Browsing by Subject "trends"
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Item Atmospheric Impacts on Climatic Variability of Surface Incident Solar Radiation(2012) Wang, K. C.; Dickinson, R. E.; Wild, M.; Liang, S.; Dickinson, R. E.The Earth's climate is driven by surface incident solar radiation (R-s). Direct measurements have shown that R-s has undergone significant decadal variations. However, a large fraction of the global land surface is not covered by these observations. Satellite-derived R-s has a good global coverage but is of low accuracy in its depiction of decadal variability. This paper shows that daily to decadal variations of R-s, from both aerosols and cloud properties, can be accurately estimated using globally available measurements of Sunshine Duration (SunDu). In particular, SunDu shows that since the late 1980's R-s has brightened over Europe due to decreases in aerosols but dimmed over China due to their increases. We found that variation of cloud cover determines R-s at a monthly scale but that aerosols determine the variability of R-s at a decadal time scale, in particular, over Europe and China. Because of its global availability and long-term history, SunDu can provide an accurate and continuous proxy record of R-s, filling in values for the blank areas that are not covered by direct measurements. Compared to its direct measurement, R-s from SunDu appears to be less sensitive to instrument replacement and calibration, and shows that the widely reported sharp increase in R-s during the early 1990s in China was a result of instrument replacement. By merging direct measurements collected by Global Energy Budget Archive with those derived from SunDu, we obtained a good coverage of R-s over the Northern Hemisphere. From this data, the average increase of R-s from 1982 to 2008 is estimated to be 0.87W m(-2) per decade.Item CMIP5 Climate Model Analyses Climate Extremes in the United States(2014-04) Wuebbles, Donald; Meehl, Gerald; Hayhoe, Katharine; Karl, Thomas R.; Kunkel, Kenneth; Santer, Benjamin; Wehner, Michael; Colle, Brian; Fischer, Erich M.; Fu, Rong; Goodman, Alex; Janssen, Emily; Kharin, Viatcheslav; Lee, Huikyo; Li, Wenhong; Long, Lindsey N.; Olsen, Seth C.; Pan, Zaitao; Seth, Anji; Sheffield, Justin; Sun, Liqiang; Fu, RongItem Innovating While Small(2018-01-09) Marks, Howard C.; McIntosh-Doty, MikailItem Outpatient Antibiotic Prescribing in the United States: 2000 to 2010(2014-06) Lee, Grace C.; Reveles, Kelly R.; Attridge, Russell T.; Lawson, Kenneth A.; Mansi, Ishak A.; Lewis, James S.; Frei, Christopher R.; Lee, Grace C.; Reveles, Kelly R.; Lawson, Kenneth A.; Lewis, James S.; Frei, Christopher R.The use of antibiotics is the single most important driver in antibiotic resistance. Nevertheless, antibiotic overuse remains common. Decline in antibiotic prescribing in the United States coincided with the launch of national educational campaigns in the 1990s and other interventions, including the introduction of routine infant immunizations with the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-7); however, it is unknown if these trends have been sustained through recent measurements. Methods: We performed an analysis of nationally representative data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Surveys from 2000 to 2010. Trends in population-based prescribing were examined for overall antibiotics, broad-spectrum antibiotics, antibiotics for acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) and antibiotics prescribed during ARTI visits. Rates were reported for three age groups: children and adolescents (<18 years), adults (18 to 64 years), and older adults (>= 65 years). Results: An estimated 1.4 billion antibiotics were dispensed over the study period. Overall antibiotic prescribing decreased 18% (risk ratio (RR) 0.82, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.72 to 0.94) among children and adolescents, remained unchanged for adults, and increased 30% (1.30, 1.14 to 1.49) among older adults. Rates of broad-spectrum antibiotic prescriptions doubled from 2000 to 2010 (2.11, 1.81 to 2.47). Proportions of broad-spectrum antibiotic prescribing increased across all age groups: 79% (1.79, 1.52 to 2.11) for children and adolescents, 143% (2.43, 2.07 to 2.86) for adults and 68% (1.68, 1.45 to 1.94) for older adults. ARTI antibiotic prescribing decreased 57% (0.43, 0.35 to 0.52) among children and adolescents and 38% (0.62, 0.48 to 0.80) among adults; however, it remained unchanged among older adults. While the number of ARTI visits declined by 19%, patients with ARTI visits were more likely to receive an antibiotic (73% versus 64%; P < 0.001) in 2010 than in 2000. Conclusions: Antibiotic use has decreased among children and adolescents, but has increased for older adults. Broad-spectrum antibiotic prescribing continues to be on the rise. Public policy initiatives to promote the judicious use of antibiotics should continue and programs targeting older adults should be developed.Item Perspectives on Business and Emerging Trends For the 21st Century(IC² Institute, 1997-10-16) Kozmetsky, GeorgeIn a presentation at the Fall 1997 CBA Advisory Dinner, discusses three mega business trends: (1) the transformation of high technology business from U.S. dominance to a global commodity-based industry, (2) the need for transfer of leadership from the public sector to the business sector, and (3) the emergence of the need for digital/knowledge management and to develop tomorrows talent.Item Trends and Status of Wetland and Aquatic Habitats in the Galveston Bay Stream, Texas(1993) White, William Allen, 1939-; Tremblay, Thomas A.; Wermund, E. G.Wetland and aquatic habitats are essential biological components of the Galveston Bay Estuarine System. Understanding the spatial and temporal distribution of these habitats is critical if they are to be effectively protected and managed. This report presents results of an investigation sponsored by the Galveston Bay National Estuary Program (GBNEP) to determine the trends and status of wetlands and aquatic habitats in the Galveston Bay system through aerial photographic analysis supported by field surveys.