Browsing by Subject "Cigarette smoking"
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Item Cigarette smoking, regular exercise, and peripheral blood flow(2005-05-21) Anton, Maria Milagros; Farrar, Roger P.Acute and chronic smoking reduces peripheral blood flow and shear stress, contributing to the increased incidence of peripheral arterial disease in smokers. Currently, it is not known whether physical activity status influences peripheral blood flow among chronic smokers. Blood flow was measured using Doppler ultrasound on the common femoral artery in 9 young otherwise healthy sedentary smokers (8 males/1 female), 9 physically-active smokers (6 males/3 females), and in 9 sedentary nonsmokers (5 males/4 females). Physically-active smokers performed strenuous exercise 4.4 times/week. No significant differences in body fat and blood pressure were observed between groups. Basal femoral artery blood flow was ~50% and 44% higher in physically-active smokers and sedentary nonsmokers compared with sedentary smokers. The higher basal femoral artery blood flow in physically-active smokers and sedentary smokers compared with sedentary smokers was associated with a 47% and 52% higher femoral artery vascular conductance and a 39% and 36% lower vascular resistance. Cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance, femoral intima-media thickness, and plasma norepinephrine concentration were not different between the groups. We concluded that smokers who habitually perform physical activity demonstrate greater levels of peripheral blood flow and peripheral vascular conductance. These findings suggest that chronic smokers may be able to negate, at least in part, the adverse effects of chronic smoking on the peripheral vasculature by performing regular physical activityItem Depressive symptoms and cigarette smoking in a college sample(2005-05-21) Kenney, Brent Allen; Holahan, Charles J.Study 1 examined: 1) the relationship between depressive symptoms and cigarette smoking in a college sample, and 2) the mediational role of smoking self-efficacy in this relationship. Findings indicated that individuals high in depressive symptoms smoked significantly more cigarettes per day than did those with low depressive symptoms. Further, among current smokers, smoking self-efficacy mediated the relationship between depressive symptoms and cigarette smoking. Study 2 examined the longitudinal relationship between depressive symptoms and cigarette smoking. Survey data were collected at 6 months and 12 months subsequent to baseline. Although depressive symptoms and cigarette smoking were highly stable over time in this sample, in exploratory analyses a significant relationship between depressive symptoms and smoking across assessments was found. Overall, findings for Study 1 and Study 2 add to accumulating evidence that depressive symptoms are a risk factor for increased cigarette smoking. Implications for smoking cessation and prevention programs are discussedItem Depressive symptoms, behavioral health risk factors, and physical illness among older Mexican Americans(2010-12) Talavera-Garza, Liza; Holahan, Charles J.; Bigler, Rebecca S.; Iscoe, Ira; Ramirez, Manuel; Warner, David C.This study utilized data from the Hispanic Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly (H-EPESE) at two different time points, seven years apart, to examine the relationship between physical illness and depressive symptoms in elderly Mexican Americans. The two physical illnesses studied are coronary artery disease and type II diabetes due to their high prevalence among Mexican Americans. The relationship between physical illness and depressive symptoms is examined longitudinally and prospectively, in both directions. In addition, the relationship between depressive symptoms and three behavioral health risk factors: alcohol use, cigarette smoking, and physical inactivity, at baseline is examined. The roles of gender, acculturation, nativity, and locus of control are examined as moderators of the key relationships studied. Additionally, self-rated health at baseline is examined as a predictor of physical illness and mortality at follow-up.Item Habitual aerobic exercise and smoking-associated arterial stiffening(2014-05) Park, Wonil; Tanaka, Hirofumi, Ph. D.The largest percentage of mortality from tobacco smoking is cardiovascular-related. It is not known whether regular participation in exercise mitigates the adverse influence of smoking on vasculature. The purpose of this study is to determine if regular aerobic exercise is associated with reduced arterial stiffness in young men who are cigarette smokers. Using a cross-sectional observational study design, the sample included 78 young men (22±5 years) with the following classification: sedentary smokers (n=12); physically active smokers (n=25); sedentary non-smokers (n=20); and physically active non-smokers (n=21). Arterial stiffness was assessed by brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV). There were no group differences in height, body fatness, systolic and diastolic blood pressure. As expected, both physically active groups demonstrated greater VO2max and lower heart rate at rest than their sedentary peers. The sedentary smokers demonstrated greater baPWV than the sedentary non-smokers (1,183±33.5 vs. 1,055±25 cm/sec). baPWV was not different between the physically-active smokers and the physically-active non-smokers (1,084±26 vs. 1,070±28.6 cm/sec). Chronic smoking is associated with arterial stiffening in sedentary men but a significant smoking-induced increase in arterial stiffness was not observed in physically active adults. These results are consistent with the idea that regular participation in physical activity may mitigate the adverse effect of smoking on the vasculature.Item The mediating role of depressive symptoms in the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and cigarette smoking(2014-05) Walsh, Elizabeth Grace; Cawthon, Stephanie W.; Carlson, Cindy I.Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), including various types of abuse and other forms of household dysfunction, have been consistently linked to increased rates of health risk behaviors and negative health outcomes in adulthood. Using data from the 2010 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) annual, nationwide Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) telephone survey, this study tested whether self-reported symptoms of depression mediate the significant relationship between the number of ACEs an individual reports (expressed as an "ACE score") and whether they are a current or past smoker. A path model was produced using multiple regression, and indirect effects were tested using bootstrapping of 2000 samples. Results of analyses indicated that, among White, Asian, and Hispanic participants, self-reported depressive symptoms are indeed a significant, but only partial, mediator between participants' ACE score and their smoking status. These results suggest that for individuals of White, Hispanic, and Asian ethnicity, screening for a history of ACEs and treatment for depressive symptoms could increase the efficacy of smoking prevention efforts among youth and smoking cessation programs among adults. However, while depressive symptoms may explain some of the association between ACEs and smoking, these results suggest that other, unexamined factors also contribute to this pathway.Item Progression from e-cigarette use to conventional cigarette smoking among adolescents in the United States(2019-05-08) Owotomo, Olusegun Obafemi; Maslowsky, Julie; Perry, Cheryl; Loukas, Alexandra; Pasch, KerynConventional cigarette smoking remains a major cause of significant morbidity and mortality in the United States. Although adolescent cigarette smoking rates have declined over the past decades, e-cigarette use is an emerging public health threat that can potentially stall or reverse this decline. Currently, e-cigarette use has become a social norm with its prevalence surpassing that of conventional cigarette smoking among adolescents. Adolescent e-cigarette users are at heightened risk of nicotine addiction and progressing to conventional cigarette smoking. However, factors underlying this progression are yet to be fully elucidated. Using the Theory of Planned Behavior as a conceptual framework, I conducted three studies that aimed to identify factors that potentially underlie progression from e-cigarette use to conventional cigarette smoking among US adolescents. With data obtained from two national surveys on adolescent risk behaviors: Monitoring the Future Survey and Population Assessment on Tobacco and Health, I examined smoking-related perceptions that make adolescent e-cigarette users susceptible to conventional cigarette smoking (Study 1); identified subgroups of adolescent e-cigarette users at most risk of exhibiting smoking intention (Study 2); and investigated how e-cigarette use moderates the transition from smoking intention to conventional cigarette smoking (Study 3). These three studies identify actionable predictors of conventional cigarette smoking among adolescent e-cigarette users and highlight potential foci for smoking prevention efforts. Findings suggest that negative attitudes and norms toward conventional cigarette smoking are major factors underlying progression to smoking among adolescent e-cigarette users. Also, three distinct subgroups of adolescent e-cigarette users were identified with each having particular smoking-related characteristics that determine their intention to smoke conventional cigarettes. Finally, transition from smoking intention to smoking initiation is moderated by e-cigarette use status, with smoking intention predicting smoking initiation only among adolescent never e-cigarette users. Adolescent e-cigarette users are at risk of progressing to smoking initiation whether or not they exhibit smoking intention, an indication that the influence of e-cigarette use on cigarette smoking may potentially override the protective effect of lack of smoking intention. Adolescents least likely to initiate conventional cigarette smoking in the current tobacco landscape do not have smoking intention and are abstaining from e-cigarettesItem Religious and non-religious coping, depressive symptoms, financial stress, and cigarette use among post-secondary vocational students(2011-05) King Horton, Karissa Diane; Loukas, Alexandra; Ellison, Christopher G.; Holahan, Carole; Pasch, Keryn; Steinhardt, MaryResearch suggests that depressive symptoms and financial stress are both associated with increased levels of cigarette smoking, yet not every individual who experiences depressive symptoms or financial stress smokes. The primary purpose of this study was to examine whether positive and negative religious coping moderated the influence of depressive symptoms and financial stress on current (past 30-day) cigarette smoking over and above the contributions of demographic covariates and nonreligious problem- and emotion-focused coping. Participants were drawn from a larger study comprised of a convenience sample of 1,120 post-secondary vocational/technical school students enrolled in programs such as welding, air-conditioning, and vocational nursing at two different two-year public colleges in Texas. These students are training to work in blue-collar occupations, which have higher smoking rates compared to white-collar occupations. Negative binomial regression analysis was used to test the study hypotheses. Depressive symptoms and financial stress increased the likelihood of smoking for female students, whereas financial stress decreased the likelihood of smoking for male students. Positive religious coping decreased the likelihood of smoking for females only. Consistent with religious coping theory and as expected, negative religious coping moderated the depressive symptoms-smoking relationship such that negative religious coping exacerbated the impact of depressive symptoms on cigarette smoking among females. Positive religious coping also moderated the depressive symptoms-cigarette smoking relationship for females. Contrary to expectations, positive religious coping exacerbated the likelihood of cigarette smoking among females with high levels of depressive symptoms. Negative religious coping moderated the financial stress-cigarette smoking relationship such that males who reported low financial stress and high levels of negative religious coping had the highest likelihood of smoking in the past month. For females, religious coping was associated with current cigarette use, but did not moderate the association between financial stress and smoking. Even after controlling for demographic covariates and nonreligious coping, positive and negative religious coping influenced the smoking behaviors of vocational students experiencing depressive symptoms and financial stress, and these outcomes varied by gender. Study limitations, implications, and suggestions for future directions in research are discussed.