fabrication of functional embedded electrical circuits, and useful devices. Using this approach, we have been able to demonstrate an LED flashlight, functional printed circuit boards in 2-dimensions and 3- dimensions that are actually entirely printed, and a child’s toy with embedded circuitry. These results, and the materials and methods involved in producing them will be presented in detail.
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    Laser Sintering Fabrication of Highly Porous Models Utilizing Water Leachable Filler-Experimental Investigation into Process Parameters
    (2007) Niino, Toshiki; Oizumi, Shunsuke; Otsuki, Hiroyuki
    The authors are developing a laser sintering process to fabricate highly porous models with such high porosities as 90% and more. In the process, water-soluble filler is mixed with designated plastic powder and leached out after laser sintering process is finished to generate pores where the grains used to exist. Previously, the authors reported successful application of this technology on a tissue engineering scaffold. However, relationship between process parameters and obtained results has not been clarified. This paper reports experimental investigation into effects of optimizing process parameters such as mixture, grain size of the filler on resultant porosity, pore size and process resolution