Browsing by Subject "cost"
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Item Additive Manufacture of Large Structures: Robotic or CNC Systems?(University of Texas at Austin, 2015) Bandari, Yashwanth K.; Williams, Stewart W.; Ding, Jialuo; Martina, FilomenoAdditive manufacture of metre scale parts requires direct feed processes such as blown powder or wire feed combined with lasers or arcs. The overall system can be configured using either a robotic or Computer Numerical Controlled (CNC) gantry system. There are many factors that determine which of these is best and this will be presented in this paper. Some factors are inherent to the specific process type such as accuracy/resolution and any requirement for reorientation of the feedstock and heat source. Other factors depend on the particular application including material type, shielding options, part size/complexity, required build strategies and management of distortion. Further considerations include the incorporation of ancillary processes such as cold work, machining or inspection. The relative influence of these factors will be discussed. Cost implications for the different approaches will be highlighted based upon the type of process being utilized. Examples are provided where both robotic and CNC options have been evaluated and the best solution found.Item Cost, Statistics, Measures, and Standards for Digital Reference Services: A Preliminary View(2003) Lankes, R. David; Gross, Melissa; McClure, CharlesThis paper reports on work from two studies in progress related to assessing digital library reference services and developing standards that support such services. The paper suggests that two types of standards – utilization and technical – should be considered together in the costing, statistics, and measures for digital reference services. The digital reference community has the opportunity to embed quality standards and assessment data into software and infrastructure by linking technical and utilization standards early in the evolution of digital reference markets. Such an approach would greatly enhance the collection and analysis of a range of cost data related to digital reference service.Item Letter to R.Wright Barker from H.B. Stenzel on 1941-02-19(1941-02-19) Stenzel, Henryk B.Item Optimal H1N1 Vaccination Strategies Based on Self-Interest Versus Group Interest(2011-02) Shim, Eunha; Meyers, Lauren Ancel; Galvani, Alison P.; Meyers, Lauren AnceInfluenza vaccination is vital for reducing H1N1 infection-mediated morbidity and mortality. To reduce transmission and achieve herd immunity during the initial 2009-2010 pandemic season, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommended that initial priority for H1N1 vaccines be given to individuals under age 25, as these individuals are more likely to spread influenza than older adults. However, due to significant delay in vaccine delivery for the H1N1 influenza pandemic, a large fraction of population was exposed to the H1N1 virus and thereby obtained immunity prior to the wide availability of vaccines. This exposure affects the spread of the disease and needs to be considered when prioritizing vaccine distribution. Methods: To determine optimal H1N1 vaccine distributions based on individual self-interest versus population interest, we constructed a game theoretical age-structured model of influenza transmission and considered the impact of delayed vaccination. Results: Our results indicate that if individuals decide to vaccinate according to self-interest, the resulting optimal vaccination strategy would prioritize adults of age 25 to 49 followed by either preschool-age children before the pandemic peak or older adults (age 50-64) at the pandemic peak. In contrast, the vaccine allocation strategy that is optimal for the population as a whole would prioritize individuals of ages 5 to 64 to curb a growing pandemic regardless of the timing of the vaccination program. Conclusions: Our results indicate that for a delayed vaccine distribution, the priorities that are optimal at a population level do not align with those that are optimal according to individual self-interest. Moreover, the discordance between the optimal vaccine distributions based on individual self-interest and those based on population interest is even more pronounced when vaccine availability is delayed. To determine optimal vaccine allocation for pandemic influenza, public health agencies need to consider both the changes in infection risks among age groups and expected patterns of adherence.Item Relationships Between Selected Physical Parameters and Cost Responses for the Deep-Well Disposal of Aqueous Industrial Wastes(University of Texas at Austin, 1968-08) Moseley, J.C. II; Malina, J.F.Item Selective Heat Sintering Versus Laser Sintering: Comparison of Deposition Rate, Process Energy Consumption and Cost Performance(University of Texas at Austin, 2015) Baumers, M.; Tuck, C.; Hague, R.The Selective Heat Sintering (SHS) process has become available as a low cost alternative to Laser Sintering (LS) for the additive deposition of polymer objects. While both processes belong to the powder bed fusion variant of Additive Manufacturing (AM) technology, their operating principles vary significantly: SHS employs a thermal print head to selectively fuse material powder, whereas the LS approach utilizes a laser beam coupled with a galvanometer. Based on a series of build experiments, this research compares these technology variants along three dimensions of process efficiency: deposition rate (measured in cm³/h), specific process energy consumption (MJ/kg) and specific cost ($/cm³). To ensure that both platforms are assessed under the condition of efficient technology utilization, an automatic build volume packing algorithm is employed to configure a subset of build experiments. Beyond reporting absolute and relative process performance, this paper additionally investigates how sensitive the compared processes are to a variation in the degree of capacity utilization and discusses the application of different levels of indirect cost in models of low cost AM.Item The Texas Municipal Civil Service(University of Texas at Austin, 1936-07-01) University of Texas at Austin