Previous researchers have demonstrated that the transmission of surface waves is effective to estimate the depth of a surface-breaking crack in solids. However, most of the results were obtained using a well-defined crack ...

We determine the strength of the weak nuclear force which holds the lattices of the elementary particles together. We also determine the strength of the strong nuclear force which emanates from the sides of the nuclear ...

Previous studies show that surface wave transmission ratio across a surface breaking crack in concrete can be used as an indicator of the crack depth. However, due to inconsistent sensor coupling condition on rough concrete ...