Browsing by Subject "Experimental"

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A new proscenium : exploring interactive live performance in a socially distant digital world
(2021-05-06) Conard, Jordan Christopher; Bloodgood, William
In the era of virtual entertainment and social distancing protocols, many live entertainment industries are asking how they might create engaging experiences that connect audiences and performers. Is it possible to merge Theatre, Television, and Gaming into a new medium that plays to the strengths of each of these forms? What actions can be taken to successfully combine mediums and maintain liveness? How can we remotely and virtually connect audiences and performers? In a connected world, with entertainment at our fingertips, my curiosity in cross medium entertainment has been given an opportunity, as a result of the global COVID-19 pandemic, to devise and create a system that would allow for audiences and performers to connect in real-time from anywhere in the world. While the prevalence of producing streamed theatre over Zoom places a temporary band-aid on the problem of being unable to congregate in person; Existing technologies allow for connections to be found for audiences and performers alike in live entertainment, using low latency video streaming, audience voting, bespoke website user interfaces, and audience dictated diverting storylines; audiences and performers can indeed connect via a new spin on live entertainment. While there are inevitably obstacles encountered with emerging technologies and techniques, I conclude the live entertainment industry should explore the convergence of mediums rather than settle for the limitations of virtual Zoom Theatre or recorded Theatre performances. Through a new residency presented by Texas Performing Arts and Fusebox in December of 2020, my collaborators and I, the Frank Wo/Men Collective, explored and designed a new medium that brought together features of theatre, film, television, and gaming. The resulting production revealed that the combination of mediums can in fact create engaging experiences that open up a wild variety of engaging opportunities for the audience and the performers alike. While the COVID-19 pandemic will eventually end, there will be a long-lasting effect on the live entertainment industry as some people may choose to avoid congregating with large groups for years to come. The solutions and explorations presented serve as a starting point for others interested in this live entertainment medium.
An experimental investigation of oil recovery in EOR processes in tight rocks
(2021-07-26) Quintanilla, Zach Tyler; Sharma, Mukul M.
Unconventional oil production has become the largest source of oil production in the United States and is expected to continue for the foreseeable future. However, total oil recovery in these types of reservoirs is generally less than 10% of original oil in place. EOR treatments in the field have had mixed success and require further understanding for optimization at the field scale. Identifying the optimal treatment for these types of wells is difficult due to the low porosity (<5%) and nano-Darcy permeability which makes conventional methods of EOR and lab testing not feasible. In this study we will propose a new method for testing and comparing EOR treatments in tight rocks. By observing the oil in place from NMR before and after treatment, we can determine the most effective treatment method. In this study we analyzed three different formations: the Austin Chalk, Buda Limestone, and Eagle Ford Shale. Additionally, we tested different combination of treatment gases (nitrogen and carbon dioxide) and treatment fluids (brine, nano-activated, and nano-activated + surfactant). From the results of this work, we were able to identify the optimal treatment for each formation from the treatments that were tested. The experimental results were shown to be fast and repeatable. Additionally, the oil recovery results from each of the tested treatments were able to be easily compared (oil recovery ranged from 1% to 98%). By using a combination of treatment fluid and gas, the total incremental oil recovery increased when compared to gas only treatments. Lastly, we were able to identify the optimal treatment for each rock type by referring to the treatment with the greatest oil recovery.
Characterization of connection details for truss-diaphragm for use in full-scale experiments focused on lateral contribution of gravity connections in steel frames
(2021-05-07) Schulz, Adam Carl; Clayton, Patricia M.
Typical structures derive lateral strength and stiffness from only a limited number of lateral load resisting elements. Gravity framing normally accounts for the vast majority of members in a structure and is assumed not to contribute to the lateral resistance of the frame. This assumption is partly due to the perfect pin idealization for gravity connections. However, research has indicated that gravity framing offers a nonnegligible amount of lateral resistance both due to moment resistance in the connections and continuity of gravity columns. In aggregate, the moment resistance of gravity framing may substantially impact the lateral capacity of a structure. This thesis presents the details of a system-level test specimen that will be used to evaluate the contribution of gravity framing to the lateral resistance of a steel building structure. This overall research investigation is an extension of the work published by Donahue (2019) and employs many of the same details. The specimen described herein is a two-bay by three-bay structure that utilizes double-angle shear connections in the direction of loading. This structure represents one floor of a representative building with columns spanning from mid-height of the story below to mid-height of the story above. The specimen will be tested as a bare-steel frame to collect calibration data for forthcoming tests that include composite decking. In addition to explaining the geometry of the specimen, this thesis details computational and experimental testing completed to validate a horizontal-to-vertical connection between a knife plate and a WT section in a top truss diaphragm that is used to distribute lateral loads throughout the specimen. This connection was designed with the intent that the WT section will accommodate bending while limiting permanent deformations in the knife plate. While the knife plate was observed to experience substantial plastic strains in experimental subassembly testing, it was decided that the magnitude of residual deformation sustained by the knife plate would not substantially impact the constructability of subsequent test specimens. Therefore, the detail was used in the full-scale system-level specimen.
Diffused-exit film cooling holes fed by an internal crossflow
(2017-05-02) McClintic, John W.; Bogard, David G.; Moser, Robert D; Clemens, Noel T; Bahadur, Vaibhav; Dyson, Thomas E; Davidson, Frederick T
Film cooling is an essential technology to the operation of modern gas turbine engines, allowing for greater efficiency and part durability. Due to film cooling’s complexity, laboratory studies of film cooling isolate various effects by intentionally simplifying or neglecting various aspects of the film cooling problem. One such aspect that had been consistently neglected by film cooling studies is how the internal flow within the turbine blade affects film cooling performance. Studies have found that feeding the holes with an internal crossflow, directed perpendicular to the mainstream flow, can cause up to a 50% reduction in film cooling effectiveness. This result is of concern because internal crossflow is a common internal flow condition in gas turbine engines. However, none of the former studies have made a concerted effort to examine the important scaling parameters governing this effect. Nor have they provided experimental evidence showing the cause of this reduction in effectiveness due to internal crossflow. In this study, a wide range of flow conditions was studied for two common film cooling hole geometry types: axial and compound angle diffused-exit film cooling holes. Internal crossflow-to-mainstream velocity ratios of VR [subscript c] = 0.2-0.6 were tested along with jet-to-mainstream velocity ratios of VR = 0.2-1.7. Film cooling effectiveness and discharge coefficients were measured for this full range of flow conditions for both geometries in order to produce a sufficiently large data set to observe important trends in the data. It was found that the discharge coefficients, centerline effectiveness, and centerline location all scaled with the crossflow-to-jet velocity ratio, VR [subscript i] for the axial holes. Temperature and velocity fields showed that VR [subscript i] also scaled the in-hole temperature and velocity fields. A swirling flow within the hole was shown to cause ingestion of mainstream into the diffused exit of the hole and biasing of the issuing jet in the outlet diffuser, which reduced film cooling effectiveness. The direction of bias at the exit resulted from the direction of the internal crossflow and was critical for compound angle holes. Crossflow directed counter to the lateral direction of coolant injection caused improved film cooling effectiveness relative to the in-line crossflow direction.
Electromechanical modeling and testing of a novel electrically-driven coaxial, co-rotating rotor system
(2021-05-07) Asper, Matthew S.; Sirohi, Jayant
A novel thrust control method for an electrically-driven coaxial, co-rotating (stacked) rotor system by controlling rotor index angle, or azimuthal spacing is described. The stacked rotor comprises of two 2-bladed rotors spinning in the same direction at the same rotor speed, with a fixed axial spacing and variable azimuthal spacing. Changing the azimuthal spacing by approximately 22 degrees results in a 17% change in the total rotor system thrust. An electromechanical model of the rotor and drive system was developed with a blade element aerodynamic model and field oriented control of two phase-synchronized electric motors, each driving one rotor of the stacked system. The model was validated with measurements on a single, 2 m diameter rotor in hover driven by a single electric motor at constant rotor speed as well as during transient rotor speed changes. The validated model was used to explore the behavior of the system in response to a commanded change in rotor azimuthal spacing. At a blade loading of C [subscript T] / [sigma] = 0.08, and a rotor speed of 1200 RPM, computations indicated that a 5° change in azimuthal spacing could be achieved in less than 0.2 s, or less than five rotor revolutions, requiring a transient power increase of 12% the mean power. This may lead to total thrust variations of 9% at an axial spacing of 0.73 chord. These results indicate the feasibility of achieving small changes in thrust at a high bandwidth with a small increase in motor power output.
Everything ends by coinciding
(2020-05-08) Spector, Hannah Jean; Lucas, Kristin, 1968-
When somebody we love gives us a gift, it becomes a shared skin. We can move in this skin—we can touch and feel our loved one through a common surface. Whether it be object, clothing, or a note, the potency of our beloved’s imprint fills a once empty slate with meaning. Everything has the potential to become this shared third skin—something I can touch to generate a deeper understanding of my longings. My work questions underlying power dynamics within language and seeks to frustrate common assumptions about reality. I use poetic imagery to disrupt our static conceptions of language. This poetic action challenges our assumed conceptual structure. Using ideas gathered from object theater, the language of film, and linguistic inquiry, I create dreamlike situations that utilize sound, text, and image reconstruction to form nonlinear narratives.
Experimental investigation of the performance of a fully cooled gas turbine vane with and without mainstream flow and experimental analysis supporting the redesign of a wind tunnel test section
(2013-12) Mosberg, Noah Avram; Bogard, David G.
This study focused on experimentally determining the cooling performance of a fully cooled, scaled-up model of a C3X turbine vane. The primary objective was to determine the differences in overall effectiveness in the presence and absence of a hot mainstream flowing over the vane. Overall effectiveness was measured using a thermally scaled matched Biot number vane with an impingement plate providing the internal cooling. This is the first study focused on investigating the effect of removing the mainstream flow and comparing the contour and laterally-averaged effectiveness data in support of the development of an assembly line thermal testing method. It was found that the proposed method of factory floor testing of turbine component cooling performance did not provide comparable information to traditional overall effectiveness test methods. A second experiment was performed in which the effect of altering the angle of attack of a flow into a passive turbulence generator was investigated. Measurements in the approach flow were taken using a single wire hot-wire anemometer. This study was the first to investigate the effects such a setup would have on fluctuating flow quantitates such as turbulence intensity and integral length scale rather than simply the mean quantities. It was found that both the downstream turbulence intensity and the turbulence integral length scale increase monotonically with approach flow incidence angle at a specified distance downstream of the turbulence generator.
An experimental test of collegiate drinking norms
(2011-05) Patel, Amee Bipin; Fromme, Kim; Beevers, Christopher G.; Beretvas, Susan N.; Josephs, Robert A.; Markman, Arthur B.
Social norms play a pivotal role in both explaining the development and maintenance of collegiate alcohol use and creating prevention and intervention programs targeted at reducing heavy drinking. By theoretically functioning as a model of normative and popular behavior, descriptive and injunctive norms are consistently associated with college drinking. In the current study, we endeavored to test the mechanisms through which social norms influence drinking by experimentally manipulating normative beliefs. Participants (N = 181) were assigned to one of nine conditions in a 3 (descriptive norms (DN): positive, negative, none) x 3 (injunctive norms (IN): positive, negative, none) experimental design. Norms exposure occurred within a series of three same-gender Internet-based chat room sessions. The norms manipulation was partially successful in creating groups with distinct normative beliefs, with the no norms groups failing to maintain a neutral norm for both descriptive and injunctive norms. Consequently, no descriptive norms groups were combined with positive descriptive norms groups and no injunctive norms groups were combined with negative injunctive norms groups, resulting in a 2 (DN: positive, negative) x 2 (IN: positive, negative) design for analyses. Overall findings for type (DN, IN) and valence (positive, negative) of norms indicated that participants globally reduced descriptive norms and drinking from pre-chat room to post-chat room, regardless of the type or valence of the manipulation, indicating that there were no experimental effects by condition. Whereas drinking appeared to stabilize at post-chat room, descriptive norms continued to decrease by three-month follow-up. Injunctive norms and personal attitudes about alcohol use also decreased by three-month follow-up. Although we were unsuccessful in changing normative beliefs in expected directions, these findings have important implications for college prevention and intervention programs for reducing drinking. The lack of experimental effects suggested that changing norms may be more complex than previously hypothesized and that changes in norms may not result in changes in drinking, which is the purported mechanism of change in norms-based interventions. These results further suggested that continued research is necessary to provide empirical support for a causal link between norms and drinking and that alternative explanations for the association between norms and drinking need to be considered.
Experimentally determined external heat transfer coefficient of a turbine airfoil design at varying incidence angles
(2015-05) Packard, Gavin Ray; Bogard, David G.; Hall, Mathew J
Predicting and measuring external heat transfer coefficients of hot gas path turbine components are important tools for gas turbine designers. Inlet temperatures often exceed the melting temperature of the materials used in such components, requiring protective measures such as thermal barrier coatings or film-cooling to prevent component failure. The external heat transfer coefficients can be used to design for the thermal loading that will ultimately lead to such failures. Modern engine designers use computational codes to predict the conditions of the hot gas components during engine operation. Before these codes can be relied upon as accurate, they must first be verified with experimental measurements. However, measuring the heat transfer coefficients can be a difficult process, especially on an actual engine component, due to the extreme temperatures and inaccessibility. As such, low speed, low temperature wind tunnels are often used to simulate a scaled version of turbine components to collect experimental data to assist in validating computational codes. This thesis details the construction of scaled up turbine airfoils to collect such data. It also provides data covering the generation of turbulence using an array of vertical rods upstream of a linear cascade in a low speed wind tunnel at off-normal incidence flow angles.
Fatigue behavior of post-installed shear connectors used to strengthen continuous non-composite steel bridge girders
(2016-08) Ghiami Azad, Amir Reza; Engelhardt, Michael D.; Williamson, Eric B., 1968-; Helwig, Todd A; Jirsa, James O; Taleff, Eric M
Many older bridges in Texas are constructed with floor systems consisting of a concrete slab over steel girders. A potentially economical means of strengthening these floor systems is to connect the existing concrete slab and steel girders using post-installed shear connectors to change the behavior of the beam from non-composite to partially-composite. Since fatigue is one of the main concerns in designing bridges, investigating the fatigue properties of these post-installed shear connectors becomes crucial. Results from direct-shear testing show that post-installed shear connectors have a better fatigue life compared to conventional welded shear studs. However, based on currently available data from direct-shear tests, fatigue life of post-installed shear connectors is still inadequate for economical retrofit in some cases. Furthermore, it is unclear if direct-shear tests provide an appropriate means of evaluating fatigue performance. The objective of this dissertation is to develop new and more accurate approaches for evaluating the fatigue characteristics of post-installed shear connectors. This objective is addressed through large-scale beam fatigue tests and computational studies. The focus of the work is on evaluating fatigue life of shear connectors based on both slip and stress demands.
Film effectiveness performance for a shaped hole on the suction side of a scaled-up turbine blade
(2018-06-26) Moore, Jacob Damian; Bogard, David G.
Surface curvature has been shown to have significant effects on the film cooling performance of round holes, but the present literature includes very few studies dedicated to curvature’s effects on shaped hole geometries despite their prevalence in turbine blade and vane designs. Experiments were performed on two rows of holes placed on the suction side of a scaled-up gas turbine blade model in a low-Mach-number linear cascade wind tunnel. The test facility was set up to match a high-Mach-number pressure distribution without modifying the blade’s geometry or including contoured end walls to accelerate the flow. By adjusting the positions of the movable walls in the tunnel test section, the suction side pressure distribution could be matched to the design distribution. One row was placed in a region of high convex surface curvature; the other, in a region of low convex curvature. Other geometric and flow parameters near the rows were matched in the design of the experiment, including hole geometry and spacing. The hole geometry was a standard 7-7-7 shaped hole. In addition, local freestream conditions for the rows were measured and set to match as closely as possible. Comparison of the adiabatic effectiveness results from the two rows revealed trends similar to those seen in previous literature for round holes. The high curvature row outperformed the low curvature row at lower coolant injection rates, having wider jets and higher centerline effectiveness. But as the injection rate was increased, the low curvature row surpassed the high curvature row in effectiveness. The driver behind this behavior was the surface-normal pressure gradient that arose from the convex surface curvature. As flow traveled around the surface, centripetal acceleration produced a pressure gradient directed towards the surface, effectively pushing jets toward the blade wall. However, at higher blowing ratios, the jets’ high momenta overcame the effects of this pressure gradient. At these injection rates, the high curvature row’s jets’ trajectories did not follow the surface as it curved away. The high surface curvature exacerbated the adverse effects of jet separation on film cooling performance.
Florence
(2015-05) Kuntz, Caleb Brandon; Raval, P. J. (Paul James); Rifkin, Edwin; Spiro, Ellen
Florence is an 8-minute narrative film about an adolescent girl with a spectrum of Asperger's Syndrome that is medically misdiagnosed and prescribed psychotropic medication. The following report gives and account of the conception, pre-production, production and post-production phases of the film's realization. The lessons learned through both successes and failures will be considered as well as the future life of the project.
In-between self-similarity
(2022-06-01) Whillock, Ian; Tejera, Januibe, 1979-; Sharlat, Yevgeniy, 1977-
Self-similarity is the phenomenon when any fragment of an object is similar to the whole of the object, such as in a fractal. Ideas of self-similarity have been expressed in music many times in canons, fugues, and other processes. These are examples of exploring self-similarity through musical structure and form. In this piece, I was interested in exploring the self-similarity of sound itself: putting interesting sounds through recursive processes to yield entirely new and distinct sounds. Expressing self-similarity through form was not my primary concern. Instead, I used these transformations to generate a pallet of sounds. Then, I simply organized these sounds in a way that was intuitive and musically exciting. Due to the complex nature of these processes, I chose simple objects as a starting point. Mixing bowls, pieces of wood, and glass cups serve as the primary sound sources. These sounds were recorded and manipulated with these processes to form the electronic soundscape. The resulting sounds are then imitated and re-interpreted by the performers, often on the very same instruments or objects. During my experimentation, I found the most interesting aspect of these transformations was somewhere in-between the distinct sounds. The piece lives here, in the unstable, unpredictable, and chaotic nature of the in-between space.
Investigation of an adjoint optimized film cooling hole under varying operating conditions
(2023-12) Ellinger, Molly Elizabeth; Bogard, David G.
In recent studies, a turbine film cooling shaped hole designed by adjoint optimization techniques (X-AOpt) was found to have substantially increased film cooling performance. This thesis investigated the X-AOpt film cooling hole under varying operating conditions, to include experimentation with geometry variations of the hole itself and integration into a multirow configuration to model the pressure side of a turbine airfoil. Two aspects of the X-AOpt hole's geometry contribute to its improved cooling effectiveness: the shape of the internal geometry (which improves the diffuser performance) and the external protrusions (which generate counter rotating vortices that laterally spread the coolant more effectively over the surface of the model airfoil). Results from experimental evaluations of the X-AOpt hole with the external protrusions removed showed that 40\% of the improvement in film cooling effectiveness is due to the internal geometry, and 60\% of the improvement is due to the external protrusions. Variations in lateral spacing, or pitch, of the X-AOpt holes provided further insight into the optimized interaction of the counter rotating vortices generated by the hole's external protrusions. The X-AOpt hole was then integrated into a multirow configuration, where it was evaluated in both adiabatic and overall cooling effectiveness experiments. The improvements in film cooling effectiveness from the implementation of the X-AOpt hole were characterized, and a superposition analysis was completed to compare actual performance to predicted performance.
Risky Business: The Influence Of Psychological Traits On Economic Risk Behavior
(2019-05-01) Youngblood, Colin; Stahl, Dale
This thesis investigates the relationship between psychological metrics and economic risk behavior through a laboratory experiment (n=39). A better understanding of the influence of psychological traits on risk preferences could elucidate what drives human decisions under uncertainty and foster a better understanding of ideal portfolio compositions, the real world effects of economic policy, and consumer behavior. The experiment found that the psychological metrics examined, sensation seeking and impulsivity, had little to no predictive ability for economic risk behavior.
Superposition in the leading edge region of a film cooled gas turbine vane
(2013-12) Anderson, Joshua Brian; Bogard, David G.
The leading edge of a turbine vane is subject to some of the highest temperature loading within an engine, and an accurate understanding of leading edge film coolant behavior is essential to efficient engine design. Although there have been many investigations of the adiabatic effectiveness for showerhead film cooling within the leading edge region, there have been no previous studies in which individual rows of the showerhead were tested with the explicit intent of validating superposition models. For the current investigation, a series of adiabatic effectiveness experiments were performed with a five-row showerhead, wherein each row of holes was operated in isolation. This allowed evaluation of superposition on both the suction side of the vane, which was moderately convex, and the pressure side of the vane, which was mildly concave. Superposition was found to accurately predict performance on the suction side of the vane at lower momentum flux ratios, but not for higher momentum flux ratios. On the pressure side of the vane, the superposition predictions were consistently lower than measured values, with significant under-prediction of adiabatic effectiveness occurring at the higher mass flow rates. Possible reasons for the under-prediction of effectiveness by the superposition model are presented.
Systematic study of shaped-hole film cooling at the leading edge of a scaled-up turbine blade
(2020-05-14) Moore, Jacob Damian; Bogard, David G.; Oliver, Todd A; Ezekoye, Ofodike A; Ellzey, Janet L
The leading-edge regions of turbine vanes and blades require careful attention to their cooling designs because of the high heat loads. External cooling is typically accomplished with dense "showerhead" arrangements of film cooling holes surrounding the stagnation point at the airfoil leading edge. In modern film cooling studies, shaped holes are prevalent in downstream areas of turbine airfoils; however, the literature contains few studies of shaped holes in the showerhead. This leads to a lack of physics-based insight that would lead to the design of high-performing showerhead arrays. This study examined the performance and physical behavior of several showerhead arrangements at the leading edge of a scaled-up turbine blade. A low-speed linear cascade test section was used to simulate the blade environment, and experiments were conducted at scaled engine-realistic conditions. First, the cooling performances of baseline cylindrical and shaped hole designs were compared. The shaped hole design mimicked a standard design in the literature for flat plate studies but with some modifications expected to improve performance specifically at the leading edge. The result was a novel off-center, elliptically-expanding hole. Adiabatic effectiveness and thermal field measurements revealed that the baseline shaped hole had 20-100% performance due to better jet attachment, stemming from its diffuser, which effectively decreased the exit momenta of the coolant jets. The expansion area ratio was increased by 40% for a subsequent design to gauge sensitivity to this parameter; but, surprisingly, the performances of the new design and of the baseline one were nearly identical. A third shaped hole design with a 45% larger breakout area but an identical expansion area resulted in slightly worse performance than either, highlighting the detrimental effect of increasing breakout area and expansion angle. These experiments informed a new proposed scaling parameter incorporating both of these areas and their counteracting effects to predict shaped hole performance in the showerhead. The highest performing design of the group was then tested with an engine-realistic impingement coolant feed, for which performance was overall similar. Supplemental thermal fields using this configuration were performed to construct a 3D representation of the flow field in the showerhead region.
Towards an elsewhere space : potentialities and performance technologies in Latinx festivals
(2023-04-21) Ramirez, Jeannelle, M. of Music; Moore, Robin D., 1964-; Marshall, Wayne; Seeman, Sonia; Cordova, Cary; Carson, Charles
Latinx festivals are a form of anti-essentialist cultural production. The dissertation centers on Latinx festivals in the United States, between 2010-2022, focusing particularly on festivalization, technology, experimentalism and Latinidad. This study seeks to understand the motivations and experiences of festival producers and curators in producing Latinx transmedia festivals, as well as how performers use various non-standard technologies in their performances to produce new expressions. Data was collected through ethnography, participant observation, and discourse analysis of social media and websites. Interviews included festival organizers, artists, and other collaborators. The study also draws on applied work in festival production. Motivations for Latinx festival production include providing a platform for experimental Latinx arts, as well as increasing professional opportunities for experimental Latinx artists, including composers, multimedia artist, musicians, and dancers. Additionally, festival producers are concerned with making experimental work more accessible to Latinx communities and expanding representations of Latinidad in the arts. Transmedia festival programming allows festival producers to achieve some of these goals, offering a platform for artists working in the interstices of various mediums and existing in-between different cultures. Meanwhile, artists performing in these spaces use customized controllers and objects like robots and automata to express culturally-specific histories, narratives, and desires for the future. The case studies in this dissertation are oriented towards potentiality and futurity, in addition to a notion of shared cultural heritage. These practices center the present condition of being Latinx and serve as sites for co-producing culture, as opposed to celebrating heritage. These findings indicate a need for deterritorialized, pan-Latino, anti-essentialist frameworks in Latin music scholarship, and further research on Latino/x festivals and other emergent forms of cultural production amongst various Latinx groups. Additionally, this study calls for further inquiries into the uses of non-standard technologies in performance practices through an intersectional lens, and a consideration the use of items such as food, plants, and religious paraphernalia as part of customized MIDI controllers or musical automata.