Browsing by Subject "Middle East and North Africa"
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Item 25 years of gender mainstreaming in Jordan : evolution and progress(2020-05-18) Attia, Abby Michelle; Shirazi, Faegheh, 1952-Since the Beijing Platform for Action in 1995, countries have taken many approaches to gender mainstreaming. Gender mainstreaming policies were created to be context specific to account for the variety of ways that policy can promote gender equality. However, the variety of gender mainstreaming approaches today limits researchers and practitioners’ ability to measure or compare their impact. Governments’ gender mainstreaming policies have evolved as policy makers learn from the best practices of other countries. This requires in-depth case studies on their program’s implementation and impacts. This case study on Jordan’s gender mainstreaming policies and its evolution in the last 25 years explores how Jordan’s gender policies were impacted by the Beijing Platform and have evolved since then. Although Jordanian women have made remarkable gains in their life expectancies and education statuses in the last 25 years, their participation in public life continues to be limited. In this paper I use primary source analysis of Jordan’s gender mainstreaming policies, its program records, and historical research of Jordanian feminist organizations to understand how the Jordanian government has negotiated its gender mainstreaming policies to address the demands of different sectors of society. Although Jordan is a monarchy, Royal family must still negotiate the demands of the parliament, tribes, Islamic political parties, and the military. The Royal family’s patronage of gender mainstreaming policies has often pitted them against those interests. This paper explores how gender mainstreaming policies have been shaped by those domestic interests as well as pressure from international donors and feminist organizations. I argue that these competing interests have led to gender mainstreaming policies that are gender aware and targeted but have yet to be transformative. This paper offers analysis of how Jordan can continue its progress and transformation in gender policies in the next 25 years.Item Universal Jurisdiction for Syrian Cases: Path to Accountability or False Hope?(2021-12) Daghestani, SumayaThis thesis explores the potential utility of universal jurisdiction to prosecute atrocity crimes committed against the people of Syria by the Syrian regime and its affiliates. Entitled “Universal Jurisdiction for Syrian Cases: Path to Accountability or False Hope,” the thesis evaluates the potential efficacy of universal jurisdiction prosecutions to advance justice and accountability in the case of Syria. Of the various mechanisms that exist in the international criminal justice apparatus, many scholars, experts, and activists view universal jurisdiction, as one of the most viable means by which Syrian victims might hold perpetrators of crimes responsible. Universal jurisdiction is a legal means by which certain crimes particularly war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide -- can be prosecuted in national courts, regardless of where the crime occurred and the nationalities of the perpetrator and victim. It is the basis of several ongoing prosecutions against officials of the Assad regime. One earlier prosecution resulted in a conviction. These cases offer hope to Syrians around the globe that government actors and agents responsible for heinous attacks and crimes against the Syrian people will be held accountable. Drawing on lessons learned from other uses of universal jurisdiction, this thesis examines the extent to which universal jurisdiction can deliver accountability for Syria.