Browsing by Subject "Chihuahua"
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Item Biodviersityof Mexican Trout (Teleostei: Salmonidae: Oncorhynchus): Recent findings, conservation concerns, and management recommendations(Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México, 2004-09) Mayden, Richard L.Until very recently the diversity of trout in Mexican rivers of the Sierra Madre Occidental has been very poorly understood and only the Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, and the Mexican Golden Trout, 0. chrysogaster, have been recognized. Recent efforts in the last decade by a binational organization of scientists and laypersons interested in the diversity and conservation of Mexican trout, Truchas Mexicanus, have revea led considerable diversity within the river systems of the Pacific Slope south to the Rio Acaponeta . These trout forms are highly differentiated and distinctive, and are considered native to these high-elevation river systems in pine-dominated forests. The increased occurrence of trout growout facilities and hatcheries within the range of these native Oncorhynchus and the escapes from these facilities threaten the native trout diversity through both introgressive hybridization and through resource competition, end products already known to occur in other trout populations in the other areas of North America exposed to exotic hatchery trout. Other threats to the native and previously unknown trout biodiversity in Mexico include timber harvesting, some pollutions associated with these activities, and siltation of critical habitats. Recommendations are provided to aid in the safe management and protection of this diversity which center around the future use of sterile trout in growout facilities and the use of undisturbed buffer zones along streams. The divergence observed in forms of Mexican trout is equivalent to the levels of divergence found between currently recognized subspecies of trout in the Rainbow and Cutthroat trout groups. Upon review of the diversity and divergence known to exist in these groups and our current understanding of conceptualizations of species, it is argued that the recognition of subspecies within these highly diverse trout lineages is inconsistent with the natural evolutionary history of these groups. The long-term use of the Biological Species Concept for these species is argued as not only inappropriate but an inadequate and illogical characterization of diversity. The logical consequences of hanging on to this concept as the operational and theoretical framework of trout diversity would necessitate the synonymization of all Rainbow and Cutthroat trout taxa as subspecies because of the known propensity of these groups to demonstrate introgressive hybridzation in some areas. These subspecies are considered va lid evolutionary lineages that are demonstrate divergence at morphological, genetic, and ecological characters that are well known to many trout taxonomists and biologists. All of these therefore qualify as Evolutionary Species that are easily diagnosable under the Phylogenetic Species Concept and should be recognized as valid species.Item Chihuahua’s missing labor movement : the role of emotions in maquiladora work(2013-12) Márquez, Alejandro Márquez; Dietz, Henry A.The maquiladora industry was established in northern Mexico with the objective of providing employment opportunities to the growing population in the region. However, the terms of employment linked to the global economy limit the organizational capacity of workers to improve their working conditions. These terms shape an emotional habitus among maquiladora workers that prevents mobilization and reinforces a “hard-working” attitude predisposed to tolerate unsatisfactory labor relations concomitant with industrial deregulation. In my investigation, I analyze the emotional habitus of workers through cultural, productive, and political deregulation mechanisms employed in the sector. The cultural tool promotes a new labor philosophy focused on safeguarding employment sources in Mexico; production schemes individualize reward and punitive systems that are installed in constellations of local and international authoritative figures; and the political component prevents legitimate forms of organization through coopted labor unions. As a result, predispositions of workers to mobilize grievances in the maquiladora industry are unlikely. This report seeks to involve the social structures of emotions in discussions concerning political behavior and social movement literature.Item Conservation of Mexican native trout and the discovery, status, protection and recovery of the Conchos trout, the first native Oncorhynchus of the Atlantic drainage in Mexico(Dirección de Publicaciones, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México, 2007) Hendrickson, Dean A.; Neely, David A.; Mayden, Richard L.; Anderson, K.; Brooks, James E.; Camerana-Rosales, Faustino; Cutter, Ralph F.; Cutter, Lisa; De Los Santos Camarillo, Ana Belia; Ernsting, Guy W.; Espinosa-Pérez, Héctor; Findley, Lloyd T.; Garcia de León, Francisco J.; George, A. L.; Hatch, John; Kuhajda, Bernard R.; Mayden, Kyle E.; McNyset, Kristina M.; Nielsen, Jennifer L.; Pfeiffer, Frank W.; Propst, David L.; Ruiz-Campos, Gorgonio; St. Clair, E.; Tomelleri, Joseph R.; Varela-Romero, AlejandroThe Northwestern Sierra Madre Occidental of Mexico is a rugged mountain range covering portions of Sonora, Chihuahua, Durango and Sinaloa, and is drained by multiple Pacific Slope Rivers to the west and the Casas Grandes, Conchos, and Nazas to the east. The overall area is topographically, climatically and biotically diverse, ranging from endorheic basins (Casas Grandes) to mountainous areas elevations up to 3348 m, average mean temperatures from 10-20°C and precipitation from 250-1100 mm/yr. The region is also geological complex that, combined with these other variables, provides a great diversity of both aquatic and terrestrial habitats conducive to both biotic endemicity and diversity. The overall diversity of the region has contribiited to the recent listing of this region by Conservation International as one of six new high-priority biodiversity hotspots. Our understanding of the aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity of this region, however, is poor and in urgent need of rapid investigation by collaborative communities. The combination of an incredibly rugged landscape, drug and bandit activities and indigenous peoples that have not always been welcoming to visitors has resulted in a general paucity of roads in the region, and the lack of access has limited inventory studies. Recently, however, access to the region has changed dramatically and many of the areas are now accessible enough for logging, mining, and agriculture practices, all exerting extreme pressures in some areas on the biodiversity. In addition to human-induced changes to these diverse ecosystems, impacts of invasive aquatic species are becoming more and more apparent, and the potential for severely reducing population sizes of species or their extirpation or extinction is real. While several invasive or exotic species are identified as potentially destructive to these communities, the exotic Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) that is derived from hatcheries or culture facilities within the region represents one of the most critical threats to the aquatic and semi-aquatic biodiversity. The native trout of mainland Mexico represent the southern- most salmonids, and are at imminent risk of introgression and/or replacement by feral Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Our recent survey efforts have expanded the known diversity and ranges of each of several distinct forms, which we feel represent valid species. We discuss our discovery of multiple new species from the Sierra Madre Occidental and focus on a new species of trout restricted to the upper Conchos drainage, the first native species of Oncorhynchus known to occupy the Atlantic Slope in Mexico. Many of these taxa are restricted to small areas of intact habitat in headwater areas of high-elevation streams, and are at risk from a suite of human-associated perturbations, emerging diseases, and introduced species. These fishes occupy unique habitats, and represent a diverse portion of the Mexican montane ichthyofauna. The habitats on which they depend support a wide range of other aquatic organisms, most of which are grossly understudied. The discovery of the Conchos Trout derived primarily by GARP niche modeling of a subset of localities of previously sampled undescribed native Mexican trout, provides only a snapshot of the biodiversity awaiting to be discovered in this region. The rugged landscape of the Sierra Madre Occidental simply precludes routine sampling at easily accesible locations of streams and most sampling locations require time-intensive access. In an effort to rapidly assess the biodiversity of rivers of this region we employed this method to aid in predicting the most suitable and highly probable Mexican trout niches in the region. This method offered highly efficient and powerful results that not only predicted the occurrence of a previously unknown trout in the upper Rio Conchos but also provided excellent predictions of available habitats in drainages where previously unknown trout have been discovered by the Truchas Mexicanas team in the last nine years. Multiple threats exist to the biodiversity of the northern Sierra Madre Occidental, including uncontrolled introductions of exotic and invasive species, emerging diseases such as whirling disease, Myxobolus cerebralis, infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN), iridioviruses and pathogenic water mold, Saprolegnia ferax, land-use practices leading to habitat degradation via overgrazing, logging, deforestation and road construction, increasing human population growth, over-fishing or overharvesting of aquatic resources and global climate cliange reducing surface and ground water in the area and creating environments more conducive to the spread of invasive species, congregated and dense human populations, and emerging diseases. Immediate actions need to be developed to aid in public education as to the threats to these ecosystems, protection of areas, assessment of diversity, and sustainable development throughout the region that incorporates a likely highly successful ecotourism system for the region.Item Conservation of the Conchos Trout: a white paper on history of its discovery, report on its status, and an urgent plea for action(Dean A. Hendrickson, 2006-04-13) Camarena Rosales, Faustino; Cutter, Ralph F.; De Los Santos Camarillo, Ana Belia; Espinosa Pérez, Héctor; García de León, Francisco; Hendrickson, Dean A.; Kuhajda, Bernard; Mayden, Richard L.; Neely, David A.; Pfiefer, Frank; Propst, David L.; Ruiz Campos, Gorgonio; Tomelleri, Joseph R.; Varela Romero, AlejandoA broad-scale survey of potential trout habitats in upper tributaries of the Río Conchos of Chihuahua, México resulted in the re-discovery in 2005 of a long-lost native, endemic, and now endangered, undescribed trout species that we call the “Conchos Trout.” We are currently in the process of scientifically describing this rare trout, the only native Mexican trout known from an Atlantic drainage. Our extensive field efforts to date clearly indicate that this species was formerly much more widely distributed historically. Though surveys should continue, our extensive field surveys found only one small isolated and extremely vulnerable population, leaving us less than optimistic that many other, if any, additional populations will be found. Persistence of this new critically endangered endemic Conchos Trout clearly requires rapid conservation action. Our consensus expert opinion is that we cannot over-emphasize the urgency of protection for this critically endangered population of this unique trout, and so we have produced this “white paper” in hopes that it might encourage others to join us in initiating appropriate conservation programs. The potentially viable population is restricted to a short reach of a very small stream where it and another newly discovered, undescribed fish species, a sucker (and likely another unique taxon), could be relatively easily protected, studied and managed. Additionally, adjoining arroyos where the species recently occurred offer the possibility of restoring native fish populations to them following appropriate protection and habitat restoration efforts. All members of our highly qualified and diversely specialized, binational “Truchas Mexicanas” team stand prepared to join collaborators and invest personal resources in hands-on actions to help this new species persist. We recommend immediate establishment of a small reserve centered around currently occupied habitat and adjacent streams having suitable habitat, combined with education and compensation of local residents for their cooperation with reserve management. We recognize that we are largely ignorant of the local political and cultural systems via which conservation actions will have to proceed and are limited with regard to our ability to raise funds. We thus hope that readers of this white paper will add their financial and in-kind support and additional expertise to help us conserve the Conchos Trout!Item El Diccionario Tarahumara –Alemán de Matthäus Steffel: Lengua y Cultura Rarámuri en el Siglo XVIII(Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, México, 2020) Merrill, William L.El Diccionario Tarahumara-Alemán de Matthäus Steffel: Lengua y Cultura Rarámuri en el Siglo XVIII, by William L. Merrill, in collaboration with Maria Brumm and Greta de León. Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico: Universidad de Sonora. 1103 pages. Tarahumara, an Indigenous language of northwestern Mexico, is spoken today by more than 80,000 people, who refer to themselves and their language as "Rarámuri". It is related to over thirty other languages that together form the Uto-Aztecan language family, distributed at European contact from the Great Basin of the western United States to Central America. The only extant dictionary of the Tarahumara language produced prior to the twentieth century was compiled in German by the Moravian Jesuit Matthäus Steffel, based on his experience as a missionary among the Tarahumaras between 1761 and 1767. The dictionary was published in Germany in 1809, but it contains hundreds of mistakes, both typographical and substantive, suggesting that Steffel did not have the opportunity to review it before his death in 1806. Fortunately, the majority of these mistakes can be corrected by comparison with a manuscript version of the dictionary that is preserved in the Moravian Provincial Archives, located in Brno, Czech Republic, where Steffel lived during the last three decades of his life. This volume offers the first Spanish translations and detailed analyses of both the published and manuscript versions of Steffel's Tarahumara-German dictionary, as well as exact transcriptions of the German originals of both works. Its principal objectives are to make the dictionary accessible to the Rarámuri people and to enhance its value as a source of data for research in linguistics and other disciplines. Steffel documented over 1100 Tarahumara words, along with diverse dimensions of the phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics of the language in the eighteenth century. The record he created indicates that, during the last 250 years, the Tarahumara language has undergone significant changes that have tended to distance it from other Uto-Aztecan languages. His dictionary is crucial to clarifying the historical relationships between Tarahumara and these languages as well as the nature and temporal framework of the changes that occurred. In addition, Steffel enriched his lexical entries with precise descriptions of a range of Tarahumara cultural practices and various aspects of life in colonial Mexico, and he provided the first descriptions of the flora and fauna of the Tarahumara region. The translations and transcriptions of the dictionary presented in this volume are complemented by overviews of Steffel=s life and his linguistic endeavors and evaluations of the significance of these works for research on Tarahumara language and cultural history. To transform his studies into reliable sources of linguistic data and to facilitate their use in linguistic research, the volume presents a technical analysis of his orthographic conventions, along with an extensive review of the errors identified in the works, a presentation of the words and glosses documented in the published dictionary in separate Tarahumara-Spanish and Spanish-Tarahumara vocabulary lists, and a compilation of these lexical items rendered in Steffel's orthography and modern phonetic notation. A glossary of the plant and animal terms that Steffel documented is presented separately with postulated scientific identifications of the taxa designated by them. An index of the principal topics covered in the published dictionary also is provided.Item Final Report: Data provision and projected impact of climate change on fish biodiversity within the Desert LCC(2013-11-30) Cohen, Adam E.; Labay, Ben J.; Hendrickson, Dean A.; Casarez, Melissa; Sarkar, SahotraThe four primary objectives of this project were to: (1) compile a dataset of fish occurrence records for the entirety of the Rio Grande drainage in the US and Mexico; (2) improve that dataset by reformatting dates, synonymizing species names to a modern taxonomy, georeferencing localities, and flagging geographic outliers; (3) for those species with sufficient data for modeling, create species distribution models (SDMs); (4) use the environmental conditions determined via those models to project the species distributions into the future under two climate scenarios. To accomplish those objectives, we compiled 495,101 fish occurrence records mined from 122 original sources into a single database. We then, on the basis of text string searches of the original sources' verbatim locality fields, extracted 145,426 records that we judged to have a reasonable likelihood of being from the Rio Grande drainage. For those records we edited taxonomy, reformatted dates, and finally georeferenced 59,156 (41%) records, which proved sufficient for constructing SDMs for 36 species that met a priori quality assurance criteria. We provide basic interpretation of these models and discuss projections of them into several different future climate forecasts. Products include raw model outputs and symbolized maps helpful in interpretation and comparison, as well as raw data sets and recommendations regarding how all of these product might be used in future management and research efforts.Item Fishes of the Río Fuerte, Sonora, Sinaloa and Chihuahua, México(Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México, 2002-11-10) Hendrickson, Dean A.; Varela Romero, AlejandroThe Rio Fuerte drains 33,835 km2.of the Sierra Madre Occidental of the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Sinaloa, Durango, and Sonora. Its tributaries pass through Barranca del Cobre (Copper Canyon) as they drop from headwaters as high as 2,808 m above sea level to the Mar de Cortes (Gulf of California). Its headwaters interdigitate closely with east-flowing tributaries of the Rio Conchos, an important tributary of the Rio Bravo (Grande), and interior drainages of Chihuahua and Durango, such as the Rio Nazas. The Fuerte shares its fish fauna with these neighboring drainages, and has no endemics. Northernmost tributaries are relatively arid, but southern tributaries drain sub-tropical areas with much higher rainfall. Dams and diversions now block movements of many marine fish species that used to move far upstream, and more are in construction or planned. Large river fish habitats at lower elevations have been converted almost entirely into canals and the natural mainstream channel now carries only minimal or highly modified discharges, often contaminated by agricultural runoff. At higher elevations, fish habitats have been severely impacted by logging and grazing. Logging development continues, recently expanding from traditional conifers to lower-elevation oaks. Exotic fishes have had, or surely will have, broad impacts on the native fauna through predation, competition and hybridization. Tilapias from Africa are widely established now, as are several centrarchids that will undoubtedly impact on the native cichlid (Cichlasoma beani), cyprinids, catostomids, poeciliids, and others. While not well studied taxonomically, the basin's native catfish, closely related to Ictalurus pricei, is now broadly hybridizing with introduced channel catfish (I. punctatus). At higher elevations, the beautiful native Mexican golden trout is very likely to hybridize with rainbow trout being widely introduced for fish culture. El Rio Fuerte drena 33,835 km2 de la Sierra Madre Occidental en los estados de Chihuahua, Sinaloa, Durango y Sonora. Sus tributarios fluyen a traves de la Barranca de! Cobre (Copper Canyon) y caen desde las cabeceras de 2,808 m sobre el nivel del mar hacia el Mar de Cortes (Gulf of California). Sus cabeceras interdigitan cercanamente con los tributarios de flujo este del Rio Conchos, un importante tributario del Rio Bravo (Grande) y drenajes interiores de Chihuahua y Durango como el Rio Nazas. El Fuerte comparte su fauna de peces con estos drenajes vecinos y no presenta endemicos. Los tributarios norteños son relativamente aridos, pero los tributarios sureños drenan areas subtropicales con mayor regimen de lluvias. Las presas y canales, que bloquean ahora el movimiento de muchas especies de peces marinos que lo usaban para remontar el rio, siguen en construcción y planeación. Los habitats de peces de rios grandes en bajas elevaciones han sido convertidos en canales y el canal principal natural ahora mantiene descargas minimas o altamente modificadas, frecuentemente contaminadas por desechos de la agricultura. A grandes elevaciones, los habitat de los peces han sido impactados severamente por la tala y el pastoreo. Los desarrollo madereros continuan y recientemente se han expandido de las tradicionales coniferas a los encinos de mas baja elevaci6n. Los peces exóticos tienen o seguramente tendran grandes impactos sobre los peces nativos a traves de la depredación, competencia e hibridación. Las tilapias de Africa estan ahora ampliamente establecidas al igual que varios centrarquidos, que indudablemente impactan sobre el ciclido nativo (Cich/asona beani), ciprinidos, catost6midos, pecilidos y otros. Aunque no esta bien estudiado taxonomicamente, el bagre nativo de la cuenca, cercanamente relacionado a Ictalurus pricei, esta ahora hibridizandose ampliamente con el bagre de canal introducido. A grandes elevaciones, la hermosa trucha dorada Mexicana nativa, es muy posible que hibridice con la trucha arcoiris, que ha sido ampliamente introducida como pez de cultivo.Item Justicia en reforma : a diagnostic of Mexico's criminal procedure reform in early-implementer jurisdictions(2011-05) Nichols, Denton Patrick; Villarreal, Andrés; Hansen, Patricia I.Until recently, Mexico’s criminal court system systematically failed to observe the human rights of defendants, leading to widespread criticisms about the integrity of the system and the vulnerability of defendants to unconscionable judicial practices. Intending to remedy those deficiencies, several Mexican states have proceeded to transition from a semi-inquisitorial criminal procedure to an American-style adversarial one. Because of a 2008 reform to the national constitution, all Mexican states must adopt such criminal procedure reforms by 2016. In theory, these reforms should result in fewer overall cases, a reduced reliance on pre-trial detentions, and more dismissals of cases and acquittals. This thesis uses data collected by Mexico’s official statistical agency, INEGI, to test these hypotheses in judicial districts in four states: Oaxaca, Chihuahua, Morelos, and Zacatecas. While far fewer criminal cases are being brought in early-implementer districts that have transitioned to the new criminal procedures, the results on other statistical indicators are mixed. Nonetheless, the balance of evidence suggests that the reformed procedures are more likely to be fair to defendants and reduce overall wrongful convictions.Item Letter to Ralph W. Imlay from H.B. Stenzel on 1944-01-17(1944-01-17) Stenzel, Henryk B.Item Se Busca : graphic design as a tool to shift attitudes about violence in Chihuahua(2014-05) Cano, Mariana; Lee, GloriaSince 2006, the city of Chihuahua, Mexico has been engulfed in a wave of drug-related violence that has resulted in thousands of murders, kidnappings, and "disappearances." Because bloody headlines sell newspapers, violence dominates the mainstream media, which contributes to residents' sense of hopelessness and helplessness. In response, in my graduate work I have investigated ways in which I can use the persuasive tactics and appearance of mainstream commercial graphic design to effect social change: specifically, to shift Chihuahuans' attitudes about their city. Through three interventions (The Graffiti Workshop, the Riberas school identity, and the Se busca project), I have attempted to encourage civic participation, recognize positive contributions within the community, and build an economic engine around local heroes. By doing so, I hope to reverse the prevailing belief that individuals are powerless to confront large, complex social issues. In addition, I hope these projects demonstrate some of the ways in which graphic designers can effectively apply their design skills to social as well as commercial problems.Item Species in the spotlight: Treasures of the Sierra Madre – Mexico’s little-known native trout diversity(International Union for the Conservation of Nature, 2020) Hendrickson, Dean A.Few individuals on our planet do not know what trout and salmon are. They are usually recognised as highly palatable, and often colourful species, and most who know them likely visualize cold, beautiful, pristine, free flowing, alpine or forest streams and rivers as their typical habitats. Many will also know of the remarkable migrations taken by some species, moving from their birth locations in rivers to oceans and then returning to their birthplaces to spawn and die. Some may recognise their importance as prized targets of anglers, particularly fly fishers, who spare no expenses to go after these trophies. Many others who might not be so familiar with the characteristics just mentioned may likely recognise species of this family as the tasty, and usually relatively costly fish found frozen or on ice in grocery stores and fish markets, or in cans, or smoked, or served in restaurants. Their flesh, often pink or rosy-coloured, is prized worldwide. There is no doubt that fishes in this family (Salmonidae) are well known in most of the developed and developing countries of the world and that some have become extremely economically and globally important commercial species that support large-scale recreational as well as wild commercial fisheries, and are massively produced by global aquaculture. At the same time many are also imperilled to some degree. Before this project, the Red List database contained 140 species of Salmonids. Here we’ll focus on the genus Oncorhynchus, commonly known as the Pacific salmons and trout, which prior to this project was represented in the Red List by six species. Then, setting aside the many “salmon” of this genus, we’ll focus only on trout, specifically those of a large and diverse lineage, best known for one species, the famous rainbow trout (O. mykiss). Originally known only from California and other Pacific drainages of the U.S., rainbow trout have long been a prized target of anglers, and the species has been bred in captivity for at least 150 years. High demand for it for both sport fisheries, as well as wild and captive protein production, resulted in it now being established on every continent. It has become not only one of the world’s most important recreational fishing species, but also one of the planet’s most widely cultured vertebrates. It is effectively global agriculture’s “fish version” of the chicken, with global aquaculture production of the species in 2014 reaching 812,940 metric tonnes valued at nearly 4 billion US$ (U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) n.d.) That rainbow trout of global fishery and aquaculture fame is known to be one of about 10 closely related subspecies of what is called the “coastal rainbow” branch of the evolutionary tree of the genus. Most of those are from California, but two native Mexican taxa have long been recognised as part of this lineage, O. m. nelsoni (Nelson’s trout – recently reviewed by (Ruiz Campos, 2017)) of the northernmost mountains of Baja California, and O. chrysogaster (the Mexican golden trout – recently covered by multiple contributors (Ruiz-Luna & Garcia De León, 2016). Recent genetic studies (AbadíaCardoso et al., 2015) confirm those relationships and reveal, from specimens collected by the bi-national group of researchers known as Truchas Mexicanas (Hendrickson et al., 2003), that Mexico’s share of the diversity in this lineage is much greater. At least 10 more, still undescribed species of native trout reside in remote, rugged and isolated corners of the Sierra Madre Occidental extending as far south as the high mountains between Mazatlán and Ciudad Durango. Truchas Mexicanas’ fieldwork left no doubt that most share a need for conservation actions to help their often small and fragmented populations persist, and some are critically imperilled (Camarena-Rosales et al., 2006; Hendrickson et al., 2007; Hendrickson & Tomelleri 2019). While their formal descriptions have been delayed for various reasons, recent genetic validation of their distinctiveness, and clear need for recognition of the need for conservation actions on their behalf, led those studying them to petition the IUCN to add them to the Red List while their descriptions are being finalized. That petition was accepted and their assessments were completed as part of this project.Item A tale of two catfishes: Yaqui and Chihuahua(2017-11-16) Hendrickson, Dean A.While the Yaqui Catfish, Ictalurus pricei, has a long history of listing and conservation interest, the still undescribed Chihuahua Catfish remains largely unknown to many working on fishes and aquatic resource management in its range. Like Yaqui Catfish, it is similar to the ubiquitous Channel Catfish, and until awareness is increased, it will remain understudied and with little protection. Also like Yaqui Catfish, hybridization with closely related species greatly confounds research and recovery efforts. Known only from an unfinished manuscript describing it, and many specimens identified cryptically (since it remains undescribed) as this species in a few collections' databases, and occasional mentions in the literature, its historic distribution includes most of the Rio Grande/Bravo watershed (including all 3 major sub-basins (Conchos, Pecos, Grande/Bravo) and a relatively small area of the Gila River basin. It appears to be now very rare, and it appears to hybridize with both I. punctatus and I. lupus. Cytochrome b sequences obtained from one recently collected specimen from each the Gila basin and the Conchos basin in Chihuahua (at or very near the manuscript's type locality), indicate two divergent haplotypes. The manuscript's authors did not recognize that divergence, and considered it introduced in the Gila, so did not include specimens from there in their morphological analysis, but thought the form there to be introduced from the Río Grande/Pecos. We'll here present images of specimens, and summarize the diagnostic characters known from the manuscript, though hybridization clearly confounds morphological diagnosis. All those collecting catfishes anywhere in the species' broad range are asked to be aware of its existence, and to deposit large series of vouchers and tissues in museum collections for future efforts to better diagnose these rare fishes and conserve them.Item The transformation of Tarahumara agriculture in Chihuahua, Mexico(2011-05) Rudow, Joshua Martin; Doolittle, William Emery; Knapp, Gregory W.; Perez, Francisco L.The Tarahumara are one of the most isolated and intact indigenous groups in Mexico. Their agriculture has traditionally been practiced within the steep canyons and uplands of the Sierra Madre Occidental in southwestern Chihuahua. Adapting to these rugged conditions, the Tarahumara developed a variety of agricultural techniques that allowed them to be self-sufficient in food production and independent of external inputs. As varied and ingenious as their techniques are, they share one main objective -- to overcome the lack of organic matter in the stony mountain soils. Since the arrival of the Spaniards, the addition of organic matter has involved large amounts of animal manure to increase organic matter in the soil and maintain fertility. The focus of this study is to investigate new agricultural techniques that the Tarahumara are adopting due to the pressures of globalization and alleged climate change. These new technologies may still include many traditional agricultural methods, but they are increasingly using commercially available fertilizers and other modern agricultural additions, thereby losing self-sufficiency. This study includes in depth interviews with 28 Tarahumara farmers to better understand the modern agricultural techniques, their motivations, and overall sustainability. Soil samples determined the viability of Tarahumara agricultural techniques on soil fertility by examining the visual description, organic matter content, soil texture, and a chemical analysis. The analyses showed that traditional Tarahumara agricultural practices are efficient and sustainable, while modern additions are often ill-suited for their environment and are disruptive to Tarahumara culture.Item (Vol. 20, 2017-12) Perymenium vandevenderorum (Asteraceae), a New Species From Sonora, Mexico.(2017-12) Turner, Billie L.A novel species of Perymenium from Sonora, Mexico is described. It appears to be closest to P. nesomii from southwestern Chihuahua, with which it is compared. A map showing distribution of the two taxa is provided.