Cross-Clustered Model of Frequency of Home-Based Work Participation in Traditionally Off-Work Hours

The objective of this paper is to shed light on the determinants of working from home beyond the traditional office-based work hours. Specifically, we examine the frequency of work participation from home for individuals who also have the traditional work pattern of traveling to an out-of-home work place with a fixed number of work hours at the out-of-home work place. The sample for the empirical analysis is drawn from the 2002-2003 Turin Time Use Survey, which was designed and administered by the Italian National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT).From a methodological standpoint, we explicitly recognize both spatial and social clustering effects using a cross-clustered ordered-response structure to analyze the frequency of work participation from home during off-work periods.The model is estimated using the inference technique of composite marginal likelihood (CML), which represents a conceptually, pedagogically, and implementationally simpler procedure relative to traditional frequentist and Bayesian simulation techniques.