Browsing by Subject "English language--Tense"

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The logical structure underlying temporal references in natural language
(1971-08) Bruce, Bertram C.; Martin, Norman M.
Temporal references in natural language include tenses and other time relations, references to specific times, and a variety of phrases such as "present", "later", "when", "how often", and "never". Their high frequency of occurrence reflects the importance of time to the users of natural language. Although the structure underlying temporal references may appear complicated, it is a working assumption of this thesis that a sound logical explanation of its characteristics can be made. The frequent use of temporal references makes a correct exhibition of their underlying structure vital to a full understanding of natural language. Such an understanding is important in teaching and translating, indeed in all uses of natural language. In addition, understanding language better should aid in the design of computer programs which process natural languages. Chapter 2 of this thesis surveys some relevant work on temporal references, both to show what has been done and to show the scope of the problem. Despite the divergence in terminology and viewpoint, a unified theory can be derived which relates and extends the previous work. The new theory is presented in Chapter 3. It is a formal system which models the intuitive meaning of tenses, time relations, and other references to the time of events. The system precisely defines and shows the interrelationships of concepts which are often only vaguely defined. By its generality and its logical foundation, the system is able to serve as a skeleton for further studies of time in language. To illustrate some of the features of the system a question answering computer program, called Chronos, was written which accepts information in the form of tensed sentences and answers questions about the time of events. This program is discussed in Chapter 4. Chapter 5 discusses a problem which arises when we consider assigning truth values to statements about events occurring at times other than the present. The problem is to define a logic for unknown outcomes which retains the two valued tautologies. A logic is presented which has two kinds of implication: a material implication for which all the classical tautologies hold, and a strict implication defined in terms of logical necessity. The strict implication fragment of this logic is shown to be slightly stronger than the Lewis (1959) system S5, although it avoids many of the so-called paradoxes of material implication. The logic of Chapter 5 is a useful extension of the system for tenses (Chapter 3) to situations in which future (and perhaps past) events may have the truth value "unknown". Chapter 6 is a discussion section which evaluates the tense system, the logic for unknown outcomes, and the program Chronos. Several possibilities for extending the thesis are discussed.
Periphrastic perfect tense in English : a historical perspective
(2004-05) Lee, Jeong-hoon, 1963-; Southern, Mark R. V., 1961-; Wechsler, Stephen
The present thesis deals with the development of the periphrastic perfect throughout the history of the English language. Since we are dealing with only the periphrastic perfect in this thesis, the term “perfect” will be employed to refer to the periphrastic perfect for convenience, unless otherwise specified. The major topics discussed in the thesis include the grammaticalization of the English perfect, the semantics of the “have” and “be” perfects in Old English, and the standardization of the English perfect auxiliary. As groundwork for the rest of the thesis, Chapter 2 discusses whether the Modern English perfect should be treated as tense or aspect, and what the possible meanings of the Modern English perfect are. It will be argued that the Modern English perfect carries tense meanings. This thesis also introduces and adopts the view that that the Modern English perfect has the existential, universal, and resultative readings as its distinct meanings. Regarding the grammaticalization of the English perfect, Chapter 3 refutes the accepted view that the “true” perfect did not exist in Old English, but evolved from the “adjectival” construction during the Old English period. It also claims that the English perfect had already been well-established by the beginning of the Old English period. Most English historical grammarians have agreed with the view that, in Old English, the “have” perfect denoted only the resultative perfect meaning at best, while the “be” perfect was a resultative “state” construction, denoting a state that was brought about by some action in the past. Chapters 4 and 5 challenge this generally accepted view, arguing that the Old English “have” perfect had all three possible meanings of the Modern English perfect and that the Old English “be” perfect carried the resultative “perfect” meaning, denoting both a preceding action and the resulting state. Finally, while most English historical grammarians concur that the standardization of the English perfect auxiliary in favor of have was not completed until the 19th century, Chapter 6 claims that have had already become the regular English perfect auxiliary by the 14th century at the latest.