The critical zone (CZ) comprises the near-surface region of the Earth where biological, physical and chemical weathering processes form porous soil and weathered bedrock from initially fresh bedrock. The structure of the ...

Geophysicists often relegate shale reservoirs as having higher symmetries (e.g., transversely isotropic (TI) or isotropic) than what reality demonstrates. Routine application of TI (or even isotropic) algorithms to ...