Browsing by Subject "Morphology"
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Item A grammar of Chácobo, a southern Pano language of the northern Bolivian Amazon(2018-08) Tallman, Adam J.; Epps, Patience, 1973-; Guillaume, Antoine; Woodbury, Anthony C; Wechsler, Stephen; Bruile, Martine; Salanova, Andres PThis dissertation provides a description of the Chácobo language, a southern Pano language spoken by approximately 1200 people who live close to or on the Geneshuaya, Ivon, Benicito and Yata rivers in the northern Bolivian Amazon. The grammatical description emerges out of an ethnographically based documentation project of the language. Chapter 1 contains an overview of the cultural context in which the Chácobo language is embedded and a brief ethnohistory of the Chácobo people. I also discuss the general methodology of the dissertation touching specifically on issues related to data collection. Chapter 2 introduces the phonology of the language focusing on the categories necessary for its description. Chapter 3 provides a discussion of morphosyntactic structures and relations. This chapter provides a discussion of how head-dependent relations and the general distinction between morphology and syntax are understood throughout the dissertation. Parts of speech classes (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs) are also defined and motivated based on semantic and formal criteria. Chapter 4 describes predication and its relationship to clause-typing. Chapter 5 is concerned with constituency which refers to hierarchical structures motivated through distributional properties and relations and the relative degree of contiguity between linguistic categories. Chapter 6 provides an extensive discussion of morphophonology and its relation to constituency. Chapter 7 and 8 are concerned with the language’s alignment and valence-adjusting systems. The next five chapters provide a description of the functional domains relevant to the verbal domain including; Tense (Chapter 9); Temporal distance (Chapter 10); Aspect (Chapter 11); Associated Motion (Chapter 12); Perspective (Chapter 13). The last two Chapters focus on categories in the nominal domain. Chapter 14 provides a description of noun compounding, adjectives and possession. Chapter 15 provides a description of number, quantification and deixis inside and outside the nominal domain.Item Aspects of phonology and morphology of Teotepec eastern Chatino(2015-05) McIntosh, Justin Daniel; Woodbury, Anthony C.; England, Nora C.; Epps, Patience L; Wechsler, Stephen M; Rasch, Jeffrey W; Suslak, DanielThis dissertation is a description of aspects of the phonetics, phonology and morphology of Teotepec Chatino (ISO 639-3 identifier: cya; here abbreviated as TEO), an indigenous language spoken by approximately 3800 people in the Sierra Madre del Sur, Oaxaca, Mexico. This work presents a synchronic description of the language based on data collected in the eld over the course of six eld trips totaling eighteen months. This investigation is based on a corpus of thirty hours of transcribed and analyzed texts of naturally occurring speech, narratives, data gathered during elicitation sessions, and an expansion of my earlier grammatical sketch (2011). The final result is a description of the phonology and phonetics of tone and some of the morphological processes that exist in the grammar. The focus of this work is to describe the structure of the language produced by native Teotepec speakers and how it is used in an array of contexts. This is reflected in a rich body of procedural texts, conversations, speeches, rants, polemics, prayers, and narratives. These texts are the basis for the description of how the language encodes speakers' knowledge about the world and their greater context. This work arrives at a description of the details of the language while also making broader generalizations about these details. It is not possible that this work cover all aspects of the phonology, phonetics, morphology and so part of the focus has been to capture particular facets of the language and explain them in a way that is detailed while broad enough to be useful to as many as audiences as possible. This includes scholars interested in typology, tone languages, historical linguistics of Otomanguean, linguistic anthropology, anthropology, and the history and culture of the Chatinos, southern Oaxaca and Mesoamerica. The dissertation is written in English; however, I often create grammatical write-ups and practical pedagogical materials for a Spanish literate audience. Materials for TEO have been and will continue to be made available to Spanish and English speakers in order to reach an audience that includes, but is not limited to, members of the community, local and regional educators and literacy efforts, and scholars engaged in the study of Chatino language and linguistics. The approach to this work is data-driven and text-based. It is written in basic descriptive terms, as outlined in Payne (1997); Shopen (2007); Dixon (2010), and Haspelmath (2010). In this way the writing is carried out with fewer aprioristic notions about the language. The goal is to describe the language in its own terms. Thus the researcher is open to discover completely new, unexpected phenomena, can be guided by the data and their own thinking (Haspelmath, 2010).Item Aspects of the phonology and morphology of Zenzontepec Chatino, a Zapotecan language of Oaxaca, Mexico(2014-08) Campbell, Eric William; Woodbury, Anthony C.This dissertation is an analysis of aspects of the phonology and morphology of Zenzontepec Chatino (ISO 639-3: czn), a Zapotecan (Otomanguean) language spoken in a remote area of Oaxaca, Mexico (16°32"N, 97°30"W). There are an estimated 8,000 speakers of the language, but its vitality is weakening due to accelerating shift to Spanish. The phonological analysis begins with the segmental inventory. After that, the autosegmental contrasts are treated, with the highlight being the tone system. The tone bearing unit is the mora, which may bear high tone /H/, mid tone /M/, or no tone Ø. In tone systems with a three-way contrast, the unspecified category is usually the mid-level one. Therefore, Zenzontepec Chatino is typologically unusual in this respect. Special chapters are devoted to phonotactics and phonological processes, including a play language of "speaking backwards" that sheds light on crucial phonological questions, such as the status of glottalization and the limits of prosodic domains. There are also chapters on special topics in phonology: regional variation, Spanish loanwords, and sound symbolism. Another chapter bridges the phonology and the morphology, defining and comparing the phonological word versus the grammatical word, and outlining the basic morphological building blocks: roots, affixes, clitics, and particles. After that, lexeme classes are defined using morphosyntactic criteria, providing a syntactic sketch of the language. The language is strongly head-marking with somewhat agglutinating and synthetic morphology. Another chapter gives an overview of verbal morphology, which is the locus of most of the language's morphology. The dissertation is the beginning of a full descriptive grammar and is part of a larger project to document Zenzontepec Chatino, complementing a dictionary and a documentary text corpus recorded in the community with native speakers. The theoretical approach is one in which the language is explored as much as possible on its own terms using naturalistic textual data supplemented by lexicographic and elicited material. The analysis is not bound by any formal framework, but it is informed by socio-cultural and diachronic considerations. It is situated in a typological perspective to offer more of a contribution to the scientific understanding of the structure of human language.Item Controls on late Neogene deep-water slope channel architecture in a bathymetrically complex seafloor setting : a quantitative study along the Southeastern Caribbean Plate Margin, Columbus Basin, Trinidad(2013-12) Ramlal, Kristie Anuradha; Wood, Lesli J.Slope-channels act as conduits that transport sediments from the shelf staging area to the basin floor. The Pliocene-Pleistocene section of the Columbus Basin in the deep-water slope offshore eastern Trinidad provides an opportunity to study slope-channel morphology and evolution, as well as any association between deep-water deposits, palaeo-seafloor bathymetry, shelf sediment feeder mechanism and changes in sediment supply types and volumes. Approximately 3250 km2 of 3D seismic data allow imaging and interpretation of channels within an interval between two regional surfaces termed P30 and P40. Observations of seismic cross-sections and stratal slices reveal a number of features including channels, mud diapirs, mass transport deposits (MTDs), and faulted anticlinal ridges. Channels appear leveed and unleveed, and alternate with MTDs in a cyclic vertical succession. Nineteen channels were mapped and divided into two groups based on their degree of levee development and stratigraphic position relative to MTDs. Group 1 channels, positioned below MTDs near the base of the interval, are shallowly incised, and show limited levee development. Group 2 channels, situated above MTDs, are relatively deeply incised, and have comparatively larger, well-developed levees throughout their lengths. Morphometric data from these channel groups reveal significant variability in channel width, channel depth, meander belt width, and sinuosity downslope. This variability is associated with influences of temporally equivalent local features and regional sea-floor slope changes. Increased slope gradient causes a marked increase in sinuosity. Diapirs and anticlinal ridges confine channel paths, divert their flow, and cause post-depositional deformation of both levees and channels. Levee height decreases downslope while levee width shows considerable asymmetry, which is related to occurrences of mud diapirism and MTDs. Irregularities on the upper surface of MTDs create accommodation space that confines turbidity flows, enabling ponding of sediments and volumetrically large levee construction. This accounts for dispersion of turbidity flows below the MTD which creates a series of small channels spread over a wide area, and comparatively fewer, confined channels above the MTDs with large levees.Item Diachrony of the perfect paradigm in Mayan languages(2023-08) Tandy, James Brenden; Law, Danny, 1980-; Pat-El, Na'ama; Epps, Patience L; Deo, Ashwini SThe purpose of this dissertation is to reconstruct the history of perfect aspect morphology in the Mayan language family of Guatemala, Belize, and Mexico. Using data from descriptive grammars, I reconstruct the form of the proto-Mayan perfect suffix for transitive and intransitive verbs, and I show how this paradigm changed in the descendant languages as suffixes were innovated, lost, or changed function. In doing this, I highlight how language contact has affected the picture of Mayan perfect marking. This dissertation contributes to the understanding of Mayan linguistic prehistory and, more broadly, provides a case study of reconstructing derivational morphology by comparing language-specific contexts of use. A major claim of this dissertation is that the proto-Mayan perfect was not a canonical inflectional category and instead had derivational characteristics. I argue that the proto-Mayan active and passive transitive perfect constructions were both synchronically based on a patient nominalization, marked with the suffix *(-o)-’m. The widespread perfect suffix -b’il, which Kaufman (2015: 319) reconstructed as the proto-Mayan passive perfect participle, I take to be a Western Mayan innovation that spread to other Mayan languages by contact. Among other specific claims, this dissertation accounts for the areal spread of the Eastern Mayan -maj perfect suffix, which I argue was innovated in Poqom and spread to other Eastern Mayan languages by way of a previously unrecognized contact zone, the Sacapulas Corridor. I also discuss the proto-Central Mayan *-ooj/-uuj derivational suffix, which has infinitival reflexes in most Mayan languages but marks perfect aspect in Poqom, Tseltalan, and Tojol-ab’al; I reconstruct it as an infinitive and account for its development into a perfect suffix in these subgroups.Item The early life history and reproductive biology of Cymothoa excisa, a marine isopod parasitizing Atlantic croaker, (Micropogonias undulatus), along the Texas coast(2012-08) Cook, Colt William; Munguia, Pablo; Buskey, Ed; Walther, BenjaminParasite population dynamics and the evolution of life history characteristics are strongly correlated with the processes of host infection, survival within a host and reproduction, with each process posing a challenge to the parasitic lifestyle. Macroparasites living in marine environments have evolved extreme changes in physiology, morphology and life history traits to overcome these challenges. This study focused on the infective and reproductive stage of the parasitic isopod, Cymothoa excisa, a common parasite on Atlantic croaker, (Micropogonias undulatus), along the Texas coast. A two year survey identified infection rates and the relationship between fish density and size and parasite load, size and fecundity. Isopod morphology was quantified for each life stage, identifying shape transitions through ontogeny and sex change. Sex change in C. excisa was found to be driven by the absence of conspecific parasites within a host, where sex change only occurred in the first individual to arrive. To understand the infective stage of C. excisa parasite energetics and host detection mechanisms were tested. Parasites with free-living life stages have a narrow window to infect a host and have evolved a number of mechanisms to detect and locate a host. I used a series of energetic experiments to determine an infection window for free-swimming larvae (mancae) and behavioral response experiments testing both visual and chemical cues associated with host detection. Mancae were found to have a narrow infection window, where mancae began searching for a host as soon as they are born, but quickly switch to an ambush strategy to conserve energy. Mancae were also found to be responsive to both visual and chemical cues from its common fish host, as well as a non-host fish, indicating that chemical cues are used in host detection, but chemical specificity is not a mechanism that C. excisa uses to find its common host. The results from this study have implications to parasitic species and their hosts, as well as to other areas of study, including population and ecosystem dynamics.Item The effect of temperature and terrace geometry on carbonate precipitation rate in an experimental setting(2012-08) Reid, Ellen Elizabeth; Kim, WonsuckThrough flume experiments we demonstrate the calcite precipitation process seen at geothermal hot springs in the lab setting. A series of four experiments were run, varying temperature and terrace ridge height while all other experimental parameters, including initial substrate slope, spring water discharge, and CO₂ input were kept constant. The goal of the experiments was to measure the temperature and terrace height control quantitatively in terms of the amount of overall travertine aggradation, aggradation rate changes in time and downstream direction, as well as to observe the effect of these parameters on processes occurring during precipitation. Using the final deposit thickness measured manually at the end of each experiment and elevation data obtained from a laser topographic profiler, I conclude that high temperature and small terrace heights favor increased precipitation of travertine. However, the amount of precipitation also depends on location within a terrace pond. Flow velocity increases as it approaches a terrace lip, resulting in enhanced precipitation and greater thicknesses in the downstream direction through increased CO₂ degassing, a process called downstream coarsening.Item Estimating phylogenetic trees from discrete morphological data(2015-05) Wright, April Marie; Hillis, David M., 1958-; Cannatella, David C; Jansen, Robert K; Linder, Craig R; Smith, Martha KMorphological characters have a long history of use in the estimation of phylogenetic trees. Datasets consisting of morphological characters are most often analyzed using the maximum parsimony criterion, which seeks to minimize the amount of character change across a phylogenetic tree. When combined with molecular data, characters are often analyzed using model-based methods, such as maximum likelihood or, more commonly, Bayesian estimation. The efficacy of likelihood and Bayesian methods using a common model for estimating topology from discrete morphological characters, the Mk model, is poorly-explored. In Chapter One, I explore the efficacy of Bayesian estimation of phylogeny, using the Mk model, under conditions that are commonly encountered in paleontological studies. Using simulated data, I describe the relative performances of parsimony and the Mk model under a range of realistic conditions that include common scenarios of missing data and rate heterogeneity. I further examine the use of the Mk model in Chapter Two. Like any model, the Mk model makes a number of assumptions. One is that transition between character states are symmetric (i.e., there is an equal probability of changing from state 0 to state 1 and from state 1 to state 0). Many characters, including alleged Dollo characters and extremely labile characters, may not fit this assumption. I tested methods for relaxing this assumption in a Bayesian context. Using empirical datasets, I performed model fitting to demonstrate cases in which modelling asymmetric transitions among characters is preferred. I used simulated datasets to demonstrate that choosing the best-fit model of transition state symmetry can improve model fit and phylogenetic estimation. In my final chapter, I looked at the use of partitions to model datasets more appropriately. Common in molecular studies, partitioning breaks up the dataset into pieces that evolve according to similar mechanisms. These pieces, called partitions, are then modeled separately. This practice has not been widely adopted in morphological studies. I extended the PartitionFinder software, which is used in molecular studies to score different possible partition schemes to find the one which best models the dataset. I used empirical datasets to demonstrate the effects of partitioning datasets on model likelihoods and on the phylogenetic trees estimated from those datasets.Item Failure mechanics, transport behavior, and morphology of submarine landslides(2010-12) Sawyer, Derek Edward; Flemings, Peter Barry, 1960-; Mohrig, David; Lavier, Luc; Hornbach, Matthew; Shipp, R. Craig; Nikolinakou, MariaSubmarine landslides retrogressively fail from intact material at the headwall and then become fluidized by strain weakening; the final deposits of these flows have low porosity, which controls their character in seismic reflection data. Submarine landslides occur on the open slope and also localized areas including margins of turbidite channel-levee systems. I develop and quantify this model with 3-D seismic reflection data, core and log data from Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 308 (Ursa Basin, Gulf of Mexico), flume experiments, and numerical modeling. At Ursa, multiple submarine slides over the last 60 ky are preserved as mass transport deposits (MTDs). Retrogression proceeded from an initial slope failure that created an excavated headwall, which reduced the horizontal stress behind the headwall and resulted in normal faults. Fault blocks progressively weakened until the gravitational driving stress imposed by the bed slope exceeded soil strength, which allowed the soil to flow for more than 10 km away from the source area. The resulting MTDs have lower porosity (higher bulk density) relative to non-failed sediments, which ultimately produces high amplitude reflections at the base and top of MTDs. In the laboratory, I made weak (low yield strength) and strong flows (high yield strength) from mixtures of clay, silt, and water. Weak flows generate turbidity currents while moving rapidly away from the source area. They create thin and long deposits with sinuous flow features, and leave behind a relatively smooth and featureless source area. In contrast, strong flows move slowly, do not generate a turbidity current, and create blocky, highly fractured source areas and short, thick depositional lobes. In Pleistocene turbidite channels of the Mississippi Fan, deep-seated rotational failures occurred in the flanking levees. The rotational failures displaced material into the channel from below where it became eroded by turbidity flows. This system achieved a delicate steady state where levee deposition and displacement along the fault into the channel was balanced by erosion rate of turbidity flows. This work enhances our understanding of geohazards and margin evolution by illuminating coupled processes of sedimentation, fluid flow, and deformation on passive continental margins.Item Feedbacks among chemical weathering, rock strength and erosion with implications for the climatic control of bedrock river incision(2016-08) Murphy, Brendan Patrick, Ph. D.; Johnson, Joel P.; Gasparini, Nicole M; Mohrig, David; Breecker, Daniel O; Sklar, Leonard SUnderstanding the processes that erode bedrock rivers and the factors that influence erosion rates is critical to predicting the feedbacks among climate, erosion and tectonics that drive the topographic evolution of unglaciated, active orogens. However, quantitative predictions for the coupling of these feedbacks are limited because the specific mechanisms by which climate controls erosion are poorly understood. Chemical weathering, a climate-dependent process, has been suggested to play a role in the erosion of bedrock rivers, but this idea has largely lacked supporting field or laboratory data. In this dissertation I present field data collected across an orographic precipitation gradient on the Kohala Peninsula of the Big Island of Hawaiʻi. This data demonstrates that the measured rock strength in bedrock river beds is a function of both climate-dependent chemical weathering and abrasional wear. Furthermore, accounting for the effect of chemical weathering on rock erodibility improves the predictions of long-term river profile evolution across Kohala Peninsula. Additional field data was collected and compared to previous experimental data of bedrock erosion in order to explore the feedbacks among chemical weathering, fluvial abrasion and topography at the scale of bed roughness. Finally, inspired by the findings of the field data, I developed a nonlinear dynamical model that finds quantifiable, predictive relationships for changes in rock strength as a function of chemical weathering and fluvial abrasion. The findings in this dissertation demonstrate that the erodibility of bedrock rivers can be influenced by the mechanism of climate-dependent chemical weathering, and that spatial distributions of rock erodibility that develop due to the interactions of chemical weathering and fluvial abrasion can influence the morphology of bedrock rivers from the scale of bed roughness to entire stream profiles.Item Flowers in three dimensions and beyond(2007-12) Thompson, Rebecca Caroline; Marder, Michael P., 1960-Pattern formation in buckled membranes was studied along with the morphology of flowers formed at the tip of silicon nanowires and ripples formed in suspended graphene sheets. Nash's perturbation method was tested for a simple case where initial and final metrics embed smoothly and there is a smooth path from one surface to another and was found to work successfully. The method was tested in more realistic conditions where a smooth path was not known and the method failed. Cylindrical flower-like membranes with a metric of negative Gaussian curvature were simulated in three and four dimensions. These four dimensional flowers had 2 orders of magnitude less energy than their three dimensional counterparts. Simulations were used to show that the addition of a fourth spatial dimension did not relieve all bending energy from the cylindrical membranes. Patterns formed at the tip of silicon nanowires were studied and found to be of the Dense Branching Morphology type. The rate of branching is dependent on the curvature of the gold bubble on which they are grown. Graphene was simulated using the modified embedded atom method potential and buckles were found to form if the carbon bonds were stretched. An energy functional was found for the energy of a sheet with a metric different from that of flat space.Item A grammar of Chol, a Mayan language(2011-08) Vázquez Álvarez, Juan Jesús, 1971-; England, Nora C.; Zavala, Roberto; Epps, Patience L.; Woodbury, Anthony C.; Stuart, David S.This dissertation consists of a description of the grammar of Tila Chol. Chol is one of the 30 Mayan languages spoken in Mexico, Guatemala and Belize. This language is used by nearly 200,000 speakers, distributed in two main dialects: Tila Chol and Tumbalá Chol. The data for this thesis are mostly from Tila Chol. This dissertation includes aspects of phonology, morphology, and syntax from a contrastive and typological perspective. The grammar begins with general information about the speakers and the language (chapter one). Chapter two is a description of phonology, which includes the inventory of sounds, stress, syllabic patterns and phonological processes. Chapter three presents the properties of root/word classes, as well as affixes and particles. Chapter four is about the person and number markers. Chapter five provides the main features of word classes, such as verbs, nouns, adjectives, positionals, affect words, adverbs, minor classes and clitics. The next chapter (chapter six) deals with the elements that verbs can take, including incorporation of modifiers and noun incorporation. Chapter seven provides the main features of non-verbal predicates. In chapter eight, the structures of noun phrases, such as possessors, determiners and modifiers are presented. Chapter nine describes the structure of simple sentences in both verbal and non-verbal predicates. Chapter ten is devoted to the operations that changevalence, including passive, antipassive, reflexive/reciprocal, causative and applicative. Chapter eleven deals with information structure in the discourse, specifically topicalization and focus. Chapter twelve is a brief description of passive constructions as operations triggered by paradigmatic gaps related to obviation as documented in Algonquian languages. Chapter thirteen deals with complex predicate structures. Finally, in Chapter fourteen, the complex sentences are described, including complement clauses, relative clauses, adverbial clauses, conditional clauses and coordination. This grammar will provide useful information for current Chol projects related to strengthening and revitalization efforts, such as in the construction of pedagogical materials and will also be useful for the field of linguistics or other related areas.Item Methods development and measurements for understanding morphological effects on electronic and optical properties in solution processable photovoltaic materials(2012-12) Ostrowski, David Paul; Vanden Bout, David A.; Rossky, Peter J; Holliday, Bradley J; Korgel, Brian A; Dodabalapur, Ananth JThe effects of morphology on electronic and optical properties in solution processable photovoltaic (PV) materials have been studied through two different approaches. One approach, scanning photocurrent (PC) and photoluminescence (PL) microscopy, involved mapping PC generation and PL in functional PV devices on the length scale of around 250-500 nm. Additionally, local diode characteristics were studied from regions of interest in the PV through local voltage-dependent photocurrent (LVPC) measurements. In a PV made from a Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS) nanocrystal (NC) "ink", two morphological features were found to cause the spatial heterogeneity in PC generation. Cadmium Sulfide (CdS) aggregates lowered PC generation by blocking incident light to the photoactive layer, and cracks in the CIGS-NC film enhanced PC generation through improved charge carrier extraction. LVPC measurements showed all regions to have similar diode characteristics with the main difference being the PC generated at zero bias voltage. For another PV made from a donor/acceptor blend of poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-co-bis-N,N-(4-butylphenyl)-bis-N,Nphenyl- 1,4-phenylenediamine (PFB) and poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-co-benzothiadiazole)(F8BT), two incident laser wavelengths were used to selectively illuminate only one or both polymers. The results showed that when F8BT is illuminated, the PFB-rich regions produced the most PC and when both polymers are illuminated (but mostly PFB), the F8BT-rich regions produce the most PC; showing PC generation is more affective when less absorber material is present in the morphology. The other approach to study morphological effects on PV properties was to fabricate particles that mimicked morphological variations known to occur in solution-processable PVs. Through solution processing of an oligothiophene molecule, a range of weakly coupled H-aggregate particles were made. These particles, identifiable by shape, were shown to have a varying degree of energetic disorder (as gauged by the 0-0 vibronic band intensity in the emission spectrum), despite all particles showing a similarly high degree of molecular order from fluorescence dichroism (FD) measurements. A trend was observed correlating a decrease in energetic disorder with an increase in the local contact potential (LCP) difference as measured with Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM). The LCP difference was found to range by 70 mV between particles of moderate to low energetic disorder.Item Morphological variation in the dentary of the Cave myotis (Myotis velifer) in the late Quaternary of Central Texas, USA(2022-10-06) Moroz, Molly Jane; Kemp, MelissaThe cave myotis, Myotis velifer, is a species of insectivorous bat distributed throughout the Southwestern US and Mexico. Fossils are known from several localities, including the well- known Hall’s Cave in Kerr County, TX, and multiple other caves in the Edward’s Plateau. Together, these caves capture faunal history from before the Last Glacial Maximum (18 kya) to the present, tracking significant warming and drying trends in local climate. Variation in body size across clines in the distribution of M. velifer has been observed in the present: bats in warmer, drier climates are smaller on average, while in cooler, wetter climates bats are larger. Previous studies capitalized on these modern trends and used linear measurements of fossils from Hall’s Cave as indicators of paleoclimate through time and found a trend of decreasing body size in M. velifer from the earliest occurrence to the present. Simple linear measurements of the skull may not capture changes in morphology, however, meaning that evolutionary change in skull morphology could have occurred without detection by previous researchers. Furthermore, recent studies of bat skulls showed the importance of morphology for enhancing fitness. In this study, I use geometric morphometrics to quantify changes in dentary shape of M. velifer through time. I show that dentary morphology and size differ across climate categories and that variation in morphology occurs in biologically significant anatomical features. By quantifying variation in dentary shape using geometric morphometrics, I can study the impacts on this species of past and future climate change.Item Morphology of Direct SLS-Processed Stainless Steel Layers(2002) Taylor, C. Martin; Childs, T.H.C.; Hauser, C.This paper discusses work done to analyse the shape of stainless steel layers generated by direct selective laser sintering (SLS). Laser power, scan spacing and scanning speed have been varied, to investigate their effect on geometry. The relationship between scanning parameters and the qualities of sintered parts (dimensional uniformity, porosity and scanned track shape) is described. A PC-based finite element code, developed to simulate SLS, has been modified to match the conditions of experiments discussed above. A comparison is made between computer-generated and experimentally-generated parts.Item Morphometrics of the dwarf honey bee Apis florea show biogeographic differentiation across India(2017-12-08) Herman, Jacob John; Mueller, Ulrich G.; Linder, Craig RThe Asian dwarf honey bee (Apis florea) is a relatively small honey bee, nests in the open with single combs attached to tree branches, and inhabits areas uninhabitable to other Apis species. A. florea is one of few honey bees in the genus to have remained unmanaged by beekeepers across Asia. Because A. florea has not been bred for specific traits or transported intentionally across continents like managed Apis species, populations of A. florea should offer insight into natural adaptations of honey bee populations to diverse climates. We use morphometrics to examine which environmental factors correlate with morphological differences between populations of A. florea surveyed across India. The surveyed populations show a trend of increased wing size going from the equator to the north. The populations also vary in Cubital Index, a wing venation measurement often associated with subspecies differentiation, and this variation is correlated with minimum temperature of the coldest month. Taken together, these findings show that A. florea differs morphologically across a temperature gradient in India and support future work towards understanding biogeographic patterns in this understudied species of honey bee.Item Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks(Hemphill Publishing Company, 1980) Folk, Robert L.Item The phonology and inflectional morphology of Cháʔknyá, Tataltepec de Valdés Chatino, a Zapotecan language(2015-05) Sullivant, John Ryan; Woodbury, Anthony C.; England, Nora; Epps, Patience; Myers, Scott; DiCanio, Christian; Rasch, JeffreyThis dissertation is a description of the phonology and inflectional morphology of an endangered indigenous language of Mexico stemming from a collaborative research project that places an emphasis on natural language and on describing a language on its own terms. The language described is Tataltepec Chatino (ISO 639-3: cta), a Zapotecan language spoken by fewer than 500 people only in the community of Tataltepec de Valdés in Mexico's Oaxaca state. The language has a complex system of tone in which tone sequences are the crucial morphological element rather than the constituent tones of the tone sequences. The tone system has a slightly peculiar inventory, with the level tones Low, High, and Superhigh rather than Low, Mid, and High in addition to a High-Low contour tone. The tonal system is also notable given the unlinked tone in two tone sequences which only surfaces in particular phonological contexts, but is never displaced from the word it is associated with, unlike canonical floating tones. The segmental phonology shows a language that permits a large number of often very complex onset clusters many of which violate the Sonority Sequencing Principle, but maintains tight restrictions on codas, allowing only a simple coda which can only be filled by one of two consonants in the language. Tataltepec Chatino also has interesting morphological features in its complex systems of verb aspect and person inflection which are instantiated by a system of prefixes and a system of complex paradigmatic alternations which only partially intersect. The language also has an unusual word I analyze as a "pseudoclassifier" which appears to serve some pragmatic functions of numeral classifiers while failing to do any lexical classification.Item Points of comparison : what indicating gestures tell us about the origins of signs in San Juan Quiahije Chatino sign language(2017-08) Mesh, Kathryn; Quinto-Pozos, David; Meier, Richard P; Cruz, Hilaria; Nonaka, Angela; Streeck, Jürgen; Law, DannyNew languages emerge under rare conditions, when deaf children who cannot access the vocal-auditory language(s) used around them invent visual-manual communication systems of their own. Such homesign or family sign systems have simple structures but nevertheless show the hallmarks of language, including a stable lexicon of signs composed of meaningful, recombinable elements. Prior research has found that many of these elements are invented by signers, though some are adapted from the gestural input received from hearing interlocutors. The current project returns to this claim, examining the influence of gestures on the structure of two emerging family sign languages used in a rural, indigenous community in Oaxaca, Mexico. It focuses on foundational, visually accessible ‘indicating gestures’ such as pointing that direct the addressees attention to a region in physical space. Three linked studies were performed to investigate whether indicating gestures have internal structure that is accessible to deaf signers, and whether such structure is incorporated into their emerging languages. In the first, the spontaneous, speech-linked indicating gestures of hearing people were examined for internal structure. They were found to comprise three recombinable elements that, through systematic modulations in form, convey information about the direction and distance of targets. A second study looked for a relationship between the form of indicating gestures and the features of the speech that accompanies them. No such relationship was found, suggesting that the meaningful modulation of the gesture features occurs independently from speech. The final study compared the forms and meanings of two deaf signers’ indicating gestures with those of the hearing participants. Signers were found to use the direction and elbow height features, but not the handshape features, from the conventional indicating system. These findings reveal that indicating gestures, often described as holistic, non-composite signals, in fact exhibit an internal structure that can be incorporated into an emerging signed language. Interestingly, they also reveal that not all features of gestures—even ones that exhibit clear patterning—will be adopted by signers, perhaps because gesture features must be both systematically patterned and visually iconic for signers to interpret them as meaningful.Item Rational design of ternary blend organic solar cells based on block copolymer additives(2016-07-05) Kipp, Dylan Robb; Ganesan, Venkat; Bonnecaze, Roger; Milliron, Delia; Truskett, Thomas; Verduzco, RafaelWe utilize a combined computational and experimental approach to study the influence of block copolymer additives on the morphological and device characteristics of organic solar cells based on the conjugated polymer/fullerene bulk heterojunction morphology. Our study is motivated by the question whether such block copolymer additives can be utilized to influence the phase separation morphologies, interfacial properties, and, therefore, the device efficiencies of such organic photovoltaic devices. Towards this objective, we split our project into 3 parts: 1.) We utilize Single Chain in Mean Field simulations to investigate the influence of block copolymers on the morphological and interfacial characteristics of the polymer/fullerene blend. Based on these simulations, we identify a design rule for the formation of the equilibrium, cocontinuous donor/acceptor morphologies that are believed to be desirable for efficient charge collection in organic photovoltaics. We utilize this design rule to identify a large collection of blend formulations that give rise to bicontinuous phases, and identify which of these select blend formulations result from comparable volume mixtures of donors and acceptors, which typically yield high device efficiencies in organic photovoltaics. 2.) Based on the predictions from (1), in experiments, we design thermally-stable morphologies with nanoscale domain sizes and percolating donor/acceptor pathways. We demonstrate the manner in which the experimental results agree with the simulations and, hence, establish the validity of our simulation method for predicting phase behavior. 3.) We develop a kinetic Monte Carlo-based method to predict the device performance characteristics of arbitrary donor/acceptor morphologies and couple the morphology and device-level simulations in sequence to identify the blend formulations and resulting morphological features that give rise to the best device performance overall. We demonstrate that, by appropriately tuning the HOMO and LUMO energy levels of the block copolymer additive, an energy cascade can be exploited to further improve charge separation and device efficiencies. In total, our project constitutes a predictive framework for designing new additive-based organic photovoltaic blend formulations with optimized device properties.