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The University Record. 

EDITORIAL BOARD: 
President WM. L. PRATHER, Instructor L. G. BuGBEE, Professor R. L. BATTS, Professor A. C. ELLIS, Professor W. J. BATTLE, Professor M. H. LIDDELL, Professor WM. M. WHEELER, Professor A. J. SMITH, 
Registrar J. A. LOMAX. 
The UNIVERSITY RECORD is published quarterly; subscription, one dollar a year; single copies, twenty-five cents. Advertisemeats, one page, $15; half page, $10; quarter page, il\7t, with 25 per cent. discount on contracts for a year. 
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THE UNIVERSITY RECORD. 

VOL. IL-JUNE, 1900.-NO. ~. 
CONTENTS. 
THE RELATION OF CHEMISTRY TO CIVILIZATION............. ................. H. W. HARPER............... 101 THE STUDY OF PHYSICS .................W. T. MATHER............... 110 THE SCOPE OF MODERN GEOLOGY .. FREDERIC W. SIMONDS.... 120 THE STUDY OF ZOOLOGY ........... ...... WILLIAM M. WHEELER ... 125 SOME PRACTICAL PHASES OF THE STUDY OF BOTANY .. ................ WILLIAM L. BRAY ........... 136 
ENGINEERING .................................... { ~~i~·~Ri~it~~~:::::::: 144 THE UNIVERSITY: 
The Work of the Year in the Department of Literature, Science and Arts .................................................................. 154 
GENERAL NOTES: 
The New Catalogue, 179; The New Dei;rrees and En­trance Requirements, 179; The Alumni Scholarship, 181; The University Co-Operative Society, 181; The Growth of the University in Numbers, 182; Univer­sity Hall, 183; The University and the Affiliated Schools, 184; Addresses by President Prather, 185; Dean Houston, 186; The Administrative Offices, 186; Dr. Abbott, 187; Grace Hall, 187; University Colors, 188; Resignations in the Faculty, 189; The Summer Schools, 190; The Texas Academy of Science, 191; The Texas State Historical Association, 192. 
STUDENT INTERESTS: 
The Athenreum, 192; The Rusk, 193; The Ashbel, 194; The Y. M. C. A., 195; The Y. W. C. A., 195; The Cactus, 196; Fraternities, 197; Enthusiasm for Re­turning Conquerors, 197; The Decadence of the Social Spirit in the Classes;, 198. 
ATHLETICS........... ............ .... ...................................................... 198 
MEDICAL DEP~.RTMENT NOTES ............................................ 201 
THE ALUMNI ............................................................................. 204 




THE UNIVERSITY RECORD. 

VOL. IL-JUNE, 1900.~NO. 2. 
'THE REUA:TION OF OHE:MJ,SITRY TO CIVILIZATION. 
H. W. HARPER. 
The .facts of chemistry are built upon the fundamental constants: matter and motion, and, therefore, would seem to be coexistent and coextensive wiifu. time and space-that the universe, from the ethe­real through llhe structural to the ethereal again, is merely an eter­nal period of chemical activities. Rigid analys.is, 'however, will n<Yt sustlliin the "seem to be," for not only is empty sipace oonceivable, but chemircal phenomena themselves 11,re severely restr.icted by com­paratively narrow limitations, an:d rchemistry may 'be accurately defined as the science of interatomic (intramolecular) phenomena which occur between the real zero ·absolute and a temperature SJUffi­ciently higih to convert all matter to the atomic state. . In this defi­nition chemical unit, i. e., "a reenter through whic!h energy mani­fests itself," is the idea desired to 'be conveyed by the word atom and its derivatives as used here-in which sense it is in conflict with neither the atomisticists nor the mathemat~co-physico-phenomenolo­gists. Modern philosophy would probably insist upon the entire extrusion of the word "matter." 'To meet this exigency it is merely necessary to adjust Mach's definition of .physics so tihat ,it will read: chemircal "experience arrllillged in economical order,"-"that the aim of research is the discovery of the equations which subsist between the elements of phenomena." It matters little wlhich definition is accepted-they 'bofu !have the same aim, and for all ipractical pur­poses their meaning is identical. Postulating the existence of mat­ter, then the simple.st equation which subsists between the elements 
oif chemical phenomena finds its expression in: The properties (phenomena) of matter are periodic functions of the atomic and molecular masses which coMtitute it aind tlhe rates of motion of these masses.1 
With Jimitations no wider than here indicated it can easily be shown that the entire experience of man is closely identified with chemical phenomena. That while the existence of chemical phenvm­ena long antedated the coming of organized living form£, and will continue to exist when all that now constitutes the modern idea of life lhas passed away, the science of chemistry is but a dhild of the era man--<ionceived in the mind of the savage who fLrst interro­gated himself coocerning the changes in matter, and born of him who first in experimental evidence sought an explanation of these changes. 
Thus it will be seen that chemistry is a fundamental science. That it cposses:ses a broad and deep foundation. ·and a superstructure ever widening and differentiating as the progress of !human knowl­edge extends. In reality it underlies all the othar natural sciences, is a !help.meet to them all, and has contributed in no small way to the mental ldevelopment, comfort and welf.are of mau and the pro­gress of civilization. 
1From the early days of darkest Aldb..emy to the dazzling light of 1900 is a long and interesting story. Too long to dwell upon here, too interesting to cast ·aside. 'Even the high-lights would fill a vol­ume, and the task of elimination is Herculean. 
Turning from the evidence of nature's record, wihich had its be­ginning in the "twilight of time," to the evidence recorded by man, clhemistry ,is there shown .to !be the chil'd of Alclhemy. Even here it.a ancient origin is apparent, as is plainly to be seen in Olaus Borri­chius's professed extract from the writings of Zozimus, quob~d as follows: 
'~The writer first refers to a iact which he had managed to deduce from the scriptures, Hermes 'TriSl!Ilegistus, and many other sources -namely, that there is a tribe of genii possessed of an unhappy pro­pensity to fall in love with women. The ancient and divine scrip­tures inform us that the angels, captivated by women, taught them 
11;ran!>IIlutation of M111tter, Bia.r.pe:r, TeDtS Academy of Science, Vol. II, No. 2, page 84. 
all tlb.e operations of nature. Offence being taken at this., they re­mained out o:fl heaven because they had taught mankind all manner of evil, a.Dld things Which could not be advantageous to their souls. The iscriptures inform us that the giants sprang from these em.­braces. 1Chema is the fast of the traditions respecting these arts. The book itself ·is called Ohema; hence, the a.rt is called Chemia." It appears to have 'been a favorite opinion among Arabian alchem­ists, and shared ·by Albertus Magnus, that Hermes Trismegistus was the Jather of their science. '"That august personage is repre­sented as having flourished two thousand years before the appearance of 1Christ." [BorrichiUJS himself seems to believe that the Hermetic art descended from Tubal-1Cain or Vulcan .. 
!The Holy Bible also bears testimony to the early origin of the "sacred and divine art of making gold and silver;" for in Genesis 2, reference to gold and good gold will be round in verses 11 and 12. Again, in Genesis 40, verse 42 reads·: "And Pharaoh took his ring from his hand, and put it upon Joseph's hand, and arrayed him in V€1Stures of fine linen, and put a gold chain about his neck." Exo­dus 20, verse 23, reads: ''Ye tfuall not make with me gods of silver, neither shall ye make unto you gods ·of gold;" chapter 25, verse 11: "An:d tho.u shalt overlay it with pure gold, within and without @alt thou overlay it, aDJd shalt make upon it a. crown of gold round ·a'bout." The entire chapter a'bounds with evidence of the abi1ity of men to work with, and in, such metals as gold, silver, brass, oopper, tin and lead. iit is needless to say that alchemy was practiced •at this early •date; it .is likewise needless to further re­count, in support of this claim, tihe additional -evidence scattered throughout the Bible. 
The fact is clear, that tihe science and art of chemistry has ever 
been the helpmeet of man. 'The latest and most 'brilliant output 
of the 19th century is only a distant ibut oontinuous. reflection of 
the same spirit that dominated and sustained the alchemist while 
toiling wiifu his crucibles ·and alembics in the arduous search for 
"the secret of transmuting the baser metals into gold and silver, and 
the means of indefinitely prolonging human life." !That he failed 
to attain the object of his search matters little-the fact remains 
that he worked, and the civilization of today is his debtor. Few 
realize the largenesi.s of the debt to a.lchemy. \Throwing out the 
con&ideration of ifue immense stores of information accumulated by 
the workers in the Black Art, and side-tracking their contributions to philosophical lore ;-in fine, dispensing with all save one fact, con.centering upon which the world today, so far as this one debt is concerned, remains insolvent, there stands in boldest relief, THE LABORA'TORY METHOD OF INVESTIGATION-a monu­mental and immortal contribution that might well ha'Ve come from the gods. !Thus it is !fuown that this most formidable contribution of c.hemistry to educational methods is of very early origin; that its influence upon the welfare of man has been marked in all ages. 
1To enumerate the progress of even a single century irS not within the scope of this article; but a ra'.Pid glance over the history of man must make it patent to any one how intimately connected with the development of civilization the science and art of ·chemistry really is. 
From the first kindling of fire, cooking of food, and burning of pottery to ifue founding of im'.Plements of bronze and of iron, and the manufacture and use of glass, pigments and embalming fluids, covers an early and long period in the developI!le'Illt of civilization. Although this period long antedates the days of Thales, the part played therein lby alc.hemic art is conspicuous. Again, from the time of Thales i:o the time of Ma:reus Graecms (com'.Piler of the ''Liber Ignium") and Geber, who is usually looked upon as the founder of chemistry, a period covering 1500 years ( 640 B. 0., to 860, A. D.), the important contributions of ehemic art are numer­ous, as is well attested 'by ifue discovery and use of gun-powder, Greek-fire, nitric and sulphuric acids, aqua regia, caustic soda, cor­rosive sublimate, mercuric oxide, silver nitrate, several other chem­icals and medicaments, and many important chemical processes, sucli as •distillation, .siublimation, filtration, crystallization, cupella­tion, etc. 
The blighting influence of the Socratic philosophy upon experi­mental .science appeara to have greatly retarded the growth of chem­istry from the passing ·of Geber until the close of the 14th century. During ifuis remarkable period of intellectual sterility nearly all of .the real progress made may be summed up in the work of Avicenna, Avenzoar, Averrhoes, Albertus Magnus, Thomas Aquinas:, Roger Bacon, Arnold Villanova.nus, and Raymond Lulli; and the greatest of these are Albert.us Magnus, Thomas Aquinas, and Roger Bacon. With the exception of tlhe discovery oif ammonia and aloohol, and the introduction -0f gunpowder to the Western nations, the growth of chemistry during this period mainly consisted of the more refined and extended application of the knowledge possessed by Geber. 
Inasmudb. as the oob-.webs of sc'holasticism mostly consisted of J:i.air~splitting and ambiguous arguments over second~hand knowl­edge, it is hardly to 1be expected that an observational science could make much progress during the 15th and 161:.h centuries; and so, the advance of cllemistry during this period is mainly (almost sole­ly) due to the efforts of a few eminent :physicians. The list of ex­;perimenters 'belonging to this era whose work is :well known includes: Basil Valentine, Paracelsus (Phillippus Aureolus Theophrastus Paracelsus Bombastus von Hoihenheim), Agricola and Libavius. 
The environment of the 17th century imparted great impetus to filie growth of chemistry; many noble workers .were enlisted in its cause, and their labors have intellectually and materially enriched the world. •Van Helmont, Sennert, Glauber, Sylvius, R<Ybert Boyle, John Mayow, Hooke, Hales, Kunckle, Becher, Hornberg, Lemery, Stahl, Friedrich Hoffman, and many other men of splendid ability contributed io this period of activity. To enumerate their contri­·butions is beyond the space allotment for this article; but it should ·be remem'bered that the Royal Society and the Academie des Sciences came into existence durinig the 17th century; and in their archives are recorded many remarkable discoveries, none of which are m-0re important than the contributions to aerial chemistry. 
The 18th century not only inherited the knowledge and stimulus of the workers of 1Jhe preceding century, but witnessed the build­ing of the solid foundation upon which rests the great structure of modern dhemistry, and it might well be ad.ded, modern science. Stahl's enthusiastic espousal of Becher's phlogiston theory practi­cally dominated the chemical thought of the 1beginrruing and middle of the ·century, and under iJhat influence qualitative chemistry made important strides. 'Among the phlogistics will be found such men 
•as Black, Cavendish and Priestley, in England; Marggraf, Neu­mann, Eller, and Pott, in Germany; Geoffroy, Macquer, Helot, and Duhamel, in F·rance; and Bergman and Scheele, in .Sweden. Boer­haave seems to have taken very little interest in the theory, but de­'V-Oted his life to experimental study. He may be looked upon as the founder of organic chemistry. fI"he important discoveries of the century are, indeed, numerous; the more memorable ones are: car­bon dioxide by Black; nitrogen by Rutlherford; oxygen by Priestley; and also by Scheele; hydrogen and the >COmposition of water by Cav­endish; chlorine by Sdheele;-and most of all : ihe indestructibility of matter 'by Lavoisier. The application of the 'balance to the study of cllemical reactions revolutionized the study of chemistry and sounded the death knell of the phlogiston theory. Quantitative chemistry became a fact; and thi:s important discovery soon led I .avoisier to the " Law of conservation of matter, and chemical com­bination in definite proportions by weight"-a law that is to this day the corner-stone of modern science. Without it "conservation 
· of energy" and the modem theory of evolution are not intelligible, and in all proba'bility would never have !been known. The epoch making dharacter of Lavoisier's work justly entitles him to be called the father of modern -chemistry. He explained the relation of plants and animals to the atmosphere, the phenomena of combustion, heat and matter, organic substances; aninounced a definition of the "ele­:ment" that is in accord with the definition of today; developed a new nomenclature and the new chemistry as enunciated iJll the fol­lowing dicta : 
1. 
"In all chemical reactions, only the form of the materials changed, the quantity remained the same~ The substances used and the products gotten can be brought into an algebraic equation, by means of which any one unknown member may be calculated. 

2. 
"In all combustions the burning body unites with oxygen; and in general an acid is formed by combustions of a IliOn-metal, and, lby combustion of the metals, a metallic calx or oxide is formed. 

3. 
".All acids contain oxygen united with a 1base or a radical which, in the case of inorganic !bodies, is generally an element; in orga:nic, it is made up of carbon -and hydrogen, and often contains n1trogen and phosphorus, as well as other elements." (Venable-­from Oeuvres de, Lavoisier.)· 


Far reaching were these conclusions. Wlhile nat in entire con­formity with the ide:lS of today they have had a marked indl.uence upon the progress of chemistry throughout this century, and that influence will continue to be felt for centuries to come. Urufortu­nately for t'he world Lavoisier was n<lt only a great savant but als-0 a fermier-general, and because of his efficiency in this latter capacity the followers -0f Robespierre, despite the protests of the m-0st learned men of France, gratified tfueir insatiable insane desire for ·blood by 
1900.] The University Record. 
sending to the guillotine in 1794 "one of the clearesit intellects and most compreheillSive mii.ndis that s<Cience has known." But the din of the Caira and La Oarmagnole did not silence the influence of this giant intellect. ;Lavoie.ler was dead; but the new chemistry he had created was full of life ·and vigor, and spread as a mighty force throughout France, Germany o.nd England. 'The 18th century passed away, but it gave birth to tJhe 19th-and the glorious achieve­ments that conspicuously mark this as the electric era are in large measure the outgrowth of the inherited itmpress of the work of Lavoi­sier. 
To discuss the aichievements of the 19th century is an encyclopedic undertakiDJg. •Even to mention the men whose names are land­marks in the cen1:ury's progress of chemistry is 'beyond the scope of this .paper; yet, to in1C0rporate iJhe more memorabh~ deeds of a very few of a lon:g list of brilliant contributors seems to be an imperative necessity. But the path of rubridgment is difficult to follow. It is !beset rut every turn with luring guide-posts, and the d·anger of run­ning far afi€ld appears irumrmounfable. In taking the shortest path much o-£ the most imiposing sceoory must nece.ssarily be missed, and oo the perspective becomes narrowed and distorted, and falls wide of the mark. It is, indeed, difficult to pass .without comment the brilliant and important work of such men as Dalton, Berthollet, Proust, Gay-Lussac, Richier, Davy, Avogadro, Ampere, Wollas·ton_. Kla.proth, Berzelius, Thenard, Dumas, Rumbolt, Mitscherlich, Rose, v;on Liebig, Wohler, Dulong and Petit, Chevreul, Kopp, Stas, Hofmann, Gmelin, Laurent, -Gerhardt, Graham, Frankland, Kolbe, Wurtz, Williamson, Odlin.g, Kekule, Kirchhoff and Bunsen, Reg­nault, Boussingault, Bernard, Marignac, Cannizzaro, Pasteur, Fre­senius, Mendeleeff, Lothar and Vicior Meyer, V an't Hoff, LeBel, Berthelot, Hoppe-Seyler, von Baeyer, Crookes, Fischer, Ostwald, Olesewski, MoiSSJaD., Ramsay, Raoult, Dewar, Koch, Roux, and many other illustrious workers whose contributions form an integral part of the warp and .woof of 19th century ~hemistry. A sincere consid­eration, however, for the overburdened reader corn>trains the author from attempting to present here more 'than the !Illerest fragment of tJhe massive development of this era; and in presenting that frag­ment it is distinctly claimed that many other "fragmernts" equally important might have .been chosen. 
The knowledge o-£ t'he air we breathe, the water and liquids we 
drink, the food we eat, the clothing we wear, the materials with which our housa:> are 'built and beautified, the modern methods of heating, lighting and trans'Portation, the instruments of music and of the painters' and printers' arts, and all the materials that enter into modern life are largely ohemical contributions to civilization. Thougiht itself is the result of chemical action. It is 'Probably little more than the 'breaking down ·Of a complex phosphorus ion--0r rather the ionic energy discharged as the phosphorus passes into a simpler molecular state. 
Some one remarked that the prosperity of a nation is measured by the price of ·pig-iron; and some one else added that the progress of civilization is circumscribed by the production of pig-iron. An­other stated that the world's three greatest civilizers are the steam locomotive, the electric telegraph and the Krupp cannon. Still another said that civilization was dominated by the mineral pro­ducts of the earth-the metals and the non-metal\li-that ibhe pig­iron, locomotive, telegraph, and Krupp steel would all come under this last head, and at their best would not make a very heavy draft upon ·the total supply. The meaning of this iS' not difficult to dis­cern. It is merely the sordid measurement of dollars and cents stimulated by the mineral output of the United States for the year 1898, the value of which aggregated the sum of $697,820,720. Is it necessary to state that the utilization of this mineral wealth is a contribution of chemistry to civilization? 
"Few people, who have not actually run a 'blast furnace, realize what it means to fill the capacious maw of one of those monsters with raw material. ·A stack of 200-tons daily capacity, running on 50 'Per cent. ore, must have delivered to it each day oomething more than 400 tons of ore, 250 to 300 tons of coke, aocording to the char­acter of metal required, and over 100 tons of lime&f:one, besides sand, coal, and minor supplies-say 900 tons raw material. ·Add 200 tons of pig-iron product shipped out, and we have a daily freight move­ment of 1,100 tons, taking no note of the disposition of the slag. This is 55 carloads of 20 tons each." (Quoted from "The Ameri­can Iron Indusiry,'' by Archer Brown, in the Engineering Maga­zine, Vol. 18, page 88). 'The construction, during 1899, of a stack of 600-tons daily capacity, utilizing 3,300 tons daily of raw mate­rials, involving tJhe freight movement of 165 carloads, together with the fact that the output of this staok represents only 1-60 (one­sixtieth) of the total <mtput of pig-iron during the year 1899 in the United .States alone, whid1 ill'Volved the utilization of more than 72,270,000 toiliS of ra.w materials-a freight movement af more than 3,613,500 carloads-is only a small part of one year's contribution of c:hemis.fry .to the civilization of the United iStates. 
Space fotbid!s further cons·ideration of the great chemical indus­tries; but SO'ille one says, that the world's greatest civilizer is. printers' ink. If that be true, be it remembered that printers' ink, the type with which it is used, the paper upon which it is impressed, and the materials of which t!.he impressi-0n press is made are, one and all, chemical products. 
Owen Meredith wrote : 
''We may live without poetry, music, and art; 
. We may live .without conscience, and live without heart; 
We may live without friends; we may live without books.; 
But civilized man canrnot live witihout cooks." 
It is patent to all that every -cook is an empiric ·chemist; and the 
art of oooking is a chemical art. 
G'he enormously increased :innual demand for foodstuffs, incident .to the nominal increase ·of the world's population, has caused many .philosophers and economists to view with alarm the ra.pid aipproa.ch .of the universal famine that must inevitltbly come with the earth's .declining fertility. ,But the chemist views such alarm with serene complacency. ·He i:s sustained by the fact that Justus von Liebig unlocked the secret of nature's storehouse of :foods; that the genius of Liebig is an .imperishable heritage, and that chemistry will pro­.vide man with adequate sustenance as long as the oxyigen ratio of .the earth's atmosphere will permit the existell'ce of animal life on this planet. 
The dynamical theory of heat having dissipated the belief in an 
early milennium of flame, many pessimists are now looking forward 
with gleeful pleasure to the fulfillment of their prophecies in the 
return of the bubonic plague. They rrnerrily point to the horrors 
of the "Bla·ck Death" whicli swept over the civilized world during 
the 14t:h century, holding u:p as sustaining evidence the millions 
of lives that periffied at its hands-that many nations nearly suf­
fered extindion; that the scourge of that date was only a warning 
of the far more disastrous experience that must sulbsequently come upon us. But the chemist replies, that on December 27, 1822, Louis Pm>teur was .born; and all humanity and animal life that is yet to inhabit this planet will be living immortelles of the monu­mental work of his precious life. !The chemical work of Pasteur, Koch, and their £ollowers, have not only shorn the "Great Black Plague" and the "Great White Plague" of their 'Power, but have given to man domination over the desolating influence of all infec­tious diseases upon plants, man and other animals. 
At the opening of the Pasteur Institute the great Maitre said: 
"'Two adverse lawsi seem to me now in contest. One a law of blood and death, openiDlg out each day new modes of destruction, forces nations to be always ready for the 'battle-field. The other a law of peace, of work, of safety, whose only study is to deliver man from the calamities which beset him. 
'•The one seeks only violent conquests. 'The other only the relief of humanity. The one places a single life above all victories. The other sacrifices the lives of hundreds of thousanoo to the ambition of a single individual. The law of which we are the instruments, strives even through the carnage to cure the bloody wounds caused by the law of this war. Treatment by our antiseptic methods may preserve thousands of soldiers. 
''Which of these two laws will prevail over the other? God only knows. But of this we may be sure, that science in obeying this law of humanity will always labor to enlarge the frontiers of life." 
Vale Pasteur, Throug.hout the civilized world tvday all living things, and things that 1shall live in the days to come, are iblessed by thee. '.And thy life sung in every tongue to every nation shall im­mortally portray the relation of chemistry to civilizati-0n. 
THE srrUDY OF PHYSIC'S. 
W . T . MATHER. 
"'1t tlhe dose of any epoch in the life of an individua1 or nation th.re mind naturally turns from the demands of the present to the deeds of the past, seeking in the panorama of events1 a knowledge of the causes that ha·ve lerd 'to tlhe success. or failure secured. Thi<; 
1. 900.l The University Record. 
iinherited tendency, w!hich is often stifled by an enforced concentra­tion upon the exigencies of the present, is hut an indication of the necessity fur an understanding of the :factors in human progress if we are 'to measure and meet tlhe new conditiollil which daily c-0nfront us. So, at the dooe of a century characterized by an unprecedented indllSltrial development we seek the f-0rmative influences which have molded the thought and work of the world in so vas.t a utilization of natural resources that in its entirety it is beyond our power to fuilly oomprehend. 
While, iindeed, it is impossible in a brief survey of so complicated a problem to secure an adequate idiea o:fl the many inJteracling causes which have thus resulted, it is evident to tlhe most casual observer that chief among them has been and is the ever increasing kn-0wl­edge of natural phenomena and the condit~oning relations between fuem which we term laws of nature. So manrifest is hllis that argu­ment is unneceSS8JrY. rrhe proofs surround uis on every !hand in the countless agencies which, invading every phase of life and thought, :have wrought out a new civil'izaition, the fu]lnes.s of whicl:t is still unattained. 
rrhe steam engine revolutionized, by the study -Of therm-Odyna­
mi'cs, modern machinery ~Di its depern}ence upon the principleB of 
mechanics, the telegraph, teleplhone, dynamo, morbor aind incandes­
cent lamp, the seemingly mysterious creations of fore€S which have 
wrirtben the word el€'Ctricity larger than .any other word on the life 
of fue present, are all familiar exampleS>, that migibJt be multiplied 
a thousand :fdld, -0£ tihe achievements o:f S>Cience w'.hic'h are dhamging' 
the face of the world. Indeed, so kaleidoscopic in their rapidity 
and brilliancy are the applications to practical life that the average 
man no longer atltempts 'to sepairate and distinguish them, but ac­
cepts the results ais a matter of course with but vague conceptions of 
the extent and ,intensity of t!he influences they exert. A great dis­
covery apparently ~rs only a passing dpple. Heralded in large 
type in the newspapers ilt is the wonder of today, to be forgotten 
tomorrow. But though to the world at large it may seem to be 
merely another incident Ito be placed in the tabulated record of 
everrra, in reality each new fact is a new 'factor which, though often 
dormant for a time, sooner or laber becomes of determined moment. 
As Du Bois Raymond has somewhere remarked, "There is no ab­
struse investigation int-0 nabure that does not at some time have its practical application," and, today, the some time is generally now. The discharge of electricity through gaoo;, the propagation of motion in an hypothetical ether, seem, in so far as any relation to life is concerned, as iintangilble as tlhe phallftasms of a dream; but already the Rontgen rays are the servants of the surgeon in every hospital and wireless telegraphy is an accomplished fact. Nor are these aecidenta1 or isolated cases. A sipirit ·born of the :truths already won is impelling us onward in every line of work in a search for knowledge wlhidh may meet some need of man, and each day is wit­ness 'Of the changes wroug'ht. The day of cut and try is past. The chaotic results of !haphazard methods are no longer posSlible in the close competition in which the elimination of waste of energy or material is a paramount necessity. Look ·where we may, study whllt­ever branch of industry we please, we find that from the crude mate­rial af tlhe fielCI: or mine to tihe :finli;;hed product of the factory each and every stage of the processes employed is dependent upon scienti­fic study and investigatiion. rrhe world has recognized that the iib.eoretieal is the antecedent of the practical; that success in the latter is mea.sured by our knowledge of the power, and that the mastery of nature means the mastery of life. 
In the illustrations we 'have given we have confined 'Ourselves to the so-called physical sciences, because to them, in their control of the mechanic arts, the <progress of in~ustry is largely due, but in reality this is ,a limited view oi' the subject. No one branch of science can be thus sepa;rated from another. J(J)b.emistry, geology, biology, astronJOmy, have each as well wrought a work which if less striking to the eye is no less of vast importance. Acting. and read­ing, in iheir mutual dependence, all phases of scientific inquiry .are but terms of the equation, the solution of :which is the order of nature. In the trite but pregnant popular phra.ses. the present is iihe "age of steam," ilhe "age of steel," the "age of electrh::ity,'' but to the man of broader views it will ever be the age of science. Con­fined to no one race or region, limited by no !hounds, science is exerting an fo.fiuence the measure of whidh is beyond our ken. R€­'V'ivifying the old, re!l'ching forth to the new, in adv&nce of the present and yet of the present, it !has "driven far back round the full circle of natural knowledge the dark clouds of the unknown which wrapped us all about," and has opened rifts through which we catch glimpses af 1Jhe yet unattained, inspiring us wit:h the belief that the achievements to come wiH eclipse even those of t;he past in iiheir effect on the peace, prosperity and 'happiness of mankind: 
Recognizing, then, this marvelous growth of scientific activities an•d ·its important bearing upon the material development of this century, let us consider in brief the question of the position of science in education. Indeed, this rproblem is all im'Portanlt today in that its solution is being forced upon us in the awakening of tihe -popular intelligence to the real meaning of education. The world realizes t;b.at the man is entitled to be caUed educated who is alble to use his faculties to •the !best .advantage for the benefit of man­kind, regardless, in the main, of the specific branches studied. It believes tha1t the terms "well ·rounded education," "culture," "ini:el­lect•uality," have hitherto stood foo often for an artificial and super­ficial training, having but liiJtfo reference to the demands of every day life, and this •belief !has a Jarge basis of fact. The correlation between tt:!he intellectual thought of the school, college or university and ifue every day work of the world has been too little considered, and our present systam of education is in many respects clearly out of harmony with this scientific age. The colleges and universities, controlled by a ·dogmatic conservatism tha't has prevented rational progress, instead of being the chief factor in human development have been far behind the times, and in their domination of the schools have caused a like condition in tlhem from the highest to the loweslt grade. Failing in the recognition of 1ihe real factors in the case, our higher institutions have attributed the chierf success of their graduates to the long oontinued. study of classical subjects, and with sitrange insistence have dung to curricula and methods w'hich should long since [have been discarded. The college training of the past was valuable, not because Qf any practkal knowledge acquired t[hereby, but !because it afforded a certain command of lan­guage and force of expression, a certain ease of manner and exterm1l polish, a certain consciousness of power which, in a community of so~called uneducated men, gave the graduate a prestige which opened to him unusual opiportunities. That in the majority of cases he proved equal to the .occasion was largely !because those who attempted a college career were above the average in mental -power, and their success in life depended not so much upon the specific character of the training received in the dass room as upon natural abilities stimulated by the attrition of four years of college life. At 
114 The University Record. [June, 
pr~nt, however, ,in the keen competition consequent to nabural progress we meet entirely different conditions., 'The success of the individual is not dependent upon a oollege ,degree, hut on his power to apply to some one of the diversified 1branches of human endeavor special knowledge acquired in the technical school, college or uni­versity, and the world needs his services in proportion as he is able to measure and control the oonclitions whidb. the advance of civiliza­tion imposes upon us. 
'But it is not necessary to discuss this question further here. One has but to look over the educational field !to note the great upheaval that is taking place. Old traditions are disappearing; the dogmatic adherence to su'bjects and methods !hoary with age is at last giving way to a spirit of '.Progress. We are building a new educaJtional sys­tem in which the guiding purpose is to offer to every ;student that training wfb:ich shall stimulate to the highest degree the specific abilities which he may poosess. 
Practical and scientific though the education may be it will 'be far from dwarfing the esthetic an'd ideal which are so essential if we are to rise above mere sordid considerations. !So-called estheti­cism is too often 'but ,a cloak for weakn€.S& and inanity. The truly ideal is in reality 'bound by closest ties to the !truly practical, for we attain the highest plains of thought and living when, witfu. full understanding of the facts and phenomena met with in human ex­perience, we build lby means of them the paitib. that leads above the clouds. 
Moroover, it is a false ideal that fosters a training that tends in any sense to separate the ind,ividual from the world in wlb.ich he lives. On the contrnry, if rightly educated, he should be more in the world and of !the w-0rld in that he is closely in touch with nature w!hich conditions life. The noblest study of mankind may be man, but it is man as he is and must be, a creature largely influenced by an environment that must be understood if the chief factor in his development ii1 to ibe appreciated. Insteaid of being relegai'ted to th~ p€riod of life when through the narcotizing influence of word study the inlborn interest in natural phenomena has been largeily lost the study -0£ science should occupy a leading plaee from the earliest period of the s.tudent's career to its close, impregnating the intel­lectua1 'atmosphere of tihe school and university wiiih. a conception of the actualities and possibilities of the material un1iverse that will remain a vitalizing influence throughout life. 
The ronsideraitions just presented ooncerning the relation of ecience to the educati'Onal practice mthe past and future may seem in a mea.sure apart from the text of this article, 'but the meaning of the study of physics and the importance of its strong development today cannot be appreciated without a knJOwledge of present condi­tions and tendencies. It is, t!herefme, as one factor in thi.s recrea­tion of edu-cation .d,eterlmined ·by the necessities of the race in its organic unity with nature that we consider 1our special theme. 
And :firsit we note the necesstity of a knowledge of physics to the engineer and technician. Iudeed, so obvious is this that any diiscussion is ·apparentily IOluperfiuous. 1Nevertheless, a oonsidera.tion of modern te-chnical education clearly de:ill!onstrates that there is need of its greater emphasis. iWhile in the colleges and un~versities ifue pradtica1 !has been sadly neglected in -0ur devotion to the abstract ·and 1:lheoretica1, in all branches of toohnical training ifue pendulum has been allowed fo swing too f.ar in the opposite direction. In our anxiety tJo .so equip the graduate that he may be able to ,secure imme­diate and remuneratiive employment, specialization has been encour­aged at the expense of breadth of kno.wledge, and £.acts and formulre have too often taken the pla•ce of a oomprehensive grasp of princi­ples. A:gainst this excess of the practical a reaction is necessary, and in £.act '.has already begun. As has .been weill said, "There never was a t·ime when, more tlhan now, the technical man musit work hand in hand with the pure scientist. IT'he engineer who would keep up with the pl!Jce whiclh science is makin:g must co.nside.r '.himself always in the sc'hools; he must 1be trying to keep step with the changes in tlhe theory and with the growth of knowledge as proclaimed from the srtudies and laboratories; he must, if lhe would win distinction, have tlhe training which :fits him to seize the idea behind the the­orist's symbols and forms and strikingly apply it ro the everyday problems in which his interests· and hbors lie." Such a grasip of physical science as this training demands cannot be acquired from a few lectures and limited laboratory practice. Only through long continued study and investigation of! both fact and theory as formu­lated fur us by master minds can we attain· that standard in techni­cal education which shall place tlhe engineer on a .par with the inv~­
tigat-0r as a leader instead -0f folfower in the interpretati:on of the sequences of nature. 
Again, we remark that the study of physics is. not alone necessary to the technologist, 'but to -0ther professions as welL 'To each it bears an important relation which, filwugh varying in degree and kind, is none the less vital. Thus, for example, the praclice of med­icine owes much of it& progress to the assistance which the physical sciences have rendered. 'To quote from a recent address delivered by an eminent physician, "All recent progress in medicine has de­pended on research and diS'CDVery carried Dn by iphysical and chemi­cal methods. !The mechanical principles that were first applied in anatomy to the explanation Df the eonstruction and movement of oones and muscles have been carried by the physiologist into every organ of the body and into !:!he arcana of the tissue, and Jia,ve been sh-0wn to 'be essential to the understanding of the changes that take place in them during the performance of their functions. An:d at ilhe same time the aid -0f chemistry and electricity has been inv-0ked to drive back step by step that vitali&m which was at one time all but supreme in the domain · of animal physiology. Helmholtz, in !his great work on vision and hearing, was the first to show how physics mounts into physiDlogy and psychology, and after him Weber, Fechner, Lotze and Wundt have, step ·by step, pushed for­ward the parallels of :t!he material accompaniments of thouglri:.s and feelings." In practical medicine the microscope, thermometer, oph­thalmoscope, laryngoscope and a host -0f mechanical, optical and electrical appliances, attest the fruitfulness of the wncepts of phys­ics as applied to the study of disease, and while their use may n-0t be confined to those who fully understand the princiiples involved, we can look for future progress in similar directions Dnly to those wh-000 training in exact science is not confined to the peurile knowl­edge of physics and chemistry which too often obtains. 
•Admitting, however, ilhe evident bearing of physics upon profes­sions of a scientific character, the question might be raised as to what possible connection it has with otihers equally important, ~iut of a different nature. What, for instance, have the rules and prece­dents of legal procedure to do with pure science? Our answer iis, that the lawyer, of all men, requires the broadest education, and especially in those directions which shall put him most closely in touch with the work of the wor1d. In t'he countless legal cases which involve the use of modern machinery he should be able to compre­hend, at least in a measure, the principles involved and to asieertain the bearing of the evidence adduced. Moreover, to him as a law­maker an understanding of the paramount influences in commercial progress is es.sential f:or a correct appreciation of the real needs of the ·people to be expressed in public enactments. Indeed, from a broader point of view, there is no education more fitting for the law­yer or :future politician than the scientific, for its guiding principle is ihe search for truth. Reasoning from the known to the unknown, putting everything to the crucial test of experiment while leaving n10thing rmtried, worshi'pping no fetish, holding to .a. theory only as far aa it can be S111bstantiated by fact, science is the embodiment of that spirit which s:hould govern our institutions and interpret our laws, the &pirit of truth and p:mgress which alone can s.ucces.sfully control men and things. 
To consider thus, even though briefly, the value of this· study from all the varied aspects of professional life would be beyond the limits of this article, !but we oannot close without a reference to its meaning to the leading profession of all, that of teaohing. In its relation to the new developments of science teaching in the schools its importance i& indeed 'Paramount, but it is not our desire here to enter into any consideration of this particular question, vital though it 1may 'be. There iJS, however, another view of the connec­fion 'between our theme ·and the practice of teaching which demands attention, and to this we turn. The history of modern pedagogic art sihows in its detail and extension the predominance of that mode of thought which finds its ideal in the inductive methods which are exemplified in physical science. Nor has thi& attitude of mind been confined to thos·e branches of knowledge of which it was the incep­tion, but all have in one ma.nner or another been recipients of the benefits it 'haa brought. •Even the study o:fl the classics, which of all subjects we might consider as most completely formulated through generations of teaching, has in recent years been entirely remodeled in accordance with what are known as scientific methods. So, too, we speak of the science of .history, the science of political economy, the science of literature, the science of philosophy, recognizing in the UiSe of these terms their ·dependence upon the fundamental concepts of scientific thought, for an undersfanding of the social organism or the individual being. But, scient.ific though they may be in 
part, no one or all of these subjects oan give in full measure that training which shall enable the teacher to guide, oontrol and mold that embodiment of nature, the mind! of youth. rro drink of the sparkling waters which gush forth from the native rock un­contaminated by soil or air one must go to the fountain head, and, if the teaching of any department of life or thought is to be gov­erned by that scientific ~irit which each claims to recognize, it must ibe oought through the ideas to which it 'has given birth and in the lalboratory methods which it formulates and controls. To the prospective teacher of any topic the study of physics, as exemplify­ing in fullest measure •his spirit of creative truiJh, will prove a broadening and strengthening influence, a stimulus and also a guide in the working out of the problems of education upon the solution of which the future depends. 
In this di&CUSSion, hitherto, we have oon<fined ourselves to the more practical side of the subject, and have dwelt upon the bearing o~ physical science upon technical and professional training, appar­ently disregarding that great body of studente who, without definite aim, seek what is termed a "general education.'' In point of faet, however, the considerations presented apply equally well to them. Every one of life's activities is in reality a profession, and in each a knowledge of nature md her laws is necessary for a co-ordination of education with life as it is and will be. There are but two fac­tors in human exister.ce, mind and matter, and to neglect either means a loss of power. History, literature, philosophy, and ethics have a marked value in any scheme 'Of educatioTu, but without the vitalizing conceptions of nature they fail to attain the desired end. The fulfillment of the 'broad ideas o:ll modern school, college or uni­versity work requires the union of science and the humanities in a harmonious whole with s.uch adaptations to the mental abilities and needs of the individual student as shall tend to his best development. For, indeed, there is a something to be learned from nature that cannot be found in books. "The mastery of nature is increasingly a mastery of mind," an increasing power of independent thought and action which mar.ks the <truly educated man and raisec; him above his fellows in his control of that which is and his perception of that which is to come. From the dicta of ihe humanities science calls for a contemplation of the thoughts of God as expressed in nature, 
and when studied aright leads to a recreation of ideals in harmony 

1900.] The University Record. 
with the progression of the ages as determined by the infinite mind. To this high standard !but few may attain, for to the many is not given that genius of mind and soul which it demands, but the spirit that science 'breathes can lbe felt in oome measure by all who put themselves beneath ' it's influence, and in this its largest value to every student. lies. 
In closing, one further thought calls for consideration, for with­out it the .conclusiom we have drawn become, in a sense, vague and purposeless-namely, that to afford this quality of ment.al discipline which we have claimed as its afuibute physics must be properly taught. 180 definite is this that the merest mention of .the fact seems all that is necessary. Yet an examination of the equipments -0f many institutions shows that there is but a vague understanding of the material conditions which make possible a study -0f even the most elementary princi'Ples. Nor is this surprising. From the sterile teaching of the past 'to the practices of the present has been so rapid a progress and fraJUght with so m11.ny ·organic changes in general plans and specific methods that there is not merely among the puib1ic ·at large but -0ften in our faculties and governing bodies a real ignorance of the essentials for scientific work of any character. So, too, even where fully appreciated, the large outlay of money which is required for the modern la'boratory, with its extensive equipment of expensive apparatus has often prevented rational pro­gress. In consequence the man -0f science, confronted with inade­quate Tesources and with insufficient fundB at his disposal is forced by the univerBal demand for progress and the desire to teach in a man­ner worthy .of his ideal, to make consitant appeals for a:id, requests which, in their repetition year by year, come to be considered as the unnatural cravings of a morbid appetite. In SIOIIle of our larger universities, through the generosity of individuals, relief has come, but these instances are an the more strongly marked because of their isolation. ·We need today, ab-0ve all ·els.e, an awakening of intelli­gence in these matters; the world must be reinf.ormed that the gen­eralities of the ordinary text~book, the soattered illustrations• of the lecture room, the dry logic of the mathematical treatise are not the sum and sulbstance of physical science. Only through conmant practice in the laboratory, through practical study of phenomena by the aid of exact instruments can we secure that knowledge which we have shown to be so essential to every man. As the basis of all 
technical studies, as a formative influence in pr-0fessional life of every grade or class we .plead for such a conception of the value of physics and such an understanding of its needs as shall foster its development .along those lines in which alone experience has shown success to lie. To build a secure foundiation will, it is true, require large expenditures, but the returns itre not to tie measured in ca.sh values. As Dr. Welch has aptly &aid, "Costly as may seem the estaiblishment and support of a good laboratory, the amount of money thllil expended would seem to us ridiculously insignificant if we could estimate the ·benefits to mankind derived from the work which is done in them." ·_A,s Wurt.z also has remarked of the money required for laboratories, ''It is capital placed at a high rate of interest, and the compar.atively slight sacrifice imposed upon one generation will bring to following generations increase of well being and knowledge." rrhis is not sentiment, but fa.ct. A realization of it has made the universities of Germany the gathering places for men of science of every race, and the German nation a competitor for t.he markets of the world. Would we here reap like benefits we mu,;t bestir ourselves and make a strong 'beginning along similar lines. For the university that, iru;.pired ;by a recognition of these high ideals, shall arrange a curriculum strong in the realization of the value of science with all the material equipment which it demands a future of brilliant \Success is secure. In the institution so gov­erned and guided the study of laboratory sdence, in correct relation to other branches of knowledge, will reach a development hitherto unknown in this country, rivalling that which has made foreign universities our acknowledged superiors, and in like manner exert­ing a tremendous influence on the mental and .material growth ()If the masses within its reach. 
THE SCOPE OF MODERN GEOLOGY. 
FREDERIC W. SIMONDS. 
The literature of a science is a record of its achievem~:mts, a his­tory of its growth and deV'elopment. By it is shown its scope or range, its affinities and relations. In the many -and varied contri­butions to geology ooe cannot fail to recognize that this great branch 0£ hun:nan learn~ng has, within the last few yea,rs, become wonder­£ufily expandoed~differentiafod-oo that instead of "geology" the needs of accuracy would be better served by the term "geological sciences." "I1b.e tendency of the age is toward what may be well called selective grouping. :Specialization ·has opened up oo many lines 0£ research, l!Ilethods of investigation have become so numerous, the ever-widening fie1d of study has become so 1arge, that the erec­trion 0£ groups of dosely allied sciences in the ·place of the parent seems, in mosit instances, desiTa:ble. f'l\he iphenQITllena comprehended under geology are already so many that the designation "geologist" gives ibut an indefinite due as to the kind of investigation ·the worker punmes. A "geologist,'' from my point of view, is more than a teacher or student of geology-I usie "studell't" :in its narrow sense -he musrt be a contributm to knowledge. But the lines of investi~ gation ha-ve become so ·di-verse that the life-span of an <individual no longer admits of perfeetion in all. He is limited to a specialty, hence, instead -0f "geologist," a more distinctive term should be em­ployed, 'O'Ile ill'dica:tive of the iphenomena with whiich he has to deal. 
·Just here a most iliii:portant question arises, v:iz.: iWhat is the scope of l!Ilodern geology ? Wih.at phen-0mena or groups of pihenom­ena .are M&Ociated under that name? One 0£ the most gifted and influential writers 0£ modern times, SiT Charles Lyell, has defined geology as "the science which investigates the successive changes that have taken pface in the organic and inorganic kingdoms of nature; i•t enquires into foe causes of thoese 0hanges, and the <influ­ence they !have exerted in .modifying the surface and external struct­ure 0£ our planet."* 
Wihile this is a masterly oonception, a broad, ;intellectual, and scientific view, is it sufficierrtly comprehensive for PTesent needs ? 
'An emi'nent Slcobtish phiilosoipher, Bain, has defined a science as "an aggregate of knowledge whose particular items are more closely related to one another in hhe way or kinship than to any other col­lective mass 0£ particulars."t Does this apply to geology? 
It is :a well-known faot that many geologists enter upon their PTOf.essional study through the avenue afforded by biofogy-itself a comiposite sci-ence, or a group ,0£ sciences, am'hracing suoh units a:; zoology, physiology, ihistolog.y, botany, and the like-that is to say, 
*Principles of Geology, Eleventh American Edition, Vol. I, p. I. 
tMind, Vol. XIII, p. 527. 

they approach geology from the organic standpoint. And their training serves them well for certain a.spect.s of the scienoe, towit, the study of stratigraphical and historical geology, involving a con­sideration of past faunas and floras either for the purpose of identi­fying straia or for establis!h.ing tJhe succession and evolution of life on the globe. But how illy equipped are they for the intelligent irtudy of certain other aspects, such, for instance, as the phenomena attendant upon volcanic eruptions, or seismic d1sturbances, which present problems of the rproroundest character in physics? Of what value, it may be inquired; is such training for the studiy of rocks, especially the mas.s.ive and schistose groups? Of wihat assistan<!B in determining the worth of coals, oils, gas, and mineral deposits in general ? Recognizing this a second portal iJ:ias been opened through chemistry and physics-that is, geology may now 'be awroached from the inorganic side. Accordingly in several of·our larger universi­ties chairs of petrography have 'been established 'based upon chem­istry and: mineralogy; dynamic geology, based upon physics and dhemiS>try; and in one, JohnS1-Hopkins, a chair of geological physics has been established with "laboratory experimentation along the physical line of geological research."* 
While the strai:igraphica1 geologist occupies a field distinctively his own, his knowledge is supplemented by an understanding of paleontology, which, having for its domain the consideration of fossil remains, especially their classifica:tion and description, must be grouped with the biological sciences. The dynamic geologist, on the other hand, also occupies a distinct field of research; he must consider the forces of nature, chemical and ·physical, and the results of their action. How widely and fundamentally different is the work of these two specialists? Between the study of vulcanicity and the order of superposition of strata there can 'be little in comm.on, and, moreover, the methods of invesitigation in the two eases are very dissimilar. 
How different, again, the phenomena <>f glaciation, which, since the discoveries of the elder Agassiz have furnished such a fruitful field of research, and the phenomena of vulcanicity? '&uch a com­parison servea to show how wide may be the diversity within such a well-establisihed unit as dynamical geology. 
*American Geologist, May 1893. 
But, during the last quarter of a ·century, petrography, or the microscopic study of rocks, has s.prun;g into existence, a science in itself, another .member of the geological group. It utilizes orptical mineralogy, :hence is a ip'hysical rather than a natural science; it employ\$, also, the method;:; of the biologist to a degree, yet the char.acter ~f the microscopic examination is different. While it may 'be used in the study of all rocks, its d!omain is chiefly with the massive and schistose rocks-that is, it affiliates with geology on the inorganic side. 
In the light of what :has been set forth does geology conform to Bain's definition of a science? Is it an aggregate of knowledge whose particular items are more closely related to one .another in the way of kinship than to any other collective mass of particulars? Plainly the Telati-0mfuip between, for example, petrography and gla­ciation, or vulcancity and stratigraphical grology, is not so close as between chemistry and ph}'\Sics, 'both of which are based upon the attraction a.iid repulsion of :matter. Yet ohemistry and P'hysics have long been regarded as independent, though closely related sciences. Again, between structural and stratigraphical geology there are points of great dissimilarity; the former has to do largely with the morphology of strata, the fatter with the succes'Sion or chronology of strata; the former deals with the results of dynamic action, the lat­ter with the history of earth-building and ithe succession of life as recorded in its strata. For the investigation of the firs·t group of phenomena: the observer must possess a knowledge of physics; for the investigation of the second group, a knowledge of the biological sciences. !The interpretation of strata as well as their correlation depends upon an intimate knowledge of fossi·ls---paleo-'botany and paleo-roology--'hence while structural geology is closely identified with dynamic geology, paleontology is ilhe chief foundation stone of stratigraphical and historical geology, a:li:d a knowledge of that sub­ject becomes a biological necessity to the student who would enter such field.;; of research. 
Without going farther, any oontention that geology is a group of sciences rather than a single scienoe would seem justified. 
Thus far I have considered g€Ology-----0r the geological s'Ciences­in the light of pure science. Phenomena of various kinds !have been classed w.ith their proper units regardless of any practical bearing they may have upon man and his surroundings. A certain unit 
may be concerned with investigations :relative to the "successive changes that have taken place in the organic and inorganic kingdoms of nature"; another may be concerned with "the cause.s, of these changes"; and another still with the "'infl.uenoesi they have exerted in modifying the &urface and externaJ structure of our planet." But this is not all. Hince the day of Lyell new units have appeared. Passing suc'h additions as petrography and :physiography, I oome fo the consideration of geology as an agent in promoting man's mate­rial comfort and wealth. During the last few decades applied ciciences have advanced with wonderful rapidity, and in the general advance we find the practical wppiication of geologic truths taking the form of "economic geology" from whi<ih tib.ere has recently been differentiated the study of "ore deposits." Here the 100iy sentiment of Lyell yields to the practical ·demands of the day; here the applica­.tion of stratigrapihical geology, :£or instance, is to the question of coal occurrence, oil, gas, and artesian water, rather than to "succes­sive changes" as shown in strata and their contents. Great surveys, 'both national and State, ·have been organized not only for the pur­poses of pure science, but to investigate 'the mineraJ resources of our country and to promote ·tiheir development. The importance of such resea.r<Jh can scarcely be estimated. Already enough is known to :place us among the favored nations of 'the world and the work has just begun. With iron from our mines we have spanned a conti­nent and knit into a compact whole a great poople; with gold and silver we have reaped material advantages hitherto unknown; with iphosphates from our bone-beds we iii.ave recla.imed our exhausted lands; and with .artesian water transformed was-te places into ver­:ita:ble gardens. And this is not all; through the skill of the 
economic geologist the areas of workable eoals have been widely extended; copper, lead, and zinc have been discovered in almost in­e:rhaustrble quantities; and natural oils and gas :have 'become factors in modern civilization. It would take pages to record the achieve­ments of this branch of applied science. Yet many States, short­s·ighted in policy, unmindful of the practical value of geology, either fail entirely to provide for the determination of their resource by competent investigation, or subordinate 1he office of State geologist to political ends. 
·Geology, then, cannot be rega~ded otherwise than a group of allied science&; in the extremes we find sciences more diverse even than dhmnistry and iphyisics, or zoology and botany. In its modern iaspeci it embraces not only seiences which rank as pure, or theoreti­cal, natural and iphysical, but eoonoonic as well. What, therefore, is the soope of .modern geology? 'The widest, I would answer, of all the sciences. Between •the •biologic sciences on the one hand, and chemistry and physics on the other, srtand the following units: his­torica1, stratigraphical, structural, and •dynamic geology, physiogra­phy, rpetrography, and economic geology, including "ore deposits." 
!That geology, .as a study, should be especially attractive to stu­dents is not surprising, since it brings them in rontact with phenoon­ena of the most varied kind and gives them a view of nature as yet unexcelle.d. 
THE STUDY OF ZOOLOGY. 
WILLIAM MORTON WHEELER. 
"For direct self-preservation, or the maintenance e>f life and health, the 11.ll important knowledge is--wieooe. •For tlhat indirect self-preservation whioh we ca:ll gainin.g a liveliihood, the knowledge of greatest value is­sci.ence. For the due .discharge of plllrental functions, the .pro-per guidance is to be found only in-science. For tha-t interpretation of nation111l life, pa.sit and present, without which t'he citizen canne>t -rightly ·regula;te ihis oonduct, the i11dis·pensahle key is-scie!IJCe. For the most perfect produc­tion ·and h-i~hest enjoyment of l!lrt in all .its forms the needful prepara­tion is still-wience. And for purposes of d.i-scipline, intellectual, moral, religious, the most efficient study is stiH-science."-Herbert Spencer. 
·Affection for animals is, next to that for our own kind, one of the most fundamental of human traits.. The normal manifestaitions of this fondness for iOrganisms endowed with faculties imperfectly but indisputably like our own, are, per.haps, more marked in childhood~ as they were during the earlier history of the race-but they never wholly disappear even with advancing age. The keeping of pets, ithe hunting and trapping instinct, the collecting of animals for ·aesthetic or scientific purposes, the raising of stock, poultry, bees, have been the delight of a large proportion of the human race in iall countries and in all times; and it is very probable that this de­Iight will never be diminished ·by the introduotion of automobiles, the artificial manufacture of milk and eggs, or by any other inven­tions which may render animals less useful and merely ornamental. 
'The intensity of this love of animals is most clearly seen in its abnormal phases, which, of course, pass by imperceptible grad"a.tions into the sane and normal manifestations above mentioned. The mania for .collecting zoological specimens, not from any scientific or aesthetic interest, but merely. for the purpose of satisfying an rub­normally developed acquisitiveness; the evils of horse r3JCing, bull fighting, and cock fighting; the excessive fondness for hunting, which has led to the extermination of the larger indigell'OUS mam­mals of Europe, and is rapidly exterminating the bison of America, and the antelopes and other large ungulates of Africa; the v·agaries of breeders, like the production of pouter pigeons, pug diogs of hide­ous aspect, gold fish wi.th protruding eyes and abnormal tails; the desire to perpetuate through artHi.cial seh~ction the abnormalities and ''freaks" which .appear from time to time as so-called spontaneous variations among our domestic animals-these are some of the ex­crescenices of this universal and deep-seated love of animal life. 
Considerations like these would obviously furnish grounds for undertaking a deliberate study of Zoology, or the science of animal life, in our schools and universities. [But there are far more cogent reasons for assigning to Zoology a prominent place in the educa­tional curriculum, and! these reasons have been increasing in weight and force pari p(J)5Su with the departure of scientific thinkers from ithe attitude of the ancient and medireval mind which insisted on the immediate reference of everything to man as the norm :and measure of all things. ITo the superfical observer the scientist of today seems to have loot interest in man-and the myopic "humanist" in educa­tional circles is one of the most superficial of superficial observers­'but ·the closer student of ·human nature must admiit that man's in­terest in man has been constantly increasing through the ages and must continue to increase. To the scientist man is still the Omega of the phenomenal universe, 1but the adequate understanding and consequent amelioration of this most comphcated; paragon of, ani­mals depends to a large extent on a temporary suspension of our interest in him as man. In simpler word'S, we no longer begin our study -of the uni.verse with man, but with the phenomena exhibited by non-living and by living matter in a simple condition, in the hope 
that some day man, who still remains the load-star of our interest, may be the better understood a,nc1 benefited. That this hope has !not been futile fa shown byi the benefits which science has already bestowed: upon us. We need consider only one example-that of the study of micro-organisms. Of all living things these are certainly the most remotely related to man, and had not the interest of tBcientists. in man and his welfare been temporarily suspendied till they had obtained some knowledge of the structure and physiological and chemical propel'ties of micro-organisms and of their reactions 10n lower animals, we should not today be blessed with antiseptic surgery, with ,an enormously lessened mortality in diphtheria, lock­jaw, and rabies, and with an improved prophylaxis in a score of other terrible diseases. \This temporary suspension of interest in man as man i'B, in a sense, the scientific attitude of mind when it is born of the oonviction that man is only a part of a very complex set of phenomena, the understanding and! utilization of which must de­(pend in the first instance on a concentration of research on the simpler and more ·accessible phases of the problem. 
'The necessity for a temporary suspension of interest in man is here emphasized because Zoology is a science to which this considera­tion is dearly applicable. Although Anthropology is really a de­partment of Zoology, sensu lato, convenience has necessitated its separation. ,As usually understood, Zoology includes only enough of the study of man to do justice to the comparative aspects of the science. In a sense Zoology is the study of all others which leads most directly to an understanding of the human species. Man is the final result of a long and intricaite development extending through the unmeasured past. The science of history is necessarily limited to a tiny fragment of this enormous period-the vastly greater ,and in many respects the more significant portion of man's development, antidating all history, can be dimly traced only in the structures and activities of the animal organisms more or less closely related to ma,n through the bonds of hereditary ascent. 
In obedience to .the laws of differentiation the science of Zoology ha:s, during a little more than a century, spht into several subor­dinate sciences of different dignity, developed ·by different methods and pursuing different aims. Several of these subordinate sciences figure more or less prominently in our university circulars, but their scope and bearings are not always clearly understood by those inter­ested in other branches of knowledge. For this reason it has seemed well to give in the following pages a brief outline of the various zoological clisciplines with some comments on their theoretical and practical value, both as preparing the student for a more intelligent study of -0ther sciences and as a necessary foundation for further specializaition along strictly zoological lines. 
O:omparative Anatomy. This may be regarded as the basic study in Zoology. It deals with the structure -0f animals &0 far as it may ·be investigated by means of dissection or -0ther methods (injection, corrosion, etc.) which do not require the aid of the microscope. The diligent prosecution of this study as an eminently compara­tive study has shed :a flood of light over the whole subject of Zoology. The exhaustive study of the structure of single forms (i. e., special anatomy), without reference to one another, is valuable, to be sure, but it suffers from serious limitations. This would be the case with human anatomy, e.g., were it not for its great compensatory practical value in surgery. As it is, even human ianatomy has gained enormously by the development of comparative <'l.natomy. "You understand a particular kind· of animated being, 1when looking inwards you see how its parts constitute .a sys.tern, and again looking outwards and around, how this system stands with regard to other types of organized existence." Indeed, the aid which human anatomy derives from comparative anatomy is so great that no medical student can afford to be ignorant of the leading facts and principles of the latter science. It may be a question whether it should precede or follow human anatomy in the university cur­.riculum-on this point anatomists may have different views. As our universities and medical schools are constituted at preS€nt, there 
can 1be no doubt that comparative anatomy should precede human ;anatomy in the oollege or university. !This arrangement is, more­pver, rendered more practicable because comparative anatomy has .-w10n for itself a pooition in the university curriculum on other grounds than as a preparation for med!icine. It is even more neces­sary as a preparation for veterinary science. No one can be an ade­quately trained veterinarian without some knowledge of the com­parative anatomy of our domestic animals, and much of this knowledge can be supplied in our collegeSi and universities. Some :acquaintance with anatomy, both human and animal, is also neces­sary to the artist who would give us something more than mere color, ·bad drawing and worse modeling in his representations of men and 1animals. 
As a study pursued for its culture value alone, comparative anat­omy is important because it enab'les a man to orient hirm;·elf from the .merely physical side of his nature. This orientation is, in a sense, ·the only rational basis for his attitude towards the animal world, ,and the understanding which it furnishes of the fundamental sim­ilarity of his structure with that of animals and the physiological ·and psychological similarity therein implied, should make any form of cruelty to animals impossible.* 
Microscopical Anatomy-usually known as Histology and Cytol­ogyi---is a further extension of anatomy into the realm of structures which can be studied, only 'by means of optical instruments of con­sidemble magnifying power. TJJ.e domain of histology and cytology .embraces the tissues which form the various organs, the cells oom­(POSing the tissues, and: the parts of the cells down to the limits of visibility. •As these limits are very far from coinciding with the atoms and molecules postulated by the chemist and physicist, micro­scopical anatomy, though inclining more and more to a recognition of the chemical and physical processes involved in the life of the cell, remain£, nevertheless, like gross anatomy, an essentially morpho­logical discipline, i. e., a study of form and structure. Like anat­omy it derives much of its force and value from the employment of the comparative method. 
The practical value of microswpical anatomy may be said to be constantly increasing with an increase in the practical importan~e of the study of micro-organisms, or the minute animals and plan·ts w!hioh engender diseases in the body of man and the higher animals. 'This study of the diseased tissues and organs, the science of pathol­
*I am aware that the exif~tence of vivisection may be a.dvanced as con­tradiieting the statement here made, but this can only be from lack of per­sonal acquaintance with physiologists. I am oortain that I have never known .a vivisectionist woo did not deeply regret the fact .that he was sometimes obliged to inflict pain QII a few animals or be forever ba.rred :flrom the investigation of certain truths. I venture to state, moreover, that in the opinion of mos·t biologists vivisection ·shou'1d .be permitted only to .competent investigators .for the purpose of esta;blishing new facts and principles ·a:nd that it.s use for mere demonstration of well-established truths should ·.be restricted. That it has no pla~ in the high ~ichool, coHege or undergraduate classes of a univer.sity goes witJhout saying. 
ogy as one of the most important subjects in the medical curricu­lum, must be preceded by a 8tudy of normal histology. The student must become familiar with the typical appearance of the various cells and tissues of the body during health before attempting to study diseased tissues. As human cells and tissues are almost or quite indistinguisha'ble from those of animals, it is o'bvious tlhat IJ.-0rmal histology can be readily •taught in our university laboratories . . Clearer conceptions of the nol"1Il:al tissues are possible through .the employment of the comparative method of study and the oppor­·tunity this affords of selecting for special investigati<>n the most striking icells and tisS111es from the w!hole animal kingdom. 
The culture value of histology is considerable, since it furnishes the necessary preparation for the study of growth and devel-0pment, including the problems of heredity and sex. Through the intricate and delicaite technique of the laboratory it furnishes no little train­ing in careful manipulati-0n and observation. ·F.or this reason alone it is rightly assigned an ~mportant place in the zoological schedules of our c-0lleges ·and universities. 
Development, or embry-0logy, as it is more frequently called.­although this latter term is in reality somewha:t narr-0w~mbraces the study of the changes. of fo:rnn undergone by the animal in passing ,fr<JIIIl the egg 1o matur~t:y. It g-0€s further and seeks to establish the laws -0f these changes !in form and growth. At the present time it has, 'Perhaps, little practical vsi.lue, and this only as a propedeutic, or preparatory course leading to gynrecol-0gy and obstetrics in medi­cine. But its pr-0mise fur the future isi immense, since from the Jong and serious prosecution of tliis science must ooone <the establish­ment of the laws of sex and heredity, tha.n which no phenomena in .the whole world are .more urgently in need -0£ elucidation on purely practical grounds alone. 
The value of embryology as a study w'hich sheds light on a dozen other sciences cannot 'be too higMy estimated. From its very nature the study of development-the science which attempts to explain through what processes animals have become what they are--must illumine the very depths of all other zoological disciplines. Embry­ology has 'become more and more what Karl Ernst v-0n Baer, the .father of the science, called ~t-'the true br.inger of light-the Luci­fer of Zoology, if this word may still be used in its orig.inal Latin sense. Only in its effulgence are the facts of anatomy, of iphysiology, of geographical distribution, of a score of other subjects-seen in .true reliief and perspective. :The liv:ing world is conceived a.a an e:x<panding, developing unit full of endless possibilities. Surely 1there .is no other subject which so imme<lliately plaoes the student on the ;proper eminence from wliich to view not only matters of a zoological .nature, but other subjects of the grea:test practical and theoretical value--l:ike psycliology, ethics, political science and history. 
Physiology. .While the study of anatomy, both gross and micro­scopical, may be proS€cuted with a measure of success on dead. 
•animals-s·ince i·t deals very largely with form in a stable, or statical condition~physi()llogy is the study of the living and functioning organism par excellence. It cannot ignore ·structure since function in one reuse depends on, and in another sense dominates structure. Structure and function are inseparable aspects of all life phen()lffiena. This statement does not cease to be true even if functiDn be reduced in last analysis to the interatomi.c tphenollilena of chemistry. 
Physiology in its devellopment clearly illustrates the retarding influence of the anthropocentric notions referred to in the opening paragraphs of this article. Tbe older phys·iologists had an admirable conception of their science as based on the comparative study of .function rin all living things. Nor was this: comparison to be re­stricted to the functions of maintaining <the organism at a cer­il;ain level of vital iactivity, but it included also ihe functiCJtns of growth and development. It has been left to more recent physiologists, developed •largely under the influence of medical in­struction, with special ends in view, to demonstrate ad oculos the serious limitations -0f work on the maintenance functions alone of man an:d a few of the higher animals, the frog, the dog and the ralb'bit. Physiologists oif a broader view are returning to the earlier iatt'itude of their science, with keener interest in t:he more general aspects of Efe phenomena and abated interest in the stimulation of the mammalian vagus and the rotation of the kymograph. 
That .a science like physiology, directly concemed with the vital processes, is of the highest practical value cannot be disputed . .Health, wlb!ich we all sooner or later come to regard as the greatest of blessings, has existed and caru exist in communities ignorant of the rudiments of phys.~ology. Indeed, the human raee would now be in a sorry plight, if 'this were not the case. But health is hB-com­ing more and more difficult to maintain as civilization with its· thou­
sand exigencies ta.kes firmer hold on mankind. Public a.nd personal hygiene have ·become a neoossity and will ultimat.ely be a matter for detaiiled and severe legislation. The school in this or any other rountry that can turn a c:hild out into the struggle for existence destitut.e of some knowledge -0f its b-Odily functions and of the best methods of guarding against contagious diseases, is derelict in its very first duty to the human raoe. The Laps and Esquimaux who inhabit regions of the globe comparatively free from disease germs may be .forgiven if they give more att.ention in their higher schools, if they ever have any, to a study of the classics than to the conditions .which insure a healthy mind in a heaHili.y body-but educators in sub­tropical or tr-01pical countries cannot be released from the responsibil­ity of fitting their pupils ·w.i.th some sound knowledge of physiology and its application, hygiene. What Huxley said on the subject of phys­ical science teaching in England is eminently .true of many schools in our own country and a,t the present time: "Physical science, its methods, its problems, and its diflkulties, will meet the poorest boy at every turn, and yet we educate him in such a. manner that he shall enter the world as ignorant of the existence of the methods and facts of science as the day he was> born.. \The modern world is full of artillery, a.nd we turn out our childlI'en to battle in i~, equipped with the shield and sword of ll.II. ancient gladiator. Pos­terity w'ill cry shllJ!Il.e on us if we do not rffill.edy this deplorahle state of things. Nay, if we live twenty years longer, our own oonscienoes will cry shame on us. It is my firm conviction that the only way to remedy it is, to make the elements of physical science an integral part '°f primary education." There can he little doubt that in any t>eheme of elementary education in physical science proposed by Huxley or 'by any other broad-minded scientist, some knowledge <>f the !human body, its functions and the best means of acquiring and maintaining health, would hold the very first place. 
Natural lfi,story-the "Biologie" of German, -the "Oecology" of American writ.ers-is a time-honored branch of Zoology-which, however, ihas passed through the anecdotal stage and is now being placed on a scientific 'basis. It deals with the Telations >Qf' animals to one another and to their environment, and comprises such sub­jects as sym'biosis and 'Parasitism, the sexual relations of animals, the various forms of family and social life among animals, their nest-'building, breeding and £eeding habits, together with the com­para.tive study 0£ instinct. 
Natural history, too, has its theoretical and practical value. It leads to a deeper and truer knowledge 0£ those fundamental life phenomena, adaptation and variation. It also leads :to the estab­lishment of some 0£ the fundamental data -af psychology, sociology, ethics and pedagogy. N•o branc:h of zoology is so fascinating to chil­dren. For this reason alone it .commends itself as sucperior oo all other zoological disciplines for purposes of elementary instruction. In co--0peration with botany a.nd phy&iography as ''Nature Study," natural history is gradually replacing the abstruse morphology and clas.sificat:iions which some teachers of sdence have introduced into tJhe secondary schools. 
The benefits of properly conducted instruction in nature study will be immediate, for the ignorance of the average American child concerning our most COID!ID.On animals is unparalleled in any civil­ized country. This ignorance is reflected in our sipoken langu<tge which a'bounds in misnomers. ·Beetles are called ''bugs," scorpions "stinging lizards," salamanders "lizards," etc. Even our written language has 'been vitiated by this lack of elementary zoological knowledge. A luminous beetle is called a "fire-fly," or even a "lightni·ng bug," one of the lizards is called a ''horned toad," '1 rodent, allied to the marmots, is a "prairie dog," a very primitive 'Salamander a "water dog," etc.· Let any one, who cares· to determine .to what extent ignorance and superficial observation can .vitiate a language, compare our English names of animals with •their German equivalents. 
Two illustrations of ·the immense practical value of the study of uatural history may be cited. It is a well known fa.ct that man and his domestic animals are often a.ttacked by paras1tes~like the trich­ina, tape-worm, r<mnd-worm, filaria, live-fluke, and others too nu­merous to menhion. It is, moreover, a matter of oommon knowl­edge tihat infoction with these terrible pests has often resulted in serious illness or death. It is now 11, comparatively easy matter, since nearly every detail 0£ tihe wonderful .habits and life histories of these parasites has been ma.de known, not only to preserve the life of the infected man or beast, but to s-tOp the very sources of infec­tion. 
0£ even greater practical vaiue has been the study of the habits and life h:IBtol'ies of other noxious and 'benefida1 organisms. The vegetaiion of the gio'be may 1be said to be always engaged in a strug­gle for it.s very existence with ii.hat most exuberant and dominant group of animals, the insects. In this struggle our crops an:d or­chards, as well as our forests·, are often worsted. Everybody knows of the depredations -Of the gypsy-moth, .the chinch-bug and the Hes­sian fly, the potat-0-'beetle, and the boll-w~>m:n and boll-weavil of the cotton. Nor is it necessary to dwell on the serious economic effects of these rdepredatiions. n is, however, well to emphasize the fact that in dealing with the ravages of insects knowledge does not cease to be a power. IT'his has been amply demons·trated by the Labors of the U. S. Division of Entomology at Washington and by the ento­mological departments of our '8ta:te universities throughout the coun­try. 
G~ographical Distribution.-The study of geographical distribu­tion .aims to determine tihe exact area and position occupied by each species of animal, both on the land surface and in the fresh and salt waters of i:he globe, and to account for tile facts of this distribution. The study is still in its infancy and its bearings on other branches of zoology are only beginning to be appreciated. :During the oom­ing century, which will be replete with labor along these lines, the limits of faunas and the species composing 1fu.em will 'be determined with great accuracy. 'Dhe practical benefits accruing from this study when ful'ther developed can be dimly fureseen. Not only will it be possible ito settle without the waste of time and money enrtailed by crude empiricism, the regions best adapted to the various breeds of domestic animals, but an accurate knowledge of the mri.grations of our food~:fishes, game birds, etc., subjects which properly fall within the province of the student of geographical distribution, will enable us wisely to exploit .the resources of our oountcy witihout the de­structive waste at present in vogue. 
Paleontology.-What the study of geographical distribution at­tempts to do for the spacial relationships of animals the science of paleontology attempts fo accomplish for their distri'bution in time. As commonly understood, it treats of the animals-mostly extinct­that lived during bygone geological ages. To the zoologist the .data ·of paleontology are of the greatest theoretical value as oonsti­tuting the most objeciive evidence of evolution, to the geologist these data are indispensable because 'by 'lfu.eir aid he is ena:bled to co-ordi­nate the facts of his o.wn science. For these reasons paleonto1ogy holds a p1ace 1n 1the cur:riic;ulum o:f •the college and unii.versity. Here its clooer and more practical associations are with geology. Since, however, the difference between living and extinct animals is an arti­ficial one-for existing animals are constantly becoming extinct­and since, moreover, the structure of exbinot •animals, which are alwiays preserved in a more or less :fragmenrJ:.ary condition, can never be fully understood without refereime fo forms now living, it must :follow that paleontology can be separa.ted froon zoology only on grounds of expediency and personal interesrt. 
Classification, or Taxonomy.-ITbis. !branch of zoology, from the technical nature of its expression, often has the appearance of great accuracy and scientific value. .Starting witib. the marvelous fact­inexpliicable except on the theory of evolution-ihat animals are naturally grouped in categories of varying size and dignity, and with the similarly ine:x;plicable facla of the individual and the spe­cies-taxonomy attempts to tabulate animals in such a manner thait the degree and character of ·the affinities resulting from .their organic inter-relationships shall be concisely and ·truthfully expressed. As we are still very far from possessing more than a few of the data neceS>Sary fur this expression of affinities, taxonomy even in its pres­ent form-the result of vrast labor and acumen-•i:s soarcely more than a provisional inventory o:f our zoological stock, the animal kingdo.m. Such an inventory has, of course, the great practical value of all inventories. Its careful study is in.structive, if only as a study of the ingenuity, patience and learning of otJher individuals of our species. But the fact that this inventory is in a state of per­,petual flux, since it is ibeing continually altered and iimproved from day to day as our knowledge of the animal 'World expands, makes it .an unclesri:rable subject :from a pedagogical point of view. For ifu.ii; and the :further ·reason that its very !i.nrtricate and to some extent arbitrary Grreoo-Latin termiDJ01ogy has in iitself no educational value, :a. detailed study of taxonl()my can claim no place in the col­lege or university class-room. Lt certainly has a place, however, in the laboratory and museum. 
SOME PRACTICAL PHASES OF THE STUDY OF BOTANY. 
WILLI.AM J,. BRAY. 
T'he resources of the commonwealth of Texas are above all de­pendent upon plant life. Her three overshadowing interests., agri­culture, cattle raising, and' lumbering, are the diirect result of the exploitation of pla!llt life as represented first, in cotton and cereals (corn, wheat, oats, rice), second, in native and cultivated grasses and forage plants, and third, in valuable timber trees. The con­tinued profitable exploitation of these interests will depend upon the perfecticm of a rarl:ional method of procedure. Such .a rationial method involves an intimate knowledge of plant life. This knowl­edge of plant life must be acquired by dealing with the living plants themselves, and it may accrue from either or both of two methods of procedure: First, irom the long continued practice of culitivat­ing or otherwise exploiting plants for purposes of financial profit. This is at 'best a slow method, and since the main object is the profit arising from cultivation and experimentation, the fund'a.mental facts of plant structure, life processes and need'& are not arrived at, and countle&s haphazard guesses and failures accumulate before that concensus of experience is arrived at which is found to yield the best results in the cultivation of any given crop. Second, such an intimate knowledge of plant life may be acquired from the direct and intensive study of plants growing under control and with experi­ments directed toward specific ends; from the study of plant life in all forms from the lowest to the highest; from the sfody of vital processes of living plants, assimilation of food, breathing, reproduc­ing their kind; from the study of the constituents of plant food, the relation of plants to the soil in which •they grow and to other factors of their environment. 
Of course, all that. is implied in the second process may be ac­complished without acquiring the ability to raise a crop of any kind wharl:soever success.fully, but the cultivation of crops, based upon this exact and detailed knowledge, will, in the end, yield far greater profit with greater economy of effort. A physician w'ho had little training in medical school a.nd hospital may ·have come to excellent 
standing and great success in dealing wiith disease, merely from his long continued experience with patient&, but men, starting out on that basis now, can not expect to compete with those who have had intense and! specific training for four or six or eight years in well conducted medical schools and hospitals. Our social cond'itions de­mand' accurate knowledge and well d!irected: preliminary' training. Similarly, the social conditions will presently deman<lJ that agri­cultural, foresitry, and grazing enterprises be based upon accurate knowledge and well directed study of those ithings with which they deal; namely, plants in particular, otherwise the exploitation of these things will not keep pace with the demands of the times. A glance at some of the older communities shows how socia:l cond:i­tions demand a detailed and accurate knowledge of plant life. In France, for example, conditions make "in.tensive farming'' neces­sary. We s·ay "they go at it scientifically." In no other country in the world ·are there so many special agencie& devoted! to a close study of plant lif.e and well d:irected experimentation with plants. 
As a consequenoo, botanical literature is full of contributions from Frendh writers to our knowledge of the profitable cultivation of v.arious plants. France must dJO this or have .a miserable, starving peasantry s.uch llB Russia. 'Dhe same is true in Germany and musit be especially true in purely agricultural communities. 
We mrust believe that the day will come with us when the fullest development of our resource&, and esipecially the preservation of them, will demand more exact knowledge of the nwl:ure and needs of these resources. Hitherto, to repeat the commoil! expression, our agricultural, forestry, ·an<ll grazing operations have cons.isted largely in "skimming off the cream." We have profited by the richness of a virgin soil, by the a:bundance of a forest crop, ready for the harvest 
(though no man turned bis hand in making .the crop), and by the luxuriance of oceans of native grasses. But even now, the last of the "cream" is •being consumed. Especially is this true in forestry, where more than half of our princely inheritanoo stands without promise of future forest, unless at the hands of the skilled· foresfor, while, with ordinary rainfall, the great areas of Central Texas, of the Rio Grande country, of the Staked Plains and Panhandle, .and of Trans-Pecos Texas often lie bare of grass; many choice native species are being e:x;termmated and over miles of prairie where, twenty years ago, one section produced grass enough :for more than three hundred cows, now, a single animal must range :from ten to twelve acres for a scant forage. 
I seem to have made a strong statement ill :favor o:f technical training in agriculture, forestry, and 11.grostology. There is no question as to the desirability o:f these. But at least the facls em­phasize the adivantage of a more intimate knowledge o:f plant life :for two reasons: first, because such a knowledge will incline public sentiment to encourage scientific methods in agriculture, forestry, and grass culture; and, second, because any rational (scientific) system of procedure in these fields demands an exact and intimate knowledge of plant life: 
The study of Botany as understood andi pursued today is the study of plant life. Under some circums.tances it has meant as little as the study of flowers in order to appreciate better their beauty and to aid in cataloguing plants. In its broad: application it includes whole special ficlds like bacteriology anw forestry, where clearly its field overlaps the domain of chemistry and physics and zoology and geology. The study may be pursued for aesthetic purposes, or for the love o:f pure science, or for cultivating the mind in the course o:f training aimed at securing what we term "general culture," or for practical purposes, of which one would: be preparation for teaching, another fruit raising or forestry or farm~ng. Dlearly, some phases are better pursued in technical schools, and; there would be pro­priety in restricting the range o:f study in academic departments, because the aims of study there are toward general culture rather than toward utilitarian purposes. 
The study of Botany as provided :for by the University of Texas is indicated in the following series of courses as announced in the Catalogue: 
1. 	General Biology. In this course Botany co-operates with Zoology in opening a field of study designed primarily to be of value in a general education, but it is prerequisite as well as an introduction to the more advanced courses Hi Botany. The work begillil with a study of living proto­plasm as represented in the simplest organisms, or in individual 
cells of more complex organismE. The physiology o:f nutrition and growth and of reproduction in simple organisms is studied here. 
The courre then proceeds to the study of more highly differentiated organisms, and watches the gradually unfolding complexity in structure and fuILCtion toward the higher types. 
The laborarl:ory work involves a study of the following groups of plants: 
Representative species of the green algre, of the blue-green slimes, the red and brown seaweeds, the bacteria and other fungi (especially those of economic importance like rusts, smuts, mildews, and mush­rooms), the m-0sses and m-0ss-like plants, the ferns and their allies, and, when time permits, representatives of the seed-bearing plants. 
2. 	'a. Physiological Plant Anatomy. 1A detailed comparative study of plant structures, with special ref­
erence to their adaptation to function and environment. (During the Fall Term.) 
b. 	Plant Histology. This is a continuation of 2a, but special attention is devoted to practice in special :roothods of preparing plant tis.sues for microscopi­cal study. It involves the use of fixing and preserving reagents, of 
differentiating stains, of the imbedding oven and the microtome for 1Sectioning specimens. (During the Winter T erm.) 
c. 	Embryology. The work of the spring term will be devoted to a study of the embryology of the seed-bearing pla'Il:ts. Students pursuing this work will be expected to become familiar with contributions upon plant embryology which ·appear in the various botanical journals. 
Students who take course 2 iwill have already completed course 1 or its equivalent. 
3. General Mor'[fhology and O"tasS"ification of Plants. 
a. 
During the fall term the study will be upcm the Algre and Fungi. 

b. 
During the winter term the mosses and moss-like plants and the ferns and their allies will be the subjects of study. 


The full year's work may be completed nere by pursuing course 2c, the Embryology of Seed Plants, or course 4, on Economic Botany. 
Course 3 is of special interest to us in 'Texas because so little 
study has been given to the lower plants of this State. Students will be encouraged to secure collections of algre and fungi, the mosses, et.c., from every possible place in Texas. Teachers every­where, and everyone interested in botany can be of great assistance in this enterprise. 
4. Economic Botany. (During the Spring Term.) 
Lectures and laboratory work upon the orders of plants of special vialue in medicine and in yielding food, timber, fibre, etc. This wihl involve, also, work in collecting and classifying flowering plants. 
5. ElementO!ry PhyW1lof!!J, Ecology~ and Plant Geography. 
This cour~e will involve especially field'. work in a study of the flora about Austin, its relation to different soils and to moisture con­ditions, its adaptation to extreme h€at and drought, its habits of flowering and the relation of flowers to insects in pollination. 
This course is open to certain classes of students who have never studied botany, namely, special students, t€achers, and Freshmen who choose to absolve the entrarnce requirement in science by offer­ing Botany. 
6. Advanced Study of the Flora of Texas. 
This work can be pursued only by students who have already 'Com­pleted at least two years of botanieal study in the University, or who have an equivalent standing in botany. The work is here focused upon the i'Ilvestigation of some one question, and students are ex­pected to show their capacity for original work by .the methods tliey pursue and the results they attain in followimg out a special line of study. 
7. 	Special Field Worlc in Botany. This work will offer advantages to advanced students whose sub­ject requires much field work, and to students and teachers who 
cannot carry on the courses during the regular session. It will be projected along two lines : 
a. 	A Study of the Gulf Coast Flora and the Marine Flora of the Gulf. 
This will be carried on at Galveston where, at the e11;rliest possible time, laboratory facilities will be furnished by the University. 
b. A Botanical Survey of the State. 
'This will i1JJ.volve .careful collection, preservation, and ciassifica­t:iion of species, a study of the laws of distribution, cond!itions of plant life in various zones and phenomena of adaptation. The work can be pursued to special advantage duri,ng the summer vacation and by parties fitted out to carry on work in camp. 
In due time, more specific plans and announcements will be made concerning this work. 
Let us now inquire how these courses of study in Botany may be expected to yield results of practical value to the State. 
1. 
They may create an interest in the study of plants because, among other things, plants are shown to be identified with biological questions of profoundest human in~erest, ·and because their vital pro­cesses :are essentially the same as in our own bodies, though! man­ifested so differently. Such an interest will result in a more wide­spread knowledge of the structure, and vital needs of plants, and will, as previously mated', direct those industries which deal with the cultivation of plants along rational scientific lines. 

2. 
They may be the means of training teachers who will be fitted to direct an efficient study of Botany in the high schools of the State. There can be little doubt that, since the chief resources of Texas, as already indicated, involve the exploitation of plants in agriculture, forestry, and grazing, :and since the maierials for study .are so ready at hand and: so agreeable to dieal with, the study of Botany will become one of the fixed subjects of study in the schools of the State. 

3. 
'l'hey may be the means of developing in advanced students a keen spirit of research and a method of investigation which will enable them to undiertake and· solve botanical questions, of most vital importance to the State. 'l'hese expert 'botanists would perform for agriculture and kindred interests a service exactly analogous to i!hat performed by expert electricians and mechanical and civil engi­neers for the industrial arts. A good i11ustration of this is sihown in the well organized work of the Department of Agriculture at Washington. It is gratifying, and not a little surprising at first, to note h1ow generally well trained inv6Stigators are employed in the advancement of the nation's interest in agriculture, forestry and the like. Specialists are engaged in studying the nature an;l remedy of 


plant diseases, in experiments to improve the quality, hardiness, and yield of fruits and cereals, in questions relating to rorestry, the management of forests, the reforesting of denuded areas. There is a division of pure seed investigations, another for tihe study of pois-onous plants, still another devoted to the study of forage grasses and the improvement of cattle ranges, and one to promote •the intro­duction of valuable fibre, timber, food •and medicinal plants for cultivation in suitable areas. 
These are the adjuncts of a highly differentiated: civilization, and it will be found that as she develops her resources more an<l! more, Texas will follow the practice of older States in organizing depart­ments of its S.tate government for e:x'pert investigation and admin­istration in those fields where her chief resources lie. 
4. •The study of Botany, involving as it does a study of climatic and other physical conditions which constitute the environmental factors of plant life, would naturally lead: to a wise discrimination of areas where factors of soil, temperature, and moisture make the required natural conditions for some plants, although impossible for others. Such areas have come to be known as life zones. They can 'be recognized by a close study of the native plants and animals peculiar to them. The 'broad area of 'Texas presents good illustra­tions of such life zones. rr'here is, for example, at the mouth of the Rio Grande, a strip of the tropical, where, with irrigation, conditions would be like those of southern Florida, and plail'ts for cultivation could be the same. Again, there is a narrow zone on the Gulf coast where the immediate i!l'fiuence of the Gulf gives rise to con­ditions favorable to certain plants which cannot succeed in Central Texas. Sea-ifiland cotton, rice, and sugar cane find their best con­ditions here, and, according to Chief Merriam, of the U. S. Biolog­ical Survey, "as a fruit belt, it has no competitor except certain areas in California and Arizona. Bitter oranges, loquats, granadil­las, figs, and Japanese persimmons, among other fruits, thrive here." 
Perhaps no more noticeable illustration could: be found than that furnished in going from Central Texas northwest across the Staked Plains. To begin with, one findis himself in the warmer part of the cotton belt, where the fig can be cultivated. At the foot of the plains he passes out of the cotton belt and at 3500 to 4000 feet leaves the mesquite behind and enters a life zone which begins to be occupied by species of plants found Oil' the plains of Western Ne­braskai and Kansas and Eastern Colorado. The sensation is that of being in a wh-0lly different climate. 
When Texas enters upon that stage of diversified agricultural and horticultural existence for which many are now hoping and work­ing, the knowledge gained by the study of Botany, as jU:Slt pointed out, will help to furnish that rational miethod of procedure which distinguishes highly organized· agricultural communities. 
5. Again, it may be reasona:bly expected that th.i study of Botany as eontemplated in the University, will promote an intelligent in­terest in the planting -0f trees for street adornment, in beautifying the grounds of public institutions, in reclaiming vacant and unused 
( 
city blocks for park purposes, and in laying out public parks .and gardens as .an essential feature of every municipality. It may not only create a desire for these things, but it may yield the sort of information which will give good direction in executing plans. 
The list of shrubs and trees which might be successfully cultivated 
.in a given locality could be very much extended if there were a broader acquaintance with species and a better knowledge of .how to care for the rarer kinds. There is little skill shown, in most cases, ~n methods of planting tre~ and shrubs, with the consequence that stunted and unsymmetrical plants abound, and generally, too, there is no consistent plan. carried oot in 'landscape gardening whereby an artistic result is reached in the selecti-0n and grouping of trees and shrubbery for a given landscape. Results, however, are very !likely to express the sentiment of the individual or the community upon such subjects. 
In general, then, the study of Botany, as here contemplated, is of value in two main directions : 
1. 
As a useful subject for attaining that general culture of m!i.nd which the trained student brings to bear upon his special work as a citizen. 

2. 
As yielding the kind of knowledge and interest which can give intelligent direction to the development of the State's resources, and increase its standing as a highly organized and efficiently admin­istered commonwealth. · 


ENGINEERING. 
THOS. U. TAYLOR. 
R. D. PARKER. 
1. Engineering Education in the South. 
As the Civil W~r had such a miaterial effect upon the destinies of the South, and as it destroyed the old civilization where the cavalier had his impress upon our institutions and customs, it took time for our idea.c; and thoughts to crystalize under the new order. This period forms a necessary dividing line in discussing the needs of any kind of education of today. Before the war the center of en­gineering education w.as far to the North, and held there with a tenacity that was not disturbed by a few isolated efforts in some of our colleges. The Virginia Military Institute, from 1840, did much to draw this center nearer the Gulf, and the brilliant success of her graduates in engineering brought this ''West Point" of the South much reoown. To the Virginia Military Institute, about 1840, eta.me Thomas Williamson, a West Pointer, a man who impreB<>ed his in­dividuality upon his students, and who for twenty-five years deliv­ered the only lectures on engineering that were delivered in the South. The whole course was almost an exact reproduction of the coul'Se at West Point in nearly all of its details--ootably the case in engineering, in military science and its method of marking. That the work was well done in engineering is well attested by the con­spicuous place taken by the Virginia Military Institute graduates in civil and military life. iBut the Virginia Military Institute was practically alone, in the South, in its efforts to train engineers. 
1There were many causes that retarded engineering, and, in fact, all indus·trial eduootion in the South. But w:hen the old civilization was destroyed, a newer life rose, and girded itself for a new duty. Engineering education in the South, with the exception of the Vir­ginia Military Institute, is a post bellum plant. But as soon as the Southern universities had re-collected their facultie.:;, many intro­duced engineering courses, although some of .their courses were simply adjuncts to the chaira of mathematics or physics, and re­ceived no more attention than secondary subjects generally do. 
In 1868 the University of Virginia atlided to its already first-class schools the school of applied miathematics. The work was ev.entually expanded into a Department of Engineering, and now has a special building and is well equipped with modern apparatus. 
Washington and Lee added Engineering courses upon its reorgan­ization under the presidency of General Lee. Some of the very best engineering educators in America ·have directed its courses in en­gineering. Considering its equipment, it :has done remarkable work. 
Another institution that hl!IS done much to bring the .center of engineering education further South is Vanderbilt UniveIBity, and, if we incfo.de Missouri in the South, we can add two other institu­tions, Washington University, at St. Louis, and the State University, at Columbia~the former of which is one of the leading engineering schools on th.e American continent. If to this short list we •aidd the University of Texas, at Austin, the list .of universities that offer en­gineering courses will be nearly complete. 
If we include several agricultural and mechanical colleges that have engineering courses we shall have a complete list -O'f all the forces at work. Some of these have well developed and well con­ducted departments of engineering per se, while others restrict their e:ffurts to instruction to general courses in mechanics. The A. & M. College -0f Mis8issippi, at Starkville, was organized in the early part of the eighties, and at once took rank as one of the very best indus­trial educators in the country. The Alabama Polyteclmic, ait Au­burn, has long been doing excellent work in practical scienti:fie instruction. The Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas was organized in 1871. It is well equipped in most of its departments, and its work is well done. When it can raise its entrance require­ments, its efficiency will be largely increased. The University of Arkansas, a few years ago, changed from its principal courses, the dld classic system, to Hhose of a modern scientific nature. It added a full line of the necessary ·shops and laboratories. North Carolina within the lasi: :few years has organized a college~ at Raleigh, for industrial education, and South Carolina is well ·provided for such work by Clemson College. In Virginia, the engineering work d-0ne in its A. & M. 1College, at Blacks'burg, is well developed. 
In addition to these State institutions, there are several other in­stitutions that !are rendering excellent service in the course of in­dustrial training. The University of East Tennessee, at Knoxville, has made the most recent advancement in equipment and· arrange­ment of courses. The Miller School, of Albemarle county, Va., has one of <the best mechanical equipments in the South. 
Then, summing up, we see that the Vlast belt of Gulf States, from Virginia to Texas, and those south of Ohio, is occupied by a;bout half a dozen universities that offer engineering courses. To those who would be disposed to extend: this list, I would say that I have purposely omitted those institutions that have a course in engineer­ing attached as a rider to the chiairs of mathematics or physi~. I have mentioned those that seriously offer courses in engineering sub­jects. 
The number of engineering schools is insig'D!i:fkant when consid­ered in oonnection with the area covered and the resources of this region. Many of our Southern States have State universities with well equipped. law departments, but few of them have a correspond­ing engineering department, nothwithstanding the fact that upon the engineer must always fall the responsibilities of developing the resources l()f the State or nation. 'We complain of having to ship our cotton to New England and buy it back in its fabricated state, but until the South takes the problem in its own hands by establish­ing engineering, industral and technical schools, we shall depend upon Northern mills to W10rk up our raw materials, and upon Northern trained men to superintend our industrial enterpriEes. Wb.en 'Thomas Jefferson was having his long fight in establishing the University of Virginia, he urged upon the Legislature of the Old Dominion the necessity of ·higher education, and assigned as the principal reason for its creation the now self-evident truth that no State could hold its place unles,;; it provid:ed means for trairung the statesmen that practically make the State. It can be a<lded with just a;s much truth that no country or State can keep its place in the commercial world .that does not provide within its own borders means for developing its raw material, whether of mind or matter. Is it not more logical to spend the money of the commonwealth in train­ing men to bridle the forces of nature, than to spend money in edu­cating men in other fields, whose after effor.ts can ·be no more than the efforts of a private citizen? The profession of engineering in the South has been fed from every English-speaking country under 
the sun, and the recruits, having fulfilled their special appointments, have left the land as dearth of resident engineers as it was before their advent. We must apply the same principles to our industrial enterprises that influenced Jefferson when he was working for higher education in Virginia. We must stop bringing our engineers from other climes, and we must depend upon ourselves for our own leaders. It is folly to rethresh the old dry straw about State's rights; to uphold the doctrine that the State is able to direct its own affairs and to control its -own commercial destiny, ·and then follow this argu­ment by a refusal to provide for the training of our young men in the engineering branches. I do not suppose any onie will understand me to limit the term engineering i:Jo the ordinarily •accepted meaning, which is usually restricted to civil engineering. I use it in its broadest sense, and in this sense it includes all industrial education; in fact, wherever mathematics is applied to utilize the forces of nature for man's benefit. ;rt should commence in the city high school, if not in the lower grades, in the shape of manual training. 
Almost every day we read in the papers about some bridge disaster, oome waber tank failure, or the collapse of some public building. Our own State is covered by a system of iron highway bridges, ten ·per cent. of which would not pass any board of expert bridge en­gineers that could be named. Right here is an argument of everyday life that ought to appeal t:o every county .commissioner in the State. A bridge of a certain span is bo be erected!. :The commissioners' court receives several bids, and generally accepts the lowest. The highway bridge companies are represented by drummers who "skin" the bridge, yes, even take off the flesh, and in some cases take our essential bone8, ,an_d by so doing underbid other companies. Every drummer submits plans that he thinks will win, and! these are often arranged to catch the eye. To such a demoralized condition has highway bridge lettings descended that some reputable bridge com­panies have wifhdrawn from that branch of the .trade. County com­miss.ioner,s who are in other respects shrewd business men adopt methods in dealing with county bridges that do not dbtain in other business affairs. In erecting public buildings a design by some well known architect is adopted, and after this bids are invited upon a specific structure. It would be just as reasonable to ask for bida to erect a court hous·e 100 feet square, with a .certain number of rooms, with no other sipecifi..catio;ns, as to ask for bids for a bridge to span 
a certain creek. Again, it would be as reasonable to buy a horse because he was sixteen hands high and weighs 1000 pound!>, as to buy a bridge of 100 feet span and sixteen feet in width. Let our commissioners have their bridgel'> designed by competent bridge en­gineers, with a complete set of drawings, and after these are obtained, invite bids for the erection of this parfomlar bridge, according to specifications, and under the supervision of the designer or of a good engineer. The ordinary ;bridge drummer or •agent is about as cap­able of designing a good bridge as a saw-and-hammer carpenter is of designing our State Capitol, at Austin. 
I claim that the State, as a matter of safety to itself, must offer higher education in law, and medicine, and engineering. !When trained men go out from our law department, and when their in­fluence is felt in the councils of the State, we will not witness two co-ordinate branches of our higher courts giving d!iametrioally oppo­site decisions as to the validity of a oommon law marriage. When engineering and industrial education is placed on a footing of co­ordinate importance with law and medicine, •and when students, in inspecting our catalogue, can see that we dignify that profession that must be the pioneer in all in<llustrial enterprises, then the current of northern-bound engineering students will stop, and not before. 
2. Engineering in the Unimersity of Texas. 
In the year 1888 the Regents of the University elected an adjunct professor of applied mathematics. At this time the work was in­cluded in .the school of mathematics, but in 1890 the school of ap­plied mathematics was created as a distinct school. In 1895 the Regents created the Department of Engineering and assigned: as the faculty of the department those professors and instructors whose courses are prescribed for the degrees in engineering The work is now done by the present 
FACULTY. 
WILLIAM LAMBDIN PBATHER, President. 
THOMAS ULVAN TAYLOR, c. E., Civil Engineering. 
FREDERICK .w. SIMONDS, Ph. D., Geology. 
HENRY WINSTON HARPER, 1M. D., Chemistry. 
GEORGE .BRUCE HA.LsTED, Ph.D., Mathematics. 
WILLIAM TYLER .MATHER, Ph. D., Physics. 
MORGAN CALLAWAY, Ph. D., English. 

HYl~WiAUUl & T~S'fi~~ 
~! lbffi\Wi©~ll'@~ij[b~ i~ -·'""'!' EN61r1EER1f1G DEPART/'l\Er1T> l:JNIVE.ll.&ITY OF TE.XACi ·~­
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Bluep,..int Wash Basin
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HYDRAUUu ·1-­
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1SYLVESTEB PRIMER, Ph. D., Teutonic Languages. 
LILIA M. CASIS, M. A., Romance Languages. 
JAMES R. BAILEY, Ph, D., Chemistry. 
J:..EONARD EUGENE DICiraON, P.h, D ., Mathematics. 
(RICHARD DENNY PARKER, C. E., Instructor in Oivil Engineering. 
HARBY YANDELL BENEDICT, Ph. D., Mathematics. 
EUGENE PAUL SCHOCH, c. E., M. A., Chemistry. 
COURSES. 
The following courses are offered. The figure opposite ,a course indicates the number of lecture hours that are occupied by it for every week. 1Three hours of laboratory, field, or ·drawing work are equivalent to one lecture hour. Unless otherwise stated, the course continues throughout the year. A full course occupies three hours a week throughout the session. 
1. (One and: one-third oourses). 	4. 
(a) Highway Engineering; (b) Theory of the Use and Adjust­ment of Instruments; ( c) Land Surveying and Leveling; 
(d) Descriptive :Geometry; ( e) Field Practice. 
2. '(One and two-thirds courses). 	5. 
(a) 	Linear Perspective and Axometric Projections; (b) Railway Location and Details of Construction; ( c) Geodetic, Topo­graphic, City, Hydrographic, and Mine Surveying; ( d) ·Field Practice. 
3. (Two and one-third courses). 	7. 
(a) 	Applied Mechanics; (b) Stresses in Roofs and Bridges; ( c) Mechanics of Materials; ( d) Design of Simple Structures; ·( e) Hydraulic Engineering; ( f) Irrigation Engineering; 
(g) Field Practice, Laboratory Work; (h) Railway Main­tenance and Track Work. 
4. (Two and one-third courses). 	7. 
(a) 	Briinge Designing; (b) Foundation and Erection of Struct­ures; ( c) Stereotomy, Theory of Braced, Solid, Oblique, and Elastic ATch; ( d) Materials of Engineering; ( e) Stresses in Complex Structures; ( f) Masonry Construc­tion; (g) Sanitary Engineering; (h) Higher Geodesy; (i) Water Supply Engineering; (j) River and Harbor En­gineering; (k) Oontra-cts and Specifications; (1) Class Thesis; ( m) Field and Laboratory Practice. 
Courses 1, 2, 3, and 4 correspond to what are usually known as Freshman, Sophomore, Junior, and Senior. 
FIELD AND LABORATORY PRACTICE. 
It is the policy of this department to emphasize the importance of actual practice in the field wi_th all the different instruments used by engineers and to follow as closely as possible the methods em­ployed in the best practice of the profession.. This impresses the lessons of theory more forcibly in the student's mind than mere cll!SB work can possibly do, and is one of the features of American tech­nical schools giving them prestige above like schools in foreign countries. In a recent lecture Prof. I. 0. Baker, head of the En­gineering Department of the University of Illinois, and author of several valuable texts on engineering subjects, said: "American en­gineering education is much superior to ·that of any European coun~ try. In England, properly speaking, there are no engineering col­leges. Engineers receive llheir education through the apprenticeship system. In Germany, engineering education consists largely of un­due refinement in mathematical and scientific analysis, with little or no attention to a study of economic conditions of engineering problems. The American method of instruction by means of lab­oratory and field practice is practically unknown in Europe." Fail­ure to recognize this vital factor in the education of engineers is a serious drawback to an engineering school, and upon such instruc­tion will depend largely the efficiency of the college and the success of its alumni in the practice. 
In railroad engineering the classes in the University of Texas are taken through the field work in preliminary surveys and location. Full field notes are taken aocording to proper form as the work pro­gresses. These are taken into the drawing room where railroad office work is done. This consists o.f the preparation of the map of line, preliminary and location, showing topography and propertyi lines from transit maps and topographic notes; and complete profiles from level notes. In the latter instruction is given in laying grades, with compensation for curvature, hints as to economics of location; a.nd 

1900.] The University Record. 
making of estimates., preliminary slope stakes having been set upon completi-0n of location. Instruction as to work of construction, which f-0llawa, can only be given from texts andi lectures, however, many of the studeni:a have obtained w.ork in this line during the summer months before graduation, thus completing their practice in railroad work. 
Complete adjustments of all 'field instruments are made. Practice in compass surveying i:s given; and a complete survey and map of some farm ·i:s made each year. ·P·recise triangulation and topo­graphic work, especially by sfadia methods, is carried out with the transit; also practice with level in contour work, cross-sectioning in railroad work, and precise levehng, using sea level datum. Precise measurements <lf base lines is made with standardized tape (U. S. Department of Weights and Measures) , taking into account the effect of temperature, sag and pull, a'Ccording to the methods employed by the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey. River soundings are made and measurements of fl.ow taken with current meters· ( electri'C and aooustic). The use of the plane table in topographic work is ex­emplified, and the use of the sextant in the field is exp1a.ined. With t;he solar compass and transit, meridians and interpolated latitudes and longitudes are determined, constants being taken from Nautical Almanac. 
In the testing laboratory, the following is ian outline of the work. 
The standard tests of materials employed in construction of bridges, 
buildings and other public works are made a8 :follomi: 
Cement.-Fineness, temperature, weight, color, and setting; 1, 7, 
and 28-day tensile tests of cement, neat ·and in various rombinations 
with sand. 1CompreS&ive and concrete tests. 
Brick.-Compressive strength. 
Timber.-Tensile and compressive tests with determination of co­efficient of elasticity, elastic limit, ultimate strength and elongation, and bending. 
Iron and Steel.-Tensile strength with determination of constants. 
Hydraulic Experiments.-Flow over weirs of various fornIB, fl.ow through orifices, ajutages, pressure tests, flow of streams, flow over weirs, through 1-0ng and short pipes, test of water motors, rating of current water, testS of nozzles, etc., etc. 
The engineering laboratory is one of the most complete in the 
South, and ·contains the following testing machines: One Olsen 
testing machine of 100,000-pounds capacity, provided with deflection 
instruments, automatic rec.Order, torsion apparatus, duplex micro-­
meter, measuring instruments, and compression micrometer; one 
Riehle Bros. testing machine of 10,000-pounds capacity; one 2000­
pounds Olsen cement tester, provided with moulds for both tensile 
and compressive tests; one Riehle Bros. cement tester of 1000-pounds 
capacity; one Fairbanks automatic cement testing machine. 
The collection of field and office <instruments includes the follow­
mg: fl'wo Heller and: Brightly transits, one of which is provided 
with Saegmueller S-01ar attachment; three Gurley transits, one of 
which has the Gurley solar •attachment; three Bu:ff and Berger levels; 
three Gurley levels; five Gurley needle compasses; one solar com­
pass; one pantograph; one planimeter; one sextant; one plane table; 
stadia, and leveling rods; chains, tapes, irregular curves '8.IJ.d section 
liners. For running the testing machinery a four-horse power Otto 
gas engine is used; also for facilitating the calculation of stresses 
in bridge and other structural designs, a Thatcher's calculating ma­
chine is at ·all times accessible. 
The hydraulic laboratory contains a pressure regulator 20"x40", provided with governing valves and: manometers to insure constant head, '8.Ild with brass orifices of various forms for testing the co-­efficients of discharge and velocity; ·a tank provided with a Church Hook Guage and with ajutages and pipes for testing the fl.ow for different lengths; a weir tank 4'x9'x2', provided with baffle boards and the different forms of adjustable notches; one 12-inch Pelton water wheel, provided with. Prony brake; platform scrules; house water meters; galvanized iron tanks; various nozzles; a stop watch; and, for field work, one Price Acoustic Meter, and one Price Electric Meter, designed by U. S. Geological Survey, and sounding appliancea. 
The following partial list of graduates and ex-students from this Department shows the practical character and value of the work given; 
·w. H . P . Hunnicutt, '88, Draughtsman, La.nd Office. 
Jll.'l. C. Nagle, '89, Professor of Oivil Engineering A. & M. College. 
'.D. ·W. Spence, '89, As.st. P.rofesso.r of Civil Engineering A. & M. College. 
IT'. J. Lyne, '91, Roadmaster .S. P. G'taikoaAi, [.ouisiana. 

H. B. Jones, '!H, Ci;vil Eng.ineer, Amarillo, Texas. 
iR. A. Thompson, '92, ~r.t Engineer Railroad Co=ission of Tex.as. 
Geo. A. Erukess, '92, Engineer "P. G. Railroad," Lake Oharles, La. 

S. S . Posey, '92, Engineer Steel Co., Youngstown, Ohio. 
1900. J The University ~ecord. 
H. Y. Bened~Clt, '92, Ins-tructor Mathema.tics, University of Texas. 
iE. P . .Scihooh, '94, InstrUJCtor Ch.emistr.y, Univers.ity of Tex.as. 

U. S. Ellingson, '94, Engineer, M., K. & T. Extension. 
F.ritz Reichman, '96, Fellow University of Chicago. 

W. A. Spalding, '96, Engineer Friwo Ra.Hroad, Arkaili!!as City. 

H. 0. Neville, '97, Ohief Engineer to Gloria Land Co., Cuba. 
\J.C. McVea, '97, Electric Light .Superintendent, Flatonia. 
John :Spence, '97, U. 'S. Geological .Survey. 
lR. D. Parker, '98, 'Instructor Civil Engineering, University of Texas. 

O. A. Pfeiff.er, '98, ·Engineer C. & M. R. R., Indian TerriiJory. 
C. M. Campbell, Irrigation Enginoor, IDlli&t TeX!lliS. Oren Bunsen, Civil Engineer, iMexico. iB. M. Hll!berer, Engineer Cane Belt R. iR. 
A. C. Stiles, Topographer, U . .S. Geological Survey. 

THE UNIVERSITY. 
THE WORK OF THE YEAR IN THE DEPARTMEN7r OF LITERATURE, SCIENCE, :AND .ARTS. 
This aessii.on COI11pletes t!he itb.ird year in which oou.rses dn Botany have .been offered in <the Un~versity, hut 1the School of Botany celebrates only itls first anniversary wtlitb. ;the close of ·1lhi2-coll~ yean:. The School of Prev.ious to tthiis yea.r, otJhe study of Bot:amy was a pa.rt 
:Botan:v. of otJhe wmk carnied on in whwt was itihe School of Biol­ogy. When oflhe School of Bollany was organized, oflhe la.te Prof. Nornm.n chose oflhe name School of Animal Biowgy ito desilgnate !the ooologioal work. Tihe name su:l:>sequenitly 111.diopted waa School of Zoowgy. 
The School of Botany occupies ra ,pont;ron of <hhe th:iird fl.OOII' in ibhe east Wling of the main buildiing. :H occupies ibhe lecture room lin OOimIIOll wi1t!h Zoology, 'aS well l!lfl otJhe lnrge l:aborn.tory on it.he norlheaslt wihere the two schoo~ wi:iJte in CO'Ilduciiing tJhie initrod.uotory oourse known laS GememJ Biol­ogy. '!'he locwt:ion, lighting, rand oonvenienoe of 1the new qlLllJl'ters are well adapted f.or biologioal work, and when the !equipme11Jt iand fllITT!lJishing now under way iare oom.pleted, th.ese l:abor.astories will be equal ·to <bhosie of other 81lrute universities. As a llilillJUter of mot, ihowevm-, these quainters oan be re­gia.rded ias merely temporwry fur both Zoology and Botany, for in itil:w nwturwl course of develiopmernt of ibwlo sohools having such a field of work ia.s ·bbwt offered by Texaa, oflhey will lll0ed .to be iboused in buildings ereoted with spe­cial reference ito <bh.e 'WIOTk .to be cwr:r.ied on. 
.As stJa.ted run ia prospectus of 1the scbJOol two YeM'S rago, it.he speciial trend of .the development of Botany in <the U.rrivers:ity and lin Thxias, is tin itJm direction of a study of .!Jhe rich iand via;ried fl.om. of the Sit.ate. The plnn ia to get 1the fa.rgiest oonstiituency possible engaged in ilfurs work, both in the Univer&Lty a.nd ;by organtizmg botanical Sltudy dn ~diary schools. In ibhie ·Iast diirootrlmi a point ihfil'I been g;ained in thJrut henceforth Botany ma.y he offered in fulfilli~ ithe new entrance requirement .in science ;far admis­sion ito <the University. Lt ds 'hoped rtJb.is will enoourrage ·th'e study of B,ota.ny along with other llilltural sciences in .the priepa.ria!Voo'y schools. 
iin ,prosiecurting the study of Texas flora, it ~s otJhe intention also to carry on·investigaiti.orus iill oonnootion w.i1ili liarge eoonomtic d'Illteresits, such M f.orESt preservatilOln a.nd maniagiemenit, the treaitment of gm.zing la.nds 'Wiiith II'efer­ence ito .preserving nrutive grias&eS, and th'e 1I1181I'king ourt of cul1bu:re areas for many desirable species whose cul1rivaition w:ould be profitable iand: genern.lily advantageous. SomOO!li.ng has ru1ready been iaooom.pliished in 1!6VW!al diirec­itious: 
Fim. Investiga.t,i.ons have been in progress .in oonnectiioDJ wi11h foresitry morutibers, wh.osie published resuHs are expected to essLsit dn organi2ling a definite ~ymanagement by ithe .St.ate. 
Second. Tlhe Biological aspects .and romi.l distribution of the vegetation of ibhe ;a;rid ·regions of Texru; forms the subjoot of irnveSJtige.tio.ns eJCtending over s period of :thiree yeairs. The iresults of ·tib.ia study <Will be published with oopious illUJS1trwti.ons. 
Third. A very excellent hegiilllling ha.s been made in the 1:1tudy of the Fungi of Texas. Tuia is >tlhe subject of a thes.is by one of .the gmdllil.te situ­dewts in Botany. 
Perhaps no pcmti.on of the Tex.aa flora offers so new 9'Ild .tem<pti.ng a field Off study as tlhe Fungi. TWIO obher gr.aciua,te students ;nave presented theses representing spooial study of im.porita.nit members of tihe Texrui fliora. 
Beside the Fungi, ·there is an open field for 1tlre study of otJhers of the lower g.roup.s of pLaruts wihich •oove hitherto eeoa.ped iruttention in this field. Lt is planned ·to take up suoh studies rui .sioon 11a properly it.rained studerut.s can be set •a;t it. 
W. L.B. 
The oossllOlll doses upoai a V€!.fY iactiive and prOSJPElrous yea.r in ibhe b.iBttory of the ·Sclwiol of Ohemistry. The wttendian~ has ·been larger ·thian du.ring any previous session, and ·the oonsequen<t diema.nds upon The School of ibhe tea.ching roroo and Jbhe laboratory equipment cre­
Chemi•try. 
ated .a high-tenisi.oin .stress ,furougihout tihe yerwr. Every 
exigency wwi promptly met, the work was dolll0 wiibhout f.rict.ion, and some 
im.porfant .results have .been oll'ta.ined; iaJ.l this was aooompl'islred by sys.tem­
e.tiood, oonce11Jtra.ted, ·and ooDJtinuous effort, aoo ·at the expense of more 
nerve energy t:ha.n oo.n be reaoona.bly expected of lll() small a teacliii.ng foroo. 
Ina.smue!h ss the enTOllment and many o:tiher impor.taDJt Dacrts ooncerning 
4Jh.e yea.r's work ia.re .illJcluded in 1the .report of ithe So'hool of Ghemiistry an­
nually made ito .the President, .and a& th.rut report is usually publiS1hed .at 
iJhls season of the yewr, the subject mahter of bhis llJOlte must necesS<ariily be 
eeverely ckcllllIBCribed, and for further d.etaiils the .reader is referred ito 
the aforesia:id report. 
Earnesit work has been done by ;the studen<ts in all itJhe OOUJr8'08 given; llJlld 
li.n S(}me el.asses impoirta.Illt results have been ohtaiood. In tihe prosooUJtion of 10hemistry 5 and 9 a number of new o00mpoU1D.ds oove been d is.ooV>er·ed, a.nd in Ohemistcy 3, 4, ·and 7 a oonsideriable ·amount of itechniical work for citi­zens in v;i;ri.o1LS par>bs of Tex'as ha;s been dooo. Dr. Bailey and ·his pupiola have made substantial progress aloog special lines of organfo -0hemical re­seareh; oand the sia.me is true concerning special Lin.es of morge.Illi.c ~hemiooJ. research under other supervision. Some of :the resu.lits will soon be pub­!ished. This work demands substanrtiial encouragement :ait tbe hands of the \l)00ple of T6Xl!l.S--Whioh means ·th.at fue help in the School sohould be a.de­qWl>te .00 more itha.n meet the .actual :teadhing needs in order ithiat more time 
may be devoted to xesewreh. [1he work done ;here is done under iboo much pressure. Among the oontmibutOOillS of :the session special mention ghould be made of ithes.e: 
1. 
An Economioal Method for the Produotruon. of Armm.on:ium fohtbhy<>­sulphon~te, by Mr. A. C. McLaughlin, B. S. The method was sucoosafully worked out in this laboratory, and applications for :pa.tents on <the proeess are now .pending in the Unj.ted States and Mexico. 

2. 
&me Texas Petroleums. Furtiher in'Vestigati.cm iis still pending in this laboratory. A pre1iminary pa,per is to be read l8lt tlhe New York meet· ing of the .American Associia.tion for <the iA.dvancement of Science, June, 1900. 

3. 
T.b.e Action of DLazoruum Salts on Hyd.r>aro and Ani1idia .A.cl~, 'by Mr. Lou.is Knox. 

4. 
Action of Ethylene Oxide on Se:rruicwrbazide-propionii.c Acid, by Mr. 


L. H. Kirk. The following theses Tepres:erut an acitu:al '11.dd~tion rto ehemical knowledge: 
1. 
The Soils of TeX!llS, mtih .Special Reference ·to Certain Soils in the Vfoini:ty of Austin, submivted for ,the degree of Master of Science, by Mise Ha.tti<e V. Whitten. This thesis belongs to :bhe Sob.ool of Geology iand its super:V'i.sion 1:1hould be credited to Dr. F. W. Simonds. However, some very iimporman·t chemical work which 'W1aS .done and supervised in ,tfil:is School appewrs therein. 

2. 
On Ring Formwtions oi1n Organic Compounds, submitited fur t.lhe degree of :rt:liasier of Science, by Mr. Chia'S. P. Norby. 


3; Aotion of Phenyl Mus.ta.rd Oil on AnHid<>-propionic Acid amd Phenyl· hydrazo.propionic Acid, submitted £or ,tfue degree of Bachelor of Science, by Mr. 0. H. Palm. 
An ·article on the ·syn.th'!ltfo .prepa.mti'Cln of oor:ba.i.n ·tri:azols, em!hraci.ng the discovery of cabout forty-five new chemical BUbstanees., representing pa.rt of the work done in :this lia.bom.tory ·by Dr. J. R. Bailey '!l.nd :Mr. S. F. Acree, 'a.ppeared on itb.e first May pnog.ram of the German ChemioaJ Society, and was published in the journal of said society (Berfoh!te der dieubs<ihen che­mischen Gesells.chaft) . 
Incident .to •the year's progress it is plea,s.ant 1x> note the promotron of Dr. J11LS. R. Bailey to .be Adjunci Professor in :this School; the selootion. of Mr. E. P. Schoch, C. E., M. A., Instructor in Ohemistry, for •bhe 1:iaJSk of re· vising the .texit-book on Ohemi.&try to be used by the sclwols a.ffilfa;ted with the University of Chica.go; tire advaneement of Mr. 8. F. Aeree, B. S., iM. S., oi this University, to the Sen.ior Fellows.hip in Chemistry in ithe University of Chicago; and the promotion of M'T. J. C. Treadwell •to .a very !l'espon&ible position with the ~1exican Ore Company. Mir. Treadwell received hls chilm· ical trainiug heril. Mr. 0. H. P alm has creditably filled the posiiti.on of Fellow in ·this School. 
T.he ·equipment ha,s been augmented •by some im.portam.t .new a.ppamtlli!, and the following prized addit ioll!S to ·the chemical 1ibrairy:· Liebig's An­nalen (complete set ), thil laS't volume of Beilstein'.s O.rga.nische Chemie, and Richiter's Le:x:ikon der KO'hlemstoff-Verbimlungen. In.croo.sOO. equipmenit and augmented. tea.ch.img force still remaln a preS1Sing need of the School. 
Mr. Schooh's Ieave of aibsenee hiavling <terminated he returns <to ihJis posi­tion here, and will a1sio have eha-rge of 1Jhe Chemistry given in the Summdr School, in which he is bo be •assisited by Mr. Alfred Freshney. 
D:r. Bailey has been granoted a year's 'leave of absence. He goes Ibo Osrt­'Wlald's ·1'abo<mtory, Leipzig. 
H.W.H. 
IJ.1be ideal whiC'h the English School ·ha;s oonrtim.J1ally kept before iit h11.s been tha.t of a closely .artieul·ated l!IJUd logieally oo5rdina.ted body of work wihich, in view of its aim, its method iand its oa<ihieve­'l'he School o~ merut might properly be oa1led scientifi<l. The School 

English. 
•was, ·therefore, organized on prinoiple.s somewhiwt dif­ferent from those whfoh .underlie •the organiza.tion of similar S<ihools in other universities. In libs early stages the new pLa.n ib:a.d to be fiitted <to the previous English work of :the Univers.ity in sueh a way as to produce 115 liiibtle d1sturba.nce as possible. Only during ·this pa&t year ihias the School ·been able fo ear:ry out the pla,n of oourses 111s or.igiD:lllly ·dro31fited; during the previQ1JJs two yea.rs its effo:r:ts were mainly direcited row;i,rd esitablisihing the elemenJta,ry oourses dn such manner thiait ·they would prepare a scientific foUJlida,tion for the oovaJH;ed wock of the School. Chief aittention w-aa, therefore, given ;to English 1. ·This oour.se wias formulated ,in such a way thiat it would Th()t only offer oppoo1tunity for ithe .pl'!actioo of English wr~ting, but would also furn:isJi. a scierntili-0 .baJsis ifo.r ·subsequent 'Wl()rk, either in language or in liitera;ture. '.Iihe itwo :pamts of ilhe course, Grammllil' and Compos~t.iom, were made oompleme:ntary fo one another in the belief .th.at a scientific i!rnowledge of ibhe development Qf Engl~h speOOh not only 01llll!bles 1Jhe -s•tudeDJt ;to oov:er a wider .m.nge in his study of English Literature and ito ·P~Pl!IJre -himself ror iboo 1Jharougih study of .the Englis.h rangua,ge, but alSIO gives ihim •bhwt .intelligenlt and illltiimrute knowledge of English idiom whicll is so neoossary <to ,tJhe clellil' and forcible expression of English ith!Ougiht. It wa;s 001 <this belief fuwt the School founded its j ustificrution for its depar.ture from trn.ditio:ru1J m~sof eleIOOlllt!Lry English itea.ching-<a belief wJi.icfu has itself been justified by ,tJhe experience of •bhe l:ast 1two yeMS. '11he foci tJhait .the course 1has been ;recognized .to be no 1-0nger an experimenit hlllll ma1terially oontributed .to ·iits effici:ency during rt:ilie session just closing, fur >the students iha,ve in a lJ'.ll!0lLSUTe realized the pra<itical reLllJtiions which :iit 'berurs to their subsequent study. During •the fir.sit y01!1Jr .the difficuLty of the Old English work made it seem to ithe •Sltudents rbhllit the oouree was one in philoLogy, .amd b.a.d, therefore, iHttle rel.JaJtion <bo the practica,l study of ·their .nwtive s·peeoh. :During ithe past sesl>ion, however, they :have oome to -rthirut vhe difficul•ty ~s only ;thJait wihJich attends thorough elernelllta,ry study in any field ·of :science <and hav·e ll'eoognized bhait the first term'.s &tudy of Old English :is onJy .a prelimina,r~ .to .the r:ea,I work of rbhe cour·se, n!ll.IIlely, a clear underst:mdimg of New English idiom iin otlhe light of its ·histo.rical 
developmenit. The School ;}ul.S otihu:s, during otihe work of ltihe paSit 'SeSSion, owed muCJb ito ;the ii.nitelligen.t· oo0perwtion 18.lld enthu&.ias!m Olf rtilie firat-yewr .tudents, and 1lakoee tihIB op.pol'tuniity to express iltB arense Olf obligation. ito them. 
1Witib. 1thi·s elementary oou.rse possessing :a tbhireefold Mpect looking rowa.rd !Ji.,terniture, it.owiard Philology, iam.d itx>wwrd Oomposiltion iaS tlhe basis of t.ihe SChool's work i-t wiU ultimaitely be ·possible, as it ha& .not been po9Sible dur­ing •the prusit yea.r, ;to permiit tilie situden:t in lb.is sub&equerut study ibo speciia.1­ize along these ithree ·lines. That is tihe '<Jim of the more elastic SophoJill)re requirement as provided inithe outline of courses for nex;t year. Those Wlhooe iruteresit in ·the subject .hrus been iaw.akened by the firsit year's· work can oon­iti.nue <the study of Historie:a.l. Gm.mmrur (English 4) wihile His fu.nda.men.W ·pr.inciples are fresih in tbheir minds, reverting !Ix> lllhe general OOU'l'se in liter­111;ture (English 2) for the Jumor year's work. Those who are oonscilCJUS of a deficiency of skill in :IDnglish Com;poSli.ition oa.n oontinue itJh.e study of rtiliirut subject for ianotJher year, oompleting itlli.ei.T stud'Y of Fmgilish with the course in LiJberaiture (English. 2) ita.ken .in rtilie third .yee,r. ThQSe whose iinolina.tions iaire literary ;reAilier than ldnguisitic can go on with English 2 fur the seoond year's 001Mse, amd specialize !in itlhe study of liitamiture d'll!l'ing the 1thiird a.nd rowith years O!f t.iheir study. 
.A!! to ithe advanced work mEnglisib. Literature, liitile need be said. The cl'asGeS •have been larger rtlha.n .during ·the prev.iou.s y-ea;r and their work has been earnest and eil'tib.usiastic. The Slha.kspere course, English 3, has· been especially groitiifyiing to the instru<itors. The firs.t iterm mm oonductied BB a Iooture course <l'Il ·the life of Shakspere; !the '5e00lld and third terms were devoted .to rbhe careful study of Romeo and Juliet '3.Dd 10f Othello in the light of modern oohol.a.rsbip in Eli21abathan English. 
~he changing of English 10 from a oourse dn EngNsh .Criiticism io one 
iin rbhe Science of English Literaitu.re made it possible <to eliabomite llOOTe 
thoroughly h B<1ientific prilnciple& which underl·i~ tib.e developmenit of 
English Li.teraiture. JJut 'the time all<Jltted ito lt:he oourse 'WW! all too ahoint 
for <bbe siort of a trewtment of these principles w.hfah the insitruclxrr ·would; 
bve ldked to give. T.he field cis new a,nd ~me of greait i.nteres.t and im­
poo::ta.nce--13S dntieresrl:Jing and iim.porla:nt as tb.'81t of Economics or of :mtihfos, 
and it is to be hoped ,that itJhie itime will oome wih!m A.meroam universities 
will recognize it ia.s su<lh. 
The phi1ologiical WIOI'k of .the &lh.onl tis based upon rthe general oouTSe in Elemenrbary BiiS!torical English Grammar (English la of itfu.e Ca.tal'<>gue), whioh 'OOS been ~uired of 11.'ll F.reshmen for the past two year&. During these two years 10f itrwnsi.ti.on from itlhe former :plian ibo /the new one, e. OOUJTse (English 4) in itihe main pam.llel .to ·this gra:1mniar work iba& been given iln order :bo acoommodate the advanced students wJio ihiaxi .Dl1t an opportumty to rta.ke otbe Historical Gm.mIID!IAr in ·bheiir F.resh.ma.n yeair. Herea.hter, l;iow­ever, Engli;;;ih 4 will take up the work ·where English lia leavies off; in a. 'W'Ord, it will .be a 1SOOOnd-year oourse in ,the English. Langwage. Besid~ these general oourse&, more special courses 131Te offered in Old and lin Midd:le 
Eng>lish. Flor oo~t year ia OOUJJ'Se is offered in the Old Englisih Dialects. By the oo=tesy of Dr. Primer, the oouTI>e in Goth.i-0 Jm.s flor the pa.sit <two yea.rs been given by the professor of EngliSh Philology. 
'.Dhe grow·th of 1the Univer.sity during the pa.sit yea.r has been very per­<ieptibly ifelt in ithe English S<Jhool, not only as ·a growth in numbers, but e.lso 11;s a developmerut .in ia vigorous 'irutel.1ootual life, A change 1has been noti.ooable, too, in •the increased numbers attending 1tlbie upper cla.sses, and it is a cl!.iange whidh iargues weJ.l for the future of <the institution. Lt is not possiible .to aOOOllllpl~.sib. ithe besrt resul.ts in English study when promising studeruts leave ·the Univers~ty at ·the end of .itheir first or their seoonid ses· sion, especially when prep·ruriatJory im11tr.ucliion in Engilish is as vague and a.im.Less ias it now ·is in our .American eduooitiion:al sy.stem. 
M.H.L. 
J& $ J& 'l1he oourses of illi!itruotiml im tthe School of Geolog:y during :tJhe present yea,r covered ia wiider range than ever before. Phy;siiiogriaphy, <icmsititut:i.ng itJhe work oif <the fiall term in foe fuistt OOUJI'l!e-Ele· The l!lchool o! mentairy Geowgy~may now be taken by iany who desire 

Geology. 
i<t, and when oomple<ted in a siatisfa;ctory ma11I1.er cr>edit for one-third of a OOU'I'se in scienoo w.Hl be iaillowed. This subject -is al.so taught in .the Universiity Suma:ner :School ·and 1hereafJter will .be offered 11JS one oif 1the new erutrance 1requirements. The irema.ining two--iliird:s of =u;1-se l o,re deVOoted to Elemeruta.ry Pebro).ogy, Dyinam.ic and Struclurial Geology with, iat ·the close, a brieif reslll!Il~ oif ,the history of rt:ihe earth. The inst.rue· tion ·ill •liargely by mea111S of lectUJres and quizz.es wi:th liaboraibory study of l'OCkJS ia.nd minerals. 
iDuring tihe year, ia.s ill 0UJS1tom.ary, speci.a.l excu·rsiions were &ganized, a.ttenid­a.noe upon whi-0h was 'Vl()liurutary. The most attractive wa.s thwt to Gir.aniite Miounta.in and Marble Falls. At .the former looaliity may be seen tJhe great gram.i•te quarll'ies from wihich were ma.ken 1Jhe hlocks uged fo ithe oonstrucl.i<>n of ·bhe Sbaite Oap~tol and the Color.ado Dam ia.t AuSltin, iand iat ·the la.tber .tJhle natural dam of rtihe Colorado ruid tJhe upper entmnoe ito olihe cafion of tfuialt river. Obher excursi:ons were made in the vicinity of :the Universiity. On one occasion a Large parity was .taken 1to Mt. Bolnnell dn order to study .the 11t11Wbigraphy of thiwt region and the OO<Jurirenoe of oolesiti:te deposits. At an­other .time the valley of .Shoal Creek WM! expwred 'and the falliting of rocka etud.ied. F.or .this oourse si:xity •students iregiste.red, ruot counting rthOiSe who pursued Phyisiography in 1ihe Univers~ty ta.sit isummer. 
Oour.se 1 is supplemented by Historical Geology, kinown a.SI Oourae 2, in­.sbruotion in w:hfoh d,s given during tihe spring term. F.or .severial yea.rs Le Qorute'a Elemooita of Geology hllJS been used ais ia •text-book, !to wtbfoh hws been added .the ornJ. i111S1truction of !tJhe priofesisor in clliarge. 
Course 3 will b.erea-fter be desig!1il>ted :as "Paloo:rntology ia.nd Pia.leonotolog­·ical Drawing." During the fall teirm students ia.re ia.cquainted with ·the leading features of ;the animal kingdom M shoWJl ·in rt:iheir hard parts, i. e., skelebons. Later some speeirul forms of fossil.a are studfod ias, for exiample, the "La.mellibriancli,s oif ·tJhe Tex.as Orebaceolli>." Their llildlles iare determ­im.ed, tiheir posi>tions worked out, and e. careful exposition of methods of representirution made. !Dhe Sltuderut is taught .to draw-not merely •to oopy, but to drn.w from the iactuaJ. specimen. The objecl is not only to fos•ter rthe spiri1t of close and '!LCCumte observation, but ito rtea.ch him ihow to ;record tihe clitaraci.ef'S observed. Studenits in ;this course are expooted ito bring to­gether collections of their own, and it may here be remarked 1unrut the Orebaneous TOCks of Aus.tiirn a.nd vicinity afford most excellent opportunities in 1bhiis dkection. 
Course 4 is devoted .to Mineralogy, :AJt fi:rsrt; rbhe pihysioal p;roperties of minerals ia.re studied and lruter their chariactens as shown before tihe blow· pipe. Once ·a week the class meets for insbrucbion in crystallography, which is .taught by the use of :m.odels, both of g!tass and wood, and driagirams. In 'this conrn.ootion it may be stated ;tiha,t tihe School of Geology pos".Sesses a "l\aJua,ble collootio.n of m.tural crystals illustrating rtfue six recognized sys· tems. 'Ilhe lahor.atory insitruclio.n is ·very practical, and tlhe course is of groa;t Vlalue to tihose prepa.ring themselves for work in rthe applied sciences. 
Ecom:xm.ic Good.ogy and Ore DeP'osiits, Courses 5 and 6, represent the a.p· plied side of Geology. They deal wi.th .the occurrence of ¥aJua.ble deposi'ts, botih metallic and non•metanic. EooillOm.ic Geology rtreats of the subject in a general ma.nner, whiile "ore depos.i.ts," W"I .iits name implies, h:as to do wiibh ,thJe metallic ores, and is a special or .particular phase of Eoonmndc Geo<logy. The cou;rse of instruotion is based upon rooogniired text-hooks e.nd when desired :reference .to origintal sources can usuaJ.ly be made as the Sdhool already possesses a likairy of fair .proportions. The character of the work in these oourses is such as to be of special vaJ.ue to chemical and eng<ineering s.tnideni:l!, as well ll!S .to thooe rwho Me prepa,r-ing for professionail work in Geology. 
Petrogmphy-tfuie study of TIOOks-known ia.s Courae 7, has theretofore been ;reckoned 1WS a one~thi.rd oowrse. Next year it rwin be eittended .to a full course, e.nd the microscopic study of rocks inauguirated. SuHia.ble mforosoopes ·have been o;rde;red i.n Germ.any and the Scfuool :i.s irul.ready sup· plied w1th n'llillerous carefully prepared rock sections. When rtfu.i.s is done the general wo:rk in Geology will .have been sym.metrioally devieloped, and =ied as far a.s possible with the present force of i111Structors. I.t is sin­ce;rely ~pedthat rut ·a day not f,a;r distarut, Minerailogy iand Petrography may be placed in the hands of a specialist who may devote bis time MJ.d energy to the development of ,tJb.ese branches. 
Und;er Cour<se 8 Me included many .topics of a special nature, depending upon .the ta.sites ia.nd needs of s.tudents, especia11y graduates. This year one student made a careful s:tudy of the Geology of certain parits of TeX'a.S; two students have pursued ~dvamced His:torical Geology based upon Dania's Manuail, amd se~raJ. have engaged dn pebrog.ra.phic <&tudy other than rthat included in Course 7. In ·fOTmer years ·there have been taught as a pa.rt of thi1s course such subjoots a s "Building Stone&--ihedr C!ha.racter and di& tribution." 
The work of ,the advanced. stude!l!ts ih;a,s been, during 1this session, mQSt oreditable. Some of ;the drawi.ngs· made by ithe students in Course 3­Pialoontology---'have received wel1 memted pra.iise. A g.raiduate, .in conjunc­tion w.i1ih itbe Sohool of Ohem~E!try, has oonduoted an origina.1 investigakion upon ithe mture and oomposition of oontain soils found near Ausit.in, whicih have been embodied in a 1thesi.s for ithe Miaster's Degl'.ee •in .&ience. 
In addition .to •th.e excuraions wiith ,tJhe general s tudents, expeditions have been undentaken wi•th advanced cJ.asses. The region adjaoon;t '1Jo ,tJhe mouth of LitJtle Walnut Creek, .east of AlliSltin, was viJS~ted for the purpose of ex­amining ·th.e Pondel'IOIS'a marls in situ; .the ;region of Mt. Bonnell for oolloot­ing s.amples m Mils, a.ndi 'i:Jhe Granite Mountain iarea for studying rtJhe occurrence of ;raire minerals. 
T.he equipment of the School of Geology has been inareased by the pu.r­cli.aoo, oonjoin1tly wi1ih •the .School of Pediagogy, of an eleotrfo 110.n<tern, and a Jones' Relief Modlel of .the Ea1'th. Orders are now out for a Jiarge Relief Map of .the Uni>ted. .States, by HoweH, of Washington, and for itwo Seibert Petrographic Micros•copes of .improved .pattern. Five oorn.modious caoos fior the storage of SFecimeillS ruave also been added ,to the laboTI11tory. MieIIJt1on oughit a.lso to be ma.de of the beaiubiful collection of shells presented to .the University •by Mr. Henry G. A.skew, of Tyler, TeXJaS, which ihias now been .inE!ta.1°led. This, w.i•th i:Jhe .Singley cdllectiiion, presented by Mr. Geo. W. Brackenridge, gives UIS :the largest and best oonchologioal oollection in :tlhe SoutJh. 
:Since i:Jhe diiscontinuanoo of .the Geological Survey (Dumb>le Survey) rl:lhere has 'been ·a OOlliSltant and 1ncreM11mg demamd upon ithe .part of the public for d,nforun:ation oonoorn.ing <tihe .rewuroos-espooiaJ·ly <llhe minera,l Tesouroes--{}f ithe :Stwte, .in coruyequenoo of iwhi<Ch ithe Profe~ of Geology :and ;the Pro­fessor of Ohemi.stry !have repeatedly been called upon to give inJformOOion or make ex.aminationis which should have been provided fur by •the State. This tihey ·lrave done as f.ar •as possible with ibhe J.imited time 11;t ;their dis­posal. '.Dhey reoognfae ;tihwt :a. Ii.mid; will lSOOn be reach..00.-indeed, in some instances i<t •bias rwlready been reach.00.-when 1the questions submitted will require more itime for solution rthian can possibly be allowed from ;the regu­
iLar Univeraity work, am:d when the e:xpem.se of secuTing apparatus will be too g.reat. It IDS hoped that this S0rUOUJS defect on the par.t m1tJhie .St,a.te may 
•be ·soon ;remedied by leg~slative aictian and !that a. 1ruitable bureau may ·be established a.t rbhe Univ&IS<~by 'Where 'IlQll; only tin:fornn:a.tion may ·be given, but investigia.tions conducted looking 1to tihe development u.nd welfarn of rt.he State. F. W. S. 
$ $ $ 
'l.1he work of .the .Sc.bool <;if Greek during the present yewr has been en­couraging. Far the firist !time rthe School counts over a hundired &tudents. 
fo1teres.t •has .been constant.  Substantial progress has  
The School of  been made.  Of this  no smaJJ. pa.rt irs due to '1lhe very  
Greek.  efficient work of •the Instructor in Latin and Greek, Dr.  

D. A. Penick, •a B. A. and M. A. of lthe Universi•ty of TeX!ILS and ·a Ph. D. of Johns-Hopk.ins. 
C<>Utr.SeS A ill.nd B, .taking tJhe plooe of the old A, begin otJhe study of the language. A VX>lmne of ea.sy stories is the :fkst ·texct read. Two books of the Ania.basis foll.ow, In C<>urae l the ·rea.ding centers round the closing yea.rs of the Peloponnesian WM, iLs seen in the pages of Xenophon, Lysi.M, and p,1.aito. fo C<>urse 2, a. found.aition having now been laid in a sound knowledge of Attic, Romer is begun a.nd rea.d for otw.o terms, followed in the third term by Herodotus. Cou<rses 3 and 4 aJiter:nJrute, Course 3 tracing the devellOp.Illent of poetry 11tfter Homer, Coume 4 •thrut of prose e.fter Herodotus. 
The Beginners' Cla.ss may ·be TOO<)gnized as a pe=nent feature of ithe work. .For yea.rs it was hoped ibhrut ithis cLa.ss might eventlJJllllly be dis­continued, but ·the ,trend of educa.ti.onal though.t points to •the offering of beginners' work in Greek even in insiti•tutions of the highest r.a.nk. The case ds similar ito tha.t of 1.ihe modern la.ngu.a.ges. Higher institutions every­where lbiave long offered beginners' courses in tihese la.ngu.a.ges because many SJtudeDJts are UD111ble .to secure pcroper preparatory ;insitruntion. In TeXl!l.S tJhis reasoning is even more appiica.ble to Greek th.an ,to ·the modern lan­guages, for Greek ie .taught in onl'Y five of our high 6cllools. Nevertheless, Greek is pr.operoly a high school study, and .the University enoournges iJts inJtroducti.on .into the high soh:ool curdculum. lot is one of the entmnoo requirements for •the B. A. degree, and if studied in ilie high school relieve.s the student of ia.n entrance oondiition. lf he goes beyo.nd our eilltr.a.noo .re­qu~rements ·he secures a.dvanood standing. 
The idea.ls of clasaiml study have cli.anged greatly in ·bhe past fow deaades. The progress -0f investigruti-0n along all lines, more pa.nticuluJy in archreol­ogy, due to the magnificent disooveries made in the unearthing of Ha.licia.r­naE!8'lllS, Troy, Olympia., Perg:amum a.nd scores of other plaoos, has tnws­ferred itJh.e study of Greek frnm it.he language to the ·people. '.l'he aim of the modern study of Greek ·is .the reproduclion of Greek civilizrution. In <this the first and most impor.tanit elemeruts ia.re, of course, IQ.Ilguage Mld liter­ature, and 001 iliese a.re spent the gre3Jter po1'1tion of •the studeil!t'·s time and energy. The ability to read undersfaOOingly and appreciwtively is the object, but it is reoognired th.at th.is c.a.n n.ot be wbtained without ia.ccura.te kmowledge of forms MJ.d syntax and that slipshod methode do not produce ithiat o<rderly Iha.bit of mind which is perha.ps the .most; precious result of educrution. T'1"laI!Sllrutio.n ·is necessary as a ta.st of underatia.nding, but still more '<l!S e. diri11 in clea;rne!!S of expressi-0n a.nd in the r.ight u.ge of English. '.Dhe wriJting of Greek is .regarded not as an end i.n iU!elf, but rui the best of all means towards mastery of .the language. 
Nex;t to langua.ge and litero;ture in the <reproduction of a. past aivili:ila­tion oomes the study of its 1history, its priv'<lite and publfo life, its •eligion, iits ar.t. All these form a pwrt, •though a 6ID13.U p8'l"lt, of the oouraes •here­tofore given. The ·time ,jg :too slro.rt and our faci1ities, ill the wia.y of books, ca.sts, pictures, and Illlodels, a.re sadly limi-ted. '!'he School pe>ssesses, .how­ever, a good set of ma.ps, five superb casts of statua.:ry, iand :ten fine carbon photog.rnphs, cli.iefly of Atfuenian .wrohitectuml mmJJUIDeruts. Besides ·tlhese e.re a. DUmber !Of Joa.nteirn sl:i.d'0S, d.ona.ted by Dr. W. T. Mather, and upwards of two Jmndred more a.re oow being ma.die by one of :tJhe best Eastern phrotog­ll'a.p'hers. In tJhese the oohool ib.as a.n .exoollernt beginning of an iadequa,te series of illustraiti-0111iS fur a ~ystematfo OOU!l'Sie olf lectures on Greek sculpture. 
It is a. plea.sUJre itJo n<Jlbe ,tJhe suooess <llihroad m former stud.en:ts of .the Sch.ool. .Donadd Oamernn, M. A., '96, and ·Oa.rl C. Rice, M. A., '99, !have bOO:lh just been awa.rded soholair:s!h:i~ in cla.ssioe wt Hrurvard, in .reoogniition mitheir '1iirst yewr'iS work tihiere .as grn.d'UILte M-udents. 
W.J.B. 
~ ~ ~ 
'Dhe work in 1the School of Hi.story 11i:M expa.nded .grea.tly during ithe yewr. The itotal enrollment •!:ma .reaclled 355, iwlrich \is a. gain of seventy-one, or just twenty-five per iOOiht over la.at session. The in­
~he School of crea,se !ha.a been mainly in Cour.ses 1 (Ancient Risito.ry),

Biatory. 
2 (MediawaJ History), and 5 (Am.eriica.n Hismry). Tiie 111.titenda,noo in Course 5 ibl3JS someWlhait more :than doubled. 
The gtenell'al plan of <bhe work ih.irus been J.o give one fula oourse .in .AmcieI!ft, oll'e in MediireVl!l.l, iand one in Modern Hi1l'tory, which 1Jh.ree rbaken together 'W!Olllld meet the general culture requ~remelllts of the average undergrr>a<iuate. Tu tili.ese hl!l.ve been 'added m0il'l0 .highly speciafoied oourses in English (4) and in Amerioa;n Histiory ( 5) , a.nd 111. gra.druate oourse (6) , in<tended espe­cia.Lly to give rominiing in ihistonioa.l ri:nvestigia.ti.on. 11.nd to develop ifille pro­ductive abili•ty of students inicl:i.ned flhiat way. These <bh.ree oour60S have been .taken, witJh 11. mw exooptiions, by Sen'ior.s and GradllllJtes. 
In Oourise 6 :tJhe woo-k of the class :has been on the Texas Revolut.iion. 
Each of -the &tudenits <baking 1uhe oourse !ha.s lhiad .some speciru subjoot 1I10Te 
or liess ddreatly connected with <the gene.ral subjeat ito investigate, and tJ'hie 
result 1has boon muoh dearer JiigM. on some of the moot importe.I11t points 
iiai SoutJhWU>:tern .hi.story. Mir. Ba.rker's subject hia.s.been The Unification of 
Public Sentiment for the Te(])as .Revolution; Mir. Borden's, The McMullen 
and McGloiln Grant; Miss Rowe's, The Trouble at Anahuac in 1832; Mr. 
Turner's, The Mejia Ea:pedition; Mi$ West's, Social Life in Early .A.nglo­
.A.merican Te(])as; aind Mir. Wd.riloler's, The Oherokee Indians of Tea:as. The 
principal m111.tJeria.1s fiba,t have •boon used rure ibhe small oo1lecliml relative w 
Te:m11 in ·the Uni.ve.rsity libr.asry; t;he much llIW<Tle ex:tens.ive oollecbion in the 
State .libl"a.Ty; the archives in ·tlhe Deplhl'ltinernt of StatJe; <the Niaoogdoc.hes 
archives :in itlhe State :1i:bmry; 11. few papers fir10m t·he Biemr .a.rcihives; and 
ithe A'USbin papers bel:oogi.ng to Ool. Guy M. Brya.n, which have been made 
available by his oour.tesy. The .common Temark in ibh.e class; rel.wbive to 
questions Wlhfoh the mruterials used left uruiettled, lbhat tlhe Bemr archives 
would tell, :has pa.ssed. finally into a standing joke; but 1Jhis oollecti!On has 
just ·been ·trna.mferred ·to tlhie v.a111Lt of \the University 111.nd will soon be put 
ibo itb.e proof of W8 V'aJue. 'l1h.ere is every iJ.'lelllSOn to beliieve lit exceed:ingly 
rich. 
!Mr. W. F. MoOaleb, who ;book M.A. i1n 1897, w.ith Hisit.ory ash.is majoc, iand has since been ih.olding a. felJ.owslhip in :the University of ChieagQ, hllB irecently :taken Pih.. D. from itb.at iin.s1titutiion. He ds 'IIK1W rut lh:i:s home i.n Oa.rrizo Springs working on .a mooogro.ph rel.a:bive :bo rtJhe Burr Ex.pOOjition. Mir. W. R. Smith who itook M. iA. fa 1898, widJh History 1&S ill.is llliajor, and 
•w.as appointed :to a Urniversiiby felliowship at Colu:mbia ·b.as been tibere since and will p;robably remain ainother yea.r.. He ih'as recently passed ibrls eXMD.­imi.twn for the degree of Ph. D.-with distinguislhed oredit, one of his professors 'Wriile&-and ibias now only .to complete his ;tlhesis, wihi<ih is on the ColoniaJ llistory of South Oarolin.a. 
G.P.G. 
~ .JI .JI 
I h'ave been asked oo wy a few WIO.rds through the RECORD la.bout ilfue work of ;bhe &ihoo.l of La.tin. It affords me a pamicula.r pleasure rt;o do ithis, because it seems a way of speaking again rt:-0 it:Jhe La.tin '!!:'he School of pupils I had here in the session of '92-'93, when I was 
Latin. temporary supply. 
The ques:t.ion of numbers is ooit tbe most important one in my min.d, but it seems wuirth ca.1ling the ruttenition of ibb.e aJ.umni rbo the growth, if :it be a growth, :in ;the Lastin department iin the seven years. past. [11he F1reslbma.n Class, which ha.d a.bout twenty.Jive members :then, so far es my memo.r<y now rooaJls, has ·now grown :bo a. class of some mty or mare, and! muat be mught in two sections. .The S:ophomare Latin, whi<ih h:ad 1risen 1io about thirty members of ilrute yea.re, is ithls year about twenty, very near rbhe old :figures. The fewr of :the clean-sweeping new broom mUlllt !have been at WIO.rk here. Seven yea1rs 8{lO there wa.s a Junior Class of :fifteen membell"s, which st.ands out now ·in my meurory as one of tihJe best classes I ever taught, '11b.is year only iten s.tudenits !have e111Tolled for '1lhe same course, and ten is more ·than twice as many .as :bhe records for :two or furee years pa.sot Sihow. Against my three Seniors in '92-'93, I ihave '.ll!OW only one :to report. The present small number has been the UBual one fur 11. few years past. 
A theory :to account for the oondlition of ;the upper ela.sses oa.n at best be 'hut par:tial. Freshman La.tin owes litts numbers rt:-0 itibe requirement of one year of Latin for uhe B. iA., and one yea1r of La.tin or Greek for <the B. Liit. degrees. iAbove the Fresilllinain, the Laitin clas.ses ihave come in:to a,bso­1ute oompetiition wtth any and every oitber subject. The choice of itib.ese subjects hru; :rested, 'Willi a very few exceptions, ent.ill"ely wi<llh ithe individuail student, and LaM.n is necessiarily ia hall"d subject, nor has i·t tbhe g-1.amor of pracl.i.cal UJtili<ty. Considerations of praclioal utihity and pleas for the modemnms of labo=tory subjeds ibiave ·been. very much iin ev.idence of lilllte. In the lapse of time, say fifty yeairs from now, some of our old students will be ab.le to g~ve us interesrtiing opinions about the oompamative Vllllue of for­gotten sciences and ·forgotten languages, &ll equaJ.ly ancient 1tib.en. Such a student, being grown wire, will know 1lhat .tllli mental exerci&e :was the chief thing, and LatJin will ihave notib.ing to fear d'or i.ts oontribution to mentrul gyrn:n;astics. 
The wmk of itilie cl.asses ·hiaa gone on a.liong the usuaJ Lines. The FreSh­!11'.llan ClaJSs has read a parl of Ci-0ero's Verrine Oration, iand a.Jong with it Wl()I'ked out a parit of ·the his>tory of classical sculpture; Cicero ihia.s also supplied. them wibh 1S()lllle of the imper.ishable stories -01 Roman w1t, upright­ness, a.nd pa1trioti&m. Vergil we drew upon .for itilie Sack of Troy, the Tmgiedy ,of Queen Dido, and ·the Desoerut .into Hades. Where w~s metTe and syntax dn .pleruty, but ~made ·time for a syonopsis (in English) of itilie ell!tire Aeneid, and .a brief survey, :Lrom ia h.a.ndbook, of Roman literature. Th.ere were exercises a.nd grammar, ;too, for rthese iare good ltlo train tihe uruiersbanding. 
Th<e .Sophomore Clas:s th.ad their rgnammM iarul exercises dso, iand read, in the .field of i1istor.y, Livy a.nd .Sallust; in :the field of pootry, •the 1throbbing lyrics of CiatuHus iand .tihe Odes of Horace, ibhat mafohfoss Hteriary m>rk­man. In all of this wm-k Dr. Pen<ick has ·been tll;n .a.ctive a.nd thelpfllll part. 
'Dhe iadvanood classes had, .a glimpse of the theology of ithe Stoics and Epicureans ·in Cicero's De Natura Deorum; they saw the world with ithewise eyes of Rora<ie, from hla .Satires and Epi•stles; iand saw an.other WOII"Jd in fillie A•tt:ic New Oomedy of P1autus. Some syll!tax iand some metre :bhey atudied, and ia few of ;them elected ·to see oow Ore.star wrote Laitin iand follow him a long way after. 
This to tihe ialumni wtham I know with a word of greeting, a.nd a 'W1CYI'd Ibo 
tell •them ibhat :thei.r iCXld-time ea.r.ne.stness 11:nd oonsid<ereition have descended 
tJo •the1r S UCOOSSOll'S. 
E.W.F. 
$ $ $ 
This year has bieen a bloom period fur the Sc:hiool of Pure Matihemrutics. In additiJon to :the a.id :rendered by Mr. T. M. Pufoa.m, -01 Cialiforniia, P.ro­fessor Halsted th.as th.ad :Ohe e:x;tmaoroiniarily a:ble support
The School of . . 
Pure llathematica, of two of hlll own former students·, Dr. Dick.son and 
Dr. Benedict. 
For si:x;teen year&, beginrning with 1884, Dr. Ha.lsted th:as gtlvien the work 
of fthe Schoo.I a. decidedly geometric cha.meter, believing ·.th:wt ithis, iini j,iJs 
via.rious :riami:fkatfons, ds rtiliie mJOst remunertWbive, 'a.8 it ia the most charming 
pant of all .mathematics. But ,tfuis y<ear, in addition ito ti:lhe courses in 
Modern Synibhetic Geometry, 1anrl in Recent Geometry of the Triangle a.nd 
Circle (the Lemoine-Brooard Goometry), iand lin Geometry of P(,)sition 
(P.rojective Geometry), a,nd d.n Non-Euclidean Geometry, <the Scliool has 
been strengbhened and 0diV10Mified by a course in Group Theory by Dr. Dick­
l!IOn and courses in Mathema;tioal AstrollJOmy by Dr. Benedict. 
Dr. Bell'edict has in preparorutil()(Il a. work on Orbi.t 'Ilhoory; and Dr. Dick­
l!OII h11JS become such 1an authority on Groups, ;tJ'htat ibhe Uniiversity of Chi­
cago thtas offered him .an A.ssiistanit Professorsth.ip -in which h.is .advanced 
work is to be in that subject. His niame ·already .appears in the ·program 
of •tlhe Department 'Of MiM.hematios oand AS'tronomy for 1900-1901. It .i;s a 
source of grewt gratificrution to his former rteach·er iand subsequent oolleague 
here, rbh~t, 'Wlhile •the Univer81ity of Chicago emphasizes by special mention under Miodern Maithematics, "sy;nthetic geometry," 11.lld under I1ntroduciioo to the Higiher :M:athemaitics, "projective goometry," yet w.i!tih the adverut of Dr. Dick:;on appea.rs in its program the magic n.ame "noo-eucli.dean geo· metrics." Course 50 is "Continuous Groups~Lie's theory 'Wliith ·its appli­cations .to geometry, invariant ·thoory, differen<tial equations, syS>t,ems of complex numbers, an.d non-euol.idean geometrics." 
To ·bhi·s latter applic.aition of Lie's theory Dr. Halsted devoted a oomiid­era.ble part of his "Report on Progiress in Non-Euclidean Geometry" ito the American Asoocirution for the Advancement of Science. 
Some idea of ·bhe girowing and wddespread iruterest in tih.is nrodern deve1op­ment of science may be gained from the folliowiUig extract taken from a. circuJ.a,r wa-~t:ten and circulated by Professor Wm. W. Payne, editor of "Popular Astronomy": 
"GooDSEI.L OBSERVATORY OF CARLETON COLLEGE, "NORTHFIELD, MINN. "THE NON-EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY. 
"To the Teacher of Geometry: 
"Te:whers of Elemeruta.ry Geometry everywhere Wlill be intereSlted in tihe reoolllt studies of the reholwrs in Pure Mathematics, ait .home iand abroa.d, who biave been iinvestiga:bing the cLaiims of Non-Euclidean Geometry. 
"La.rge a:titention was given 1to thia topic rut the last meeting of bhe Amer­ioan ABBOCiaition for tihe Advancemelllt of Science, at which Professor George Bruce Halsted, of the Uilliversity of Texaa, ma.de a full report on ithls im­portanit theme. 
"Profe.ssor Ha.lsted -bias ooru;en,ted ·to rewr.ite fua.t achola.rly paper in con­densed form and pllllin La.nguage, especially for itb.e benefit of Teachers of Geometry in High School, Academy and College, who warut ·to know the latest views of emin.erut sdholairs of Mathemrutios iDJ regard to the N10n­Euclidean Geomebry. 
"This knmvledge will be 11, help ito any O'Ile in teadhing ·the elemeruts <Yi Geometry ju any aehool." 
Our loss ii!l. Dr. Dickson iis Chicago's giain. Tw1o yuung men of the same sor·t of promise, F. H. &rnith and R. L. Mome, 11.re this yerur showing tba.t the ·splendid qua.1i:ty of Tex:a.s y.0U1bh is of undi.minis:hed vigor, e.nd as the Sc.hool of Pure Ma.themaitica 'has supplied the faculty of Yale lllld Chicago, so may .iJt in the future be reaidy to g.ive of its yQung vitali•ty ;to Harvard and Princeton. 
G. B. H . 
.JC .JC .JC 
The :vim of >the SehQOl of Orwtory is to help the studerut ito ithwt oommand of his powers as thinker, writer, and speaker whioh is necessiaa-y for naitural 
anrl effective public speech.  The mea.ns to th.is end is  
The School of training in the oral iute.rpreta;tion of o!'laltorioal liter- 
Oratory.  atu.re;  in  bhe  wriiting  and  delivery of speech.es,  ad­ 

dresses and oraitiQns ; iand in the prepar.a:tion of a;s.signed te>pics for pram.ice in debates, discussions ~extemporaneous speaking. AJS ·the iaJ.m of the 
work is w aff.oTd, wi;th traillling in tilie viarious forms of public s,peaking, speciiall prepara;tion for 1the duties l()f citizell!Ship, rthe subjoots treated refer liargely ·!Jo Tex;a.s and Ameriican ih~story, and to ques.tions of sooiiail Teform and economic interest. 
'11.he public nQwia.days geneT.al'ly dema.nd truat a speaker eilmll not only ihiave somefuing to say, but .tiha;t he shall say it 'wi:bh.out bomba9t oo-rant­ing, simply, diTootly, llJaturally, and >as wiefly and ooncisely as clearness wiJ.l ia.llow. Sariring the anore formal occasions, the average man ·today haa not the time ar patience .to •li&ten to a <long speech unleSo& .the speaker ha,s a Teal message aDJd is speciaJ,Iy qualified to deliver it. 
'I'he work of the yea.T is on the wh.ole .swbisfoictOO"y. The interest and W10trk of the students furnish ground for enoour.a.gemen<t and hope for the flllture. The l'iterrury societies oare a powerful aid in supplementing cliass irui;truation. T.he e:xii<Stle!llce of ·two men's 1iiberiary siocieties fur.nishes a rivalry wJi.ich is 'helpful, wlike to .them and rto this School. So f.ar the young 1rud'ies lhiave no rival to the Ashbel, bU't I .truat steps wilJ soon be rtaken to provide one. 
Enoouraging .a.s tilie wru-k of itih-e year is, there is room fur improvemenrt along mawy lines. To securn satisfaotoTy results more time should be aJ­robted students from the Department of Law, and credit alJ.owed for .tme work in it.his Sc:hiool. Again, much depends on rthe geDJeml foterest of the Facul<ty and student body in lea,ding .the students .VO give 'bhe marl.Jter of public speaking individual aittention, Mid to :set f.or thelil.'lelves higher 'llind higher stand1l.rda of exceUence. In this .regiard, much is yiet w be acoom­·plished. However, the prize oontest .in pubhle speaking, made possihle by 'the generosity of Hon. A. P. Wooldridge, the winning of the Baylor dehalte, 
. 'and the h.ig.h atanding ea.med ·by our representative in the oraforfoal con­.test in South Carolina, evince Ml inereased !interest and have given a.n impetus to 1lb!i.s bmneh of studenit ootiviity. fo this oo:nneotion, Wlh1'le i do not conceive it to be the funotion of this Sch.OOil to plan lits work with ;ref­erence w pub1fo ex:hibi'tions, yiet I do earnestly oall the '!liiltention of friend!l of the Universi·ty to ·the <11.eed of securing fonds for ·the es.tablishment <>f at Iea9t two f!IJlltua:l prizes wilthiin the Univeraity, to-wit, an annual prize in ar.atory a.nd an annual prize LOO' a.n inter-society debate. One or both conrtests for thes·e might be made features of eommen<1ement week, and ·the donors of prizes for 'sucll OOil'OOSits, as ,is :the oase at many other institu­tions, would iea.rn ;the perennial gmtitude of studemts awd alumni of i;hi!l Un:iversi.Jty. 
E. D.S. 
.}JC .}JC .}JC 
.Twio hundrd. iand forty-three names were en.rolled in ithe oourses offered in the School of Pedagogy during the session of 1809-1900-a g'r-eater num­
ber <th.an  during .any  previous year.  Many  students  
The School of Pedagog;v.  were enrolled in more rt;ha.n one eouirse, and the aotual number of S'tudewts pursuing pedagogi.oal W'Olrk fOO' the  
year was 100.  

'11.he following courses were offered: School ManagemeDJt, Methods of 
Tea.ohing, Psycliology, Psychology of Education, History of Education, !Thilooophy of Educrution, Child :Study, Pedagogical Bemi.na.Ty and School Supervisirui. In ithe.se cou.nses many problems vitally con:neoted Wiith the progress of educa.tion in the State were considered, especiaJ:ly with a. view of enoouraging students to become. seriously interested .in the discovery of means for the improvement of t'he schools in whicl:J. ,they a.re to be<Jome t.eacllers. 
The efficiency Qf the .School ID1S been grea;tly increased by reason of ap­propriatiorus made for itihe Pedagogical Library a.ml for a,ppa,ra1tus used in the Psyohologicial Laboratory. r.n the library a.re now ito be found copies of the more impol"lta:nt works on the severn.l phases of educaition, as well as bound volume.s of the leading educational and psydhological journ11Jls and magazines. The Psychofogical Laboratory is now sufficiently well equi.pped for work in advanced as well M elememta.ry Ps-yclrology. 
It is worthy m note ithwt forty per cent Olf ;the eitudeIJJts in Pedagogy this s-ession have been engaged in ibeaching fur trom one to fifteen yea.rs before entering ,iJhe University. It is gra.tifying thait so ill'.IWlY teachers already en~aged in the work approoia.te ithe opportunLty fur Pedagogical tmfoing w:hieh is afforded them in rtihe UTui.~ity of Texa,s. 

w.s.s. 
J;C J;C J;C 
In the tminds of rtJhe older gradua;tes Jtihe Sclwoil of Philosophy is a.ssio­
cilllted wiith 1the mem0try of Drs·. R. L. Dabney and Walter Lefevre, the 
.for:mer one of the mlJSlt striking and forceful perl!Otlllll­
'rhe School of ities ever <lOilllected with th.e Universiity, the latter an 

Philosophy. unusually brdUia.nit a.nd effeci.ive sohom and .tea;cher, WlIDse UDJtimely deruth is still mowrned as e. loss <to the University a.nd to .the ca.use of philosophy. From students trained under 1.lhe inspiring in­fluence of these men good reports continue to be Teceived. Among such students Dr. Albert Lefevre deserves prominerut mention. Af,tJe.r gradua.ting he e.titended the Johns-Hopkins fur a season, from there went itio Coornelil, where •he won his doctorate wdtih high diSltinctian some two years ago, e;n,d e.fiter :shaTing in tlhe edi·ro.rial dh.arge of the Philosophical Review for a yea.r, crossed ito Europe where he is engaged in furbher strengthening his equip­ment in philosophy, chlefly wt the University of Berlin. lit lii to be hoped t.hat wt no di&ta.nt day th.e finances of the Universiity wiJ.l allow of iJ:cis. being added to ith.e teaclling forces of ihis Alme. Mater. Of students of a la.tier day merution should be made of Miss Flo.renoe Lewis, a student of strong powers and of peculiar aptitude for philosophy. Two yea.rs ago she won the graduate fellowship ill philosophy at Bryn Maw.r CoJlege, e.nd so ihigh was the estimate there for:med of iher during the year of iher lincumbency tha.t rut its expiration &he was awarded a. traveling fellowsh.ip ias ithe most d.i-.;tinguished member of the cla.ss of first year gra.duate iSltudenrtis. Under the conditions of her appointment she is 'ait presemt studying iiln Paris, 1<1rance. If Miss Lewis should oorutinue in the field of philosophy she will be hes.rd from. 


1900.] The University Record. 
The nobable facts for the SchOC>l fur the pres:erut year. are the increased attend1M1ce, especiially in Psychology, ·and •the g;r•aitifying beginnings of o. oouJ:1Se iLn :Sooiology. The P.syolro1ogy <i1ass morn thian doubled, piartly be· <Ja;Use of Professor EHis' efficient [IlJS!truction, and partly because of the labor.wtory fuciliities furnished f.or !the first time. Students find Psychology a .praotfoal and interesting subjoot, ruid with 1the •LnCJreaised laboratory equipment vdted by ·the Regents fo.r the •coming year an even better show.ing may ·be expected. 
:Sociology ·aIBo is a practical ~tudy, iand h•as been pmsued in that spirit by the members of the claiss engaged in its consideraifa>n. The Last third of the yar w.as given <Jver .to .inv·estig.ationJS .of looail problems, the rresults being '->Ummed up in piapers by members of tlhe class. !Mention may ·be made of Mr. H. Lee Bo.rden'•s 'Sltudy •Of .the family in Texrus, as .brused upon ·legis· lwti.on and deoisions of the ccmrts, ·a study that .presented •specid points of intereSlt in view of the unusua1 oonoorn the Texas government and people have from earliest days felt for the heal·th of •the family, •a;s 1shown, among other things, by •the ea.rlieSit appeal'lanCJe of a homestead law on our sta;tute books; .of Mr. F. G. ·L:mham's •study of the slums of Au<Stin, a problem maide •timely by the exceptionail oondiiti.ons followin!g tthe breaking of the 
•dam; ·and of Mr. F. T. West's inveS1tigiation of divorce among the negroes of AuSitin. In ihis undertaking Mr. West was much ihampered by the fail­ure of derl'1s of distl'ict courts to indiooke .the color IOf li.tiganofJs, whether whites or ([legroes. 1'.n.i8 one simple item ·inoorporaited ·into '1.ihe recorda would allow many invffitigaJioillS :thaJt would tb.11ow helpful light 10n the condition of our oofored population, and would tihus .aid materially in solv­ing 1Jhe "neg:r.o problem." In spite of this and ~ther difficulties Mr. Wesit's paperr iJS v.aluab1e, and will probably .see ibh.e J.ig:ht in a prominent rociologioal journal. 
On tlhe woole rthe oorultltkm of the 8chooJ. of Bhi1osophy is ;s;a,tisiiactory, and the .prospects iWI'e good. 
S.E.M. 
.jC .jC .jC 
The developmerut of tihe School of Phyisios in aooordaince w.iibh the modern idms of sd.enti.fic ,instruction ·ha;s been espoofaJiy marked. Not only ;b,as the course in elemeniiary labcm1.torry practioe been en· The School of Iarged and strengbhened, but .a strong beginruing has 
Physics. 
b'een mOO:e in a similar direction in courses adapted tllo the needs IOf more iadv.anced 1S1tudents. The 1'aboroJtorfos in rthe ba.sement, V13JC!Lted in the fall .by the Scihool of Biology, have been equipped as far a;s pos•sible w;ith new fiitJti.ngs .and apparrutus of approved ohamcter; and, wMle necess·rurily inCOIIIlplete, the iinstruction given is a presage of an en­liargied g.rowth •and influence. So, •also, in agreemen•t with the general scheme, the 1eoture cour.se offered tlo beginners .in the subject h"1!s been re· v.i•sed .and 1the fine colLeotion of iUustrrutive .apparatus w:hiich the .previous lack of worksih<J:p facili'ties lef1t in great need of repwir, ha;s been completely overhauled and maniy new pieces added. Now courses in general physfos for second year studeruts, and theorebical mechanies and m.OOern physical apparatus for those more advanced have been added; and, in general, the attempt has been ma.de to bring the work here in line 'W'iitlh the progress made in other institutions. 
We are pleased to call a.tten•tion, i:n tills connection, Ito rthe credit.able work of two of our former students. Mr. G. W. Pierce, B. S., '93, 01nd Fel­low in Physics for the session of '93-'94, received a Whiti.ng Fellowship at Harvard during '98·'99 and the John Tyndall Traveling Scholanh;ip for '99-'00, an hcmor which he again :holds for the coming year. [1he introduc­tioo to hi-s thesis for the degree of Dootor of Phil080P'hy, wthich !he ·has just received, erutitled "The Application of the Ra.di.omieromete.r .to the Measure­ment of Short Elec1ric Waves," has been recently published and well re­ceived by the soien°tific world. Mr. Fritz Reiohmann, C. E., '96, Studerut Assis.tant '95-'96, Fellow '96-'97, Tutor '97-'98, held the Junfor Fellowship in the University of Ohic:ago in '98-'99, and now fur the seoond Jtime is the reci p.ient of the Senior Fellowship. At p.resenit he d11 conducting a.n investi­gation on the "Specific Induction Capacity of A.ir," whicll bid·s fair to give results of considerable interest to physicists. 
The work shop, which, though managed for the benefit of the whole in­sit:itution, is under the direction of the School of Physics, calls for specia:l mention. The shop room has been extended ·to twice its former size by the additio.n of the pa,rt formerly used by <bhe DepaN.merut of Oiv.il Engineering, and the machinery relocated in more convenient ·relations. A pla,ner, band sa:w, universal tri=er, and a Iarge number of small tools have been pur­chased WJd new work benches ·and cases for .tools constructed. fu brief, the effort has been made ;tJo secure a model eqwipmenit and a.I.ready it may be classed as one of the besit fi.tted work shops in the South. Two skilled mechani!l5 have been oonstantly em'Ployed ·in ithe oon.s.truction of desks, cases, and ap.paratus .for the "VMious schools, l!illd tihe results secured prove that it is an imporfant faclor in the economical a.nd substantial. develop­ment of the University at la.rge. In iJts relwtion to the Seihool of Physics, it has proved of prime importanee for w1thowt .it the g;rowth aJ..ready man­ifesit would have been ,impossible. A la-rge proport.ion of the a.pp;:i.ru.tus acquired has been designed and oonstruoted here, and much more is planned for early execution. The same is true, in a. la.rge measure, of iJts bearing upon ·the work of the other schools and a.. recognition of iJts value to all departments of Un.iversi,ty work ~s general. At presenit it is impossible to offer instruction in manual practice to rthe students alt lrurge, but iit is ea.rnesiy hoped that in recognition of the value of the wm-k of this ch.a.r­acter in °i0ts .relation to general education and ithe mill"e specific needs of technical training, such extensi()ID will be =de as will make tbhis possible. 
L.B. 


1900.] The University Record. 
During the year 1899-1900 six oou~ses were g1ven in the School of Politi,. 
caJ Science. Oours.e 7 w;i,s prepa;red .in ;i;coorda.nce with a la:w pa"S·sed rtw01 
yiear'B ago by the Boa;rd of RegeilJts, requiring aill grod­
~he School of UJwtes of 'bhe La;w Depa;rtment to have one full course 

Political Science. . Pwlt10!l, -"· . _. Th"1s ~----~ '"•uu ·-give.
1n 1 0oc1en-0e. course enwoav"'"" the studenit, as far a;s w.a.s possible in SiO limited a time, .a firm grasp of the prineiples UilJder1yi.ng all governmenit, the elements of EooIJJomics a.nd Con­slt1tutional GovernmenJt_ :U"Sing Mrurshall, Hadley, and Adams a.s tex;t­books, 1the student WllllS required io do much outside reaiding a.nd w.a.s aided by leotures on the elements of finance, rta.:xiat1on, l'abor problem"S, itrllilits, origin and ohara.cteristies of the State, ;the nwture :a.nd sewt ;of sovereignty, .uhe ·func:tions of govemmenit, the form of constitutiOilJS, tilhe sepM-ation of powers. 
Course 1 w.as •a ID/Qre detaHed study of :the elemen•ts of EoonomiM. This oourae ms for some yea.rs been preseribed for ·all oan.diid•wtes for an Aoademi<J degree, but a recent ruling of ibhe Boo.rd of Regents ·bias done away w1th this prescription l!lJS regards women. 
Oourse 6, Compwrn.tive Constiitu:tfonal Law, was in1tended pnimar.i1y £or Seniors. It inrvQ!lved a careful study of ihe g.oviernmental ar.rangeanents of the Unibed .States, Oami.dia, Great fu.itain, F1mnce, Italy, Germany, and; Switzerland. Boutmy's Studies in Constitutional Law, Burgess' PoJitioal Science and Oompaim'hive Constitutional Law, and Lowell's Governments ailJd Pwrti.es ·.w Conlti.newbaJ. Europe were ·the works mooit oi\ten used. 
The .tb:ree remaJiming oouraes were arranged for students doing a.dvanced work. Among other subjoots, ithey dealt wi.th Public Finance, topics in I.ndustrial Hisitor.y, specioail topics ror individual work. TralThSportation in Te:xia,s, ·a,nd studies 0i.n .Sootrul Science, embracing P.rin.ciples of Socioilogy and Pr.a.etical Sooi·ofogy. 
The School is badly ha;mpered for want of books, From the subjects d.is­cUSiSed, ii.t will easily be seen tha.t any exten1S1ive work is impossible wilthout a I.arge WOO"king lihria.Ty. The ~bh is t'hwt a student is often sbopped e:horit in his 'W'Ork for iLaok of even sfanda.rd works, and any read.ing or dis­cuss.ion out of ;the ordinary is impossible. Besides new books, more ciopies of works o:fiten .referred to s'houold be prov.ided. Even the les"S a.dva.Med OOUfS0i! ruread>y adver'ti.sed ia.re dJiffiouJit to oarry O:D: wibh the present equip­ment. 
'Ilhere is a.I&> great need of a larger :tea;ching force. One hundred and sevelllty-five students were en:rolled <thi•s year, ma.king th.is School one of the largest in it.the Undversity, yet OIIle Asrociwte Professoir ha.s the whole o.f the work. The course in Sociology was given only by the help of Dr. Milzes, iJhough rut a OO&t of mu<ili .inconvenience .to h~mself. Fortunately 1the course lay abong .a line of study itihia.t his ·own a,dva,need students desired ;to follow. A well-Wained .iIJJStrucior is needed, a man fully able rto ·help oar.ry on the pres·enit work amd assist indiv·idual efforit i·n other lanes. 
All modern universilties '!lire paying more illlnd more arotention rto the .teach­ing of Pol~tioal Science, bearing immed1wtely, ais it does, upon the preotical workings of every State and oommulllity. It is :the dUJty of aJ.1 f.r.ien~ of obh.is UnJ.versi1ty ;to see <thait ithe proper faciH:ties a.nd equipment are p.rovided fo.r a study whicll touches closely the ·beat intere.W> Qf ibhe Sta.te.* 
H.B.H. 
.JC .JC .JC Previous Ibo September, 1899, instruction in Ro:mrunoo Langu;ages wa.s in charge of the Professor of Teutonic Languages, assisted by instructors·. At 
The School of  lbhat  da,te  oonnootion  between  the  two  sohi0o1s  was  
B.omance  severed, and to the &lhooJ. of Romance Languages were  
Languages.  '!ISSig.ned an AdjUJI1ct P·rofessm of Spa.nis.h, an Instrucitor  

of French, and ~ Fellow. M .present French 11;11d SpanJish a.re the la,n­g:uages taught. Whenever it iseems advisable !tali.an will be added. 
'!'he chief aim of instruction in the School <is ;to give students Ml oppotr­tuni•ty Ibo gain, largely through the fa11telligerut rea.d·ing Qf i:DJt.eres•ting terls and suggestivie parallel work, a.n a.ppreciaitive underS'banding and, as far as possible, a p.ract.ioaJ knowledge of the languages and Literatures taught. The fi:rst year's course is given as a general preparoitoiry course, including the essential principles 'Of Grammar and their applforution, the reading Qf about 300 pages in the l'!Lngua,ge, and va.ried exercises ·ba.sed on the texts read. Beyond the first year, an effort isi ma.de iOO meet an rtilie :higher oou:rses the varying •needs of more advanced situdents. 
During the past session the total enrollment .i:n it.he Frencll c1assies was forty-n.i.ne, twenty-three taking Course 1, wihile the rest were d.istribwted through the higher cla.s.ses. There wasi no gradua.te class. Six cour~ were given. 
Students wiho :have coa:npleted Course 1 .in F.rench a.re p.repared to ;take ei•ther Course 2 or Course 7. The former is in.tended. for t'lwae who desire to study 1lhe Ja,nguage for the sake of the J.itera.ture, an.d, as far a.s pos· sible, to acquire a speaking and w:ri:ting knowledge of French. For lbhose, on the other hand, who wi&h to obta,in facility .in ithe use of Fren.ch a.s an i=trumen.t of researc:h rather ·than an end in itself Course 7-a ra,p,id rea.d­ing cour:se--Juas been arranged. · A number of fairly difficulit selections a.re re!Ld, and gr.aduate stud-en.ts taking sthe course a,re required, in additi1>n to the regular work, ·to make careful written .translations f.rom text-books o.r journals bearing on ·the subject of their special resea.rch. Course 3 oon­tinues tihe work of Course 2. In bobh <these courses (2 an.d 3) rep.resen.t­ative authors of ,the nineteenth <!entury are studied. Lt seems bes't, at ·th.i.s stage >Of the situdy of a mOO.ern language, to read, with reas.omblie ca.re, a considerable amount of suitable and ,interesting material, rather ltJh'!Ln to restrict •the studerut fo the erlremJely minute and thorough s'tudy of a few authors only. Frequellltiy we meet students who, '!Llthough 1they hav.e had two or thr~ years .instruction in a modern language, soon Iose '!LI.most all their knowiledge of it. H would often seem that this is due, a.t least in 
*Professor Houston fa absent .from Austin, and ,this .not.e iis wmpiled <from his annual repor.t to 'the P.resident. 
pall"t, rto the very limited experience with ilie Language which :results .from the ·a.Imo.st painful minuteness with w:hich many •teachers, inspired by a desire fur t.horoughness, derote fo the .read.ing of Hugo or Mus.set the r&i seM<lh ia.nd cMe whiich, under very different oondHions, a.re lavished on BrQWllling or Keats. The studerut who :first a,cquires ·a m-0re extensive and varied familiarity with a mroern 1anguage usually ga.illB more pmci,icwl ability. 'Besides, he is more initerested. later OJl, cl.JOser investigation is in order, and m111y more profrbably be pursued. In French 4 lbhe classical !Literature is •emphiaisized. P;r-0vision is likewise made for !a special oonver· swtion e1ass and for gr.aduate work. 
In Sp.aniis:h ithe total enrollment w.as 112 students, o.f wihom seventy-eight were in Course 1, sev:enteen :in Course 2, and itilie :res•t engaged in the more advanced work. Students manifest much interesit in this language at pres­ent, and wi•thin ithe Last four years •the cl1l-sses have doubled in numbers, l!iild greatly improved in quality a.nd efficiency. Mu<lh of wihrut ha.s been s·aid ais 1to ·the spirit, ;method, aims, Mid soope of the instru<!ltion in F:rench applies likewise to •thwt in SpaIJJish. Next session six courses will be offered, besides Gradu.rute work, which win be given -as .required. Owing rto the locaJ. iI1Jterl0Sit a.tta.ching to Spanish, an effort is .ma,de to render the work hrgely practical, a,nd wme special provisions have been ma,de. lit is oontemplwted to .attempt to ar.t"ange .a converswtion oourse which, by afford· ling situdeTIJts TeasoIJJable .opportunities fo:r •sufficient .p.r:aclioo, ma.y secure siaitisfaetory results. As 111n insrtrume:rut in Texas History research, Spanish Js iru:Lispensiable, and iit seems the duty of :tlhe UJJivefflity to bear -this in mind, and ·seek to givte direct .assistance on that line. .Some lit>tle begin· ning ·has been IDlll.de in enoouraging the transla.tion of Spanis:h S-Ources of TeXJaiS hi.s1tlory, a.nd, as the School develops, more wi.U be done. While it wiill itake time ·and pa.tierut endeavor, as well as more .reference books than tihe School now possesses, to accomplish giood. work 1in this direction, the situdenit body feel a.Il interest .in the mia,tter, and, a.s far as .possible, l!Jtten­tion will be given to iit. 
L.M.C. 
$ $ $ 
The 1ustruotion in GeTma.n will be oons•idered under fouT diiffereIJJt heads, viz.: Gr·amm!Lr, 1iter111tUTe, philology, 11.illd scienoo. For titie practical use The School of of iihe language a thorough and iaccur!lllte knowledge of Teutonic ithe gramm!tr is required and the besit training for th.wt 
Languages. is ia. careful study of fo:rms, >bhe acquisitmn of a large vooabu1ary, and pnaclice dn speaking, reading, rand wiriting. With the average studeillt this preliminMy work may be accomplished sufficiently well in itwo yea.rs to enable him >fJo itake up the Htemry work. 
Two periods of litera.ture a,re thor-0ughly situdied, the cl>WSsic period of Lessing, Goethe, and &lhHler, and the p.rese.nt period. In the study of .the classic authors the whole field of liiterwture iis opened to the student and the study beoomes oompar.ative, for no one oould get the best results from the study of these autfuorn w.ilthout ·a careful 0011JSiderakron of the li'terature of their contempooaries. This is peculiarly it.rue of 1lhe modern perioo. Hauptmann, Sudermann, and other modern writers have received muoh of their .inspi.ratian from Ibsen, Tolstoi, Zola, and others who have made a wor1d-wide reputation. His this comparo:tive work :tha.t lends to literary study its highes.t interest. 
In phi.LoLogy little has been done. Having no gr·adua.te department where rthe l'egular work in philology is pur<med ias •the real work of the·student, the few sporad.ic efforts made here to introduce its study info the under­graduate curriculum have proved unsatisfactory. · Ii is hoped •that the University will soon be able to show something better. 
ln scienoo the most tha;t oain be done now is to read scientific mo:no­g.raphs in order to acquire a scientific vocabula.ry. This, of course, is use­ful to ;tilie student .as it enables him .to pursue h:is studies with greater fadlity. 11he proper way, however, to study SC'ientific German is to have oourses given by a competent instructor in each scientific &<ihooJ, and then ibhe subject matter as well .as the vocabulary oou1d be taught. The advan­tage of this method to ·the 1&tuden.t would be immense. 
S. P. 
JI. JI. JI. 
With the s:ad <lea.th of the mucoh beloved and lanrented Professor Norman almost 13Jt 'the c1ose of .the last session, it seemed ito his intimate friends as :if ·the School of Zoology hoad suffered ·a m-ush.ing a.nd re­The School of it.aroing blow just a.s i•t had reaclled tJhe poi.rut of its 
Zoology. 
greatest effectiveness. Lt seems now a token of special compensa1tio11 that, at this moment of gloomy outlook, :the man mould have been engaged a.s successor, wlho, in =on wi:th but few wologi.sts, has given fo Zoology the greait momentum which h•as dharacterized its advance in centain lines in .reoon:t year.s. Prof. Wheeler came to Te:xias with an en1bhus.i'astic appreci.aition of i•ts riehness as a field for zoologicaJ ·resea.roh a:nd, natumUy, as ,in Botany, the chief energy of development is to be in the direction of a .study of ·the Tex.as :fiauna. Within the year, great pro­gress has been made in th.is diTection as itlhe numerous publica1tiom.s will Slhow. 
As to ·the location and laborn:tory fachlities, what was said about Botany is equally true here, except 1Jo poi1llt out toot, beoause of dts long organiza­ti'IYil, the School is more effectively equipped. At ·the beg.illllling of the session, the courses of •study were .reorganized to sui1t the new <l001ditions, amd the enrollment of students proved larger than in any preooding year. The Tegular Zoology courses, together with Physiology and Hygiene, gave to Zoology a .regiSltration in adva.nce of any other science schoo.l in ithe University. 
Perhaps the most significant event of the yeair, for Zoology, ;}ia,s been the establishment of a laborntory ·and f.a.c-i!.ities for the study of the Gulf fauna. 'Dhts is fo be known .as the M.arine Zoological laboratory, loca;ted at Galves­ton, where the biologiooJ Ia.boratories of the Medical Department a;re a.t the m.a.n.a.gement's disposal. The enthusiia.sm with whicli :the Regents have sup­ported tb,il! movement promises much for ithe deve1'opment of V'arious lines of eXJtens.ion of Ull'ivereity Mtiivity. 
Professor Wheeler and his assistants, wi.th a few stud:ents, are spending bh<is month (June) 001 rthe Gulf and in the labor0Jt<>ry at Galveston, inaligu­:nalt.ing the movemeIJlt wihioh marks the beginwing of a study of the marine Life of this -interesting ~fon. The announcement of .resu1'ts and ·prospects will ibe awaited with interes.t.* 
W . L.B. 
~ ~ ~ 
THE LAW DEPARTMENT. 
Dwring :the pres·ewt session the Law DepartmeIJlt has, in the m,a,in, "pur­sued the even tenor of •its way," yet there have been some changes of in­terest and impor·tanoe. 
Ju.dge Gould, whose presence in .the Law Faculty since ithe organization of the Univeirs.ity ihas been a suffi(lieil!t guara.rutee of efficient work, feeling :thiat -Olll account of adva.ncing age and feeble ihealth ·he ought not longer to bear ithe burdens of undergraduate work, offered Ji.is resignation. The Regents replied by tendering h.im the position <l'f Professor of Roma.n Law, wilbh duties oonnooted solely with the g.radu.ate class, and the matter was aid.justed on this basis. So we still have <bhe advarubage of his presence and influence i,n .the whiole department, though his active labors o.re oorufined io the graduate class and such topics w.i·bh 'llhe undergraduaites as he may volurutarHy underitake. 
Col. W . S . . S:imkilliS was elected to the professorship ma.de v.acanrt by Judge Gould's .resign.ati.on, and the work of the undergraduate c1asseS1 has been dooie by him, and Pa:ofess·ors Batts and Townes. 
The nigih.t c1ass was discontinued by the Regents, ialthiough :there were abowt thirty applicants for mafricularti.on in it. Nutwithst.anding the loss lin this d<irecti.on tihe attendance in the department has been decidedly larger than ever before, .the Gradua.te class having eight, the Seniar sixty-six, and the Junior one hundred man.hers. 
This growth in numbers :necesisitarted a Cihange in methods of inSltruclion. '.l1b.e "Quiz" ·has been p~·aotically abandoned and the "Lecture," alternating at irregular intervals with written exercises, has taken its pla.Ce. The old "MOOlt Court" has been superseded by the "Praci.ice Court," in which trials are oonducted :t:hrough aU their prooosses, from the institution of ·the suit .to if:Jhe affirmance of the judgment ;in the higher court. '.Dhe change has proven practical :and benefiC'ial. 
We o11;re .s1tHl in the basement doing our aoousibomed par.t ;in bearing up the whole University. 'We !have not "g.rown weary in well doing" in rthis re­spect, yet we look forward W1ith some pleasure to the time (·as we hope) in ,the run far <Li·s·tanit future, when Wl:l sihall be called up higher and pl·aced upon a level with the ®her departments. Our quarters, besides being too 
*Owing to the absence of Professor Wheeler in Galveston ;t;hls note was ·W!l'.iitten, a.t ,tme request of the editor, by ProfeS1.SOr Bray. 
close to the center of .hlul earth, are <too ci~umscr.ibed Witerally. W:e have no room in whioh the entire department can be a.ssembled with comfort. This, rthoug1h frequently an i.noon<velllience, doos 'l:tOt appreci;i.bly take from othe effectiveness of .the departmen•t. The lack of library spa.ce is 11. much more serious matter. The present room, which is by iiar rthe best under our oonltrol, .can not lllCOOmmodaite 1ilie number of s.tudents oompeHed to resort to it for study purposes. '11he difficulties of rbhe s.ituation, of oourse, increase with each year's growth of rthe depa11tment. Besides more space, we need mme books, especi·ally TexM Reports and =mot do •!Jhe besrt work until we get them. 
We 'have not ,suflicient teacihing force. The 166 undergradua:te students of tbis year have taken ·all of the ;time of a.U foe professors .in OO:arge of them :and still in some ·important respects ibhey h.ave not had the a.ssistance <they should have 'had. Lncreased attendance from yeair ;to year is pmcti­<ially oor.tain. There 11.re from 300 1Jo 400 young men studying da.w in dif­forent law offices throug<lroll!t the Staite. Letters of iinqu1ry a.re aJready earning in from persons desiring to elllter ne:x;t l!ession. '11he present teach­ing force will bid ·them W•eloome, one and all, wid promise to keep them busy, but we should be mudh gra.tified .if the Regents should find themselves so s1tua;ted thiat they could add one or mwe professors or instructors to .assist in receiving them on the1r ar.rival and oaring for them during .their stay. We .are assured .the Board wiU do rthe best possible for :the in.s•titu­'tion as a whole wi•bh the l·im.1ted means aJt its oomm1amd, and will cheerfully abide its judgment in the premises, yet we are extremely anxious for an opportunity not to do less work, ·but better work, work more helpful to .the students ;i.t 'this time a.n.d more far·reacliing .in i•ts results upon ithe interests of 'the State a:t ~oarge. 
J. C. TOWNES. 
~ ~ ~ 
THE LIBRARY. 
In <the establishment of one general library to he the celllter of .the intellect­ual a.ctiv1ty of .the U.niversll.ty we a.re most fortunwte. In a 1recent visi·t ;to one of the leading colleges of itfue Strute, I was in.foraned tha.t they had five libraries. As might h.ave been expected, these libraries were poorly sup­plied with books, :and kept open a limited time ·each day. The ,socierty libr.a.ry idea whicll prevaHs in this college, and in so ma.ny obher institu­tions of the Soutih, and which is ,so prolific of wiaste of la;bor :and duplication of books, and so bar.ren of sa-t1sf.actory •results, ws, happily, nat been a problem ;in ·bhis Univers~ty. 
The Universi1ty authori·ties •have all a.long recognized 1Jhe imp:oo't3'nce of a good collection of books na>essary in University work. The fact that we have accumuia.ted in seventeen years over thir.ty thousand volumes bears me out in this statemen't. 
The .time WlIB when, 11.side from 1the la-nguages a,nd history oand a few: other depa.rtments, a dozen books covered oa.11 that a stud·ent was expected 
to oonswlrt. This day is fortunwtely .pasit. fo tlhis time of re.search a.n.d 
discovery, a:nd of :the wonderful iad.vancement in science a.nd •al"t, ithe im­
portanoo of libl."aries lis greaiter thian ever .before., The ireporl of nearly 
every professor .iu:i the University cwl1s :attention Ito our need of better 
1ibra,ry facilities. 
The :appropiria.tion Ia.st year of $3000, a pol"tion of which was set :aside for the general !library and 1Jhe ha.Lance :appol'tioned 'among the various scruools, has enabled us to make some very va,luable additions. Under ordi­niary ci.rcumsta;noos this would have seemed a •reasonable 'appro·priation for the l[bl"ary. It .must be remembered, \however, ,th:rut for several years rt.he 1ib1Thl'y had :praatimlly no appiroprirution, and a farge porli011 of 'th:is sum had ti;;_ ·be used t1n getting books and periodiooJs tbhat should ;b:a,v;e been in the libmry yeairs ago. 
The sc:hoo1s of Boitany, OhemiSltry, Zodlogy, !Mld Geo1ogy h'ave oolloobiona of books in connection with their la,bomtories. All Qther books, except those of .the Law Depa.rtmient, are kept in t:he genera,! l'ibrary ·forming part 01 its oollootion. 
The inoreaiSed use of tme l:ibra.ry has been very graJtifying. '.illre number of .books dl'awn for ih:ome use for ·the pas1t year wa,s aJmost twiioo as grewt as that fur 1897-98; and ·the numbeir of persons making usie of the 1ibmry ms d.noreased considerably. 
SeveraJ dol131tions of books have been -received during the year, ;the most oonsidemble being fthat faom rthe esita1te of our Jiwte beneDac.tor, Sir .Swanrte Palm, wlhfoh oont1lliins perhaps t\ro rtlrousa,nd bound volumes, 'and a :Large nmnber of .news~apers :and paimphlets. Among oi:Jler doi:i.rutions may be mentioned itfua.t irom Miss Daisy Bryan, a misoolLaneous collection of ninety­four volumes; f.rom Miss L. M. Oasis, a similar ooUootion of fif.ty-four volrumes; fr,om Messrs. 'ThereV'lliIIJt & Ooohrn.n a numbeir m VlllJuable hooks on II1JSurance. 
The Lihir.airy' 'Ls aJways graitefuil fur giiit.s, either large or sma:ll; and is especiaJ.ly anxious :to ,receive oopies of aJ.l books pubH,shed in Tex.ws, and rooks pertaining ito ,the liter.a.ture and history of the Sou:th. 
The itotrul criumber of hound vOllumes added ,tJhfa year is 1776. Wi'bh rthe exoeption of rthe gif.t.s me.wtioned above and rt:lhe usual quota of public docu­menits, and ·a few minor gif.ts, all were olYbained by purohase 1and binding. 
The Libra-ry 1a:ims to be of 'the grerutesit servfoe to all its users. There a.re so mlliny ca,Ba upon it, ~t is hard tJo say just what 'these aims are. I mighlt mention severa;l, however : 
1. 
Its prime objeot is to help students and professors aJong rthe lines od' study offered ,iJJJ the UJllivffi"ISIJ.ty; ·this includes ·not only s·pecific ;refer­ences, but all c0<Hateral reading ·b1illit may be aS>Signed. 

2. 
It aims .to help those who are improving themselves by .reading gen­eral books and periooic.als, and especially .to help thlQse wiho rare prepa,ri111g deba-tes, essay.s, a-nd orations, ,in oonnecti.on with .their oociety work. Under this :hea.d, of oourse, oome many ·calls for books in depar>tmelllts of I.earning, sucli as music, art, etc., which are not ·repifesented in rbhe cur.r.ieuJ.um of the 


University, and yet are of prime importance. It eeems needless, ilihere­fore, to ooy tba;t the Library ooeds a large general a.ppropriwtion to procure books for tlhese :and <to strengthen those departmeI1Jts W!hich, though t111ught in the University, have not ·representa-tive oollections. 
3. 
At present .the University Lihrary is ma.de to serve the purpose of a general study room for the whole Universiity. Many students live too fa.r away .to return to their r-00ms between recitwtions, and 11;re oonsequeutly forced to find places to study in the buildiing. In lllOme universities speoia.l rooms a;re .set aside .as oonversation rooms, where students W!ho wish to Wk and pas.s the time may do so without dia.turbing .those wiho wish to study. In the absence of su<lh a room, a portion of the Library has been· set a.side as a study .section, where students are not allowed to t11.lk, and where they a.re I1Ut subejot to frequent interruptions frmn fo.afers. Th.i.s p.lan hM worked admiirably, and will be exitended to oover a larger portion of the library room next year. 

4. 
While ;the Library's first du•ty i.s to the Univeris.ity, numerous leitters a,nd viisits from people interested in libraries th.rough the State lead one to think the Library owes a duty to the other librar.ies in the viciniit~ The interest given to ·the library movement by the donaitions of Mr. Car­negie has aroused nearly every town i.n •the Stalte <to the importanoo of public libraries. These libraries .are edueationa,l forces an thi.s State, and ·the University Library &hould put itself in full touch with ·them, par·bicu­la.1'ly in 1Jheir formwtive daJIS. Not only for its own direct p·atrons, rthen, but for the guidance of those around it, the Univer1;1ity Llbra.ry should be a model in every respect. To a.ttain these great ends, the Library needs 11. defini'be and constantly ·increasing inoome. It needs a separ111te building and the fix;tures of a modern library; and a library foree of sufficient nillmber to keep its service up to bhe highest possible efficiency. 


The State of Tex.as needs a oorutrnl 1ibr11.ry with a oollootion of books which shall be represenlbative of rtoh.is great State; a library whose books Slh.a.11 be of service, no.t only to the Un.iver.s.ity, but to every serious studenlU in Tex.as. The Staite libra.ry with its magnificent appropriation -0f $500 '8. ye11;r, crowded info a small room, cannot hope to do this. The college librari·es of the State, of course, cannot do iJt; and the ci.ty libraries have fields of their own. 
Here is a field for tJhe University, whose library is .already far iwhead of any other in .the State. Here is a field for some 'benef.a.crtor Wlho shall estab­lish for the Universi·ty and .the State such an institution lliS Pcresident Gilman must have had .in mind when he S'aid, in his ·address a:t ithe opening of the Sage Li.b:riary of Cornell : 
"So long a:s curiosi•ty dwells in the mind of man-<and W!hen cu.r.rosi'by dies man will 'be but a beast of burden-so 1ong W!ill he iinquire into the odgin of man, his habits, his Jaws, his religiooi, his institutions, his ~ u.res, his endeavors. Our Libraries, therefore, gathering up, handing doWilll, ama.nging, interpreting ·and making public tlhe lesSO!lliS of it.he past, supply one of ·the most constant ·and one of the noblest demands of civilization. It is not necessary to determine where the func1Ji.ons Qf the wrC'hreologiist end, or •tfuiose of the lihr!M"ian begin. Bo.th ·are the interpreters of hu!IlJ8.n exper:il­en<ie, the conserv.a:tors of ihuman reoo;rds. 'Dhe fly-leaf, the pamphlet, the book, 1lhe p.h.Qtogmph, ithe palimp-sesit, the pa-rchment, the inscI'iption upon marble .and bronze, .tJhe coin, the medal, the papyrus, and the wedge-lettered cyI.inder-these a.re the journaJs, the ann:a.ls, the memor.ia.ls of OUJT ro.ce. Bring tihem togeth&, founders of libraries; interpret •them, professors Qf languages; give ms thei.r lesrorui, teachers of history; .th.at the days to oome may be better tihia.n •tlhe day of old, that the errora of science, of politics, iand of ·religion may ·not be ;repeated, .tha,t bhe coming genera;tion, s.tanding on the s.houlders of thei.r forebears, may see fa.r.ther .and a<it mme wisely till.an those wtho •h.ave gOIIlie before." 
B. WYCHE. 
,JC ,JC ,JC 
GENERAL NOTES. 
The Cwta1ogue of tihe University for the ye.ar 1899-1900 is just out. The Univers.ity of Texas is one of the few institutions tha;t think appairently that a ca.talogue should not be used during o!Jhe oSeSsion 
The lll'ew 
of its i1lSue. It .ja rtrue tih.at the "Courses of Instruction

Catalogue. 
by Schools," a.nd .a good deal .more, are really announce­menihs for .the yeiar .folfow~ng (and,_by bhe way, they should be so stated), but .there are manifest iadvan.t>ages in an early issue, .and it seems sur.prising thirut the authorioties do not Jll<>re th()(l'oughly approoia.te tiliem. 
Never.theless, the Catalogue for 1899-1900 as finally pubLi&hed is a hand­some document. The paper is good, the printing ex.cellent. Certain typo­graphic:a.l features are cleiar dmproveme11ts, notably o!Jhe ruse of sma.11ler type for the description of couraes. O.ne could wish a La;rger employment of this type, with its consequent reduotion in the .number of pages. The pr·esent issue, despite tlhe new 1type, and despite the omission of the Specimen Exan»­iI1111tion Papers, occupying last yoor over six pages, is larger by thiirty~igb.t pages than the last catalogue, showing 313 instead of 275 pages. In the ex;amin.ation of the aauses of 1lhis .increase are revealed the changes o.nd additions which form a reoord of the growth of ·the University the p!ltllt yeair. W. J. B. 
The most dmportant clla.nges to ·be found in tilie Oa.talogue are :those affect­The lll'ew Degrees ing the courses leading to degrees, and the requirements and Entrance for e11traruie. It is not often that a year passes W'ith­Bequirements. out some tinkering of this sorrt, but the aation of the present year is more notable than a:ny eince the session of 1896-97. 
As fair back e.s the fall of 1898 a proposition wo.s made in the F•a.culty for .a single degree, oafter •the fBJ&hion of Harv:ard ·and Leland Stanford. Pro­longed discuss.ion ensued, privaitely, in oommittee and in the F.a.ouI.ty. In the end the maitter wia.s referred to a new committee, with instructio11S .to report ithe following Fall. Miea.ntime, a oo=ittee of ·the Regent>s was at work on the same que!ition, .and when the new Faculty committee bega.n its sessiol1'5 the conclusions of the Regent.s' committee, ?n11tified by the Boo.rd, were laid before it in the shape of ceribain geneml .propositions, whicih it wa.s the judgment of the Board should serve ft.S the ·basis for furflh.er xequir& mep,ts. 'Dhe Faculty committee did not ooneider :this intended to be ma.nd&­itory, .amd therefore eilltered upon a diiscu.seion of it.he whole question of one or several degrees and itheitr requirement.s de novo. In tlhe fi.na,l report ,to the F-a.oulty a major~ty of the oommittee presented a. pla.n .providing for three degrees, while the minority reoommepded two. . The ;requirement of Greek for the B. A. was the bone of contention., Wlhen lfilie repor·ts were preseilited to llie :Facu1ty, :the 'l"eoommendaitions of itilie minority for two deg.rees, a.nd a 
B. A. without Greek, were a.d.opted by a. decisive vote, and i!Jhe Board was re· quested to Til/tiify ,the a.otion. Af.ter two hearings of the case of two vs. rbhree degrees, the Boa.rd decided in faVIOI" of the retellltion of :three. To rtheir mind the loss -involved in granting the B. A. w.ithout Greek 'W'a& g.reait;er 1bha.n the gain. The !Working out of tthe details of ilie ·three deg.rees was referred bruck ito the FacU!lty amd the results <>f their deliberartions 8'1-e set furth in the Ca,taJ.ogue just pub1iished. 
The -salient features of .the new degrees .a.re these: 
( 1) Time ;requitrement.s for entl"lllD.ce are equa.I. 
(2)' The Fre&hman yea.r is largely pre!!Cl"ibed. 

(3) Eacih student must take three oowrses in each of .two schools Qther itha.n English. 
( 4) After Fn!Bhma.n year the cwmiculum is s.lmOS/t entirely elective. 
(
5) Students must select their courses .in oonference w.ith the Advilll()ry Oommiitte. 

(
6) After tihe Sophomore year each student mmst s.Ej}ect a major study a.nd be under the special di.rechlon of the professor in charge, sul>ject rto the generail superv.ision of ;the Adv:irory Committee. 


Of !these the most .fair .reaching is the equa.liza;tion .of entra.n!Ce requllire· ments. Twenty courses have lang been necessary for all degrees, but the deg.rees were not equal, for :the entrance requirements were .f.ar firam being equ.i:ro.leDlt. Henceforth the same EngHsh, History and Mathematics are ;i-equiTed for all degrees, wnd, .beginning with the sess.i.oll of 1901, Physi· ology and Hygiene, or PhysiograP'hy. For ithe B. A, miust 1be presented a.lso Latin covering three high oohool years, ii.nd Greek oove'l".ing one (form­erly two) . If .the student has ha.cl no Greek he may begin it in the Un!i· versity, but no credit is given rtowards his degree for that pa.m. mthe work which takes the place Oif the 10D1tmnce requirement. 
Far ithe B. Lit. degree the same Laitin must be offered as for ltihe B. A., and a year of a. mod~rn language instead of the G.reek. 
For the B. S. degree the place of the B. A. Latin .and Greek is ta.ken by Botany and Chemistry, or Botany .and Physics, or Chemistry and P!hysics, one high ISChool year .in each, w.ith modern languages covel'ing two high school yeaa-s. As in Greek, if candidates .cannot satisfy the en.tni.noe re­quirementl! in modern lamguage or ooience, /they may begin these subjoots in .the UniversiJty, but work S-O taken does noit count towards ,a, degree. 
As has been stated, the new requirements do not go iruto effoot for a yeaT, but witlh ,a, view ;to thei.r ·being met by 'the :b.:i.gh ISChiools t'hey .a.re .fuHy de­scribed on pages 24-30 of 1the CaitaJogue, ia.nd a. speci.a.l pamphlet is .to he issued .by the Committee on AffiliaJted. Schools oontafaing .fur,ther :informia­tion .a.nd hints on methods of teaching. 
Af!ter en<branice bhe .requirements of the firSlt year for ,a,l.l degrees a.re the Freshma.n oourses in Engl·iislh .and M11>themrutios, with P:hysicaJ Cultuire; for the B. A., Flres:hma,n Latin ialiso, iand Elreshman Greek; for tJhe B. Lit., lJaltin and :a modern J;angu;age, or llisitory, & a science; for ;the B. S., ,a, moder.n liainguage, or History, or La.tin and ,a, scienoe. 
In 1the :SophOIDJOre year EngJi~h. 1i.s required for -a.11 degrees; for B. A., F.reshman Greek also .if not .taken in Freshman year; for B. Lit., ,a, modem language; B. S., ·a l!cience. 
On the w.hidle, the new scheme .promises well. By the very J:a.rgie 11iberity of ellootion opportunity is given for .the cu~tiviation of iJ1u:1iv.iduaJ tastes and powers, iand :at itihe srume time di·SoSipa,ti-on of energies ainid devoti-0n to sn.a.p courses a.re effectively re&tra.ined. I·t ii•s possible, indeed, rfor l!ftudents to gra.d­uwte from.the Ulllivereity w.it:hout a.ny science :wh.ll>tever, hUJt .in ;this day of scientific enthusiasl!Il s.ucli a .thJ:ing is unliikely .to oocur, W. J. B. 
$ ,J& $ 
.For the fimt time in .tlhe hisitory of the University rllhe Oa.tafogue oonta.ins 
a. 	notice Qf a. s.cho1a.rsm:ip of Ia.rge pecuniiary vialue. "In: June, 18.99, 'iilie Alumni .Association established a scoola.rship in the 
The Alumni 
University of Tex.as. I't is a.w.arded .annually ,to <bhe

Scholarship. 
applfoarut for wimission to the University who stJands 
the best enitrance ~amination in English, Mathematics iand History. Gr.a.d­
uates of •affUiated oohooJ.g and others en:titled .to en:tr.anoo without examina­
ti-0n may oompete for ·tJhis Si<Jhol.a.r·smip. The v.alue is $100. The seholrurl!'hip 
for 1899-1900 was ruw.a.rded :to Oootr.ad L. B. Schuddemagen, of Gonziales." 
The ererution of thls schol11>rship ·is a not.able event. It iis the first, let us 
hope, of a long &mies of such benef•actions. I't i>i s.trainge, .indeed, that.this 
form of doing good h11>s not before appeaJed 1to our poople of •wealth. What 
more g,rutisfying conwiousness •than bhat of .having 1SIDOOthed itlhe ha.rd pruth­
w.a,y -0f p00r y-0ung men and women .to higher educa;ti'Otil i IW1h.a.t n-obler 
memor:iaJ •to ·a loved one ihian to i.ink his name forever w~th honorable as­
sistance ito ·struggling y<J1UJ1:Jh? 	W. J. B. 
,J& $ $ 
The Oatia.logue fur 1899-190-0 is tJhe first to -0ontain a notice of tJhis organ­izati-0n. T.he ·pa.r.a.g-r.a.ph runs ·tlhius: "The Univers:ity Co-operative Society The Universit;y is .an org.ani=tion foirmed, .jn June, 1896, f0tr 1the pur­Co-Operative pose of supplying the University with ·books, stwtionery, Societ;y· and .a;tJhletic good-s a.t the lowest pr.ioos oonsistenit witil 131afe business metihods. It .is oomposed of members of ;thie F111>Cul•ty and Situ· dents wlh-0 pa.y tihe ·annuail fee of one dollar. Thie di.rectors '()Oil.SiSlt of the 
Committee of the Facul0ty on Book-Stme, toge.tiher wiith represeI1Jta/bi.ves chosen by ;the society f.rom the different classes and depair.tmellits.. No eala.­.ries are paid except fJo lbhe clerks, :two &tudoots who aire thus iasswted in making their way through ·the Urui.versity. Sales a.re made at a uniform price 'to all persons oonn.ected. mth :the Universioty, hut members of the society .receive rut the eoo of the year a .rebate in propoir:tion to ,the total amount of tlwilr pUJTClmlsies." 
T.he objects of the society have .been in the four ~rs of its existence ireasona:bly well 11.tbaiined. Goods have been oold rut very reasoniabile prices, ll!OO oonsidering ;bhe distance of Austin from rthe book centers there •has been surprisingly little delay in supplying books when needed. It as to be re­gretted fuat the society ihas •not a lOJrger membership. The cauoo is doubrt­less to ·be found Jn ·the fa.ct thait ·the lack of capital dn the fust tihree years necessirbwted the borrowing of money and prevenited the payment of a suffi­cient rebate to llltrtracl new members. The s.ociety iLs now, however, free from debt, a.nd lhas a Mlliall .run~ing capibal, :so that better l"E6ults may be looked for in <tlhe future. 
'Dhe society can a.nd should ·be of much mwe servfoe rto rtihe iinstiiwtion than it has beeDi able to be in ;the past. Its ideal .is• to do every.thing that oomes within Wts •scope, hut thiis can only be artta:ined gmdwally. Simi­lar societies at other institutions have attempted :the sale of general mer­clrandise, but !ffu:is would maniifestly be out of .place !here. 
W.J.B. 
The summary of situden.ts on page 300 of the new Co.t:alogue &hows, a.I! per­ihaps may be expected ib.encefortih, its chief !increase in the · Depaa-ltment of The Growth of Litera;ture, Scienoo e.nd Artis. The figures for this de­the Universities partmen.t may be assumed il;o include also t'he Depal'lt­
in Jll'umbers. ment of Engineering, tlrough this is nO!t staited. The increase in ithese departments is eighty-nine, dn the Department of Law ibwelve, in the Department of Medicine six.teen. Deducting !l'epeated Diames we fioo the increase for the whole University 'to be seventy-one. iAit this rate we lllhaJl be long in reaching the two thousand ma'l"k, 'Wlhioh rtihe SUCOOS8 of i1Jhe great State universities of ;the .northwest leads us to think possible also in Texas, It is gmroifying, however, Ito note rtihe marked i·norease in the number of Juniors and Sophomores. Heretofore, one of the most dis­ccmraging pihenomena of edw:iartion rn Texas has been tihe insignificant p!l'o­portion of F.resilLmen who take rtihiM deg.rees. Last year there were only one­foul'lth. as mamy Sophomores M F.reS<hmen; ithis year there a.re ooo-'!IJallf'. Of Juniors ibhere 1a1re rtih:is ~rihalf again as ma:ny as in 1898-99. 
'Dhe foJ..lowing table 'Sihows i.n deta.il 1lhe grawhh of !the University for the past five years : 
1895-96.  1896-97.  1897-98.  1898-99.  1899-00.  
Graduates  ........... ... .....  14  13  18  20  35  
Senion>  .......... . ... . . ... .. ..  24  28  28  23  29  
Juni-Ol'S  .. ... ...... .. .. ......  33  lB  27  31  46  
Sopho:mores  .......... . .......  45  39  59  50  91  
F~men ...... ........ ......  174  140  174  199  184  
Ir.reguLar.s  ... ....... .... .. ...  61  113  
Specials  .. ............... ....  53  84  102  88  63  

Tdbrul ...... ........... ····· 343 322 408 472 561 

DEPARTMENT OF LAW. 
Graduates ................. .. 1 4 6 8 8 
Seniors ............ ......... 42 59 51 60 66 
Juniors ........... .......... 101 80 88 89 95 

TobaJI. ........... .... .. .... 144! 143 145 157 169 

DEPARTMENT OF MEDICINE. 
School of Mediciine ........ .... 214 235 194 147 156 Sahool of Pfill.rma.cy .......... 34 35 44 40 45 School of NUI"5ing ...... .. ... 18 21 19 21 
Tdtlall .............. ....... 248 288 259 206 222 

Total in ilhe UniverS<iiJy ... . .. 735 753 812 836 952 NllllIOOS repea.ted. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2 12 36 82 
.Net rt:ioba.l in the Unoiveraity. . 730 751 800 799 870 Sum.mer Schools ............. . . . . . ... . .... .. . .. . . ... .. . . .......171 
Owing to the non-oompletion of .the improvements made a.t Universiiby Ha:ll it was impossible to have ·it ready for s•tuderuts llJt rbhe beginning of thiis session, but it waa opened immediaitely a.f.ter ChiristI!UllS 1J'nlversity Hall. and filled up quite :rapidly. Almos.t ooe-ihrulf of all tiliie rooms have been oocupied, r:rihe I11UIDber of boarders .has averaged ·a.bout fifty. Of ithese a.bout fority 'have roomed a.t ibhe Hall. The boa.rd has been $12.00 ·and :the room ;rent $3.00 a moDlt.lh, maiking f-Oir >two in a room $13.50 a monrth for each. T:r:ue to ·the divine rigibit of free born American citizens to "kick" it.here have been oomplaiinrtis ia.s to >the manage­ment, but l!lllti.sifwction ha.s •been more general iand complaints less frequen°t >than in 11,ny of ·the past th.ree years. The H'81ll ihM been d,n charge of Mirs. 
M. E. Hicks. 
Concerning the building itself :there is much ito say. Ex.ternally, from oa,n resthetic standJpoinit, rther'e :is possible no compar.i,son. Wi,thin, a hoarder df old B. Hall •would note ma.ny th.ings~tJhe inside sta.irwia.ys (no mo.re waJ.ki.; ing ·around in .tlhe mud and ra.in to get rto meals) ; •the ha.th rooms, more comroodfous 11,nd fitted with tihe beStt quality of fiXJtu.res; :the bl!lloonies, ()Ille to nearly every .rOC>m; 0tihe two "roof gardens" B.llld the upper dormi·tory. Stu­dell'ts who have sa.t s:hirering and "scraped the radiators" of the old hot water system will .be glad to lerurn th.at henooforth the Hall will be heated from the U.niversi.ty boiler house. There !has been set iaiSide a ni<Jely finis.hed su.ite of ·rooms for ·the use of visi.ting Regemtl!. 
The Hall 'Will doubtless be filJoo next year, and it will become more itha;n ever before ithe center of University life for rtihe boys. 
E.E.H. 
.JI .JI .JI 
The Regents and ·the Fia.culty .reeogn.ire th.wt the Univel"6ity .i.s the natural as well as ·the logfoal hel!ld of the •system of public eduoation in the State '.l'he 'IJ'niversit;v and desire to cultivate the most oordia.l relll!tions with &nd the .6Jllli&ted the lower schools of ·the State. Any school thll.t affords Schools. .to its students sufficient ·traini.ng to enter tihe Freshman cLaSIS of .the Univerai1ty IllJay beoome affiLi.a.ted wHih .the Univem~ty and ·kts grl!lduates will be 0ll!dmitted to the Univereity without oentranoo examina­iti.ons. The com:Li.ti.ons upon which a.ffilia:tion may be soou.red a.re as follows: L Tihe course of study which obtains .in the school seeki.ng affi1ia.tion 
must be .approved by the Faculty Oommit-tee on Affil~tian. 
2. 
Specimen exrunination papers prepared by the students o1 the school must be submitted and approved by the Committee on Affiliwtion. 

3. 
The course of study and ex.amina.tion papers bei.ng a;pproved by the committee, the ·school must be visited and inspected by the President or some one he may des.igna.te. The report of othe inspector being flavor.able 


•the school will be affiliated by a formal vote of •the Faculty. 
Complete affiliation includes English, History, Mathematfos, La;tin, and 
Greek. No school oan be even pa.rtial0ly affifa1.ted, ·however, if its work in 
filther of the fl.rat three subjects above named is unsatisfactory. In 1901 
affiliatio,n will ·be eX;tended to include Natural Sciences and Modern Lan­
guages. 
During the current session seven•ty .applica;tiona for affilmtion have been 
received .a-rJJd twelve schools have been affiliated, some ·wholly, some parti.ally. 
Some .schools have been refused affiEation and .a few previously affiliated 
have been dropped. Many schools have taken the initial steps necessary to 
their .affilia.tion a.nd in 60me caises the .remaining steps will ,be taken next 
,sesision . 
.Since la.St September many of the schools .a1ready affiliated and SO'IIle seeking affiliation have been visi.ted by members of the Univer1Sity Faculty. 
w.s.s. 
During itbe past year, althougrh much pressed by his du,ties ait t'.he Univer· sity and by it.he work neoessary .in readjusting hi.s ·private .affairs, P.resident Priather 1has found time to deliver several public ad­A.diddretsspes tbhy dresS>€1S, Before his election -to the presidency, the
p 
res en ra er. 
Berard of Regenits requested him •as Cha.iirman af the Board to ma,ke an address a•t the opening of .the University in .September. This 1Uld.ress wa,s published in full in ·the October number of tihe RECORD, a.nd has received frequent and favorable comment from the press of .the Sba.te. On March 2nd he again addres,sied the studelllts and the citizens of Austin on the occasion of ·the presentation of a Texas flag .to ·the Universicy by the looal chapter of bhe Da,ughtens of ithe Republic of Tex:a,s. Some week1s later •he respondied to .an invitation to adckess the State meeting of t'.he ·ex:"Gonfederntes at San Antonio. Agaiin, on the occasfon Q;f tJ:te meet­ing af the State Medical Association at Waco !he addressed that Associa­tion, af-ter ithe report of the Judicial Council w~s read and .W.op.ted, in which repoflt he war.i na,med :as an honor,ary member of the Association, A short pa.ragraph in that speech indicates so strongly bhe controlling motives tb.a.t have ia,ctuaJted him in .accepting the presidency of the University of Texas tlllllit ~t is :here quoted : 
"The Uniiver,sity of Texas, standing as the ihead of the great public schOOtl system of Texas, mu.-t be n.rutura-Uy ·!Jhe directing power of •the three-quarters of a mHiion of chi.ldren that .are being educated today in Tex111s, on which ·'this g.rea,t people a;re ex,pemding annu:ally more than $3,000,000. It is a great business i.nitere:1t, and following 'the trend of modern thoughit the Berard of Regents haJS expressed its dooire 'boot .it .should be c:onducted a,Iong business lines. To th.a,t end I have given up a profession that I 'love, I ha,ve given up :a 1home W1here I have ,Lived for nearly •a ha.If a century. It iis be­ca.use I have an OO.I"nest" desire to follow .the iheroi<i examples of the great p:hy.sfoians of ithiJS State, who lal>oir not only for themselves, but W1ho worl!: for ·the ameliar'3Jtion of huma.n suffering and betterment of mankind. It.is beciause. I go to r.a.ise 'the ·stan&rd of manhood and womanhood in ·bhe State where I have lived aJI my life." 
After declining maJDy invi:tations .to deliver Commencement addresses, 
President P!'a,ther received from Provost Harrison of .the Universi.ty O!f· 
Pennsylv.aniia a formal invita;tion to deliver the annual ·add,ress of th.at in­
~titutfon, '.Ilhiis inv.i<ta;tion was S'Upple>mented by such s-trong 1appe.a,ls fmm 
members of ·the Medi.cal Faculty who are graduates of ithe U!niver.sity of 
Pennsylva,nia 1thait it was difficult ·to decJ.ine. Especially was ·this ·so he­
ca,u.se of the terms in Wlhich P.rorost Harrison couched his letter. He stated 
that .the h0I10r ca,me ·as •a reeogniU.on of ,iJhe influence of ·the Sauthwesit in 
the educwtional movement in Amerioa, and :as a manifestwtion of the appre­
ci111tkm of ithe part ·played hy the University of Texias in thi1S mov•ement. 
No greater 1honor h01Js come to 1tbis ins-titution since .its founda.tion and llj() 
one episode will do I11C>re :towards making i·t known .thr.oughout t he Engl1ish 
speaking world, J. A. L . 
.,& .JC .,& 
The !h'C>nor of being apPQinted member of the Boa.rd of Visitors of the United Strut.es Miliitary Aoa..demy is so distinctive 11.'! rto 'WIM'nLnt speci3Jl. men­tion. This a1rpointment comes to Dean HOUSlton as a Dean :e:ouaton. recogni.tian of ihis worth and work, supplemented by the 
active wn:d Wl!tiiring effor.bs of the CongiressiDHLil from this di.sbrict, one of our alumni, the Hon. A. :S. Burleson. Since going to W€St Point Dean Houston has ·been !honored by ithe Boo.rd of Vmtcmi i:n being elected it<> its vice-presidency, 'IJhis 1honor is a great one when we OOil!S:ider the number of disti.nguished men oonstituting Jt;he Boaoo. He has as fello.w members ~ner·a.l Manderson, ex-Sena.tor and P.resident pro tem. of ithe Sen­ate; ~neral McCook, ex-Seoretary of the Sen,a,te and ex-Congressman; Col. Church, edi.tor of the Army and Navy Magazine, and •mMlY o1fuers, equa.lly prominent in miliitary and civil Hfe. J. A. L. 
$ $ $ 
'.Dhe work of keeping the University of Texas in a favorable lig.hit before t'he people of the .State has been actively car•ried on throughout the yea.r on the lines of policy in11;uguraited a few years ago. 2:'he Adminiatra-Weekly news-buUebins are mailed rto the Jeaiding daily


tive 0111.ces. 
papers of ,the State, and elWlh monrth a printed •bulletin containing interesting news mrutter about the .progress of the Univer<sity is sent to every weekly newspaper in Texas. These items .have been w.idely copied, .nut ra:lone by the Tems papers, but also by educational a.nd secular periodicals .throughout the United States, M illJter.v.als ithr01Ughout the year descriptive and ·illustrated "write-ups" of 1SOme lengt:Jh a.re sent out to the 1high sc.h.ool papers, to the educaitional journals, and :to ,those of the dai·ly papers that desire such matter. iA special oopy of lbhe RECORD, oonitami.ng the catalogue in abbrev.iated form, has also been diistributed during the pa.st year. r'11his issue numbered ten thousand copies. They were sent out to banks, leading stockmen, fu.rmer.g, <fawyel"S, doctors, and to men of every vocation in life, wherever, .i.n short, good for the University seemed likely to be accomplished, An illustrated rhandbook of views of the Univera~ty will be made .to serve the same purix>se during the colilling session. 
It is expected that lbhe Regents wiU continue this pol.icy of ruiver·tising -bhe University. Heretofore ithey ihave annually appropr.faited $1000.00 to be spent .among the leading newspapers of ·the State in advertising during ibhe suID'lll.er months. The flow of Jetters of enquiry ooming back causes the offices to be burdened with a large cor.respondence growing oUit of ithe inter­-est .in the University aroused in every section in .the State. Many poop'1e are just ·beginning :to find out thait we .have at Austin a Un.ivers.ity of the first class, and the tide se€ms . .to be turning ,tJhis way. 'Dhe oonsta.n.t ~n­crease of students in ithe ·registration at Austin is recognized to rbe due to tihis advertising pol.icy, coupled with the activity of the Affiliated Sclwal Committee and other forces :IJhrut are at work .to ·bring the tWtten'tion of the peopl<e of the State to the University. The amounit of work done by the offices can be best illustra.ted by noting the fu.ct <truat more than $1500.00 worth of stamps .is used annually. 
1900.] The University Record. 
The work growing out of :the di1stributi-0n of the pr.i.nted matter and letter wr.iiting noted :a.hove ·is 100IlJSidered only Me of rthe mi110r ·duties of the offices. Tiheir clllef lilnctimi is .to minister to the WlllJllts of the .students and pro­.£essors of the Univer.sity. It is ihere ,iJhat the 1'isbs of grades ia.nd a;bsence& Me filed and copi.ed in the perma.nent 0recol'ds. Here is found a general im.formatfon burea.u for the en:tiire :institution. ]t wm n.ot be long before rthe :present force will prove wholly ina,d,equ.aite. J. A. L. 
,JC ,JC ,JC 
The preseI10e of Dr. Iiyma.n Abbott, editor of tlbe Outlook, .in Texa.s, as ia 
visitor rto the State University, wiH be appreciated by every lover of eduoa­
ti>on and cu1ture in the State. Dr. Abbott comes thou-
Dr. Abbott. sa.005 of miles >to deliver by v-Otice a mes.sage oouohed in 
the simrpiicilty of style and diction grown ro fa.milfar rto 
·the thousands .in rtiliis Sta.te wiho mad rthe product of his pen in the Outlook. 
We .feel .honored ,in ihia visit, am:l trusit he will .return lhome with pleasant 
memwies and: good words .for Texas. J. A. L. 
1Many years 1ago \Misa Burr, of New York, ~ve $10,000 .to Bis.hop Ailemn­
d.er Gregg :to ,be devoted ·to the cause of woman's edl.IJOOjtion in ,Texas. A 
college for women was at first intended, but the isum 
Grace Ball. w>as insufficient, ·OO rt:lhe bishop wruited. .After Biislhop 
Gregg's dea;th, Bishop K.inS10lving, seeing >bhe sipl€1Ildid aidvllinta.ges thillit :the Sta>te offernd in the University free to its daughters, concluded ,that it was needless ito duplica,te this instruclion, and, indeed, ihopeless to :attempt to ,riVlllil tthe State'rs genenrus expenditure, so he ga.ve up .the plan for >a sepramte coHege >and determined to build >a ihall for women in connection wiith the Un.iveraity. '11h:ere .the >influences of ia Christian home shoUJd be ·thrown :ruround !them, and .there 0instrudion should ·be offered du musfo and >art and suoh ot'h:er bmnches of a, w-0>man"s eduoation as could not he obtained fa tihe University. 
The fund was slowly enLllirged by addii:tioIJJal dOThllltions, and at la.st the bui1d:ing was :begun on one of the finest ·S•iites in Austin, :adjoining thie bishop'IS own home. Its IJJame is at once a tri,bute rto one of its most gener­ous friends a.nd :a ·symbol of rtJhe grlliCe of chanwter and manner.s tha.t is pecu1iar,ly woman's heri·tage. 
The rowbh wing was fini•shed and opened .in .the fo.11 of 1897. Last year ttwo large music rooms were :added, In May, 1899, the corner ·stone of .the memoriail .chapel to Bilsilmp Gregg was laid, The chapel now stand.s com­pleted on the nor.thwest co.mer of tile grounds. Th.e ma,in part of the build­ing will probably be put up within .the nextt ,two years. I>ts .plan includes iaddi:tiona,l bed.rooms, .a gymn;a,s,iu:m, loibr.ary and ·large ,i::eoopti<m rooms. 
'!'he RaJll now .pr<YV.i<les 1aooom:mod.a.ti-0n for twenty-six '.l:tudents, and fa under the ciharge of Mrs. J. 1M. Leisewi:tz. It j .s •heated by steam >and ligihted. by electrfo lights. T.he roO'IIllS are oarpeted aind oomplete!ly fwrnished-eacih girl !h:aving her own arm-ch11>i0r, book-oa.se, and single ibed. The grounds aire 
large and well drained. I.n ithe nmtlheast ooroor :a tenlllis ccmrt ihas been laid off. 
The Hall is rea-lly a hO'Ille for ymrng· 'WlOmen in the University. It .i:s open both rto undergraduate and graduate students. More .pr:ivileges are niaturaBy gmruted to it'he members o-f tJhe upper classes. The ti.rat oa.rr.ivals on ·the opening of the Hall in tJhe fad.} are ·the Freshmen. They hope to gain experforuie before rbhe ooming m ·their seniorn, dignified and critieal. 
•Some of thei:r timidity .is lost •when they learn .th,a,t :they are <to sit to­gether at one table, while ·tlhe upper classmen are seated at another. Every student ie expecited to be guided by a ·few iti.I11e-honored customs, wh.icli make oo11ege ·lHe ill the more pleasant. The first lesson is thrut lights >are :turned off promptly mt eleven o'clock. Sunday af.ternoon ruid evening eme .reserved by the young ladies for the reception of bheir friends among tthe young men, On no other day are they eniter.ta.i.ned. 
The social slide of the student's .life is oot neglected. There is always ·present thrut atmosphere of sooiaJ :refinement so valuable ·illl the experience of 'the s>tudent. 11he everut .thiaJt •IB looked forward .to witlh greia.te&t .pleasure i;;; :the annual "Cdlon.ial Ball," given by Mrs. Lei.&ewitz <to the Groa.ce Rall girls. On dihe day follow.ing tJhe Winter Term exiaminia:bions, too young ladies ae10ept an invitation rto taike lunch with the sculptress, Mi<Ss Elizabet Ney, Ln winter a short de.nice is enjoyed :twice :a week. In spring the rou­tine work is :relieved by an outing on the river. LastJly Grace Rall is· oome­times tJhe scene of 1lhe final reception of :the Aoobe'l .SOOiety. 
G.nace Hall being in·tend~d for mudents only, every possible eon­venienw .is offered for hard study. A glance at rbhe record .that the Gra.oe Hall students have mooe in the University will show how well ·they lb.ave availed <bhemselvre of every advantage. There iis a great deal of <friendly .rivalry a.nmng :the ·s.tudewl:8 for 1lhe Largest number oif A'a (the !highest mark of excellence) .on term examinrutiorui. Unless e. studenrt ca:n boas>t of at least -two sihe will have l~ttle attenrtion acoorded 'her. FO<r the lasit rtwo years a Fresihman has carried off .the pa11m ·by r-eceiving aix. 
E. R. 
After muoo discus.s·ion ruid •a sipiir.i.ted oontest, we ·are DIOW tJhe .prO'lld pos· sessors of official university oolom. In a.coordance w.i!Jh rthe r€Sldlutiion of <bhe Boo.rd of Regents pas·sed February 27, 1900, rthe lJ'niversit:v Colors. Faculties and sltudents of all depar.tme.nts and the · alumni partioip:ated in a vote for the serbtlemenrt of the color que&tio.n. The totaJ vote was 1111, of which OO'allge and White ireceived 562, or.ange l3Jlld maroon 310, .royal 'blue 203, crimson 10, royaJ .blue and crimson 11, scatJtering 15. 'I1hus., by a majori:ty of 7 over all competitors oroa.nge .and wh.i·te came out vjctorious, and were duly declared offieiall. colore by t'he Regelllts at thei.r May meeting in Gaiveston. This is wi it e:hould be. Ea.rly tnadi•tions, unless vicious, should not <be rtrampled upon. Row oould :those who JJJave foug1ht for yeara u.nder our banner reoognize .amotihier 
as repTeseruting :their eaTly friends and pr.iiwiples? Those w.ho championed obher ool~.<s have not allowed i.rudivid,ual preference !to get tllie better of their Universi;ty patr,ioti-sm, .w tha.t ruow there are no fa,c,tions in :fuisi im­portant moatter. This is a,nothar step in the right directi001, anortilier evi­den{!e of >bhe rapidly growing ha.rmony whifoh must be fully developed before we <ian ,hiope to ruttaJn QUr .idea.ls, D. A. P. 
'I1he F1acu1ty suffers the loss of two Qf i:ts strongest members thisi yeoar, ·botlh of wh0011 volunba.rily .res.ign to ·iwoopt .positions offering wider fields of usefulness. Dr. Leonard E. DickSOill. wa,s g.raduated 
•::;g;:!~~;.in ifmm >bhe Univen>ity of Tex:a-s in 1893 w~tlli the degree 
of Ba<:!helw of Scien<:!e. During the following year he WllLS fellow .and graduate student in Mruthema.ticis. The :tlhesis he srubmittied for the Maister's degree not oruly won th.at degree, .but upon it he w.aos a.warded both a roho1arship in Harvard and a fellowslhip in ithe Univeris.ity of Chicago. Going to Ohioogo, atter 'two yearn of g.mdu.a.te study he ;re­ceived -the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, magna cum laude. After spend.­ling a year in Europe, 'prindpaHy under the tutelage of ,the g,reat German moathemaitician, Sophuis Lie, he was called to the Univer.sity of California.. He 1taught ·tJhere for one yea-r, a nd then aooepted a caH to aer:ve ihis alIIIJR maiter as Aissociate ProfeS>SOtr. 
I,t was :hoped ;!Jhat Tu. Dickson would be oontenJt il;Q devote J:i,is life a;nd ,tJalents to tlhe University of Tex:as, bu.t 'tihe opporttunities for a.dvancement, the wider field tOII' work .in the higher bnwches olf mruth001a;ties offered ,by the Universi.ty of ChiC>ag'O, have proved ,too a;ttnwtive, and lhe ieaves to become Ass<is.tarnt P.rofosror of Mathematics in :tJhat insibitution. His work in the University of ,Texais .ha,s been 1higMy 'Successful.. Chiefly under his d,i,re<ltion the bugaboo of freshnm.n ma1Jhemaiti<!S has losit many of its hor­il'Ors. He aJoo taughit a. c1a&s during :tllie yeaT ,i;n the fieild of his special interes,t--the G.r{JIUp Theory. Witlh mruthematiml genius of ia high order, s'llCCes,s fa sure to ·attend 'hii'ID wherever ·he goes. In 'his upward progres.s his friends and essocia-tes here will ailways .take an especial plea-sure and pr<ide. 
Three yeans ago p,rofesoor Liddell caime to 1the UTuiversi,ty as ProfessOil' of English LHern.ture. After one yea.r of servfoe he was placed j!Il dTharge of the English School. The Regents .again showed their apprecia.tion of hills meriits by ·rnaiking a substantial advance in his saLary af1ter :aJI110ther yeaT had elapsed. Two promotions, ooming ,in suoh quick ,su-000S'&ion, ,a.re rather unusua'1 in ,tJhe ·a;nools of 1this U.miversiity. In Profeissor Liddell's case, how­ever, no surprise was felit by 1Jhose 'aicqu:ainted with the cliaracler of hia work. Stuid'ent feeling in the matter j,s ahown .by the numbers enroHed i111 h.is clasl!es, and by ·the uni:verooJ expres·sions of Teg.ret upon the announce­merut of his wi,thdrawal from the Univ€1!'1$itJy~a regret sha.red by :vll hiis 11&.looiates in the Faculty. 
Profe8'80r Liddell is an 'aggirelSISlive, forcefwl teaiclher; resourceful in idea:s, Mild. master of a vigorous s.tyle of Englis;h. The possession of these quali­ties 'Wl()\l'ld a.lwaya keep him at tlhe 'head in :the ,teaching profession. It is 
t>he .recognition of his value .to ·the eduCaJtionaJ. work ith8Jt ha.s prompted a 
large publi1sdifog ·house to ma~e !!';UCh offe.rs .for ibis .ge.rvfoes ;t:Jhia;t he has felt 
.iu duty bound 1io :accept the call. Re goes away .from the University ;t;o 
the quiet of •his library, from which 1the world wiilll hear f;rom ih.im in ea.rnest 
wo.rds spoken .through .books. From a teacher .in Texas he will booome the 
hearer of a message to ·the world of English th<0ugiht-a message rbhat con­
cerns the fundameutal :principles of rteaching our lalllguage, and one .that 
will u1timaitely assume its rightful p1ace among establiehed pediagogfoaJI 
principles. 
Wihile Profe&S<>r Liddell is yet among us, it Mrdly seems aipproprtiate .to speak of his personal quaHties. So strongly have .they in.flueooed his .teacll­.ing that a wol'.d mu;it be pa.rdoned. Some Puritan ance!!';tor has endowed him with a ooneervwtism of thought and .action that oomfor;ts one in ,these days of populism and sweeping general.itiei unsuppotlied by truth. Coupled with this is am e:vrnestness of manner, a di.rectness of .purpose, ;that at once :reveals a source of his power. His work 1has been done quietly, thoroughly, effootively. '.Dhe story of his fui:thfulness to duty, ·Ms foyalty to the inter­ests of ,the University, rthe unselfuiih spirit he ihM carried into mu<lh ser­vJce, rthe performance of which he voluntarily assumed-all this wHl most l·ikely .remain in .the unwritten ihistory of rbhe Un.iversi,ty. But .i'tJs influence w.ill not be forgotten; nor wilJ the charm of his peroonality, the derotion -00 duty shown in his daily •work •and life, ever ~'to be a .factor dn the ideals .that sha.11 one day be reaiized .in a true 'Var&ity spir.i.t. J . .A. L. 
The third annuail session of the University of Texas Summer School and UniversLty Summer Normal began June 5th, about 100 studen.ts· ·bellig in a.ttendanoo. Lt :is believed thrut befure the close of tJhe 
The Summer 
sesision (July 21st) fifty or more additional studenits

Schools. 
wrn register. The Summer Scfuool offers .instruetion rto teachers who wish to riai!!';e the grade of iLl:leir seholarsihip and to such Situ­dents of !the University rus desire to con.tinue :their studies during ,t:he vaca­tion. In the summer school '1Jhis year rtJhere a.re courses offered as follows: Chemistry 1, Engli!;h 1, French 2, German 2, History 2, Latin 2, Lihrary Science 1, M;iit:Jhematics 2, Pedagogy 2, PhiJ.osophy 2, Phy&ios 2, and Phy­siography 1. 
1The Universi·ty Summer Nol"Illal is oondiucted for the benedLt of teacllers will> wish rto raise :the grade of thei.r certificates. .Among the teachers in attendanoo th.is ye:vr are some desirous of securing .tJhe permanent ce.rtifica'te and .some the fi.rst grade certificate. The normal iii.as ·become a permanent feature of the University's summer work, and i•ts influence upon Jthe !teach­ers and schools of the State wiU no doubt .be suhsita.ntial and beneficial. 
w. s. s. 
At the rregula.r meeting of the TeJOOJS Aoo.demy of Scieooe, he!ld in the OhemicaJ Lecture Room of rthe UniveMirty, Febru.a.ry 16, 1900, Dr. Harry 
The Texas  Y. BenecLict, Instructor in MatJhematics illnd Astr.onomy,  
Aca.dem:v of  ,s1poke .on  "Astronomy  ·in the XIX Century."  His  re- 
Science.  ma.rks fook the form of a .summrury of !the a.chievements  

in ithirut braru.ih of lea.rning dur.ing rthe past hundred yea.rs, P.rofesSIOl'IS Hal­sted, Harper, EB~s and Mews toe>k part in <!Jhe discussion wihiah followed. It was m~•aippa.rent in rthe •pillper and <tlhe discussion th>l!it in the 1WStro­oomical work of the oontury Amerikillns had pLa.yed a. leading .r()le. 
Dr. Leon.a.rd E. Dickson, AsS10Giate ProfeSSJ(Jor of Mathemilltins, read a pillper entitled "An Elementiliry Accoun1t of rthe Problems Solved by :bhe Modern G.roup T.heory." 
"A .probilem in math€IIllllLtios usually depends upon tJhe soluth:m of a.n a,lgebrnic equilltion or upon the :integraition e>f 1ill differentiaJ equ11Jtion. By consider.ing the group of a.n eq\IJilirbion:, fi.nite in the former cruse and oon­tin'll:Ous in :the la,:tter, we a.re able ,00 decide whether or 1not <tfue ·equrution can be solved by mdieaJ•s or in!tegwtied by qUJaJdnrutures.. M'C>m gener.a.lly .it itell:s w.hrut series of simple problems ma.y be 1Jaken in the pla,oo of the origin:a.l problem. ·The group of a .problem 'l'.!JOit ca.pillble of s11ch a reduction te> a. chain of simple pr.oblems is Cilllled simple. To be>nrow ill chemical form, these simple groups iare •the 'e1emen1ts,' to which any problem in iits· final illnaJy.&is is rtJo be reduced. The present stillte of our km>wledge of the5e ele­ments wia.s dioou'81S!ed rboth for finite g.roups aind fur continuous groups." 
P.rof6S!SIOr T. U. Tuylor, M. C. E., of the Ohair of Applied Ma.thematics, preslllllted ian abstract of his report .to :the Di.rector of rthe U. S. GoologicaJ Survey on "'11he S·ilting up of Lillk.e McDe>na.Ld, Austin, Texa,s." A compa.r­faon of the cross-sections of tJhe liake wt siiXJteen differelllt sfations, avemg.ing 11 miles >apa,nt, ·fur 1893 •illnd 19(}0, sihows 1lha:t the liake .had sHited up 48 per oen:t of its or.igind storag,e ca:paciity, th:a.:t when reduced rto a. squ.a,re mile base there was, in 1893, ill ·srtora,ge oo.pacity of 81 feet i•n depth, bu:t in 1900 only 42 feet. 
On oooount of the very inclemerut weaither the Millrch meeting of the Acilidemy ~postponed. A:t rt.he meeting held April 20, Professor Taylor diiscussed rtihe "F'ailure of the Ausitin Dam." Owing to rthe unprecedented r.aiin-fa.l>l, and oonsequen:t floodfog, rthe Colonilido J:"iver ·burst the great dam wt Ausifo on the morning of April 7. Professor Tillylor went carefulily into l!Jhe <leta.ils of the failure of the structure te> wiitihs:tand .the action of the ·niver ais viewed ·from ian engineer.in:g st=dp.oint, Among 1:1h-OISie wh-0 ,took prurt .i,n !the d,iscu'll'siion were Mess·rs. Milither, Hill, Simonds illnd Garrison. 
[lr. Simonds, President of the Aca,demy, a:t •this meeting .read ill pa.per on "The Interrpootilltion of UnwmaJ Events in Goolog.ic Reoords." The program for the formilll mooting of the Academy, June 18, ,is as fol­lQWIS: 
"The Na.tiure of Justice,'' Dr. S. E. Mezes. 
"'11he Development of the Present TexM Railway System," R. A. '1'iwmp­son, Engineer ,to 1the TeX'ais RilliLmad Oommis&ion. 
"Mind 11md Brillin," Dr. Edmund Mon1tgomery, Hempstead, Texas. 
''Note on <bhe ·Marte and Bluff Meteorites," Prof. 0. 0. ChaTl:ton, Baylor University, Waco. 
"The Relwtion of ,the Work of t'he Saniitary Engineer to Public Hea1th," Prof. J. C. Na.gle, A. a.nd M. Co1lege. 
"My Experience with a Sip.hon Pipe Line," John K. Prather, B. S., W™X>. 
"Fossils of ·the Foi't Wor.th Limestone near ·Waoo," John K. Prather, B. S., Waco. "Resiea,rch Work in the La;bomilory of Orgianfo Ohernistry, University of Texas," Dr. J·as. R. Bailey and Messrs. Aoree, Kirk, Knox and Palm. 
F. W.8. 
~ ~ ~ 
Thie Texas State Hdsltiorica.l Assooiation wa.s organizied March 2, 1897, and is, there.fore, ·now starting on .tJhe fourth year of .i.ts exi&tence. '.I1h.e mem­The Te:ii:as state bersh.ip number-s :a.bout nine hundred, and •the exnhianges Historical one ·hund.red and fifty or more. Much inOOl'est in the 
Association. Assiociwtion ha.s been sh.oWill by ;the people <Xf the Sbrute, and ·1t oontinues ito manifest a healthy growth.. It \h.a;s :had many gifts of books, -manusoripts and re1ios of great interest :a.nd value, and its oollectimi is being ra.pidly enl'8Jrged. 
The Quarterly of the Associa.tion has just completed its third voLume. It oos oontained several documents of grerut V'al•ue for Southwieste:rn history, and never before published. Among .these are :the "PriSIO'Il Journal" of Stephen F. Aus.tin, the jourooJ. of W. S. Lewis, .rela'bi:V'e ro rt.he fortunes of !the "Lively" immigrants; <the letiter of Fray Ma,ru;anet conoomling the Span.­ish expeditions against Font St. Louis and 'the founding of itihe first Te:ms mission, Sa.n F1ranci.ooo de los Tejas. '.I1h.e articles i·t has publ.i.Slh.ed on the iroute of Cabeza die Via.ca fatve wttrncted mueh .attention from American spe­cialists in Soruthwestern hif!ltory :and arohreology, .and J:m.ve enoountered some fieroe and :infhrentiaJ rulverse criticism ; but .it is evident .that !llhey a.re valuable contributions ·to the •Htemture of 'the S'Ulbjoot, and il:.1mJt .tib.ey will force a. revision of rthe opinions tha.t scholrurs ihia.ve held ais to some import­
a.n:t questi<mS about the route. 
Whi'Ie tbJe ASISOOi:atfon ha.s nomina:I.ly no oonnecti:cm with, and while it is nei'bher supported nor controlled by ·1fue University, it draws its life largely !therefrom, a.nd !has, •in .the ma.in, rt;he same fo1terests. 'I1lre 6101'.lJtimenit of respect for :the hist.ory and :tradJ.tions af Tex.as ;and fur thie State itself, whieh .it i·s one objoot of it.he Assooia.tion <to foS1ter, ·i5 ·tha.t whose genera.I .prevalence i·s neceSSlary ;!Jo gi'V'0 the Universi·ty its ·111.rgeElt measure of influ­en.oo .and prosperi.ty. G. P. G~ 
STUDENT INTERESTS. 
This ·ha,s ·been a very pleasant a n1d ·profi:table year for itihe Mhenreu:m. T.he member.sihi·p bias ;been larger, .t'he wbtend.a.noo more regula.r, and the interest in the work more manifest than for reveral yeam pasit. The Athenmum. This .a.wakened irrteroot has .sihown itseJ..f lin itJhe weekly meetings and .i.n 'the spi;dt a.nd zea:l with whi{'Jh the members have entered every OODJtest. And rthe Aithenreum 'has iha.d its Sihare 
of the 1hQJrora of the year. An Aithenreu:m man .repl"0S0JlJted tbhe stude11Jt body 
a.t the .banquet on Univem~ty Day 13.t ·the Dalllas Fair. .An AitJhenreum IIl.lW represenited ithe University in it.he Southern Ornitoricial Oontesit, which wias h:eld last May iin CoJu:mbia, S. C.; iand at .tha>t meeting .an-at.her member of the society 'Wl8JS made presidenit of ithe .So11ther.n Oraitori<1a;l .Assooiation for the ooming year. Two IIlleIDbera of the A>tihenreum were ohooen Ibo represent the Univer·sity in ithe 3innllilLl debate with Baylor University, This debatbe ;resulted oin :thre reoovery of the h-ODJOra lost on two previoua oocaisions. 
During the year 1the Athienreum !h.ais heen generousily •remembered by its f.rJ:ends. Mr. Edward Ro0tan, ;cxf W·aoo, ·hias endowed ian annu.al fifity-dolla.r med.ail for ilhe 1beslt or.i~inial oriati<)ll, whi:le P.r·esidenit P.riaitiher ihas k.iIIJdly pre­sented the rociety with ian excellenit :pfoture of Mr. Rotan. 
The Arthenreum haa ·also been making p.rog.ress in .a mruterial way, though mru.ch remains 100 .be <Lone. A beaUJtiful carpet Jia,s just been olaid and other >i:mprovemenits iare oontempl:ated. LDuring the oom[ng yeair iit is ·hoped t:he sooiety wi.U be able !to C!lllc~mine •the ·walls and seat 1Jhe oh.a.II with opera dha~rs. 
rr.ne four presidents·of ithe Aithenreum durJng the year have been Ohias. 
S. Potts, R. Ewing Tohomason, Hol1and E. Bell, aIIJd Goo. T. Cope. '11hos. Fletcher ha.s ·served iaa edoitm-in-dhief of •the Magazine during the 1'3.Slt •two !berm&. E. T.ay;lor Moore, Jr., wJH .represent the Mhenreum <)11 Society Da.y during Oommen.oome11Jt Week. C. S. P. 
JI, JI, JI, 
The session of 1899-1900 ih8JS been one of pms:per-iity iIIJdeed for the Ruis:k 
Liter.a.ry Sooiety.  'l1here have .been enrol•led eigh1ty-one members.  The nw:n­ 
•ber in reguliar ait:Jtenda.noo haJS •been  more tha.n double  
The Bu•lc.  !that .of la.sit year.  ·Messrs. W. H. Ada!Il'wn, of Mexioa,  
Texias; Jm>. A. Mobley, of Athens, Teooaa; Samuel Sha­ 

dle, of Wea:therford, Tex;i.s, and Martin J. ArooJd, of S.an Antonio, Texa.s, hia.V>e served as presidents. 
All members meet 1in thall until iOra,tions and declamations are delivered. For purpose of tlebrute tJhe society i1s then divided into tkree sections which meet in sepa.rate rooms, thereby putting twelve debaitera on the program each night. After .tilm disclli!Sicm ia.11 ;retu.rn to •the ihall, wher.e five minutes are given ea.ch member for purpose of irregular debate. 
The demoorwtic s.pfr.iit '1lhat has long prevailed in ;the Rusk not <mly still exis-ts, but is i11Jtensii-fied, T.he member.s whno1>t wi.tlhowt exception show mar·lood impr<YV'!lIDeI1Jt 1bobh in forenisfo speaking and in debate. '.I1he work throughout ha/S been . ch·arncte11ized by energy and erubhr · ia.sm. 
Congress.mia,n Alber:t Bur.Ieson ha.s prese11Jted 1bhe society w.iith a very val­uable work on pwrHa.merntar;y law. Mrs. Mary E. <Joke, ow;idow of itihe la.be Senator Richard Coke, 'has genierously prov.ided for an annual ·sum of fifty d()llJar·s for t'he pureha.se of a ·medial, ix> be awarded by the Rusk Society each year to .iJts best debater. Mr. A. Jones, of Lockhant, Tex.as, won it.he medial in COI1Jbeslt •this year. 
Many strong members of the Rusk will ireturn .next i)'ear, whi0le a number of students who ·thua far ·have taken no interest in sooiiety wio.rk ihiave ex· pressed Ml initerution of <beooming acilive members MX!t session. The pros· poot of ithe Rusk .is, .therefore, very flatt.er.ing, and we pred:iot :tJhe mosit use· ful year s.inee :its organization. Sic itur ad astra. J. A. M . 
.JC .JC .fl, 
Thie society, compased of •tweDJty-fom of tlihe yoo.ng ladies of tihe Univer­silty of Tex:as, lhas ;had ,i,ts •full oomplemeDJt of members, :and looks back upon 
a. plea.sa11lt and profitable year. At iit.s ·regular hi· The Ashbel. weekly meetings the progra.IDSI have .been of unusual 
interest. The 1ti.tles of ia. few wdJ.i show ibhe design to ooncerutra.te the irute!Ugenit efforts of ·all participating upon mre theme: "The WQI"ks of Mrs. Browning," "An Evening W·ith Rudyard Kipling," "An Hour ;w,i<t:fu John Ruski'll." 
For itihe fiirs>t ttim.e dn ists history the .Asihbel ih11S lhad ia. 'l"'OOlll of its own, 111nd <there ill a just pride in its nea,t appointments. Could itast.e fulfill its fond desires, it:lhere would be busts and some good piclures, but rbhe number of milHona.ires .in tlihe sooiety ,i,s as yet lhnited, the possession. of wealth oot being one of ithe .r.equiremenlts for membel"S:hip. 
Ast the fast meeting of the session, the ex·A'1ihbel:s :and ladies iOf the Uni· veraiity Olub were the invirt:.ed. guests in Ashbel RaJ.l. !I1he Ruskiin progrMil was rendered on this oooasion in 11. very pleasing manner. 
Instead of lthe uSW!il public debalte a novel eruterlbwi.nmerut "Cunrent Lit­erature," :an origdn.ail comedy, WJaS pliaood. Upool :bhe Audiitorium stage, lllnd proved provocaitive iOf much merry laughter. Evien grim-visaged care sm.OQthed out ms w.r>inkled fron:t, and as this was the d~ign of \the Ashbel giirls lthey feel ithialt rtheir effont ito amuse mu> appreciated, a.nd tihey 111re "adventised 'by their loving friends" wi·th only ltwo di.ssenbing voices. 
Duri.ng the session ia.n Ash.be! representative for ithe first time was chosen to serve rui ed1tor-im-chlef 10f :the Magazine, ruid in !t.hls respons]ble posrution Miss Jessica M. Ola.rk won lia.urels far herself, and •re:floobed honor upon her society. 
·The Ashbel is true <to ·its motto: "E pulvere ad astra." Out of the dust c1f iacademfo oontest Ito !the glorious stars·, a n10ble effont diay by diay, wiitih a limitlees uplift and ex.pans.ion of iintelJect and sp,i,r:it! It is ithii& ideal which inJSpires .the IDeII1Jbers, wid makies ,tJh,e Ash."l>el beloved iOf a.ima malber, "ith.e :rose and expeotancy of the fS1ir Sit.ate." 
Among ltlhe year's .incidents we must JI1ot omit Ibo chronicle 11Jhe prize offered to the society by rt::he Hon. V. W. Grubbs, of Greenville, Tex>as, for ·the best essay on ".State Industrial Educa,tion fur Girl.s." For <bh.is bea.UJti­ful pin or m.ed.1111 the diesign WSIS .furnished by OaJ.dwdl~ of Phil'<lldelphia.-e. Tex.as ,star, the points filled in with pearls, Slllrrounding a.n illuminated monogira.m amd the donor'.s lll8.me. M0isses Floreruce iMagnena.t, CiinoinmLt.i W,iUiJS and Edith Lanier Clark will oonrt:est for ·llhis prize on <the eren:ing of June 18, in the Auditoriu.ID. of .the Univiersity. 
On ithe 14th, a.t 8 : 30 p. m., the .A.shbel iheld its a.I111ual reception, and c~edweloome to -the situdent s, 1the Faculty, the B:oard of Regents, res.i­
dent ex-members and vilS>iiting ailumni. For this ocaasion the :spooious la.wn of tbhe Epi.soopia.I .resirdienoo and Gmae Hall were :thrown open, and bril­liantly ·illuminia.ted, and ithis prcilty scene ushered in the g.ra.ver exerei1Ses of the Commeireement of 1900. 
Long life tamd continued suooess :to i:Jhe Aslrbel ! F. S. C. 
The Young Men's Ohnistti.a.n Associa.tion of the University of Tex.as is I1IOlt 
a prayer meeting, is not a ·religi<JUS meeti.ng of •any chruracter; it is what its 
rutIIIB expresses, an assooiati<>n of Ohrisitian you,ng men. 
'l'he Y. m:. C . .a.. lit is true :thrut tlhis assooiation oonducls regular moot­

lings every Sunday, but tihese meetings are not the a,ss.o­ciwtiOl!l, they are merely f0.Cltors ito keep the members in .touch wi:th one e.not~er, and witili the Masiter. 
The. MSOOi·ation is not limited ito a meeiting room-it is a bond wihleh is ito untlfy Ohris.1Ji•an 'IlWll in every ·field of college life, rtha.t the i111fluence of their ·lives may make clean a.nd ·strong ithooe things in wihi<ih they engage. Its aim is ito hold before men ideals ;that rure -high, e.nd strong, and pure. Lt is niot a deniominrutiruial lllor a sectariia.n .i:nsitituJtion. As trutih and il'lig'hlt, 
e.s kindl-i.niess and ehrur.iity, and manlhood and ihonor, ia.re world-wide and know no creed, so ithe :asisooia.tion recognizes ill;() chUJrch distinctiocns, and oo creed save only 'biehlef in :a oommon Miaster, a;nd an :earnest purpose .to make themselves and thieir fellows better men, ·better citizens . 
.J.n this il:asit yerur lbhe as'SOOiaJtiOOli bas been gi.v•en one of the beS't .rooms in it.he Universilty. It ih.ais OOlliducrted suecess<fully :a Beries of lectures popular in their nruture; has orgaI11ized a.:nd ;ha,d SIO!Ile su<JCless, .it is believed, wilbh a student employment bureau, and ibJaJs endeavored, ,a,s i,ts mission is, to srta.nd for 1things the llltrongest and beslt i111 !the University. There has -nOlt been as inuch accomplished ;a.s .the supporters of the a.ssooi.altion would like, bult we believe rtihat the tiIIIJ!l is ndt far off when '1:Jhe a.ssociaition. will be a mighty fac't:Jor ,foo: good .to the Univemty and the State. J.C. H. 
T.hi.s orgianizrution, the object oif which .is Bible study and Ghr.istian work, 
h;a.s been a powerful. !though quiet factor in pa-od.ucing the preselllt whole­
oome atmosphere of our student life. The work of vhis 
'l'he Y. W. C. A. l1$00irubiOIII m s been especi3lly effective 'bhis year. The 

membersilll.p, which ·ha,s been almoot doubled, now num­bers fi:tity,three. I;t iha:s, outside of i·ts •regular wmk, contr.ibuted twenity-five dcllars itow:a.rd supporting Mr. Br-0ckman, the represerutative miissoionary of the Sou!Jhern <lO'lleges :in China. ·T.his iThlld 1haJs been ra.ised .by sma,11 indi­vidual oontribllltions, for tihe most pal'.t 1a.t cbhe rate of five cents a week. The e.ssooi:atiOl!l is ito ·be represented ait ibhe Ashev.ille YO'llng WQ,mll'!l's Ohristia;n Oonferenee rthis summer, and •hopes t hereby to get many new Jdeas for mo:re effective work nex·t year. 
Besides its disitinetly religio:us work, the aisoociation alSIO looks out for the sociru life of 1the :students, ·and this yeair, as usual, gave <a reception at Mns. K.irby'·s rt<> a.11 rt'he young women in •the University. It Cllln cla.im 11.t present no .r.oom of its own in which -to •hold the weekly servioe, but u.ses dilia.t of •the young men. Next year i.t will have a. half interest in. the Ashbel r>00m, and faXlim tJhls a.rrangemenrt. a.ntioipates muoh saJtisf.aiction. 
M.R. 
The U.niversiJty Annual fur 1900 is just being i•sSJUed, a,n.d 'Will be on sale llit ;the Univen;ity during Commencement Week. The oover, which is in white a.nd gold, .should be es.pecially a.ocepbable Ibo the The Cactus. alumni who have this year fought ·SO stoutly :to retain 
0these as the U niversiJty oo1ors. 'Dhe effol"t ·bias been ma.de Ito m®ke tbhis Cactus 1representative of every pha:se of University life e.nd .interests. Tlrere are piotures ·not onoly of the cla.sses and student org.an­D.mtions, but a.I.so of .the Presildent, Faculty and Regen.ts.. A well-written a.riticle with numerous full-page iUustrations shows us w1th what amount of equipmen.t •the University stands prepared to oarry out ~ta miss·ion in the century just dawning. '.llhe usu;a,l departments are devoted .to at.:h:letics, lit­erary societies, clubs, publicaitions, etc. There are piotures of a:ll the classes. A .fo.rge seotrion of rthe book is devoted to 1fue medical oollege a.t Galveston, l3iild makes a c.reditable showing •for •tJhe ·students there. IndicatimIB are numerous of lbhe lMge share the co-ed. is beginning to take in 'Varaity affairs, her interest in athletJi.cs being S'hown by pictures of ·the girl!'>' gym­nasium and a ba.sket-baJI lbeam. The pietu.re of a. S10roraty is a.lso itJo be seen for the firm <time in the &pace decLieruted to secret societies. 
Like every other studerut publicalbion wt .the UniveJ"1Si1ty, the Oaatus S'Uffers somew'hiait from liack of lLterary Illl3Jteria.l. This !iau1t lies with 1ihe &tudents a.nd ;I10t ilhe book. There -is, however, oome very good reading maitter .in lbhi<i wJ.ume. "The Fly.i.ng Dultchm.an," by Mr. Durell Miller, .is a -piece of exceptionally good narrative w-0ork, a.nd smaoks of the brine in a. natuT:a.l wiay. RiB poem, "A Texas Norther," is ialso good. Other good pieoos of verse are Mr. Clark's "Song of the Sea," Mr. Lom·ax'a "Flower Song," and Mr. Sincla:i.r's elass poem, "To the South." "Alumnus," by George Oalver•t McClendon, is wr.itten in a lilting measure th®t will oomrnen.d it to all. 
Probably the best drawing in the Annual is Mr. Rootor's irutrodnwtory page to the Law Depantme111t, bUJt there -are numeroua. oeher good othings f.rom .his, Mr. Thoms.on's a.nd others' ·pens. The ever-pTesent student humor finds copious expreSS1ion in a.kits, oar.iOaJtures and g.rin<lls. Remembering the fondness of the istudenrts for Lake McDoruald, the editors th.ave perpetuaited. some of i.ts most pleasing a.specbs by meams of full page half-tones. 
The Oac.:1s .this year is erutirely a Texas production, only the cuts having 
been made outside otlhe Sta.te.  The printing and >binding ·ww; done by Ben  
C. Jones & Co., of Austin.  B. R. M.  
$  $  $  

Knowledge and pleasant, :JielpfuJ a.ssodlllti:OOJS a.re tib.e ibwo chief things ~ich a. young ma.n \Seeks in his oollege m uDJivera>i·ty <iareer. The fir£t iJS 1ru1.tura'1ly empha.sired by rthose whose duty d·t i.s Ibo in-l"ra.ternitiea. stmct, and the search .after it Sihould be ifue highest 
aim of each student. T.he seoond is scairoely less im­porfa.nt in >the effoot upon the individual'>s :life, but ti!t 1i.s a matter wh~ determinatio.n lies solely wiith the >Student himself. 
Thus, there ia need for student organizations in wihich 1!Jhooe whose .~tes and ideals .a.re kindred may find oompaDJionahip.. It is ithis need which fr.a­temibies fill. In tile University of Texias qualiities O>f he.a.r:t rath.er rthan qualities of mind, purse or bir.th aire considered dn rthe .selection of members. Each fraternity may be di.s-tinctly ciJJaraci.erdzed by the type of men iit dh.ooses, but ·a spidt of sympatib.y rand :helpfulness pervllides ;all of the organ· izaitions. 
The past ~r has .been a. '!IIOlit .satisfacliory one for the eleven aicbive ch:aptera in the University. Politics h'lLs been the absorbing aclivity of th:em alJ, rund rbhe c.riiltfoism may be .passed :that ibhe social and gentler feat­UTes ihave been neglected in ifue somewthat unseemly pursuit of honors. 
A m>OSt ihopeful s.ign of >the !healthy =ndition of <Jllr Greekdom is the pTocuring of ehaipter •hoUIS€6 ·by several of rt'he fra'bernities, nota'bly the K!appa Sigma, Phi Delta .T!heba, a,nd Beta. Theta Pi. The ltwo lwtteT •have renited houses which 1the1r mem:ber:s will oooupy next year, WJ.tl this .prog.rress>ive llDIOVemenlt sets an 0'Xi11.mple whlcli will IIlO doubt in time be followed .by the atiher lfrnJterni1lies. E. T. M. 
~ ~ ~ 
:Ha;rdly in lthe !hisiboTy of ;the Unaver&ity :has itJhe spirtl>t of gratitude ito­wa.rtls conquering oombllitian1ts ,1Jeen so Jourlly >and enthUJs1.i.astieaHy proclaimed 
Enthusia.sm  ras by ithe wefoome given to the bl!ise hall team on i:ts  
for Ji\eturning  .retJurn fJ"om ifa :trip, a.nd fo ·the victors .in the Brayl-OIT  
Conquerors.  deba,te.  l.I'h>is  yea,r's  base  ball  rtea,m,  in spite of  the  

!l'leprilna.nd rthat was a>Ul"e ibo fullow, recei.ved ;a welcome fur more he.a.rty thain did it.he iteam of la.Sit yewr. Fully ibwo-thlrds of the students met it.hem a.t the diepot !3.Il.d esoorted them iOO lt'he Aud~torium, headed by Besserer's band. On .wssembling in the ihall :the rteam IWS 'a body was forced 'by popular wish oo mounrt >the rostrum a.nd sealt thiemselves for an inspe<Jtion. SoaTcely were itib.ey seated when itib.e cries ()If "Speech," "Taylor," and so on down the line, r.ang out s.imulta\IlOOU;Sly. FinaUy rthe crowd succeeded in persuading one of rthe bolder members fo oome forw.aird and 1tell of 'his good time a.nd hiij joy .at :being .reoeiv'ed by such ·a demoruirtrn.hlv.e bodiy. Another venrtured, and \SO on until ;all the members of it.he ;tea,m had .said ~hing. P.residenlt P.rwtJher, Judgie Ola.Tk iand several members of it.he F,aicuLty were in turn ca1lled upon before ;the orowd felt that they had done all in their pmver Ito dem{)JlstTa.te their appreciation of ·the team's IS'UCCesa. 
Mr. futts, ithe 80le v.iictor to return 1to us iafter rt!he Baylor tlebwte (Mr. T!homSJson, lhis colleague, t:avi.ng stopped off at ihome) was cheered jusrt as roundly ·as t.he enltire base ball 1team. Mr. Potts and Mr. Thom11JSOI1, be­aides having won Jaure!!> for <t!his inJS>titution, iha:re ea.used, by ihllieir efforts, the •re&llsci.taition of :an a.rt whose pr.a<ltice ihl8ld almost ceased Ito interest the ,student body. O. H. P . 
.JC .JC .JC 
At tihe same time this activity ju&t nOted must .hr.fog ito ,the mind of every ola.ssman ·the p.revalent Laick of a spirit of cluiss oongeniaJ.ity a.nd wci.able­
The Decadence of ·ness. Especially is the !leillior class negli~nlt of any the Social Spirit iattempt iii th1s direction. Exoopting ian "·ait home'' by in the ClaHes. the President, Mr. Daviid Grove, this 0body hM not met in a sooiial gruthering this year. This general irui.ctiviity may be iattdbuted, perhaps oorrootly, Ito ,the petty differences wihich ·&rise between the students when the time comes for a distribution of the different political honon! bestowed ·by .the student ·body. If such fa, >the case, a spiri•t similar ito ithait expressed by the :astronomer-poet of Persia, Omar Khiayyii.m, in these lines: 
"Oome, fi}.l the Cup, and <in ilie Fire of Spriing 
The Winter Garment of Repentaiil!OO fling: 
The Bird of Time !has but a. li:btle way 
To fiy-.a.nd Lo! !the Bird is on the Wing." 
0. H.P. 
.JC .JC .JC 
ATHLETICS. 
The ·baise ball team &tarted the season wiith su~ prospeots as are seldom seen. Seven of ·the championship team of last yea.r returned with several more who ·had made close runs for positions on laist year's team. Added it.a these were :hailf a dozen fine players found a.mong the new men, am.d numer­ous less skilled men eager to •train. It was a foregone conclusion ithat the teMn would be exceptionially strong. The winter 'WlllS mild and the weather opened for practice qui,te early. 
In the games on the home grounds, the only JC>nes witnes'.Sed. by :bhe wr.i.ter, the individual work of the men was better than last year tin almoS/t every position, and the .team a.s a whole was stronger; but the team work, th·e playing -0f the fine points, ias in general backing and .the general spirit of earnestness, were not up to last year's splendid ·B<tandard. The absence of any rival oollege team aible to give a close gaime makes it difficuLt to keep the men from getting caireless ait ·times. After defeating ev.ery team in the Sfa.te bold enough to attemp.t a game with us, :the team ·took ian Eastern trip, play.ing w.iith iSCOres as follows: 
Univernity of Tex.as 
V•S. 
Jefferwn Military Ins titute. ........ ...... .... .... . ..May 7, s 00 3 Jefl'w ~on Military Institute.... ............. ... .. ....May 8, 7 Ito 7 Univel"Sity of Mississippi ..................... ; ......May 9, 3 <to 1 University of Mississippi .. . ... ..... .... . . . .. .. ......May 10, 9 Ito 0 VanderbHt University. . .... . . . . ... . .. . .... . ...... .. .May 11, 3 Ito 2 V1anderbilt Univers·ity ... ... .... . . .. .. .. . . . . . . .......May 12, 4 ibo 14 University of the SoUJth........ ..... ........ .........May 14, 3 ito 2 Un:iver,si.ty of the South ..............................May 15, 3 ito 4 
To ·travel constantly iand play eigh·t .games in succession is .a severe strain, and 1thiarl; the terum should ·have ga.ined undisputed chrumpion!Slhip of the State, ia.nd ·then lost only two out of eight games ag.ai.ns-t the best Southern tea.ms i.s grea.tly to its credi.t. 
It is, therefore, doubly unfontunate thiat the action of the teiam in aThO<ther matter should h·ave hrought discredit. upon itself and upon our University lllthletics. Early :in the seaioon it became known that sevenwl students who had failed all ilhe year to keep up ·Creditably with theiir academic work were .promising candid.ates for 'the .baH >team. The President notified the coach .that on a.coount of not keeping up with their work .two of the players oould nat be allowed to :repreoorut the University in intercolleg.ia.te athletios, <3JS .a Fa.cu1ty .regula.tion requires that ia student slha.11 not represent the U.niver­sity in irutencollegia.te .athletios wiho h.as failed ito pass satiosfwtorily on his required a.caidemic work, Three other men were wa.rned th.wt their u"ecord w.as also romewha;t uns;a,tisfMtory, but .thaJt there was ia possibiliity of •their deficiencies being made good. The .record of ;these students .remained unsat­isfactory, and the Presi&lnt forb.ade their going as member·s of {!he iteam Olll the Eaate:rn .trip. One of these :pl-a.yers happened to be an exooption.a.lly fine catcher, a.nd in the excitement of the time ·some of t:he .team ag-reed .to pay his expenses and .took ihim with them. .p,a;f't of the men ·left here with the 
intention of playing ·tihi.s ma.n, 01thens merely desii·red, out of sympathy, .to 
give ib:im the •trip as rome coonpensation f.or ·his faiJ~MuJ training and his 
disappointmen:t ·111t being :thrown .out a.t :the la.st hour. However, in :the 
e:iooi:tement of .a dose game with Jefferson, he was played, aind 1111J the team 
a.fterward'S agreed ito be held responsible, though ooveral of the more 
<th.ouglhhful ones opposed pl111ying :this ma.n ag·111inst bhe President's orders. 
As 800il ·ais 1it ·became known ·here ,t.hlllit this student had gone with tb.e 
team, a :teleg·nam w,a,s ·sent by .the P.resident, sta.ting thiat the w:hole iteam 
would be held res-porusible if he was .played. After the .receipt of 1this ,tel~ 
g.ram the mana..,<>"er did not .allow him to pl•ay agwin. He ihad already pliayed 
<in .the <second Jeffer,son a,nd fir.sot Miss-i&&ippi games. 
Upon .theiJr retur.n the entir.e team wia.s :suspended for .the rest of the 
rterm till examinaJtions, ;reprimanded, and each member for.bidden ,to .repr~ 
sent :the Univer·sity in •intercollegiate .a-thletics for .a year, As soon as ·bhe 
matter wias put in its proper light before the 1students, the folly of 1sueih 
action by the team WlllS ·thoroug!b}y a;ppreciated, a.nd •the .:;tudent body, wtth 
:the .serious sentiment of .the team itwlf, so ·thoroughly condemned their 
hasty, .thoughtless and misguided aclion .tha;t ·severer punishment did not 
seem necessary. There was no eV'idenoo of the rna.n ha:ving been taken wit:h 
tb.e deliber.a.te purpow of 01ttempting to overrJde the President's authority, 
but 1it was done ha,s.tily and u.nder exciltement, 1and from too gre111t a. desirn 
.to win :the cha.mpiom,hip for the Univ·ersity of Texa.s. 
WhHe the occurrenoo is mu.oh to be deplored, i-t wilol .resul·t finally in much 
good to athletics •and the University. 11he n-Oltiorus Jeft ·in ,t;he :student mind 
.by unfortunate drcUIIIJSitJa,noos iin 1the past are enadicated, and .a,ll recognize 
ruow -that our regu1'1Jti.ons will be rigidly enforced, :tiha,t <the ·pl'imary object 
of college a,thletics as IIJOlt to win games, and that +me Univeraity w:iU tol· erate nothing but clean and ma.nly ia-thletics by representaibive University 
men. 
The better student senitiment oopports hear1tily this position, a.nd wthletics will move forward another iSltride, even ·though itempomrily crippled by losing our entire present base ball iteam fur another year. '!\here a.re plenty of Olther good men wiliiing ito train, and by fuithful work Ml excel.lent team can and will be ma.de. 
* * 
The tmck athletic: team this yrear was rtoo badly handicapped to hope for any record. The enti.re wttention of Coach Clark was given to the base ball tea.In, a,nd jusit 111t tJhe critical pall't of the trainiing season t he breaking of the dam des.troyed <the small bathing facilities· we formerly enjoyed, and practically closed tib.e gymnasium. Mess.ra. Hildebrand, McMahon !l.Ild Wiseman, ·who represented us in .the meet of the Southern Interoollegi.aite Aothletic Assooia.tion, deserve g.reat credit for h:&ving traJ.ned faithfully, as best ,tJhey oould without traJner, track, gymnasium, bathing facilities or training :table. Lt is idle for Texas to hope to ta.ke any creditable st.a.nd in thls .branch of athletics until these necessities are provided. 
* * * The .tennis commiotitee has oon&.ructed five new COlll1'ts on the campus, a,nd substituted on a.ll six <>f ,fue a.sosociation oourbs ii.ron stand.rurds for rthe old unsightly wooden frames formerly :used ro supportt the back net. These make quite an improve.meIJlt in the appearance of rtihe campus, and will last indefinitely. The new plan of th.rowing the COlll'lts open free :to every mem­ber of the University and furnashing a few club nets and rackets has h:&d the desired effect of a·nducing a large number of students to take up rt:his game. The oowrts have been very popular, and since the 1rourna.ment a still greater interest is manifested by both men and women. The same plan will .proba.!J.ly be cont inued next year. An in-tier-class tournament will be inaugura,ted in the fall, and ·the State rtournament iheld OIIl our courts in the spring. The rournament was iheld May 9 tto 12, and resulted as follows: Laid.iee' singles, entriies 2; winner, Mass Mrury Key. Ladies' doubles, entries 4; winners, Miss Key and MiBS Fay. Mixed doubles, entries 8; winners, George WJ"ighit and Misl!I Joyneii. Men's singles, entries 10; winner, Semp Russ. :Men's doubles, ent ri es 8 ; winners, H. Key and E. E. Townes. Beginners' 1>ingles, entries 16; winner, J.ack Hubbard. Beginners' doubles, entrie.s 16; winnems, Seth Searcy and 0. Pa,lm. 
A. CASWELL ELLIS, 
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT NOTES. 
The following .plea.sa.nt incidents connected with the MecHoa.l College Co=encement may ·be menti.owed: 
'11.he Regents 'Were very ho.spi!tiably ewtertained by the studeruts with a good dinner •a.t Universiity Rall, June 10. The dinner WllllS a good one, though they said that it was no better tha,n their ordin1a,r.y fare. The Hall is successfully mana.ged by a oommi•ttee appointed by the '!>tudenits. Good f.ar,e is furni1s.hed .for .aibout $9 .50 per month. 
.. * On the night of the 11th a reception wiais given by the students at ·the University Hall. It 'Was 1aittended by students, Facuity, members of the B():llrd of Regents and many of tJhe citizens ()If Galveston. All the pleasures that could he :desired on isucli Ml occasion were offered .to the guests of ithe boys, 
* * 
fl'he Co=eneemernt e:mrdEes were :held on the night of the 12th in tJhe opera. house, and were witnessed by a .large a.nd .aittentive 1audience. The "floral offerings" were presented after the groouates haid returned to .their sea.ts kom ithe stage. Dr. W . .S. Car:ter, of ibhe Medioa.l Faculty, opened t;he ~erdses with an .admirable address. His •subject was •the "Physician and Sanitation." As ds ·ailways :the oa.se a.t :the Medical College, the confer.ring of diplomas, under the direcition of the Dean of the Medical Faculty, Dr. 
H. P. Cooke, was acci()mplished with commendable brev~ty----iilo dragging, no mistakes, lll.Ild not 1a. yiruwn in .the entire audience. The gra.dua.tes Looked well in cap and g.own. President Prather delivered the diploII1.GJS. 
* 
A ba,nquet wa.s given by rthe ia.lumni at t'he Hotel Gra.nd immedia.tely a.fter the closing of the ceremonies ·rut the opera house. The following menu arul lists of toasts will •aiccount for the faicit tha-t when midnight came many of :the guests were still at :the table: 
MENU.  
Olives.  Cueumbera.  ·Shrimp Gumbo. .SaJ.ted Almcmds. Sal<t Waiter Trout.  PO'tiatoes.  Celery.  
Bmised .Sweetbreaids.  Sa,uterne.  

Tenderloin of Beef, w.ith Mushrooms. 
Green Pea.s. 
Broi.Ied 'Spring Chicken. 
A,spa.r1a,gus. 

St. Julfone. Va.niJa Ice Cream. Assorted Cakes. Roederer. Oheese. Crackers. Coffee. 
TOASTS. 
W. S. CARRUTHERS, M. D., 
Toast Master. 

1. 
'llhe Univerni-ty a.nd the St1llte . .. . . .. . . .. .. P.residen.t Wm. L. Pr.aither. 

2. 
fl1he Medical Profes-sion of Texas........... ... .... . . Dr. J. T. Wilson. 


3. 
'.Dhe Future of the University.. .... ..............iMaj. F. M. Spencer. 


4. 
The Future of the Medical Department. . . .. .. .. .Prof. J. F. Y. Pa;ine. 

5. 
The Medical Alumni ....... ............. ..........Dr. J. W. McGee. 


6. 
Relation.ship of <the Alumni <to -the Ullliversiity.. . . ..... .Dr. J. H. Ruhl. 

7. 
The School of Pha.rma.cy......... ....... ........Prof. R.R. D. Cline. 


8. 
T.he P.ha.n:na.cy Alumni ........................Mr. Con.n L. Milburn. 
9 The La.dies .. .......... ....... ................... P.rof. Wm. Keiller. 



10. Our Benefactor, Goo. W. Brackenridge ... .........Dr. L. E. Ma.gnenlll.t. 

* * * 
Abstract of p.roceedings Olf the Board of Regents a.t ,fueir meeting in Gal-ves-ton, May 10-12: · Mr. • w..J. Town.send, LL. B., 1899, iha.ving JOS1t his dipl~ma by fire, ;it was ordered that he •be f.urwi.shed with a certified oopy thereof. 
The rule that no ca,ndidaite for gr.a.duaiti.on eha.11 .receive his d.iploma. unleEllB lhe is present a.t Commeiwement, was .relaxed on the petition• of W. C. Dibrell, Olf t!he Engineering Department. Mr. Dibrell ihad completed the work .necessary for this degree in .the Univeraity, and was compelled to .report by the firat of June to the Geodetic Coo.st Survey in Washington, on which he hlts received an appointment. The same fo.vor was granted to W. L. Barbee, of the Law School, who iis a. delegate from the University Y. M. C. 
A . .to the Y. M. C. A. students' annual (l()lllference at Asheville, N. C., which oonvenes June 15th. 
The Texas Federation of Women'e Olubs sent in a :petition asking for 
the esita.blishment of :a. oouroo in Lib.racy Science tin ·the University. The 
petition was postponed for future oonsidel'a.ti.on. 
The Daughters of the Confederacy asked for a room in the University 
V!a.ULt for sitoring docume:ruts, curios and relics. The hoa;rd waa oompelled 
to decline the .request on a.ooount of Ia.ck of room in the vault, 
'llhe oommittee a.ppo;inted ·to oount the vote for colors, James B. <Jla,rk, 
Secretary Boa.rd of Regoo1ts, J. W. Taylar, Senio.r Academic, and Alex 
Camp, Junior Law, repented said :vote as follows: 
Orange ·and white. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562 Orange !and maroon......................... ..................... 310 Roya,l blue........................ .......... ............. .... ... 203 Blue and crimson............ ........ .......................... .. 11 C.rimson .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Lrislh green...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Crimson and Wlh.ite.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Ol.d gold, maroon a.nd pea.coek .blue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Red, gI'0ell and gold. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 
Green  .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  1  
Orange and royal blue. . .......... .. .... .. ............... . . . .. . ..  1  
White and maroon.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  1  
Purple and old go1d . .... .. .............. . . ....... . . .. . ... . .. .....  1  
Orange and cream. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  1  
Orange and violet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  1  
Gold  .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  1  
White, Ol'alnge and iroyaJ .blue..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  1  
Solid oolor :wiith l001e star of Tex;as flag. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  1  
Orange........ . ....... ... ... ... .......... . ....... . . ... ........ .  1  

'futa,l vote.. .................. ............. ....... .......... 1111 

A .majority of all the votes <llll&t iis 556. Orange and w.h~te received 562, six more ·tha.n ·a majoriity. Votes cast by alunmi .... . .......... .. . . .. . . . . .... ... . . ... .... .. 409 Votes ·casit a;b Medica;l Department.............. .................. 148 Votes oais.t in Main University.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554 
The above report WaJS receiv-ed and adopted, and orange and white were declared to be .the oolors of the University of TexMJ. * .. * 
T.he resignwtion of Miiss H:annah Kindbom, as Superin1:1endenrt oo the Tha;ining School for Nurses, wa<s accepted. 
.. .. * 
The action of rtJhe Dean of the Medical Department in 11;ppointing MiStS Lenore Sayers, ia graduate of otJhe School oo Nursing, to hold the examina­tions in p1aoo of Miss Kindhom was appiroved by the board; a.'llJd Miss Sa,yer11 was 11Juthorazed to sign the cel'ltificates of g0mdua.bion of rtiliose who ·had oom­
·pleted rtJhe courses in :the .School for Nu.roos. 
* * 
The 11ippointmenrt by rtJhe Dean of Misa Minnie FerguSIOil to supply tempo­mrily ·llhe plaoo of Miss Kindbom was approved. 
* .. * The sum of three .hundrOO. dollia.:rs ( $300) was appropri11Jted ito puroha,se supplies for a Mrur·ine Biological Labora-tory at Galveston. iCn this work Dr. Wheeler, Pl'ofessor of Zoology in the Main University, will ·be aiss.iisted by Dr. Allan J. Smiith, of >the Medioo.l Fa,cuLty. iMiss Augusta Rucker, .the efficient instructor in Zoo1ogy, is working wi:th rt.hem. The coast of Tex.a.s offem a very ·ilnv::iting fi.e1d of discovery in rthis branch of knowledge, and it •is 1:io be hoped th:a.t the Legisla,ture will reoogni:re its value. Regent Br.11JCkenr.idge, •always ihelpf.ul 111t the r.ighit time, .h:a.s placed ihis steam :Launch 
a.t the disposal of .the oonductors of :the sitatwn. 
* * * 
The Pr~ent ma.de 11. .verbal sta:bemend; regarding the excellent work iin.augurn,ted .by Dr. Bray, Professor iOlf Botwny, in rtJhe mllitter of Texas fores.try. 
Regents Gregory a.nd Bryan were commissioned to iattend, a.s il'epresent&­tives of :tihe Board, the next Commen<iemenit e:x:erei'S6S of the A. and M. Col­lege. 
* * * 
The following degrees rund OOl'tificates were ordered Ibo be conferired : 
DOCTOR OF MEDICINE. 
.Allen, G. W., J·r. Decherd, H. B. Lackey, J .P. 
Blailock, H. F. Foster, John H. Raid.key, 0. H. 
Brown, B. S. Gregg, Frank C. Schaeffer, Charlotte M. 

Bryan, T. F. Griffin, J. E. .Spaulding, T. E. Devlin, Ella. Ja.ckson, R. S. Stertzing, Herbert F. ·Thorn<ton, Z. N. 
GRADUATES IN PHARMA.CY. 
Ball, M. Scailes. Frenclt, Guy T. Perkins, John H. Domingo, Emma C. Gatewood, B. Elmer. Reynolds, C. L. English; David P. James, Th()IDaJS Reece. Smri:th, W. L. Flavin, Henry J. McOulloug.h, Frank E. 
GB.A.DU.A.TES IN TRAINING SCHOOL FOB NURSES. 
Bryan, Carolyn, Dunklin, M.arion. H<YI'iton, Ada. Champion, Winnie. Ferguson, Minnie. Rhodes, Ella. Dirksen, Emilie. Fitch, .Anna Lee. Smith, &11ie wm. 
J.B. C. 
$ $ $ 
THE .ALUMNI. 
The following repo:r.t will be submitted ·to the .Alll!mni Association at the regular business meeting on Tuesday, JlL!le 19: AUSTIN, TExAS, June 14, 1900. 
Mr. Victor L. Brooks, President of the University of Texas Alumni Asso­ciation, A.ustin, Texas. 
DEAR SIB: At the last .regular meeting of •the Alumni AS>SJOOiatJi.on, on June 13, 1899, prov.ision was made for ;the establishment of one or m0<re 
B.eport of sciholairships in the University of Te:x:a-s, arul, for the 
Committee on 1support of the same, it was provided: 
Scholarships. 1. That :all money derived from tlhe collection of rumual dues (less $50.00, which shal·l be kept .in rthe .treasury) shall be .divided eaah year into •two equal parts. 
2. 
One of t hese parts s·haH cons·tifoite a permanent scholarship fund, of which the interest shall be ·ava.ilable for :use in the same manner a,s the income from dues, lt shall be invested as the aSISiOOiation may direct. 

3. 
T!Ml other part shall be ·aw;a.rded by c-0mpeiti1tive examina·tion, in sume of one hundred dolJars, .lo s-tudents entering the University fOil' the first time. 


A general oomm.ittee wa.s at ·the 9ame time appointed to tAl.ke this matter 
1900.] The University Rword. 
in charge, .to 'hold the necessary examinations, and award 1the scho1ar·ship (or seholarahips) for 1899-1900, if advi·sable to :do so, and to report deta.i.Jed regu1ation.s ·ait the next annual meeting. The oommi·ttee begs leave to wb­mit the following report: 
I. 
The committee decided to award the scho1ar&hiip for 1899-1900 <to 1t:he per­son standing the be&t e11tra.noo -ex:amination in EngUslh, His.tory ·and Math­ematics. The profes•sors .in charge of those subjects were appointed judges, and t11e •scholarnhip was awarded to Conrad L. B. Sclmddemagen, of the Gonzales High School. 'Dhe Ailumni As'SOciwtion is to be congratuLa;ted upon the high sitanding which Mr. Sch.Uiddemagen has taken 1since his entra.nce. His .reoord during the first two terms of the yea.r just closing shows the highest gl'lade in all subjects but one for ·the first form, and in all subjecl.!i for the second ·term,-being the best r.ecord in the F·reshman class. 
As there was not sufficient money in the treasury to pay the $100.00 promiis.ed the holder of the scholarship, the committee opened a subscription wjth ,the objeci of rai&ing the $100.00 in one-dollar sums. T·he respons:e wa;s most gratifying, and the desired amount w.a.s secured without difficulty. In fact, quite ·a nl\lmber of persons oontributed J.arger SUillB, whiieh h:ave been refunded after subtna.cting the one dollar. The following i.s .the Hat of contributol"S: 
B. M. Allen, Cleburne. L. E. Dickson, Univer·sity. 
Jesse Andrews, HOl\lston. J. F. Etter, Sherman. 

H. D. Ardirey, Universii.ty. Miss Hattie Evans, Corpus Ch11isti. 

J. R. Bailey, University. T. C. Ford, Houston. 
Miss Lulu Bailey, UniversLty. J. L. Gammon, Wiax;aJhacli,ie. 

W. S. Bailey, Calvert. George P. Garrison, Univer.sity. 

W. G. Barber, San Marcos. Miss ;Shirley R. Green, Palestine. 
Eugene C. Barker, Univers-.iity. T. W . Gregory, Au\Stin. 

W. D. Bates, Cor1sieana. W.W. Hair, Be1ton. 
Prof. R. L. Batts, Univen1ity. J. L. R11;1bert, Cor.sioana. 

H. Y. Benedict, University. R. W . .Hall, Vernon. 

F. Berry, Houston. Mi·ss Alma H11;r.ris, Mexi:a. 
Miss D11;i•sy Bryam, Quintana. Miss Grace Har.rison, Al\ls.tin. 

T. P . Buffington, Anderson. J . H. Hart, Univel"Si•ty. 
Lester G. Bugbee, University. Mtsis Mary Heard, Univer.s~ty. 

A. S. Bur.leson, Aus-tin. Ira P . Hildebrand, Un~versity. 
R. L. Caruthers, Sherman. Y·ancey W. Holmes, Gonzales. 
MiSIS Lilia M. Ca.si.s, Univen>ity. S. H. Ropkine, Gonziales. 
Mtsis Edi.th Clark, Un.iver.sity. Miss Edilth Hull, Houston. 

J.M. 
Coleman, Hous.ton. W. S. Hunt, H<>usfon. 


R. 
E. Cr.awford, Mason. F. C. Jones, Houston. 


W. 
J. dr.awford, Bea;umont. R. E. L. Knight, DaJ-Las. 
Wi1son Davidson, SaD1tiago, Cuba. J. M. Kueihne, University. 
MLSIS Vive De Lesdernier, Housfon. Mies Roberta Lavender, Houston. 


A. 
W. Denmairk, Gonz8Jles. 'Miss Clifford Le Tel1i0er, Sherman. 

J. 
B. Lewright, Cuero. W. F. Robertson, Georgetown. 
John A. Lomax, University. A. D. Sailliford, Waoo. 


P. 
T. Lomax, Clebwrne. J . H. &ale, Ruliff. 

G. 
E. MoCklvey, Temple. J. W. Sellars, Clebume. 


J . S. McCelvey, Temple. M-0rris Sheppard, Texarkana.. 

J. 
W. McClendon, Austin. F. E. Smith, Univerai·ty. 

A. 
C. McDaniel, San Antonio. Miss Maude Smith, Houston. 

J. 
H. McLea.n, Llano. Dr. M. M. Smith, AuSotin. 

J . Y. McNutt, Calveri. R. Waverly Smi·th, Galveston. 

E. 
T. Moore, Jr., University. D. W. Spen<ie, C&lege Station. 

S. 
M. Morris, Galvest on. W. H. Stacy, Austin. 

J . C. Nagle, College Sta.tion. MiSIS Ada Stone, Beaumont. 

F. 
R. Newton, San Antonio. T. H. Stone, Houston. 
Denny Pa.rker, University. J. J. Taff, Washington, D. C. 


J. 
E. Pea.rec, Austin. T. U. Taylor, University. 

D. 
A .Penick, University. C. C. Thomas, Cotulfa,, 

J. 
K. Prather, Waco. Miss Fannie Va.n Zand•t, Ft. Worth. 
Mi&s Ma ry Lu Prather, W.aoo. F. H. Welch, Taylor. 


F. 
Reichman, Aust in. F. T. Wesit, University. 
Miss La;ura Ree~e, Gonza;les. Miss &ttie Whitten, University. 


W. 
S. Richardson, OkJa.homa, Okla. L. S. Williams, Ch:icago, 111. 


II. The =mmittee believes tha;t .most member.s of ithe Alumni A.ssooieltion have always been willing to pay the one dollar per yea.r a.saessed by the constitU1tion; it also believes that ·this is especially true now since the dues so collected are to be devoted to t:b.e suppor>t of scholarsihips. Yet experience has shown tha.t <bhe moonvenience of sending such a small sum through the mails .has Jed, and will cont inue to lea.d, to general negloot iin .t:b.e payment of dues. fo order to obv.iaite .tJhis difficulty 11.Ild to secure promp.t payment ibhe cammittee issued a cireu.lar letter soliciting permissiion from each mem· ber of tihe lll!SOOcia.tiOili rto oolJeet dues by draft. The response .to this circular has been fairly good, :though ·iit .has not .been near>ly so genera.I a.s was hoped. 
. There are about 900 members of tihe aissooiation; iha:re signed the s1ips authoriz.ing tlhe co1lection of dues by draft, 
III. 
'lllie commiittee submits the following reguJ.ation& !I"0l.aJti.ve .to ibhe a.ward, etc., of the schala.rsihip (or schol:a.r.sh.ips): 
1. 
The v.a1ue of each scholarship shall be $100.00; pa.ymenrt Shall be ma.de in two installments,~n:tlhe first of November ruJ.d on the first of Aipril. 

2. 
If there is only one scholansli1ip, it shaJl be ii.WM"ded to the applicant for admission to the Univer.si·ty who sba.nds <bhe ·best entr1!.Ilce eimmi.nration in English, Mathema.tics and History; if tihere is more than one schola.r­lihip, the second shwll be awarded to the iapplicalllt who stands the SIOOond best examination in the above s-ubjeots, the third to the applicant who sta.nda the third best exia.minraition, etc., etc. 

3. 
Persons w.ho hold dipiomas from approved lhiglh schools and otlheir.s entitled to a:dmi.ssion without examination may enter this oompetition. 

4. 
Applioanbs [();!" a.cl.mission to :the A<iademic, Engineering, Law .and Medical Departments are admitted on the same terms to ith!is ieompetition. 


:>. All persons competing must stand either (1) itfue regular entl'anoo ex;amin.ation which is held in each of the approved high 1Whools .in May, m 
(2) •the .regular entrance ex.amin~tion which is held iin itfue University in September. 
6. 
The professora of Englisih, Mathematics, iand His.tory <are requested to aot as judges tin otJhis oompetition. 

7. 
'Dhe per-m.anent .scholwrship f-und filla11 he iinves·ted by the aissocia;tion through the executive oouncil. 

8. 
:All ma:ttens :relativce to the sdho1arnhip shall. !hen.cefor,th be under tlw management of the assoo~wtion throug.h ·the executive oouncil. 


L. G. B. 
lit WQl\lld be disloyal to the alumni Ito daubt :the succeSJS of <tihe enterprise undertaken by the AJ11m:ni Association to pre.sent to the University marble 
:Report of the busts of 0 . M. Roberts and Swante Palm; but it SOOIDB 
Committee on very difficulJt to giain for this matter the attentio.n it 
Memorial Busts. deserves.. 'Dhe oommittee eairnes•tly bespeak the aitten­tion of ·all friends of the Univensity, but especia.lly of all alumni, •to the following report ru!d appeal. 
The busts •have been returned by the marble wor~er in BerLin, a.nd have been finished ·by lthe a.ntisit. As works of ar.t 1they could not be .wrpassed; they will -intrinsically grace and dignify .the hal1s of :tihe University, and w.Hl <testify eloq11enrtly fo lthe rOOlity among us Qf the 1Serutimenot and 'l·piri.t hnpired in a movemenlt '1lo commemol'ate our benoefactor-s. 
·Every:thing is 1ready for the presentation i'll. June ito the Univerailty of these noble memoria1s--exoopt rtJhe IOOIIlpletion of the fund. Very little has been added to the fund since last June. Ait thrut 1drute more ithan •haJlf of :the .required $1000 haJd been oontribUlted, yet the fund 'has lll(}t yet reached it.he $600 miark. The oommirotee ha,s oomp·Leted the first half .payment ($500), oooording .to oon1tmot, Ito cover !th·e iartAst'.s oauitlay in Bevlin and oost of traD1Sportation. Upwards of $400 ougblt Ito be conitriibuted before rtJhe middle of June. 
The oomm~tltee pliace.s ilts chief reliance upon the SltaJte rulu.mni to make good .this deficiency. For the grewter part of .the •amoUJlllt ailrewdy ce>n­tnibuted hws -OOIIle from other friends of it.he Univer-sity than its alumni; and it is 'll simple fact lthwt ithe handful of aJumni who have lef·t the State :have contl'ibuted, in response to ,the :s.a:me cireulars, not relatively, but in absolute ·amount, more rthan (j,11 <the a,lumni in Texas (excluding .those who iare or 1have been offici:ally connected wi1fil it.he Universi.ty). It would seem, therefore, ilhat .oomethiing Like ia generoal rffiponse might Ill(}W 'be expoobed from the Texaa alumni. 
Of courae, many, not luge, contribubiollJS i·s ~e true a.nd ·proper a,im in tli.is movement; and nOO-hing hut !the iimportance of making sure ltha.t .tfue enterprise, once undertaken, should not miscarry, could justify the eommirt­tec in not limiting oontribu:tions, say, <to <bwo or three dollars. In assuring Jbb.e succes;s of this movement, however, morn than ordinary interest may well be taken by ·those who .have the ability. For the sig:ni1icance of these memorfals is deeper ltha,n any mere ma.tter of comp.Ument, 111or should they be uTidersix>od only as a due tribute of gratitude. The undertaking •apperu1s <to, and its execution will foster rthe spirit of generous civility which a uni­versi.ty, as one of its finest effects, ought to engender lin all who oome within the sphere c,f its influence. 
'I1here is, also, a wider daim, -in the case of Governor Roberts, rupon all who are conversant with the history and ooncern.ed in 1th.e welfare of the State of Texas ; nor could those who may be especially fo!terested in the movement from t;hi£ point of view select a fi:tter .place to set up a memorial than the halls of the State Univers.iity. The .fo.und!lJtion, development, and immediate service of tha.t insti.tution constituted one of the most prominenit motives in <the life of Oran M. Roberts, and his title .to gra.tef:ul remembrance on the part of his fellow d tizem: ·rests no le:is :upon toot grea,t merli·t :bhan upon his formative inlluenee in the jurisprudence and politics of this com­
•1wnwealth. 
There .is still further the general appeal .to all friends of art and culture as such; for foe marble bus-ts thus fo be ·presented to ·the University are not of that mechanic style wh.ioh blllJs .prevailed <to such ia d~&tresising ex:tent in the attempts tu commemorate public benefactors in <this Sta.be; but they :tre true wcrks o:i art, of supreme excellence, by the hand of the sculptre;;5, Elisabet Ney, whose portraitures perpetuate in European capitals the line­aments of a long .list of notables in rank and genius. Th1s .artist ha& cre­ruted also ma,ny works of the imag.ination of the first quality, hut it is as the unexoelled .por.tmi.t artist of the grea,t men of her day <that she is moSlt fa.med. 
One of the bust.>, it should be .men<tioned, is .bo be obtained wi•thout cOGt in the way of completion on the paI1t of the 11.rti&t of ia donation made by her at <the foundation of .the University of Texas.. On .the occa.ision of the inauguration of the University .sJie presented the plaster cast of a bus·t of Gover.nor Roberts ; and this fragile memorial (the fruit of persona.I friend­s.hip and esteem) she so much desired ;to see sa.fe in imperishable marble, tha.t she generously offered to execute this one of the busts without charge. 
Tt ·should be stated. tha.t all contributions will be dewlted intaot to their avowed purpo.;;e, .the Alumni Association having under.baken all charges incident ·to co=unication and collectio.n. The Association .hais ailready borne a great ei..--pense in priming and mailing circulars, and it ·is hoped .that each admirer of th:e men tO be commemorated, each friend of ·ar.t and cult­ure, and paI1icu1arly each alumnus of the University who reads this report, will rea.d it in the light of a personal appeal a.nd promptly make some con­tribution. 
The husts, it is repea,ted, a.re to be preseruted. to 'the Univeraity by the Alumni Association in :the name of all who oorutribute. 
Address any member of the oommittee (.two of it;hem J"esident dn Austin a.nd one in Victori!!.) for :furtlher informaition. Send caish oontribwtions or .subscriptions to tfile chairman, Arthur Lefevre, Victoria, Texas. 
(Signed) 	ARTHUR LEFEVRE, 
M. M. SMITH, 
R. 	C. WALKEB, Committee. 

Organized! March 2, 1897. 

JOHN H. REAGAN, President. 
GUY M. BRYAN, First Vice-President. 
JULIA LEE SINKS, Second Vice-President. 
F. R. LUBBOCK, Third Vice-President. 
GEORGE P. GARRISON, Recording Secretary and Librarian. 
LESTER G. BUGBEE, Corresponding Secretary and Treasurer. 

THE OBJECTS OF THE ASSOCIATION, as stated in its constitution, are "in general, the promotion of his­torical studies; and, in particular, the discovery, collection, preser­vation, and publication of historical material, especially such as relates to Texas." 
THE QUARTERLY OF THE ASSOCIATION is sent free to all members. The subscription price to others is two dollars per year, or fifty cent.s per number. The Quarterly is sent also to the principal libraries of the United ·States and Canirda, and is exchanged for many other publications, principally such as are of a historical nature. It has obtained hearty commendation in many quarters. The numbers published during 1899, contained the Prison Journal of Stephen F. Austin, and much other matter of historical interest. Subsequent numbers will contain copies and translations of rare .Spanish MSS., and other important documents. 
THE COLLECTION OF THE ASSOCIATION consists 0£ about two hundred and fifty volumes and pamphlets, besides a considerable amount of MS. material and various histori­cal relics, and is growing steadily. The Association has at present no means to buy such matter, but it will gladly receive, acknowl­edge, and preserve gifts £or the collection. 
MEMBERSHIP. There are no qualifications for membership, exicept interest enough in the work of the Association to help support it by paying the due.s, which are only two dollars per year, including subscrip­tion to the Quarterly. 'The number 0£ members is now about one thousand, among whom are many 0£ the most prominent citizens of the State, and a considerable list from without. 'Those desiring to become members or subscribe £or the Quarterly, should send their names to LESTER G. BUGBEE, Corresponding Secretary and 'Treasurer, Austin, Texas. Contributions for the Quarterly and correspondence relative to historical materials, should be addressed to GEORGE P. GARRISON, Recording ·Secretary and Librarian, Austin, Texas. 





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For ma.ps, tftne fa.ble3 a.nd other in­formation, write jJOU1' nearest Cotton CJ3elt Agent, or 
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