The origins of Augustan portraiture : typology and dissemination of the pre-Actium Types

The following paper explores the provenance, typology, and significance of the pre-Actium Type portraits of Augustus Caesar. These types are the Béziers-Spoleto Type, Lucus Feroniae Type, and Type B. The provenance, when available, is traced to the location of origin and analyzed in historical context. A detailed typological analysis is offered for each type with a focus on Stirnlockenanalyse. Deviations from the ideal model are addressed and evaluated. Finally, the significance of the three types is reevaluated in light of the provenance and new typological analysis.