The 
Pearce,...,Sellards 
Series 

No. 37 AprilS, 1983 
An occasional publication of the Texas Memorial Museum, The University of 
Texas at Austin, 2400 Trinity Street, Austin, Texas 78705 

A Checklist and Bibliography of the Japygoidea 
(Insecta: Diplura) of North America, 
Central America, and the West Indies 

James R. Reddell 

CONTENTS 
Abstract ........... ... ... ... .. ... ... .. .......... . ........ ....1 

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 

Annotated List of Species ..........................................3 

Fossil Species ................................................3 

Extant Species ........... . .............. .. ............ . .. . ...3 

Family Japygidae ...........................................3 

Undetermined Subfamily ....................................3 

Subfamily Provalljapyginae ... ... .. ... ..... .. .. . . .... .... . ....4 

Subfamily Japyginae ................. ..... .................6 

Subfamily Evalljapyginae ................ . .. . ...............20 

Family Parajapygidae .. .. ........... ... ......................26 

Locality List . .. . .... . . . . .. ....... ... .. ... .. .. . . . . ...... . ......32 

Canada ...................................................32 

United States .... . .... .. .... . ........ .. ................ .... . 32 

Mexico ....... . ........ ... ....... ........ .... . . .. .. . .. . .. . 33 

Central America ......... . .. . ........ . ..... .. ................33 

West Indies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 

Acknowledgments ... . . . .......... ...................... ........34 

Bibliography... . ............ . ..... . ... . ..... .. .. .. ............34 


The Pearce-Sellards Series is an occasional, miscellaneous series of brief reports of museum and museum-associated field investigations and other research. All manuscripts are subjected to extramural peer review before being accepted. The series title commemorates the first two directors of the Texas Memorial Museum, both now deceased: Dr. 
J. E. Pearce and Dr. E. H. Sellards, professors of anthropology and geology, respectively, at The University of Texas at Austin. 
A complete price list of Pearce-Sellards papers and other bulletins and miscellaneous publications of the museum will be sent upon request. 
A CHECKLIST AND BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE JAPYGOIDEA (INSECTA: DIPLURA) OF NORTH AMERICA, CENTRAL AMERICA, AND THE WEST INDIES 
By James R. Reddell 1 
ABSTRACT 
The japygoid fauna of North America, Central America, and the West Indies includes one fossil and 103 extant species and four "varieties." Complete synonymies, biblio­graphic citations, and records are included for all species. The presumed type-locality and a summary of ecological data are given for each taxon. In addition, records and references are provided for all undescribed or undetermined specimens reported in the literature. 
INTRODUCTION 
The apterygote insects ofthe dip luran superfamily J apygoidea are a neglected element of the soil and litter fauna of the New World. This list of the species known from North America, Central America, and the West Indies includes one fossil and 103 extant species and an additional four "varieties" (some of which may prove to be valid species when they are restudied). This probably represents only a small percentage of the number of species that occur in this area. For example, there are 32 species endemic to California, but no japygoids have been reported from Nicaragua, El Salvador, or Belize in Cen­tral America, or from many states in the United States and Mexico. 
The first japygoid reported from the New World wasJapyx saussurei, des­cribed by A. Humbert in 1868 from Veracruz, Mexico. Since that time, single new species ofjapygoids have been described by various authors (Pack­ard, 1874; Parona, 1888; MacGillivray, 1893a; Swenk, 1903; Hansen, 1930; Nosek, 1981); three new species by Cook (1899) and by Ewing (1941); four new species by Fox (1941); six new species by Pages (1975a; 1975b; 1977; 1982); seven new species by Ewing and Fox (1942); and the only fossil japygoid by Pierce (1950). Most of our knowledge of New World japygoids is the result of the work of Silvestri from 1902 to 1948 and of L. M. Smith from 1959 to 1964. Silvestri studied japygoids in several museums, but most of his descriptions are based on material he collected during several extensive trips through the United States, Mexico, and the West Indies. He described a total of 42 species and four varieties from this region and laid the foun­dation for the systematics of the group. Smith described 32 species, of which 27 are endemic to California. 
The Japygoidea is world-wide in distribution and is represented by a large number of genera and more than 400 species. Although some genera occur in both the Old and New Worlds, most are restricted to a few areas. The major­ity of japygoid species are also very limited in distribution, as is true with most soil and litter forms. Two species, Metajapyx steevesi Smith and Bolton 
1 Assistant Curator of Entomology, Texas Memorial Museum, The University of Texas at Austin, 2400 Trinity, Austin, Texas 78705 
Pearce-Sellards Series No. 37 
and M. subte"aneus (Packard), are widely distributed throughout the east­ern United States, and both occur in similar wooded habitats throughout their ranges. The reported wide distribution of several Mexican species is probably based on inadequate study, and these species may prove to be divis­ible into complexes of closely related species. One species, Parajapyx (Para­japyx) isabellae (Grassi), is cosmopolitan in distribution, but because it is frequently associated with the soil around plant roots it is presumably dis­tributed by commerce. 
Japygoids have been reported from under rocks, deeply buried in soil, in humus and other litter, and m rotten wood. Price (1973) in a study of the microarthropod fauna of a California pine forest soil found "japygids" to be most abundant below two inches in the soil. Price and Benham (1977) in a study of the soil fauna of an agricultural habitat in California reported that "japygids" were usually found below a depth of 30.5 em and that the mean depth at which 75 percent of specimens were collected was 102.5 em. The supposed rarity of this group appears, therefore, to be primarily a result of failure to sample deeply enough in the soil layers. Most species are associated with a moist environment but a few have been collected in arid regions. Many of the species listed in this report were taken in the soil ofpeach orchards and other agricultural habitats. A few are reported from caves, but most species identified from a subterranean habitat show no signs of adaptation for a cavernicole existence. An undescribed taxon from caves in Texas, however, is apparently a troglobite (obligate cavernicole). 
Only a few studies have been made on the life history of North American japygoids. Smith (1961) has described the postembryonal development of Evalljapyx decorus Smith and Parajapyx (P.) isabellae collected at Davis, California. The egg cluster of E. decorus consists of a spherical mass contain­ing more than 30 eggs, while that of P. (P.) isabellae consists of four eggs laid in a straight row. The mother guards the egg cluster and the first-instar nymphs, which are nonmotile and remain attached to the egg cluster. The second instars leave the cluster after molting. The number of instars in im­mature japygoids is not generally known but appears to be three, with the fourth instar being adult. There appear, furthermore, to be two adult instars in the males and possibly as many as five in the females of Evalljapyx hel­feri Smith (Smith, 1959d). 
Few data are available on the feeding habits ofjapygoids. Gut contents in a few species of Japygidae have indicated that they are predators, feeding on thrips, mites, insect larvae, and other small arthropods. Ingram ( 1931) reports that "Japyx" sp. was observed to feed on sugarcane roots. Parajapyx (P.) isabellae (family Parajapygidae) is reported by Zimmerman (1948) to cause damage to the root cortex. The frequency with which members of the Para­japygidae are found in association with wheat, peach trees, and other culti­vated plants indicates they may have some economic importance. 
The systematic arrangement of species in this list follows Pag~s (1959). with the modifications of Smith and other recent workers. Paclt (1957) in a review of the order Diplura synonymized many genera and rearranged the species to fit his classification. The result is almost certainly artificial, and in recent studies of generic groups the authors have not followed Paclt's system (Pages, 1962; Smith, 1959b ). The descriptions of many species do not in­clude sufficient detail to enable proper placement of the species. The original designations are used in this paper. 
In the following list all references are given for each species with the appro­priate page and figure numbers. This is followed by the type-locality and, in parentheses, the museum in which the holotype is deposited or, in the case of some of the older references, where it is believed to be deposited. All ad­ditional published records are included and brief comments give pertinent data on the habitat, taxonomy, and so forth, of each species. Appended to the checklist is a list of states and countries with the species known from these regions. 
Museum acronyms used below: 
CAS California Academy of Science 
MSNG Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova "G. Doria" 
MCZ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University 
MHNG Muse~m d'Histoire Naturelle, Geneve 
IEAUN Istituto di Entomologia Agraria dell'Universita di Napoli, Portici 
USNM National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution 
UN University of Nebraska 
YU Yale University 
ZIM Zoologisches Institut und Museum, Hamburg 
ANNOTATED LIST OF SPECIES 
Fossil Species 
Genus Onychojapyx Pierce Onychojapyx Pierce, 1950:103. Type-species.-Onychojapyx schmidti Pierce, 1950. Comment.-This is a monotypic genus. 
Onychojapyx schmidti Pierce Onychojapyx schmidti Pierce, 1950:103, 104, pl. 34 (fig. 2);Pierce, 1951 :44; Paclt, 1957:11. Type-locality.-Bonner Quarry, Arizona (Los Angeles County Museum Fossil Insect Collection, No. BQ2). Comment.-This species is the only known fossil japygoid. It was found in onyx marble of Miocene or Pliocene age. The description by Pierce does not give any clue as to the higher placement of the species. 
Extant Species FAMILY JAPYGIDAE UNDETERMINED SUBFAMILY Undetermined genus Undetermined species 1 Japygidae: Westcott, 1968:11. Records.-Idaho: Ice caves Comment.-Westcott (1968) reports the presence ofthis species as a regular inhabitant of ice caves. The cave or caves from whichjapygids were collected was not specified but includes one or more of the following caves he studied: 
Pearce-Sellards Series No. 37 
Crystal Falls Cave, Clark County; Boy Scout Cave, Butte.· County; Crystal Ice Caves, Power County. 
Undetermined species 2 Japygidae, genus and species undetermined: Peck, 1971:430. Record.-PANAMA: Chilibrillo Cave. Comment-A single specimen of this species was collected under a rock near bat guano in darkness in the above cave. 
Undetermined species 3 Japygidae: Serafino and Fraile Merino, 1978:142, 144, 145, 146, 147, 
148. Record.-Costa Rica: Barreal de Herredia; Turrialba. Comment.-Serafino and Fraile Merino (1978) reported the presence 
of 87.5 japygids per square meter at depths of 0-5 em, 5-10 em, and 15-20 em; and 75 per square meter at a depth of 10-15 em in the soil of a cultivated coffee field at Barreal de Herredia. The same authors reported 25 specimens at a depth of 5-10 em, 200 at a depth of 10-15 em, and 
112.5 at a depth of 15-20 em in the soil of a forest at Turrialba. 
Undetermined species 4 Japygidae: von Wicklen, 1963:157. Record.-Oklahoma: Marshall and Johnston Counties: University of Oklahoma Biological Station on Lake Texoma. Comment.-Von Wicklen (1963) reported a total of 22 japygids, six from under logs, five from grass clumps, and II from under leaves, in a wooded area. SUBFAMILY PROV ALLJAPYGINAE Genus Ctenjapyx Silvestri Ctenjapyx Silvestri, 1948f:310-312; Smith, 1964a:33. Type-species.-Ctenjapyx boneti Silvestri, 1948f. Comment-This genus is known only from the two species listed here. Although Silvestri (1948f) placed the genus in the Evalljapyginae, Smith (1964a) removed it to the Provalljapyginae and considered it most closely related to Nanojapyx. 
Ctenjapyx boneti Silvestri Ctenjapyx boneti Silvestri, 1948f:297, 311,312-313, fig. VIII(l-18);Marcus, 1949:45; Silvestri, 1949:42; Pages, 1951 :27; Paclt, 1957:85; Smith 1964a:33, 34, 36. Type-locality.-Sierra de San Lazaro, Baja California Sur, Mexico (?lEA UN). Comment.-This species is known only from the holotype. 
Ctenjapyx parkeri Smith Ctenjapyx parkeri Smith, 1964a:33-36, Fig. 1-9. Type-locality.-23 mi. S Matfas Romero, Oaxaca, Mexico (CAS). Comment.-This species, known only from the holotype male and a juve­nile, was collected in leaf mold. 
Genus Eojapyx Smith 
Eojapyx Smith, 1960c:262. Type-species.-Eojapyx pedis Smith, 1960c. Comment.-This is a mono typic genus. 
Eojapyx pedis Smith 
Eojapyx pedis Smith, 1960c:261-266, fig. 1-8. Type-locality.-Stoddard County, Missouri (USNM). Comment.-This species, known only from the holotype male, was col­
lected in peach orchard soil in association with Parajapyx ( Parajapyx) isa­bellae and Metajapyx subterraneus. 
Genus Nanojapyx Smith Nanojapyx Smith, 1959a: 100-101. Type-species.-Nanojapyx pagesi Smith, 1959a. Comment.-This genus is known only from the five California species listed here. 
Nanojapyx coalingae Smith Nanojapyx coalingae Smith, 1959a: 104, 105, 106, fig. 17. Type-locality.-Near Coalinga, Fresno County, California (CAS). Comment.-This species, known only from the holotype female, was collected in juniper leaf mold. 
Nanojapyx gentilei Smith Nanojapyx gentilei Smith, 1959a: 102, 103, 104, 105, 107, fig. 12, 16. Type-locality.-Near Trenton, Sonoma County, California (CAS). Comment.-This species is represented by the holotype female and a para­type female and juvenile. The specimens were collected ten to twelve inches deep in sandy soil in a growth of poison oak. 
Nanojapyx hamoni Smith Nanojapyx hamoni Smith, 1959a: 104, 105, 106, fig. 14. Type-locality.-Near HalfMoon Bay, San Mateo County, California(CAS). Other record.-California: San Mateo County: Wolf Ranch. Comment.-This species is represented by the holotype female and three paratype females. It has been collected in redwood leaf mold and in clay­loam soil and humus under Monterey Cypress. 
Nanojapyx pagesi Smith Nanojapyx pagesi Smith, 1959a: 100, 101-102, 103, 104, 105, 106, fig. 1-11, 13. Type-locality.-Near Oakland, Alameda County, California (CAS). Comment-This species, known only from two females and two males, was collected in leaf mold. 
Pearce-Sellards Series No. 37 
Nanojapyx pricei Smith 
Nanojapyx pricei Smith, 1959a: 102, 104, 105, 107, fig. 15. 
Type-locality.-San Bruno Mountains, San Mateo County, California(CAS). Comment.-This species, known only from one male and one female, was collected in chaparral leaf mold. 
SUBFAMILY JAPYGINAE 
Undetermined genus Undetermined species Undetermined genus and species: Reddell and Mitchell, 1971:152-153. Record.-Mexico: San Luis Potosi: S6tano del Arroyo, 12 km NE Ciudad Valles. Comment-A single anomalous specimen that cannot be further identified was obtained on silt banks in the above cave. 
Undescribed genus 
Undescribed species Undetermined genus and species: Reddell, 1966:27. ?Metajapyx sp.: Reddell, 1966:27; Mitchell and Reddell, 1971:64,65, fig. 45. 
Records.-Texas: Menard County: Powell's Cave; Uvalde County: Indian Creek Cave. 
Comment.-This species was collected from clay banks above streams in both of the above caves. It is one of the larger species of japygid in the world and is apparently an obligate cavernicole. 
Genus Allojapyx Silvestri Allojapyx Silvestri, 1948f:302-303. Type-species.-Japyx allodontus Silvestri, 1911. Comment.-Paclt (1957) considered this genus to be a junior synonym of Metajapyx, but I consider it to be valid. 
Allojapyx allodontus (Silvestri) Japyx allodontus Silvestri, 1911:73-74, fig. 11(1-7); Silvestri, 1912:210; Silvestri, 1948f:302, 303; Silvestri, 1949:45, 54; Paclt, 1957:67. Japyx (Metajapyx) allodontus: Silvestri, 1933a: 140; Silvestri, 1949:45. Allojapyx allodontus: Silvestri, 1948f:303, 304, fig. III(l-8), IV (n. comb., redescription); Silvestri, 1949:45, 54; Paclt, 1957:67; Reddell and Elliott, 1973: 175; Reddell, 1981:36, 203. Metajapyx allodontus: Paclt, 1957:67 (n. comb.). lapyx allodontus: Paclt, 1957:67. Type-locality.-Jalapa, Veracruz, Mexico (?IEAUN). Other records.-Mexico: Distrito Federal: Mexico. Guerrero: Malinaltepec. Mexico: El Guarda. Michoacan: Zitacuaro. Morelos: Tepoztlan; Zempoala. San Luis Potosi: S6tano de la Tinaja, 10 km NE Ciudad Valles. Comment.-The description by Silvestri is vague and specimens from San Luis Potosi may represent an undescribed species. 
Genus Catajapyx Silvestri Catajapyx Silvestri, 1932:94; Silvestri, 1948d:289-290; Pages, 1953b:254. Type-species.-Japyx confusus Silvestri, 1929c. Comment.-The genus Catajapyx is known from Austria, Czechoslovakia, Greece, Italy, Yugoslavia, Rumania, Hungary, and Bulgaria. The species listed below from Arkansas almost certainly does not belong in this genus. 
Catajapyx ewingi Fox Catajapyx ewingi Fox, 1941:28,30, fig. 2; Paclt, 1957:65. Catajapyx exingi: Silvestri, 1949:4 7 (lapsus calami). Dipljapyx ewingi: Paclt, 1957:65 (n. comb.). Type-locality.-Howard County, Arkansas (USNM No. 54834). Comment.-This species, known from two adult specimens, was collected from peach orchard soil. Its correct placement must await restudy of the type-specimens. Genus Centrjapyx Silvestri Centrjapyx Silvestri, 1948a:75, 78. Type-species.-Japyx tristani Silvestri, 1931 b. Comment-This monotypic genus was placed by Paclt (1957) in the syn­onymy of Jndjapyx. The correct placement of the type-species must await a restudy of the holotype. Centrjapyx mahunkorum Pages CentrjapyxmahunkorumPages, 1982:155,156-161,165, figs.l-10. Type-locality. -Sainte-Lucie: Castries, Piton Flore (MHNG). Comment.-This species, known only from the holotype male, was taken by Berlese extraction from rotten wood in "a closed, very wet virgin forest." 
Centrjapyx tristani (Silvestri) Japyx tristani Silvestri, 1929b:65-68, fig. I-III; Williams, 1941:75, 91; Silvestri,l948a:78; Silvestri, 1949:48, 64; Paclt, 1957:63. Centrjapyx tristani: Silvestri, 1948a:76, 78, fig. LX(n. comb., redescription); Silvestri, 1949:47-48; Pages, 1951:36; Paclt, 1957:61, 63; Pages, 1982:160. Jndjapyx tristani: Paclt, 1957:63 (n. comb.). Catajapyx neotropicalis Ewing and Fox,' 1942:293-2 94, pl. 3 3(fig. 2); Silvestri, 1948a:78 (syn. of Centrjapyx tristani); Paclt, 1957:63. Jndjapyx neotropicalis: Paclt, 1957:63. Jndjapyx ( "Centrjapyx ") tristani: Paclt, 1977: 121. Type-locality.-OfJapyx tristani: San Jose, Costa Rica (ZIM); of Catajapyx neotropicalis: Barro Colorado Island, Panama (USNM No. 55215). Other records.-Costa Rica: Navarro; Reventaz6n. Guatemala: Izabal: Bobos. Panama: Porto Bello; Barro Colorado Island. Comment.-This species was collected from humus in Costa Rica. 
Genus Hecajapyx Smith Hecajapyx Smith, 1959c:366; Smith, 1964b:37. Type-species.-Hecajapyx vulgaris Smith, 1959c. Comment.-This genus is known only from the two California species listed below. 
Hecajapyx bucketti Smith 
Hecajapyx bucketti Smith, 1964b:37-38, 39. 
Type-locality.-McKinley Grove, near Dinkey Creek, Fresno County, California (CAS). Comment.-This species was collected under red wood duff. 
Hecajapyx vulgaris Smith Hecajapyx vulgaris Smith, 1959c:363, 365, 366, 367, 368, fig. 3, 5, 6, 12, 15, 18, 20; Smith, 1964b:37, 38, 39. Type-locality.-San Anselmo, Marin County, California (CAS). Other records.-California: Del Norte County; Lake County; Mendocino County; Napa County: 7 mi. W Oakville; Solano County; Sonoma County: 6 mi. E Petaluma. Comment.-This species, represented by more than 250 specimens, has been collected in oak and redwood duff. 
Genus Holjapyx Silvestri Holjapyx Silvestri, 1948b: 125; Smith, 1959b:l77-178. Type-species.-Japyx diversiunguis Silvestri, 1911. Comment.-This genus is known with certainty only from the nine Cali­fornia species listed below. Three New Zealand species described by Pages (1952b) were tentatively placed in Holjapyx. 
Holjapyx calaverasae Smith Holjapyx calaverasae Smith, 1959b: 178-179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, fig. 6, 19. Type-locality.-2 mi. W San Andreas, Calaveras County, California (CAS). Comment.-This species, known from 10 specimens, was taken in sandy clay loam soil under Quercus wislizenii Alfonse de Candolle. 
Holjapyx conspersus Smith Holjapyx conspersus Smith, 1959b: 181, 182, 183, 185, 186, fig. 1, 17. Type-locality.-3 mi. N Sharp Park, San Mateo County, California (CAS). Comment.-This species, known only from one male and one female, was collected in humus under chaparral. 
Holjapyx diversiunguis (Silvestri) Japyx diversiunguis Silvestri, 1911:72-73, fig. 1(1-8); Essig, 1926:56, 57, fig. 33e; Silvestri, 1948b:l25, 126; Silvestri, 1949:56; Paclt, 1957:71; Essig, 1958:56,57, fig. 33e;Smith, 1959b:l77. Catajapyx diversiunguis: Fox, 1941:28 (n. comb.); Silvestri, 1949:47; Paclt, 1957:71. Iapyx diversiungus: Essig, 1942:74, fig. 30 (lapsus calami). Japyx diversiunguis: Essig, 1942:75;Paclt, 1957:71. Holjapyx diversiunguis: Silvestri, 1948b:l26-128, fig. V(l-12), Vl(l-9) 
(n. comb., redescription); Silvestri, 1949:51, 56; Pages, 1952b: 154; Paclt, 1957:71; Smith, 1959b:178, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, fig. 2, 20 (redescription); Pages, 1980a:638. 
Holijapyx diversiunguis: Silvestri, 1948b: 126 (lapsus calami). 
Burmjapyx diversiunguis: Paclt, 1957:8,71 (n. comb.). Type-locality.-Yosemite Park, California (?IEAUN). Other records.-California: Pine Hurst; Contra Costa County: Berkeley; 
Marin County: Mill Valley; San Mateo County: Woodside. Comment.-This species has been collected in damp soil. Silvestri (1948b) reported finding eight "larvae" underneath the coiled body of the mother. 
Holjapyx humidus Smith Holjapyx humidus Smith, 1959b: 180, 182, 183, 186, fig. 3, 10, 12-13. Type-locality.-Mendocino, Mendocino County, California (CAS). Comment.-This species is known only from a male and female. 
Holjapyx hyadis Smith Holjapyx hyadis Smith, 1959b: 180-181, 185, 186, fig. 14. Type-locality.-Kings Mountain, San Mateo County, California (CAS). Comment.-This species, known only from a male and female, was col­lected in deep humus of redwood, madrone, and tan bark oak. 
Holjapyx imbutus Smith Holjapyx imbutus Smith, 1959b: 181-182, 185, 186, fig. 15. Type-locality.-1 mi. N Murphys, Calaveras County, California (CAS). Other records.-California: Calaveras County: Calaveras Big Trees; 3 mi. W San Andreas. Comment.-This species has been collected in humus under an oak tree, in wet humus and soil, and in a rotten redwood log. 
Holjapyx insiccatus Smith HoljapyxinsiccatusSmith, 1959b:l82, 183, 186,fig. 7. Type-locality.-9 mi. S Monticello, Napa County, California (CAS). Comment.-This species, known only from two females, was collected under stones on a grassy slope. 
Holjapyx irroratus Smith Holjapyx irroratus Smith, 1959b: 182, 183, 184, 186, fig. 5, 11. Type-locality.-Armstrong State Park, Sonoma County, California (CAS). Comment.-This species, known only from two females, was collected in humus under redwood trees. 
Holjapyx madidus Smith Holjapyx madidus Smith, 1959b: 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, fig. 4, 16. Type-locality.-Near Nashville, ElDorado County, California (CAS). Comment.-This species, known only from the holotype male, was col­lected in rocky soil. 
Holjapyx schusteri Smith Holjapyxschusteri Smith, 1959b:l79-180, 182, 183, 185, 186, fig. 8, 18. Type-locality.-1 mi. W San Andreas Lake, San Mateo County, California (CAS). 
Other record.-Califomia: Contra Costa County: Mount Diablo. Comment.-This species has been collected in soil under live oak and in open grassland. 
Genus Jndjapyx Silvestri Indjapyx Silvestri, 1930a:451. Type-species.-Japyx indicus Oudemans, 1891. Comment.-This genus is known from India, Malaysia, the East Indies, and the Hawaiian Islands. 
Jndjapyx sharpi (Silvestri) Japyx sharpi Silvestri, 1904:293-294, pl. VIII(fig. 1-8); Silvestri, 1905b: 641; Zimmerman, 1948:39, 41-42, fig. 9; Paclt, 1957:62. Jndjapyx sharpi: Silvestri, 1930b:223-225, fig. Xl(l-11), XII (n. comb., redescription); Womersley, 1934:37; Silvestri, 1949: 52; Paclt, 1957:62. Type-locality.-Kaholumano, Kauai, Hawaiian Islands (?IEAUN). Other record.-Hawaiian Islands: Kauai: Halemanu. Comment.-This species has been collected in rotten logs, under logs, and in soil. It is probably an introduced species in Hawaii (Zimmerman, 1948). 
Genus Japyx Haliday Japyx Haliday, 1864:441. Dice/lura Haliday, 1865:62. Type-species.-Of Japyx: Japyx solifugus Haliday, 1864; of Dicellura: Dicellura solifugus Haliday, 1865. Comment.-The genus Japyx has served as a "catch-all" genus. Its actual distribution as understood today is probably limited to Europe and northern Africa. It does not occur in North America and the identity of material as­signed to this genus in the New World must await restudy. 
"Japyx" sp. Japyx sp.: Kellogg, 1908:62, fig. 92. Record. -California. Comment.-This species, figured by Kellogg (1908), is too diagrammati­cally shown to be recognizable. 
"Japyx" spp. Japyx spp.: Pearse, 1946:139, 148. Record.-North Carolina: Durham County: Duke Forest. Comment.-The identity of this material is unknown. Pearse ( 1946) re­ported a total of 21 specimens from litter and soil. 
"Japyx" sp. 1 Japyx sp.: Pearse, 1938:238; Pages, 1964: 192; Reddell, 1971:49. Japax sp.: Pearse, 1945:174, fig. (lapsus calami). Record.-Mexico : Yucatan: Actun Xpukil, 3 km S Calcehtok. Comment.-A juvenile specimen was collected 40 meters from the entrance to the cave. 
"Japyx" sp. 2 
Japyxsp.: Ingram, 1931:866,867,868;Ingrametal., 1950:13;Fox, 1957:36. Records.-Louisiana: Westfield; Lafayette Parish: Broussard; St. Mary Parish: Franklin; Terrebonne Parish: Huoma. 
Comment.-lngram (1931) found an average of 3.29 specimens of Japyx sp. per four-inch square in the soil of four sugarcane fields in Louisiana. Ingram et al. (1950) reported that one square foot of soil in a sugarcane field in Louisiana yielded 30 specimens of Japyx. This species was observed feeding on the roots of the sugarcane. It is probable that this material actu­ally belongs to the genus Parajapyx and may be P (P) isabellae. 
"Japyx" sp. 3 Japyx n. sp.: Cook, 1898:53. Record. -California: Ventura County. Comment.-This species, exhibited by Cook at a meeting of the Entomo­logical Society of Washington, may be one of the species described by him in 1899, although none were reported as coming from California. 
"Japyx" sp. 4 Japygidae 1: Hairston and Byers, 1954:7, 22-24, table I, figs. 21-22. Japygida: Engehnann, 1961 :229-232; Wallwork, 1970:128. 
Japex sp.; Engehnann, 1961:230, 231; Wallwork, 1970:245. Record.-Michigan: Livingston County: University of Michigan Edwin S. George Reserve, 4.5 mi. W Pinckney. 
Comment.-This undetermined species was taken from an abandoned field. A total of 71 specimens were collected from 0-8.5 inches deep in the soil. Most specimens were taken at levels between 5 and 8.5 inches beneath the surface. 
''Japyx" sp. 5 Japyx: Cook, 1901:486. Record.-Puerto Rico. Comment.-The identity of this material, briefly mentioned in a summary of a paper given at a meeting of the Entomological Society of Washington, is unknown. No description of the Cook specimens has been located. 
''Japyx" bidens Cook Japyx n. sp.: Cook, 1898:53. Japyx bidens Cook, 1899:225, 226, 227, fig. 3a-3b; Swenk, 1903: 130; Kirby, 1904:57; Paclt, 1957:79; Smith and Bolton, 1964:128. ?Japyx bidentatus: Ewing, 1928:26, 30, 41, pl. 9. Occasjapyx bidens: Paclt, 1957:79 (n. comb.). Metajapyx bidens: Smith and Bolton, 1964: 126-128. Type-locality.-Alabama (USNM). Comment.-Smith and Bolton (1964) have demonstrated that this species does not belong in Metajapyx and consider the specimens to be anomalous. The species from Alabama exhibited by Cook at a meeting of the Entomo­logical Society of Washington in 1898 is probably J. bidens. Ewing (1928) described certain aspects of the morphology of "the large eastern Japyx bidentatus." Japyx bidentatus was described by Schaffer in 1897 from Chile. 
It is unlikely that this is the species referred to by Ewing; bidentatus is more probably an error for bidens. 
"Japyx" goliath Parona Japyx goliath Parona, 1888:80-83, fig. a-e; Parona, 1892:128; Skorikow, 1900:324; Silvestri, 1902:216, 222, 244; Kirby, 1904:57; Bouvier, 1905:31; Silvestri, 1929a:263, 265-267, fig. III(l-5), IV (redescrip­tion); Silvestri, 1949:57; Paclt, 1957:72. lapyx goliath: Oudemans, 1891:78, 79. Burmjapyx goliath: Paclt, 1957:72 (n. comb.). Type-locality.-Guatemala (MSNG). Comment.-This species is known only from a single desiccated specimen. Although Paclt (1957) placed this species in Burmjapyx, it is unlikely that it belongs in that genus. The description by Parona (1888) and redescription by Silvestri (1929a) do not give sufficient details to allow correct generic placement of the species. 
"Japyx" molineti Silvestri Japyx molineti Silvestri, 1929a:263-265, fig. 1(1-7), II; Silvestri, 1949: 60; Paclt, 1957:73. Burmjapyx molineti: Paclt, 1957:73 (n. comb.). 
Type-locality.-Guayabal, Oriente Province, Cuba (?IEAUN). 
Other record.-Cuba: Oriente Province: San Antonio, near Guayabal. 
Comment.-This species, placed by Paclt (1957) in Burmjapyx, must be 

restudied before it can be correctly placed. The type-specimen was collected under a large rock. 
"Japyx" texanus Hansen lapyx: Wheeler, 1900:837, 847,848,849. Japyx sp.: Rucker, 1901:615. Japyx texanus Hansen, 1930:61,126,132,349,350-351, pl. V(fig. 3a-d), 
pl. Vl(fig. 1 a, 1 c) (nomen nudum). Record.-Texas: Travis County: vicinity of Shoal Creek, Austin. Comment.-Hansen (1930) cites this species name with "nomen nudum" 
in parentheses after it. He describes the structure of the head, mouthparts, and legs, with their related musculature. This species was collected under rocks beneath cedars on a hillside. It has apparently never been formally described. 
"Japyx" tumeri Ewing Japyx tumeri Ewing, 1941:72, 73, 74, 75, fig. 7; Silvestri, 1949:65; Paclt, 1957:60. 
lapyx turneri: Paclt, 1957:60. Type-locality.-Upson County, Georgia (USNM No. 54396). Other record.-South Carolina: Saluda County. Comment.-Correct placement of this species must await a restudy of the 
type-specimens. The three known specimens were collected from peach orchard soil. 
"Japyx" vivaldii Silvestri 
Japyx vivaldii Silvestri, 1929a:268-270, fig. V(l-13), VI; Silvestri, 1949:65; Paclt, 1957:66. Teljapyx vivaldii: Paclt, 1957:66 (n. comb.). Type-locality.-Guayabal, Oriente Province, Cuba (?IEAUN). Comment.-The correct generic placement of this species must await restudy; it almost certainly does not belong in Teljapyx. 
Genus Metajapyx Silvestri Japyx (Metajapyx) Silvestri, 1932:82. Metajapyx Silvestri, 1948d:251-252; Pages, 1953b:246; Smith and Bolton, 
1964:126, 128-132. Type-species.-Japyx (Metajapyx) aemulans Silvestri, 1932. Comment.-The genus Metajapyx contains 31 described species. An addi­
tional five species, previously placed in Metajapyx, were removed from this genus by Smith and Bolton (1964). They did not, however, indicate to which genus they belong. Excluding these five latter species, the genus is known to occur in France, Italy, Spain, Switzerland, Belgium, Austria, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Sicily, Albania, islands in the Aegean Sea, Algeria, and the United States. Smith and Bolton (1964) divided the genus into five species groups, one of which is restricted to the United States. It may eventually prove advantageous to consider this latter group as a distinct genus. 
Metajapyx sp. I Metajapyxsp.: Reddell and Elliott, 1973:175;Reddell, 1981:203. Record.-Mexico: San Luis Potosi: S6tano de Ia Tinaja, 10 km NE Ciudad Valles. Comment.-This apparently undescribed species was taken in total dark­ness from beneath rotten wood on silt. 
Metajapyx sp. 2 Metajapyx sp.: Dowdy, 1944:214,217. Records.-Ohio: Cuyahoga County: 14 mi. E Cleveland. Comments.-Specimens from this locality may belong toM. subterraneus, the only species known from Ohio. Dowdy (1944) reported the presence of 80 specimens (1.74/meter) from an "Acer-Tilia-Sambucus Associes," and 90 specimens (2.09/meter) from a "Fagus-Acer Associes" in his study area. He found no specimens in the other plant associations he studied. 
Metajapyx confectus Silvestri Metajapyx confectus Silvestri, 1948e:209, 212-214,224,225, fig. 2,pl.l7 (fig. 2); Silvestri, 1949:67; Paclt, 1957:64; Pages, 1962:739; Smith and Bolton, 1964:131, 132, 133, 137; Valentine and Glorioso, 1978:196. Dipljapyx confectus: Paclt, 1957:64 (n. comb.); Pages, 1962:739. Type-locality .-Washington, District of Columbia (MCZ). Other records.-North Carolina: Graham County: Unicoi Mountains; Macon County: Coweeta Experimental Forest; Transylvania County: Pink Beds Picnic Area, 8 mi. N Brevard. Comment.-This species is known only from eight specimens. 
Metajapyx [o/somi Silvestri Metajapyx [olsomi Silvestri, 1948b:ll8, 134-136, fig. X(l-9); Silvestri, 1949:67; Paclt, 1957:68; Smith and Bolton, 1964:131, 132, 133, 137. Type-locality.-Grandfather Mountain, Avery County, North Carolina (?IEAUN). Other records.-North Carolina: Macon County: Highlands. Tennessee: Sevier County: Elkmont. Comment.-This species is known from seven specimens, one of which was collected in a tree hole. 
Metajapyx illinoiensis Smith and Bolton 
Metajapyx illinoiensis Smith and Bolton, 1964: 127, 131, 135-136, 137, fig. 9. Type-locality.-Ottawa, La Salle County, Illinois (YU). Comment.-This species has been reported from "soil four to six inches 
deep in tubes in a garden" (Smith and Bolton, 1964). 
Metajapyx multidens (Cook) 
Japyx multidensCook, 1899:225,226, 227, 228, 229, fig. 4a-4b, 7a; Swenk, 1903: 130; Kirby, 1904:57; Silvestri, 1948e:209 (syn. ?Metajapyx sub­terraneus); Silvestri, 1949:60; Paclt, 1957:69 (syn. Metajapyx subterra­neus); Smith and Bolton, 1964:132. 
Metajapyx multidens: Paclt, 1957:69; Smith and Bolton, 1964:131, 132­133, 137 (n. comb., redescription). 
Japyx hastatus Fox, 1941 :30-31, fig. 1; Silvestri, 1948b: 130: Silvestri, 1949:57; Pac1t, 1957:68; Pages, 1962:740; Smith and Bolton, 1964: 132 (syn. Metajapyx multidens). 
Metajapyx hastatus: Paclt, 1957:68 (n. comb.). Japyx unidenticu/atus Fox, 1941:29-30, fig. 6; Silvestri, 1949:65;Paclt, 1957: 69; Smith and Bolton, 1964: 132, 133 (syn. Metajapyx multidens). Metajapyx unidenticu/atus: Paclt, 1957:69 (n. comb.). 
Type-1ocalities.-Of Japyx multidens: "Alabama" (Lookout Mountain, Hamilton County, Tennessee-Smith and Bolton, 1964) (USNM No. 66787); of Japyx hastatus: Upson County, Georgia (USNM No. 54837); of Japyx unidenticu/atus: Upson County, Georgia (USNM No. 54836). 
Comment.-This species has been reported from peach orchard soil. Smith and Bolton (1964) noted that the correct type-locality ofJapyx multidens was Lookout Mountain, Tennessee, and not Alabama as reported by Cook (1899). 
Metajapyx propinquus (Silvestri) Japyx propinquus Silvestri, 1948b: 118, 128-130, fig. VII(l-13); Pages, 
1951:36,Paclt, 1957:64. Japyx propinquis: Silvestri, 1949:61 (lapsus calami). Dip/japyx propinquus: Paclt, 1957:64 (n. comb.); Pages, 1962:739. Metajapyx propinquus: Smith and Bolton, 1964:131, 133, 137 (n. comb.); 
Pages, 1980b:779. Type-locality.-Charlotte, Mecklenburg County, North Carolina (?lEA UN). 
Other records.-Alabama: Barbour County: 5 mi. S Eufaula Junction; Tuscaloosa County: near Peterson. Tennessee: Great Smoky Mountains Nat­ional Park; Bledsoe County: Fall Creek State Park; Van Buren County: Fall Creek Falls State Park. 
Comment.-The type-specimens were collected in humus. 
Metajapyx remingtoni Smith and Bolton Metajapyx remingtoni Smith and Bolton, 1964:127, 131, 134-135, 136, 137, fig. I, 10. Type-locality.-Newfoundland (=Newfound) Gap, Great Smoky Mountain National Park [Sevier County], Tennessee (YU). Comment.-This species was found three to five inches deep under rocks. 
"Metajapyx" schwarzi Ewing and Fox Metajapyx schwarzi Ewing and Fox, 1942:294-295, pl. 34(fig. 4); Silvestri, 1949:67, Paclt, 1957:69; Smith and Bolton, 1964:126, 128 (remove from Metajapyx). Type-locality.-Livingston, Izabal, Guatemala (USNM No. 55216). Other record.-Honduras: Lombardia. Comment.-Smith and Bolton ( 1964) pointed out that, due to the falci­form nature of the first lamina of the lacinia, this species cannot belong in Metajapyx. It probably belongs in an undescribed genus. The remains of a small insect, possibly a larva of the beetle family Staphylinidae, are in the rectum of the holotype. 
Metajapyx steevesi Smith and Bolton Metajapyx steevesi Smith and Bolton, 1964:127, 131, 136, 137, fig. 2-6, 8; Valentine and Glorioso, 1978:193. Type-locality.-Fall Creek Falls State Park, Bledsoe County, Tennessee (CAS). Other records.-Alabama: Butler County: 2 mi. NW McKenzie on U.S. Rte. 193; Franklin County; Marion County; Tuscaloosa County. Georgia: Dade County; Habersham County; Stevens County; White County. Mississippi: Alcorn County. North Carolina: Graham County; Jackson County; Macon County; Yancy County. South Carolina: Ocona County; Pickens County. Tennessee: Blount County; Hamilton County; Overton County; Pickett County. Virginia: Craig County; Dickenson County; Giles County. Comment-In Alabama this species has been collected in rich humus under leaf litter. Valentine and Glorioso (1978) studied the grooming behav­ior of the species. 
Metajapyx subterraneus (Packard) Japyx subterraneus Packard, l874b:50l-502; Packard, 1886:382, 383; Comstock, 1888:56; Parona, 1888:78,79, 80;MacGillivray, 1891:269; MacGillivray, l893a: 173-174; MacGillivray, l893b:219; Schaffer, 1897:32; Skorikow, 1900:324; Swenk, 1903: 130; Kirby, 1904:57; Kellogg, 1980:61; Wolf, l934-1938:vol. II: 499, vol. III:I40; Brimley, 1938:n.p.; Fox, 1941: 29, 30, fig. 4;Jeannel, 1943:143;Pearse, 1943: 416; Silvestri, 1948e: 209; Silvestri, 1949:64; Paclt, 1957: 69; Smith and Bolton, 1964: 132; Barr, 1968:168. Japyx subterraneus: Karsch, 1887: 154; Oudemans, 1891:78-79. Iapyx subterraneous: Essig, 1942:75 (lapsus calami). 
Pearce-Sellards Series No. 37 
Metajapyx subterraneus: Silvestri, 1948e: 209-212, 224, 225, fig. 1, pl. 
17(fig. 1) (n. comb., redescription); Silvestri, 1949:67; Young, 1952: 
332, 333, fig. 1; Chandler, 1957:113; Paclt, 1957:69, Smith, 1960c: 
261; Pages, 1964:192, 195; Smith and Bolton, 1964:127, 131, 132, 
137, fig. 7; Valentine and Glorioso, 1978:192. 
Type-locality.-White's Cave, Jr. [=Little White Cave], Edmonson County, 
Kentucky (type-depository unknown). 
Other records.-District of Columbia. Indiana: Lawrence County: near 
Bedford; Monroe County: canyon of Stoute's Creek north of Bloomington; 
Owen County: McCormick's Creek State Park. Ripley County: Woodland 
bordered by Laughrey Creek, on W.S. Lemon Farm south of Friendship; 
Kentucky: Edmonson County: roadside near Mammoth Cave. Maryland: 
Montgomery County: Plummer Island. Missouri: Oregon County; Stoddard 
County. North Carolina: Spruce; Buncombe County: Swannanoa; Durham 
County: Durham, Duke Forest; Wake County: Raleigh, Ohio: "southern 
Ohio"; Franklin County: Columbus; Scioto County. Pennsylvania: Wash­
inton County: Claysville. Virginia: Hunter; Arlington County: Rosslyn; 
Bedford County; Fairfax County; Grayson County; Henry County; Mont­
gomery County; Wythe County. 
Comment.-The type-specimen was collected under a rock in the twilight 
zone about 40 to 50 feet from the cave entrance. In North Carolina this 
species was collected under dead leaves, stones, and the bark of dead logs. In 
Ohio it was collected under a large flat rock at the base of an overgrown hill. 
The record by Wolf (1934-1938) for this species in Mammoth Cave, Ken­
tucky, is doubtless an error for White's Cave, Jr., which is near Mammoth 
Cave. Valentine and Glorioso (1978) studied the grooming behavior of the 
species. Dr. Thomas C. Barr, Jr. (in litt.), reports that this species is very 
abundant in forested areas of the Mammoth Cave region, including Mammoth 
Dome Sink and around White Cave and Little White Cave, where it is found 
beneath stones. Its occurrence in caves is probably accidental. 
Genus Mixojapyx Silvestri Mixojapyx Silvestri, 1933a: 135-136; Silvestri, 1948f:297. 
Type-species.-Japyx saussurei Humbert, 1868. 
Comment.-This genus includes eight species and one "variety" from 
Illinois, Indiana, Texas, Mexico and Guatemala. Paclt (1957) listed Mixo­
japyx as a junior synonym of Metajapyx, but I consider Mixojapyx to be a 
valid genus. 
Mixojapyx sp. Mixojapyx sp.: Reddell and Elliott, 1973: 175; Reddell, 1981:203. Records.-Mexico: San Luis Potosi: S6tano de Matapalma; S6tano de la Tinaja. Comment-This large japygid is apparently an undescribed species. It was taken in total darkness from beneath rotten wood on silt banks. 
"Mixojapyx" barberi Ewing and Fox Mixojapyx barberi Ewing and Fox, 1942:296-297, pl. 34(fig. 7-8); Silvestri, 1949:67; Paclt, 1957:67. 
Metajapyx barberi: Paclt, 1957:67 (n. comb.). Type-locality.-Cacao, Trece Aguas, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala (USNM No. 
55218). Other record.-Guatemala: Baja Verapaz: Purulha. Comment.-The presence of a falciform distal lamina of the lacinia pre­
cludes the placement of this species in Mixojapyx or Metajapyx. It may be­long to an undescribed genus and possibly is congeneric with Metajapyx schwarzi. Remains of an oribatid mite, an unidentified beetle, and a possible fungus gnat (Mycetophilidae) are present in the alimentary canal of several specimens of this species. 
Mixojapyx conspicuus Silvestri Mixojapyx conspicuus Silvestri, 1933a: 127, 138-140, fig. VIII-IX; Silvestri, 1949:68; Paclt, 1957:67. Metajapyx conspicuus: Paclt, 1957:67 (n. comb.). Type-locality.-San Francisco, Veracruz, Mexico (?IEAUN). Comment.-This species is known only from the holotype. 
Mixojapyx cooki Ewing and Fox Mixojapyx cooki Ewing and Fox, 1942:295-296, pl. 34(fig. 5-6); Silvestri, 1949:68; Paclt, 1957:67. Metajapyx cooki: Paclt, 1957:67 (n. comb.). Type-locality.-Tactic, Santa Rosa, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala (USNM No. 55217). Comment.-This species is known from three adults. The remains of a beetle larva (probably Carabidae) are present in the rectum of one of the specimens. 
Mixojapyx dampfi Silvestri Mixojapyx dampfi Silvestri, 1948f:298-300, fig. 1(1-8); Silvestri, 1949:68; Paclt, 1957:67. Metajapyx dampfi: Paclt, 1957:67 (n. comb,). Type-locality.-Taxco El Viejo, Guerrero, Mexico (?IEAUN). Comment.-This species is known only from the holotype. 
Mixojapyx dechambrieri Pages Mixojapyx dechambrieri Pages, 1977:807-810, 814, fig. 1-9. Type-locality.-Tikal, Guatemala (MHNG ). Comment-This species, known only from the holotype female, was collected from soil. 
Mixojapyx impar Silvestri Mixojapyx impar Silvestri, 1948b: 118, 133-134, fig. IX(l-8); Silvestri, 1949:68; Paclt, 1957:68. Metajapyx impar: Paclt, 1957:68 (n. comb.). Type-locality.-College Station, Brazos County, Texas (type-depository unknown). Other record.-Texas: Dallas County: Dallas. 
Pearce·Sellards Series No. 37 
Comment.-This species is known from two specimens from College Station and one immature specimen from Dallas. G. Viggiani (pers. comm.) of the Istituto di Entomologia Agraria dell'Universita di Napoli reported that the type-specimens were not with other Silvestri types in that collection. 
Mixojapyx notabilis Silvestri Mixojapyx notabilis Silvestri, 1948f:300-302, fig. 11(1-8); Silvestri, 1949: 68; Paclt, 1957:68; Pages, 1977:810. Metajapyx notabilis: Paclt, 1957:68 (n. comb.). Type-locality.-lsla de Cozumel, Quintana Roo, Mexico (?IEAUN). Other record.-Mexico: Quintana Roo: Leona Vicario. Comment.-Silvestri (1948f) expressed reservations about the correct placement of this species and indicated that it may belong in a different genus. 
Mixojapyx saussurei (Humbert) Japyx saussurii Humbert, 1868:351-354, pl. 22(fig. 1-5); Brauer, 1869:558; Packard, 1871 :409; Packard, 1873:46; Packard, 1874a:623; Packard, 1874b:501, 502; Grassi, 1886:1-2, 3, 12; Packard, 1886:382-383; Parona, 1888:78, 79, 80, 83; MacGillivray, 1891:269; Parona, 1892: 128; MacGillivray, 1893b:219; Schaffer, 1897:32; Swenk, 1903:130, 131' fig. Japyx saussurii: Wood-Mason, 187 6:511. Japyx saussurei: Skorikow, 1900:324; Kirby, 1904:57; Verhoeff, 1904:89; Silvestri, 1912:204, 208-210, fig. III-IV (redescription); Rapp, 1946: 705; Silvestri, 1948f:297, 298; Silvestri, 1949:62, 68; Paclt, 1957:68. Japyx saussurei: Karsch, 1887:154;0udemans, 1891:78-79;Paclt, 1957:67. Mixojapyx saussurei: Silvestri, 1933a:l36-138, 140, fig. VI-VII (n. comb., redescription); Rapp, 1946:705; Silvestri, 1948f: 298, 300; Silvestri, 1949:68; Paclt, 1957:68-69. Metajapyx saussurei: Paclt, 1957:68-69 (n. comb.). Type-locality.-Santa Cruz, Moyoapam, near Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico (MHNG). Other records.-Mexico: Guerrero: Chilapa. Veracruz: Cordoba; Coscoma­tepec de Bravo; Fortin de las Flores; Jalapa; San Francisco. Comment. -Silvestri, (1948f) indicated that a study of variation from var­ious parts of the range of this species might allow subdivision of it into sub­species. Packard ( 1886) reported that specimens were collected in rich, black soil under fallen banana trunks and loose rocks in the shade of coffee trees. 
Mixojapyx tridenticulatus (Fox) Japyx tridenticulatus Fox, 1941:29, 30, fig. 3; Silvestri, 1949:64; Paclt, 1957:69. Mixojapyx tridenticulatus: Silvestri, 1948b: 131-132, 134 (n. comb.). Metajapyx tridenticulatus: Paclt, 1957:68 (n. comb.). Type-locality.-Union County, Illinois (USNM No. 54835). Other record.-Texas: Uvalde County: Uvalde. Comment.-This species was described from two adults. The holotype was found in peach orchard soil. 
Mixojapyx tridenticulatus (Fox) var. superior Silvestri 
Mixojapyx tridenticulatus (Fox) var. superior Silvestri, 1948b: 118, 131-132, fig. VIII(l-10); Paclt, 1957:69. 
Metajapyx tridenticulatus superior: Paclt, 1957:69 (n. comb., n. status). Type-locality.-lndiana (?IEAUN). Comment.-This variety is known only from two females. Further study is 
needed to clarify its status. 
Genus Neojapyx Silvestri Neojapyx Silvestri, 1933b: 120. Type-species.-Neojapyx guianae Silvestri, 1933b. Comment.-This genus is known from Puerto Rico, British Guiana, Ecuador, and Venezuela. 
Neojapyx insulanu's Silvestri Neojapyx insulanus Silvestri, 1948a: 71, 72, fig. LVII; Silvestri, 1949:68; Fox, 1957:36, 37;Paclt, 1957:60;Pages. 1982:155. lapyx insulanus: Paclt, 1957:60 (n. comb.). Type-locality.-lsla Culebra, Puerto Rico (?IEAUN). Comment.-This species is known only from the holotype. 
Genus Occasjapyx Silvestri Occasjapyx Silvestri, 1948b: 118-119; Smith, 1959c:363. Type-species.-Japyx americanus MacGillivray, 1893a. Comment.-This genus is known only from the four species listed here. It ranges from southern Canada to California. 
Occasjapyx americanus (MacGillivray) Japyx americanus MacGillivray, 1893a: 174; Skorikow, 1900:324; Swenk, 
1903:131; Kirby, 1904:57; Bouvier, 1905:31; Essig, 1926:56; Sil­vestri, 1948b: 119; Silvestri, 1949:54; Paclt, 1957:78; Essig, 1958:56; Smith, 1959c:363. 
Japyx americana: MacGillivray, 1893b:219; Schaffer, 1897:32. 
lapyx americanus: Essig, 1942:75; Paclt, 1957:78. 
Occasjapyx americanus: Silvestri, 1948b: 118, 119-122, fig. 1(1-14) (n. 

comb., redescription); Silvestri, 1949:54, 69; Pages, 1951:67; Paclt, 1957:78; Smith, 1959c:363; Pages, 1980a:638. Type-locality.-Olympia, Thurston County, Washington (type-depository 
unknown). Other record.-"Canada occidentali" (Silvestri, 1948b). Comment.-This species was described from a single specimen; the rede­
scription by Silvestri ( 1948b) was based on specimens from western Canada. 
Occasjapyx califomicus Silvestri Occasjapyx califomicus Silvestri, 1948b: 118, 122-125, fig. 11(1-7), III, IV(l-8); Silvestri, 1949:69; Pages, 1951:67; Paclt, 1957:79; Paclt, 1958:87; Smith, 1959c:363-364, 365, 366, 367, fig. 1, 8, 10, 13, 16 (redescription); Pages, 1980a:638. 
Pearce-Sellards Series No. 37 
Type-locality.-California (?IEAUN). 
Other localities. -California: Marin County: Mill Valley; Mendocino County. 
Comment.-This species was described on the basis of three specimens 

from an undesignated locality in California. An immature specimen from Mill Valley was tentatively identified as this species (Silvestri, 1948b ). The redescription by Smith (1959c) was based on 12 specimens collected in Mendocino County in soil and humus. 
Occasjapyx kofoidi (Silvestri) Japyx kofoidi Silvestri, 1928a:335-340, fig. 1-3; Silvestri, 1934:386; Wolf, 1934-1938:vol. 11:487, vol. III:140; Jeannel, 1943:143; Sil­vestri, 1949:59, 69; Paclt, 1957:79; Smith, 1959c:363; Vandel, 1964: 205; Vandel, 1965:171. · Occasjapyx kofoidi: Silvestri, 1948b: 124 (n. comb.); Silvestri, 1949:59, 69; Pages, 1951 :25; Paclt, 1957:79; Paclt, 1958:87; Pages, 1964:192, 
196. Occasjapyx hofoidi: Silvestri, 1949:69 (lapsus calami). Type-locality.-Potter Creek Cave, Shasta County, California (CAS No. 2473). 
Comment.-This species, described on the basis of three specimens, shows no particular adaptations for a cavernicole existence. 
Occasjapyx sierrensis Smith Occasjapyx sierrensis Smith, 1959c:363, 364, 365, 366, 367, fig. 2, 4, 7, 9, 11, 17, 19. Type-locality.-4 mi. W Newcastle, Placer County, California (CAS). Other records.-California: El Dorado County: 3 mi. N Nashville; Placer County: Folsom Lake. Comment.-This species has been collected under oak trees and 2 to 3 inches deep in loam soil. 
SUBFAMILY EVALLJAPYGINAE Genus Evalljapyx Silvestri Evalljapyx Silvestri, 1911:7 5-76. Type-species.-Evalljapyx sonoranus Silvestri, 1911 (=Japyx hubbardi Cook, 1899). 
Comment.-The genus Evalljapyx includes a somewhat diverse group of species known from California, Nevada, and Arizona in the western United States, southern Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Cuba, and Jamaica. An un­described species is known from Texas. A thorough review of the genus may indicate it should be split into two or more genera. 
Evalljapyx sp. Evalljapyx sp.: Reddell, 1966:27; Kunath and Smith, 1968:80; Reddell, 1970:48. Record.-Texas: Val Verde County: Emerald Sink. Comment.-This apparently undescribed species was collected in the Bat Room Passage in total darkness. It shows no signs of adaptation for a caverni­cole existence. 
Evalljapyx adonis Smith 
Evalljapyx adonis Smith, 1960a: 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, fig. 3, 14. 
Type-locality.-10 mi. E Cottonwood Creek Bridge, Kern River, Kern County, California (CAS). Comment.-This species is known only from a male and female. 
Evalljapyx aguayoi Silvestri Evalljapyx aguayoi Silvestri, 1929a:276-278, fig. XIII(l-8); Silvestri, 1949: 43; Paclt, 1957:83. Type-locality.-Santiago de las Vegas, La Habana Province, Cuba (?lEA UN). Comment.-This species, known only from the holotype, was collected in forest humus. 
Evalljapyx anombris Smith Evalljapyx anombris Smith, 1960a: 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, fig. 1-2, 8, 10, 16. Type-locality.-Corral Hollow, near Livermore, Alameda County, Cali­fornia (CAS). Other records.-California: Contra Costa County; San Joaquin County; Stanislaus County. Comment.-This species, which is very closely related to E. ombris Smith, has been collected only in "open grassland in semi-arid region of low annual rainfall and no summer rain" (Smith, l960a). All specimens were taken from under stones. 
Evalljapyx bolivari Silvestri Evalljapyx bolivari Silvestri, 1948f:306-307, fig. VI(l-9); Silvestri, 1949:43; Paclt, 1957:83. Type-locality.-Sierra de Ia Laguna, Baja California Sur, Mexico (?lEA UN). Comment.-This species is known only from the holotype. 
Evalljapyx boneti Silvestri Eval/japyx boneti Silvestri, 1948f:304-306, fig. V(l-8); Silvestri, 1949:43; Paclt, 1957:83. Type-locality.-Llano Grande, Puebla, Mexico (?IEAUN). Other records.-Mexico: Baja California Sur: Miraflores. Mexico: Salazar. Morelos: Coajomulco. San Luis Potosi: El Pujal. Veracruz: Riachuelos. Comment.-A reexamination of specimens from throughout the range of this species may reveal a complex of species. 
Eval/japyx brevipalpus Silvestri EvalUapyx brevipalpus Silvestri, 1911 :7 6, 79-80, fig. VII(l-9); Silvestri, 
1912:210; Silvestri, 1948f:307; Silvestn, 1949:43; Paclt, 1957:83. 
Type-locality.-Jalapa, Veracruz, Mexico (?IEAUN). 
Comment.-This species was collected in humus and under stones. 

Pearce-Sellards Series No. 37 
Evalljapyx bruneri Silvestri Evalljapyx bruneri Silvestri, 1929a:274-276, 278, fig. XI(l-9), XII; Ewing and Fox, 1942:292; Silvestri, 1949:43; Paclt, 1957:83. Type-locality.-Matanzas, Matanzas Province, Cuba (?IEAUN). Comment.-This species, known only from the holotype female, was col­lected in forest humus. 
Eval/japyx costaricanus Silvestri Evalljapyx costaricanus Silvestri, 1948a:77, 78, 80, fig. LXI; Silvestri, 1949 :43; Paclt, 1957:83. Type-locality.-San Isidro (Apaican), Costa Rica (?IEAUN). Comment.-This species is known only from the holotype female. 
Evalljapyx crassicauda Silvestri Evalljapyx crassicauda Silvestri, 1929a:270-272, fig. VII(l-13), VIII; Ewing and Fox, 1942:293; Paclt, 1957:83. Type-locality.-Guaro, Oriente Province, Cuba (?IEAUN). Other record.-Cuba: Oriente Province: Puerto Boniato, near Santiago de Cuba. Comment.-This species was collected in humus in woods. 
Evalljapyx cubanus Silvestri Evalljapyx cubanus Silvestri, 1929a:272-274, 276, fig. IX(l-11), X; Silvestri, 1948e:221; Silvestri, 1949 :43;Paclt, 1957:83. Type-locality.-Guayabal, Oriente Province, Cuba (?IEAUN). Comment.-This species, known from the holotype female and three juve­niles, was collected in forest humus. 
Eval/japyx darlingtoni Silvestri Eval/japyx darlingtoni Silvestri, 1948e: 209,219-221,228,229, fig. 5, pl. 19 
(fig. 1); Silvestri, 1949:43, 44; Paclt, 1957:83. 
Type-locality.-Main Range, Blue Mountains, Jamaica (MCZ). 
Comment.-This species is known only from the holotype. 

Evalljapyx decorus Smith Evalljapyx decorus Smith, l960b:2, 3, 4, 5, 6, fig. 1, 7, 12. Type-locality.-Stevens Creek, Santa Clara County, California (CAS). Comment.-This species, known only from three specimens, was col­lected in damp humus. 
Eva/ljapyx dispar Silvestri Eva/ljapyx dispar Silvestri, 1948e:209, 217-219,226,227, fig. 4, pl. 18 (fig. 2); Silvestri, 1949:43; Paclt, 1957:83; Smith, 1959d:267. Evalljapyx propinquus Silvestri (part): Silvestri, 1911:78 (specimen from Monterey, California); Silvestri, 1948e:217, 219; Paclt, 1957:83. Type-locality.-La Playa Canyon, Santa Cruz Island, California (MCZ). Other record.-California: Monterey County: Monterey. 
Comment.-This species is known only from the holotype and one speci­men from Monterey, originally reported by Silvestri (1911) as E. propinquus. 
Evalljapyx diversipleura Silvestri Evalljapyx diversipleura Silvestri, 1911:76,78-79, fig. VI(l-6); Essig, 1926:57; Silvestri, 1949:43; Paclt, 1957:83; Essig, 1958:57; Smith, 1959d:268, 269,271,273,274, fig. 5, 8, 11, 18-19 (redescription). Evalljapyx diversiplura: Smith, 1959d:267 (lapsus calami). Type-locality.-MacCloud, Siskiyou County, California (?IEAUN). Other records.-California: Del Norte County: 2 mi. NE Patrick Creek Post Office; Humboldt County: Prairie Creek State Park. Comment.-This species has been collected in fir and elm humus and in redwood humus. 
Evalljapyx dolichodduus Silvestri Evalljapyx dolichodduus Silvestri, 1911:76,85-86, fig. Xl(l-9), XII;Silvestri, 1912:211; Silvestri, 1948f:304, 306; Paclt, 1957:83-84. Evalljapyx dolichoddous: Silvestri, 1933a: 140 (lapsuscalami);Paclt, 1957:83. Evalljapyx dolichoddus: Silvestri, 1949:43 (lapsus calami). Type-locality.-C6rdoba, Orizaba, Jalapa, Veracruz, Mexico (?IEAUN). Other records.-Mexico: Baja California Sur: Miraflores. Distrito Federal: Desierto de los Leones. Guerrero: Chilapa; Malinaltepec. Hidalgo: Atotonilco El Chico. Morelos: Zempoala. Puebla: Hueytemalco. Veracruz: Huatusco. Comment.-This species has been collected in humus. Silvestri (1948f) suggests that a study of a large number of specimens from various localities might allow the species to be divided into subspecies. It is not known which of the three Veracruz cities is the type-locality. 
Evalljapyx duricauda Ewing and Fox Evalljapyx duricauda Ewing and Fox, 1942:291-292, pl. 33(fig. 1); Silvestri, 1949:43; Paclt, 1957:84. Type-Iocality.-San Jose de Pinula, Guatemala, Guatemala (USNM No. 55213). Comment.-This species is known only from the holotype. 
Evalljapyx euryhebdomus Silvestri Evalljapyx euryhebdomus Silvestri, 1911:76,82-83, fig. IX (1-13); Silvestri, 1912:210; Silvestri, 1948f:308; Silvestri, 1949:43, 44; Paclt, 1957:84. Evalljapyx euryebdomus: Silvestri, 1949:43, 44 (lapsus calami). Type-locality.-Jalapa, Veracruz, Mexico (?IEAUN). Comment.-This species is known only from the holotype. 
Evalljapyx facetus Smith Evalljapyx facetus Smith, 1959d:269, 271, 272, 274, fig. 4, 7, 10, 16-17; Smith, 1960b:6; Smith, 1961:438, 439, 440, fig. 1-5, 7-9. Type-Iocality.-4 mi. W Newcastle, Placer County, California (CAS). Other records.-California: Lake County; Napa County; Santa Clara Coun­ty; Sonoma County; Yolo County: Davis. 
Pearce-Sellards Series No. 37 
Comment.-The type-specimens were collected in damp humus and sur­face soil under oaks. Egg-clusters were collected "in moist clay-adobe soil at a depth of 6 to 12 inches during May, at Davis, California" (Smith, 1961 ). The postembryonic development of this species was studied by Smith ( 1961 ). 
Evalljapyx furciger Silvestri Evalljapyx furciger Silvestri, 1911 :76, 81-82, fig. VIII (1-9); Silvestri, 1912: 210; Silvestri, 1948f:308, 310; Silvestri, 1949:44; Paclt, 1957:84. Evalljapyx furgices: Silvestri, 1949:44 (lapsus calami). Type-locality.-C6rdoba, Veracruz, Mexico (?IEAUN). Comment.-This species is known only from the holotype. 
Evalljapyx helferi Smith Evalljapyx helferi Smith, 1959d:267, 268,269,270,271,272,273,274, fig. 1-2, 6,9, 13-14,21. Type-locality.-Mendocino County, California (CAS). Comment.-This species, which is known from about 1500 specimens, has been collected in redwood humus. 
Evalljapyx heterurus Silvestri Evalljapyx heterurus Silvestri, 1911:76, 83-85, fig. X(l-11); Silvestri, 1912: 211; Silvestri, 1948f:308; Silvestri, 1949:44; Paclt, 1957:84. Type-locality.-C6rdoba, Veracruz, Mexico (?IEAUN). Comment.-This species, known from four specimens, was collected in humus. 
Evalljapyx hubbardi (Cook) Japyx hubbardi Cook, 1899:225, 226, 227, fig. 2a-2b; Swenk, 1903:130; Kirby, 1904:57; Essig, 1926:56; Silvestri, 1947:214; Silvestri, 1949:44; Paclt, 1957:84; Essig, 1958:56. Evalljapyx hubbardi: Paclt, 1957:83, 84 (n. comb.); Valentine and Glorioso, 1978:196. Evalljapyx sonoranus Silvestri, 1911:76, 77-78, 80, fig. III(6-7), IV(l-7); Essig, 1926:56-57; Rapp, 1946:704; Saunders, 1946:95; Silvestri, 1948e:209, 214-217,226,227, fig. 3, pl. 18(fig.l)(redescription; ?syn. Japyx hubbardi); Silvestri, 1949:44; Paclt, 1957:83, 84 (syn. of Japyx hubbardi); Essig, 1958:56-57; Smith, 1959d:267; Smith, 1960a:l37, 139, 140, 141, 143, fig. 4, 7, 12, 15 (redescription); Valentine and Glo­rioso, 1978:196. Evalljapyx sonorano: Silvestri, 1911 :79 (lapsus calami). Japyx: Cook and Loomis, 1928:10. Type-localities;-OfJapyx hubbardi: ChiricahuaMountains,CochiseCounty, Arizona (USNM); of Evalljapyx sonoranus: Tucson, Pima County, Arizona (?lEA UN). Other records.-Arizona: Oracle Springs; Santa Catalina Mountains; Cochise County: Chiricahua National Monument; Rustlers Park, Chiricahua Moun­tains; 2 mi. above (?W) Southwestern Research Station, Portal; Southwestern Research. Station, Chiricahua Mountains; Pima County: Mt. Lemmon; Pinal 
County: Superior; 9 mi. W Superior. Canada: British Columbia: Brentwood, Vancouver Island. 
Comment.-The record of this species for Canada (Saunders, 1946) is al­most certainly based on a misidentification. Cook (1899) states that the type ofJapyx hubbardi is in the United States National Museum, but Mrs. Mignon Davis (pers. comm.) was unable to locate this material in that museum. This species has been collected from under stones in shaded areas, and in damp humus. 
Evalljapyx leechi Smith Evalljapyx leechi Smith, 1960b:l-2, 3, 5, 6, fig. 2, 5-6, 11. Type-locality.-Lemon Cove, Tulare County, California (CAS). Comment.-This species, known from seven specimens, was collected under stones on a grassy hillside. 
Evalljapyx macswaini Smith Evalljapyx macswaini Smith, 1960a: 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, fig. 5, 9, 11, 18. Type-locality.-Kyle Canyon, Charleston Mountains, Clark County, Ne­vada (CAS). Comment.-The remains of an insect (possibly Anapothrips sp.) are present in the gut of one specimen. 
Evalljapyx manni Ewing and Fox Evalljapyx manni Ewing and Fox, 1942:292-293, pl. 33(fig. 3); Silvestri, 1949:44; Paclt, 1957:84. Type-locality.-Estrella Valley, Costa Rica (USNM No. 55214). Comment.-This species is known only from the holotype. 
Evalljapyx mckenziei Smith Evalljapyx mckenziei Smith, 1960b:3, 4, 5, 6, fig. 3-4, 8. Type-locality.-5 mi. S Gorman, Los Angeles County, California (CAS). Comment.-This species, known only from a male and female, was col­lected from soil under chaparral. 
Evalljapyx newelli Smith Evalljapyx newelli Smith, l960a:l39, 140, 141, 142, 143, fig. 6, 13. Type-locality.-Mount San Jacinto, Riverside County, California (CAS). Other record.-California: Riverside County: Strawberry Creek, Mount San Jacinto. Comment.-This species was collected in sagebrush (Artemesia sp.) litter and in willow litter. 
Evalljapyx ombris Smith Evalljapyx ombris Smith, 1960a: 138, 140, 141, 143, fig. 17. Type-locality.-6 mi. SE Half Moon Bay, San Mateo County, California (CAS). Other records.-California: Monterey County: Point Cypress; Santa Cruz County. Comment.-This species has been collected in redwood and fern litter. 
Evalljapyx propinquus Silvestri 
Evalljapyx propinquus Silvestri, 1911:76, 78,fig. V(l-4) (part, holotype only); Gardner, 1914:86, 92, fig. 6; Essig, 1926:57; Fox, 1941 :29; Silvestri, 1948e:217, 219; Silvestri, 1949:44; Paclt, 1957:84; Essig, 1958:57; Smith, 1959d:267. 
Type-locality.-Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, California (?IEAUN). 
Other records.-California: Blanchard Park; Live Oak Canyon; Palmer's Canyon; Los Angeles County: Lancaster; San Dimas Canyon; San Bernardino County: Cucamonga Canyon; San Antonio Canyon; South Hills. 
Comment.-This species has been collected in soil with sagebrush (Artemesia sp.); from damp, decaying vegetation; and under leaves, sticks, and rocks. 
Evalljapyx raneyi Smith Evalljapyx raneyi Smith, 1959d:269, 271, 272-273, 274, fig. 3, 12, 15, 20. Type-locality.-Monte Vela Jamul, San Diego County, California (CAS). Comment.-This species, known only from two males, was collected 4 to 8 centimeters deep under Quercus agrifolia Nee. 
Evalljapyx subinermis Silvestri Evalljapyx subinermis Silvestri, 1929a:278-280, fig. XIV(l-10), XV; Sil­vestri, 1949:44; Paclt, 1957:84. Type-locality.-Puerto Boniato, Santiago de Cuba, Oriente Province, Cuba (?IEAUN). Comment.-This species, known only from two specimens, was collected in forest humus. 
Evalljapyx vicinior Silvestri Evalljapyx vzcmwr Silvestri, 1948f:308-310, fig. VII (1-12); Silvestri, 1949:44; Paclt, 1957:84; Paclt, 1977:125. Type-locality.-Isla de Cozumel; Quintana Roo, Mexico (?IEAUN). Other record.-Mexico: Quintana Roo: Solferino. Comment-Nothing is known of the habitat of this species. 
FAMILY PARAJAPYGIDAE 
Genus Miojapyx Ewing Miojapyx Ewing, 1941:7l;Pages, 1952c:67. Type-species.-Miojapyx americanus Ewing, 1941. Comment.-The taxonomic placement of this genus is very uncertain. I fol­low Pages (1952c) in tentatively placing it in the family Parajapygidae. Its eventual disposition must await a restudy of the type and only species in the genus, M. americanus. 
Miojapyx sp. nr. americanus Ewing 
Miojapyx sp. nr. americanus Ewing: Pearse, 1946:148. Record.-North Carolina: Durham County: Duke Forest. Comment.-This rnaterial was collected from soil and litter in pine-oak 
forest. 
Miojapyx americanus Ewing 
Miojapyx americanus Ewing, 1941:71-72, 73, 74, 75, fig. 4-6; Rapp, 1946: 705; Silvestri, 1948c:210; Silvestri, 1949:67; Pages, 1952c:67; Paclt, 1957:91. 
Type-locality.-Saluda County, South Carolina (USNM No. 54395). Comment.-This species, known only from the holotype, was collected in peach orchard soil. 
Genus Parajapyx Silvestri Parajapyx Silvestri, 1903:6; Pages, 1952c:64-65. Hemijapyx Ewing, 1941:69-70;Pages, 1952c:66-67 (syn. Parajapyx). Type-species: Of Parajapyx: Japyx isabellae Grassi, 1886; ofHemijapyx: Hemijapyx unidentatus Ewing, 1941. Comment.-The genus Parajapyx includes only the two subgenera listed here. This genus is world-wide in distribution and is apparently frequently distributed by commerce. 
Subgenus Parajapyx Silvestri Parajapyx (Parajapyx) : Pages, 1952c:64-65. Comment.-This subgenus is probably world-wide in distribution. 
Parajapyx sp. Parajapyx sp.: Pearse, 1946:148. Record.-North Carolina: Durham County: Duke Forest. Comment.-This material was collected from soil and litter; its identity is not known. 
Parajapyx (Parajapyx) alienus Pages Parajapyx (Parajapyx) alienus Pages, 1982:155, 156, 161-165, fig. 12-21. Type-locality .-Sainte-Lucie: Soufriere, Plaisance (MHNG). Comment.-This species, known only from the holotype female, was col­lected by Berlese extraction of "samples from virgin forest; litter with under­lying soil from various sites in the forest." 
Parajapyx (Parajapyx) bonetianus Silvestri Parajapyx bonetianus Silvestri, 1948f:314-316, 317, fig. X(l-6); Silvestri, 1949:40; Pages, 1954:241; Paclt, 1957:88. Parajapyx (Parajapyx) bonetianus: Pages, 1952c:64;Pages, 1953b:138;Pages, 1975a:340, 346, 350; Pages, 1977:814. Type-locality.-Cayo Centro, Quintana Roo, Mexico (?IEAUN). Comment-This species, known only from the holotype, was collected under rotting leaves. 
Parajapyx ( Parajapyx) botosaneanui Pages Parajapyx (Parajapyx) botosaneanui Pages, 1975a:339-352, fig. 1-24; Pages, 1977:814; Pages, 1982:155, 156, 161, 162, 163, 165, fig. 11. Type-locality.-P1aya Siboney, 20 km SE Santiago de Cuba, Oriente Pro­vince, Cuba (type-depository unknown). 
Other records.-Cuba: Oriente Province: Playa Baconao, 60 km SE Santiago de Cuba; Playa Juragua, 20 km SE Santiago de Cuba; Sierra Maestra. Sainte­Lucie: Castries, Marigot Harbour, Des Roseaux Hotel and environs. 
Comment.-This species was collected from sandy beaches in Cuba and from Berlese extraction of litter and soil in a "somewhat degraded forest" in Sainte-Lucie. 
Parajapyx (Parajapyx) calvinianus Silvestri Parajapyx calvinianus Silvestri, 1929a:280-281, fig. XVI(l-11); Silvestri, 1948a:82; Silvestri, 1949:40; Paclt, 1957:88; Pages, 1975b:524, 525. Parajapyx (Parajapyx) calvinianus: Pages, 1952c:64; Pages, 1975a:339. Type-locality.-Guaro, Oriente Province, Cuba (?IEAUN). Comment.-This species, known only from one adult and one juvenile, was collected in forest humus. 
Parajapyx ( Parajapyx) genavensium Pages Parajapyx (Parajapyx) genavensium Pages, 1977:807, 811-814, fig. 11-18. Type-locality.-Tikal, Guatemala (MHNG). Comment.-This species, known only by three males, was collected from soil. Parajapyx (Parajapyx) intermedius Silvestri Parajapyx intermedius Silvestri, 1948f:316-317, fig. XI(l-7); Silvestri, 1949: 41; Pages, 1952a: 140; Paclt, 1957:89. Parajapyx (Parajapyx) intermedius: Pages, 1952c:64; Pages, 1953b: 138. Type-locality.-El Pujal, San Luis Potosi, Mexico (?IEAUN). Comment.-This species, known only from the holotype, was collected in forest humus. 
Parajapyx (Parajapyx) isabellae (Grassi) Japyx isabellae Grassi, 1886: II, tab. 2, fig. 18-19. Parajapyx isabellae: Silvestri, 1903:6 (n. comb.); Silvestri, 1928b:49, 78, 
79-80, fig. XX-XXI; Williams, 1941 :75; Paclt, 1957:9, 10, 89; Smith, 
1960c:261; Smith, 1961:438,439,440, fig. 6, 10. Parajapyx (Parajapyx) isabellae: Pages, 1952c:64; Pages, 1975b:524. Japyx minimus Swenk, 1903:131-132, fig.; Silvestri, 1905a:785;Kuwayama, 
1922:9; Zimmerman, 1948:41; Muma, 1952:3; Chandler, 1957:113­114; Paclt, 1957:89. 
Parajapyx minimus: Silvestri, 1905a:785 (n. comb.); Silvestri, 1928b:79; Pearse, 1946:138, 139, 148; Pages, 1952c:64; Paclt, 1957:89; Rogers, 1959:464, 468. 
Japyx sp., prob. minimus: Chandler, 1957:114. 
Type-localities.-Of Japyx isabellae: Catania, Italy; ofJapyx minimus: Mal­colm (Lancaster County), Crab Orchard (Gage County), and Adams (Gage County), Nebraska (UN). 
Other records.-California: Grant; Yolo County: Davis. Hawaii: Hawaii; Kauai; Maui; Oahu; Indiana: Ripley County: Friendship;TippecanoeCounty: 5 mi. NW of Lafayette, West Lafayette, 0.5 mi. W ofWest Lafayette. Missouri: Stoddard County. New York: Fort Lee. North Carolina: Durham County: Duke Forest; Oklahoma: McClain County: SW of Norman along State Highway 9, 5 mi. from south end of bridge over Canadian River. Panama: Canal Zone: Barra Colorado Island. 
Comment.-The synonymy for this cosmopolitan species includes only pri­mary references and references to this species in North America. Swenk ( 1903) does not indicate which locality is the type-locality. This species was collected from among the roots of wheat growing in damp soil in Nebraska; in soil in lowlands in Hawaii; in peach orchard soil in Missouri; in moist clay adobe soil at a depth of two feet in a barley field near Davis, California; and in the soil of pine-oak forest in North Carolina. Smith (1961) found three egg masses at Davis and studied the postembryonic development of the species. Zimmer­man (1948) reports it to be harmful to the root cortex of plants. Chandler (1957) reported a few specimens of "P. minimus" from the nest tunnels of the burrowing halictine bee Halictus ligatus Say at West Lafayette, Indiana; it was speculated that the parajapygids were scavengers in the empty brood cells or a predator on mites and other small arthropods inhabiting the nests. The same author also reports two specimens of "P. minimus" from a nest of the acrobat ant Crematogaster lineolata Say in the soil of a rail­road embankment about one-half mile west of West Lafayette, and three specimens from the nest of the digger bee Melissodes bimaculata Lepeletier. Chandler (1957) cites an unpublished thesis by J.M. Macklin, in which he estimates 171 to 512 specimens of "Japyx sp." in a red clover field five miles northwest of Lafayette. 
Parajapyx ( Parajapyx) isabellae (Grassi) var. aztecus Silvestri Parajapyx isabellae (Grassi) var. azteca Silvestri, 1948f:317, 318, fig. XII (1-7). Parajapyx isabellae (Grassi) var. atzeca : Silvestri, l948f:318 (lapsus calami); Silvestri, 1949:42 (lapsus calami); Paclt, 1957:89. Parajapyx ( Parajapyx) isabellae (Grassi) var. ozteca: Pages, l952a: 140 (lap­sus calami). Parajapyx (Parajapyx ) isabellae (Grassi) var. atzeca: Pages, 1952c:64 (lapsus calami); Paclt, 1957:89. Parajapyx isabellae aztecus: Paclt, 1957:89 (emend. ending, n. status). Type-locality.-Miraflores, Baja California Sur, Mexico (?IEAUN). Other records.-Mexico: Morelos: Puente Ixtla. Veracruz: Nautla. Comment.-This " variety" was collected from garden humus. 
Parajapyx ( Parajapyx) schusteri Nosek Parajapyx (Parajapyx) schusteri Nosek, 1981:327-332, fig. 1-5. Type-locality.-Bermudas, Burt Island. Other records.-Bermuda: N of Lodge Point; Whalebone Bay. Comment.-This species is known from 15 specimens. 
Parajapyx ( Parajapyx) strinatii Pages Parajapyx (Parajapyx) strinatii Pages, 1975b:519-525, fig. 1-11 ;Pages, 1976: 685; Pages, 1982: 165. Type-locality.-Road from Cohan to Lanqufn, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala (MHNG). Comment.-This species was recovered by Berlese extraction of coniferous forest litter. 
Parajapyx (Parajapyx) tristanianus Silvestri Parajapyx tristanianus Silvestri, 1929b:68-69, fig. IV-V; Silvestri, 1949:42; Paclt, 1957:90. Parajapyx (Parajapyx) tristanianus: Pages, 1952c:64. Type-locality.-Reventaz6n, Costa Rica (ZIM). Comment.-This species, known only from the holotype, was collected in humus. 
Parajapyx ( Parajapyx) sp. nr. unidentatus (Ewing) Hemijapyx sp. nr. unidentatus Ewing: Pearse, 1946: 148. Record.-North Carolina: Durham County: Duke Forest. Comment.-This species was collected from soil in pine-oak forest. 
Parajapyx (Parajapyx) unidentatus (Ewing) Hemijapyx unidentatus Ewing, 1941:70-71, 73, 74, fig. l-3;Rapp, 1946:704; Silvestri, 1948c:213; Silvestri, 1949:50, 51; Pages, 1952c:66, 67; Paclt, 1957:88,90. Parajapyx (Parajapyx) unidentatus: Pages, 1952c:64 (n. comb.). Parajapyx unidentatus: Paclt, 1957:90. Type-locality.-Escambia County, Alabama (USNM No. 54394). Comment.-This species, known only from two specimens, was collected in peach orchard soil. Pages (1952c) indicates that the specimens are probably anomalous. 
Subgenus Grassjapyx Pages Parajapyx (Grassjapyx) Pages, 1952c:64-65. Type-species.-Parajapyx grassianus Silvestri, 1911. Comment.-This subgenus is probably world-wide in distribution. 
Parajapyx (Grassjapyx) sp., bahumus-brasilianus group Parajapyx (Grassjapyx) sp., bahianus-brasilianus group: Fox, 1957:35, 36, 37, fig. 1; Pages, 1982:155. Record.-Puerto Rico: Bayam6n District: West shore of Laguna La Torre­cilla at the International Airport, Isla Verde. Comment.-Three specimens of this undetermined species were recovered from samples of soil taken at a depth of about one inch. 
Parajapyx ( Grassjapyx) grassianus Silvestri Parajapyx grassianus Silvestri, 1911:87, fig. XIII(l-4); Silvestri, 1912:211; Silvestri, 1929a:281; Silvestri, 1929d:221, 223; Silvestri, 1930b:226; Fox, 1941:31; Silvestri, 1948a:4, 70;Silvestri, 1948c:209-210;Silvestri, 1948f:313-314, 320, fig. IX(l-lO);Silvestri, 1949:41;Pages, 1951:35; Paclt, 1957:88, 89; Pages, 1975b:524. Parajapyx (Grassjapyx) grassianus: Pages, 1952c:60, 64; Pages, 1953a: 171; Pages, 1975b:525. Type-locality.-C6rdoba, Veracruz, Mexico (IEAUN). Other records.-Mexico: Quintana Roo: El Meco; Xcalak. San Luis Potosi: El Meco. Veracruz: Jalapa. Comment.-This species has been collected under decomposing leaves in a cocotal, in soil, and under rocks. 
Parajapyx (Grassjapyx) grassianus Silvestri, forma anomala vel mutans Parajapyx grassianus Silvestri, forma anomala vel mutans (?Gen. Hemijapyx Ewing): Silvestri, 1948c:212-213, fig. III(l-5); Silvestri, 1949:41. Parajapyx ( Grassjapyx) grassianus Silvestri, forma anomala vel mutans: Pages, 1952c:62, 66. Record.-Florida: Alachua County: Newman's Lake. Comment-Several specimens of this form were collected in a decayed tree trunk in association with P. (G.) grassianus var. maiusculella Silvestri and 
P. (G.) grassianus var. robustior Silvestri. 
Parajapyx ( Grassjapyx) grassianus Silvestri var. maiusculella Silvestri Parajapyx grassianus Silvestri var. maiusculella Silvestri, 1948c: 210-211, fig. 11(6-9); Silvestri, 1949:41; Paclt, 1957:89; Pages, 1975b:524. Parajapyx ( Grassjapyx) grassianus Silvestri var. maiusculella: Pages, 1952c: 64. Parajapyx grassianus majusculellus : Paclt, 1957:89 (emended ending, n. status). Type-locality.-Newman's Lake, Alachua County, Florida (IEAUN). Other record.-Florida: Alachua County: Gainesville. Comment.-The type-specimen was collected in a rotten tree trunk in asso­ciation with P. (G.) grassianus, forma anomala vel mutans, and P. (G.) gras­sianus var. robustior. The specimens from Gainesville were collected in humus in a ditch. 
Parajapyx ( Grassjapyx) grassianus Silvestri var. robustior Silvestri Parajapyx grassianus Silvestri var. robustior Silvestri, 1948c:210, 211, fig. II (1-5); Silvestri, 1949:41; Paclt, 1957 :89; Pages, 1975b:524. Parajapyx (Grassjapyx) grassianus Silvestri var. robustior: Pages, 1952c:64; Pages, 1953a: 171. Parajapyx grassianus robustior: Paclt, 1957:89 (n. status). Type-locality.-Newman's Lake, Alachua County, Florida (IEAUN). Comment.-This variety was collected in a rotten tree trunk with specimens of P. (G.) grassianus var. maiusculella and P. (G.) grassianus forma anomala velmutans. 
Parajapyx ( Grassjapyx) mexicanus Silvestri Parajapyx mexicanus Silvestri, 1948f:318-320, fig.XIII(l-7);Silvestri, 1949: 42; Pages, 1951 :31; Pages,l952c:69; Paclt, 1957:89; Pages, 1959:8; Reddell, 1971 :49; Pages, 1975b:524; Reddell, 1977:233; Reddell, 1981 : 
203. 
Parajapyx (Grassjapyx) mexicanus: Pages, 1952c:65. Type-locality.-Solferino, Quintana Roo, Mexico (?IEAUN). Other records.-Mexico: Guerrero: Mezcala. Quintana Roo: Puerto Morelos; 
Selva de Dzinche. Yucatan: Cueva de Carroza, Hoctun. Comment-No information is available on the habitat of this species. 
Parajapyx ( Grassjapyx) russian us Silvestri Parajapyx russianus Silvestri, 1948a:79, 80, 82, fig. LXII; Silvestri, 1949:41; Paclt, 1957:90;Pages, 1975b:524, 525;Pages, 1982:155. Parajapyx (Grassjapyx) russianus: Pages, 1952c:65, 82. Type-locality.-Moca, Espaillat Province, Dominican Republic (?IEAUN). 
Comment.-This species, known only from the holotype, was collected in humus. 
Parajapyx (Grassjapyx) scalpel/us Fox Parajapyx scalpel/us Fox, 1941:30, 31, fig. 5; Pearse, 1946:148; Silvestri, 1949:42; Paclt, 1957:90. Parajapyx (Grassjapyx) scalpel/us: Pages, 1952c:65. Type-locality.-Upson County, Georgia (USNM No. 54838). Other records.-North Carolina: Durham County: Duke Forest. Comment.-This species was collected in peach orchard soil in Georgia and in soil in a pine-oak forest in North Carolina. 
LOCALITY LIST 
CANADA 
"Canada occidental": Occasjapyx americanus. 
British Columbia: Evalljapyx hubbardi (?erroneous determination). 
UNITED STATES 
Alabama: "Japyx" bidens, Metajapyx propinquus, M. steevesi, Parajapyx (P.) unidentatus. 
Arizona: Onychojapyx schmidti, Evalljapyx hubbardi. 
Arkansas: Catajapyx ewingi. 
California: Nanojapyx coalingae, N. gentilei, N. hamoni, N. pagesi, N. pricei, Hecajapyx bucketti, Hecajapyx vulgaris, Holjapyx calaverasae, Holjapyx conspersus, Holjapyx diversiunguis, Holjapyx humidus, Holjapyx hyadis, Holjapyx imbutus, Holjapyx insiccatus, Holjapyx irroratus, Holjapyx madidus, Holjapyx schusteri, "Japyx" sp., "Japyx" sp. 3, Occasjapyx califomicus, 0. kofoidi, 0 . sierrensis, Evalljapyx adonis, E. anombris, 
E. decorus, E. dispar, E. diversipleura, E. facetus, E. helferi, E. leechi, 
E. mckenziei, E. newelli, E. ombris, E. propinquus, E. raneyi, Parajapyx 
(P.) isabellae. District of Columbia: Metajapyx con[ectus, M. subterraneus. Florida: Parajapyx (Grassjapyx) grassianus (forma anomala vel mutans), 
P. (G.) grassianus var. maiusculella, P. (G.) grassianus var. robustior. Georgia: "Japyx " tumeri, Metajapyx multidens, M. steevesi, Parajapyx 
( Grassjapyx) scalpellus. 
Hawaii: Indjapyx sharpi, Parajapyx (P.) isabellae. 
Idaho: Undetermined genus and species. 
Illinois: Metajapyx illinoiensis, Mixojapyx tridenticulatus. 
Indiana: Metajapyx subterraneus, Mixojapyx tridenticulatus var. superior, 

Parajapyx (P.) isabellae. Kentucky: Metajapyx subterraneus. Louisiana: "Japyx" sp. 2. Maryland: Metajapyx subterraneus. Michigan: "Japyx " sp. 4. Mississippi: Metajapyx steevesi. Missouri: Eojapyx pedis, Metajapyx subterraneus, Parajapyx (P.) isabellae. 
Nebraska: Parajapyx (P.) isabellae. 
Nevada: Evalljapyx macswaini. 
New York: Parajapyx ( P.) isabellae. 
North Carolina: "Japyx "spp., Metajapyx confectus, M. folsomi, M. propinquus, 

M. steevesi, M. subterraneus, Miojapyx sp. nr. americanus, Parajapyx (P.) 
isabellae, P. (P.) sp. nr. unidentatus, P. ( Grassjapyx) scalpel/us. Ohio: Metajapyx sp. 2; Metajapyx subterraneus. Oklahoma: Undetermined genus and species 4, Parajapyx (P.) isabellae. Pennsylvania: Metajapyx subterraneus. South Carolina: "Japyx" turneri, Metajapyx steevesi, Miojapyx americanus. Tennessee: Metajapyx folsomi, M. multidens, M. propinquus, M. remingtoni, 
M. steevesi. Texas: Undescribed genus and species, "Japyx" texanus, Mixojapyx impar, 
Mixojapyx tridenticulatus, Evalljapyx sp. Virginia: Metajapyx steevesi, M. subterraneus. Washington: Occasjapyx americanus. 
MEXICO 
Baja California Sur: Ctenjapyx boneti, Evalljapyx bolivari, E. boneti, E. dolichodduus, Parajapyx (P.) isabellae var. aztecus. 
Distrito Federal: A/lojapyx allodontus, Evalljapyx dolichodduus. 
Guerrero: Allojapyx allodontus, Mixojapyx dampfi, M. saussurei, Evalljapyx dolichodduus, Parajapyx ( Grassjapyx) mexican us. Hidalgo: Evalljapyx dolichodduus. Mexico: Evalljapyx boneti. Michoacan: Allojapyx allodontus. Morelos: Allojapyx allodontus, Evalljapyx boneti, E. dolichodduus, Parajapyx (P.) isabellae var. aztecus. 
Oaxaca: Ctenjapyx parkeri. 
Puebla: Evalljapyx boneti, E. dolichodduus. 
Quintana Roo: Mixojapyx notabilis, Evalljapyx vicinior, Parajapyx (P.) bonet­ianus, P. (Grassjapyx) grassianus, P. (G.) mexicanus. 
San Luis Potosi: Japyginae. Undetermined genus and species, Allojapyx allodontus, Metajapyx sp. 1, Mixojapyx sp., Evalljapyx boneti, Parajapyx (P.) intermedius, P. (Grassjapyx) grassianus. 
Veracruz: Allojapyx allodontus, Mixojapyx conspicuus, M. saussurei, Evall­japyx boneti, E. brevipalpus, E. dolichodduus, E. euryhebdomus, E. furciger, 
E. heterurus, Parajapyx (P.) isaballae var. aztecus, P. (Grassjapyx) grassianus. Yucatan: "Japyx" sp. 1, Parajapyx ( Grassjapyx) mexicanus. 
CENTRAL AMERICA Costa Rica: Undetermined genus and species 3, Centrjapyx tristani, Eva/1­japyx costaricanus, E. manni, Parajapyx (P.) tristanianus. Guatemala: Centrjapyx tristani, ''Japyx" goliath, Metajapyx schwarzi, Mixojapyx barberi, Mixojapyx cooki, Mixojapyx dechambrieri, Eva/1­japyx duricauda, Parajapyx (P.) genavensium, P. (P.) strinatii. Honduras: Metajapyx schwarzi. Panama: Undetermined genus and species 2, Centrjapyx tristani, Parajapyx ( P.) isabellae. 
WEST INDIES 
Burt Island, Bermuda: Parajapyx (P.) schusteri. 
Cuba: "Japyx" molineti, "J. " vivaldii, Evalljapyx aguayoi, E. bruneri, 
E. crassicauda, E. cubanus, E. subinermis, Parajapyx (P.) botosaneanui, 
P. (P.) calvinianus. Dominican Republic: Parajapyx (Grassjapyx) russianus. Jamaica: Evalljapyx darlingtoni. Puerto Rico: "Japyx " sp 5, Parajapyx ( Grassjapyx ) sp. bahianus-brasilianus 
group; Isla Culebra: Neojapyx insulanus. Santa Lucia: Centrjapyx mahunkorum, Parajapyx ( P.) alienus. 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am especially grateful to Pedro Wygodzinsky of the American Museum of Natural History for his assistance in obtaining copies of many publications on japygoids. Robert 0. Schuster of the University of California at Davis and the late Leslie M. Smith made available their collection of translations of many papers. Oscar F. Francke and Frederick W. Wagner critically read the manu­script and made many helpful suggestions. The Museum, Texas Tech Univer­sity, provided fmancial support during the writing of the early draft of the paper. 
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