BtJLLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS 1915: No. 22 APRIL 15 1915 The Trees of Texas An Illustrated Manual of the Native and Introduced Trees of the State BY Isaac M. Lewis, Ph. D. Associate Professor of Botany The University of Texas Published by the University six times a month and entered as second class matter at the postoflice at A US TIN, TEXAS Publications of the University of Texas Publications Committee: W. J. BATTLE E. c. BARKER J.C. TOWNES A. CASWELL ELLIS w. S. CARTER R.A.LAW KILLIS CAMPBELL J.A.LOMAX F. W. SIMONDS A. c. JUDSON The University publishes bulletins six times a month. These comprise the official publications of the University publica­tions on humanistic and scientific subjects, bulletins prepared by the Department of Extension and by the Bureau of Munci­pal Research, and other bulletins of general educational in­terest. With the exception of special numbers, any bulletin will be sent to a ~itizen of Texas free on request. All communica­tions about t :,.iversity publications should be adJressed to the Editor of Uni" ersity Publications, University of Texas, Austin. A. C. Baldwin & Sona, Austin, Texas B83-415-2m BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS 1915: No. 22 APRIL 15 1915 The Trees of Texas An Illustrated Manual of the Native and Introduced Trees of the State BY Isaac M. Lewis, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Botany The University of Texas Published by the University six times a month and entered as second class matter at the postoffice at AUSTIN, TEXAS The benefits of education and of useful knowledge, generally di1rused. through a community, are essential to the preservation of a free gov­ernment. Sam Howiton. Cultivated mind is the guanlia.n genius of democracy. •· • • It is the only dictator that freemen acknowl­edge and the only security that free­men desire. Mirabeau B. La.mar. PREFACE The present bulletin has been prepared to meet the needs of those persons who desire to become more familiar with our native :ind introduced trees, but who do not have access to the more complete sets of books which treat this subject. It has been my constant aim to avoid the use of technical terms, and only such have been introduced as can be easily learned from the glossary by the amateur student of nature who has had no previous train ­ing in botany. The scientific name and the common names most generally in use have both been given for each species. The keys for the separation of families, genera, and species are based, in so far as is possible, on the leaf characteristics. This is neces­sary for the reason that the leaves remain on the tree throughout the summer, while the flowers soon fall away. We should not be deceived, however, into thinking that leaf characteristics de­note natural relationship to the same degree as the characteris­tics of the flower. It has sometimes been neicessary to make use of other characteristics of the tree, such as the fruit, bark, or thorns in order to separate closely related genera or species. The list of trees herein given has been checked from Sud­worth 's "Check List of Forest Trees of America", Britton 's "-!\forth American Trees", and Sargent's "Manual of the Trees of North America." There will doubtless be a number of rare cultivated varieties that have been omitted. The descriptions are based largely upon herbarium specirnem deposited in the herbarium of the University of Texas. The rollection of this herbarinrn material has extended over a period of fifteen years, and has been accomplished by the various per­sons who have been connected with the School of Botany dnrin~ that time. The drawings of leaf rharacteristics are taken from Gray'~ "Text Book of Botany" and have been used by permission of the American Book Corrinanv to whom the anthor wishes to ex­press his indebtednePs. 'J're photog-r11nhs for nlates 1. 23. 3, 24. 5. 11re by Professor Wm. L. Bray, formerly Professor of Botany in this University, published by him in his "Forest Resources of. Texas'', and are here published with his permission. All other line figures have been drawn from herbarium or fresh specimens iv Preface by lVIiss Josephine Huppertz, a graduate student in the School of Botany of the University of Texas. The writer also acknowl­e loHgleaf pine. 6. Pinus echinata i\Iil. Short-leavt>d Pine. A forest tree reaching a height of 80°-100° and a maximum trunk diameter of 3° to 4° with rough, coarsely furrowed hark. Leaves deep green, borne in clusters of two or three, 3'-5' long, shorter than any other timber pine of Texas, slen­der, soft and ttexible. Cones 1%'-2%' long, conic when closed and OYoid when open; the cone scales armed with slendar spines, seeds 14 ' long, ·winged. Ne"· York to Kansas, Florida and Texas. In Texas it is found in the northeastern portion of the state. The short-laaf pine is the most extensively used wood in Texas. The wood is ~oft and works easily. It is used prin­ cipally in the manufacture of doors, sash, and for interior house finishing wood. 2. TAXODIUM Rich. The Bald Cypress. Taxodium distichum (Linnaeus) L. C. Richard. A large forest tree ·with maximum height of about 150° and 4°-5° in diameter, ·with a straight buttressed base which is frequently hollow. Trees growing in wet localities frequently develop projections from the roots known as ''knees,'' which project above the water; bark smooth and rather brownish 1·ad, branches short, slender, horizontal or drooping, disappearing below from the old trees, forming an irregula1· crown. Leaves thin, flat, 2-ranked, linear, 1/:.!'-%' long, somewhat curved, sharp pointed, sassile; shed with the lateral twigs in the fall. Cones globose 1' in diameter, borne in pairs at the ends of the bnmches. It extends from Delaware to Plorida westward along the Gulf Coast to Texas, and up the valley of the l\Iississippi to :.\Iissouri and southern Indiana. In swamps it is frequently the pr8dominating tree, often forming extensive forests. In Trxas it occurs sparingly in the valley of the Nueces confined mostly to oYerfioi,y larnl along riYer bottoms and in canyons. Tlw tree is a very slow growing one. and requires two or three centuries to produce a trnnk large enongh for saw logs. The Trees of Texas There are few young trees coming on, and with the drainage of swamps and the building of levees along the river this tree will gradually give way to more rapidly maturing species. It has been strongly recommended by some nurserymen for Fig. 5. Bald cypreos forest about the Neches River. (Bray Bulletin 47 Bureau of Forestr y, U.· S. Dept. Agr.). ornamental planting. It is successful only in wet soil, where it doubtless has some horticultural value. The wood is light, soft-grained, but not strong. It is easily worked, and does not shrink or warp much. Its chief use is for construction purposes. 3. PSEUDOTSUGA Sudw. Pseudotsuga mucronata Sudw. Douglas Spruce. Red Pir. A very large forest tree sometimes 200° high and 3°-4° in diam.3ter, but usually smaller, 80°-100° high with nanow crown and thick, de~ply furrowed hark. Leaves straight or slight!y cnrved, %'-11.·4' long, dark yellowish green to bluish Bulletin of the University of Texas green. Male cones orange red; female character·ized by the elongatad red hracts. The mature cones are S'-41,1:!' long, borne on stout stems. British Columbia, south to Colorado, Arizona, ? exas and l\Iexi1:0. In Texas it is four.d only in the northweste::'n part of the state. 'l'he heart wood is light red or yellow with almost white sapwood and is used c~xtensivcly for lumbar. 4. THUYA (Tournefort) L. Arbor Vitae. Aromatic slightly resinous, evergreen trees or shrubs with opposite, scale-like, imbricated, four ranked leaves. Stami­nate and pistillate flowers borne on the same tree but upon different branchlets. 1\fature cones, elongated, consisting of 8-12 seales. A wide range of ornamental varieties occurs in our area. 5. CHAMAECYPARIS Spach. Chinese Arbor Vitae. Resembling Thuya and distinguished from it by tha globose shaped cones. Extensively cultivated for ornament. 6. JUNIPERUS. Juniperus communis L. Juniper. A small erect conic shap tree with slender branches and thin raddish bark which splits into persistent scales. The leaves are awl-shaped %'-%' long, spreading, borne in whorls of three and persist­ing for many years. Fruit a subglobose harry-like cone %' in diameter, blue or almost black with a bloom, borne in the axils of leaves. Seeds usually solitary. It ranges from Greenland and Labrador to Alaska, south to Pennsylvania, Nebraska, New Mexico and Texas. It oc­curs only rarely in tha dry sterile hills of northwestern Texas. The wood is hard, close grained, dark brown in color. It is durable and takes a fine polish. It is used for finishing, chests' and furniture. The tree is planted extensively in its natural range for ornamental purposes. The Trees of Texas 7. SABINA. Haller. The Cedars. Monoeeious or dioecious, strong scented trees or shrubs. Leaves scale-like or sometimes awl-shaped, appressed to the stem, not spreading on mature branches, each with a gland on the back. Flowers and fruit terminal. Cune berry-like. Fruit reddish brown, lrage with 1-12 seeds. Seeds usually 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 S. pachyphlaea. Seeds 4-12 .......................... 2 S. flaccida. Seeds 1-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 S. Pinchoti. Fruit blue or blue-black, small. Leaves denticulate. Fruit globose or oblong, se·eds usually 1, rarely 2, branchlets slender. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 S. monosperma. Fruit globose, seeds 1-4, leaves keEled and glandular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 S. sabinoides. Leaves entire. Fruit subglobose 14' to 1/3' long, seeds 1-4. branchlets stout, not pendulous or only slightly so, often erect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 S. Virginiana. Fruit subglobose ~' in diameter, seeds usually 2, branches pendulous. . . . . . . . . . . . 8 S. barbadensis. Fruit subglobose ripening the second season, l/9'-1/3' in diameter; seeds usually 2, branchlets rigid, often erect.......... .... 9 S. scopulorum. 1. Sabinia pa.chyphla.ea 'l'orr. Juniper. Thick-barked Juniper. Mounta~n Cedar. A tree reaching a maximum height of 50 to 60 feet and diameter of 3-5 feet, with long branches and thick, scaly, red­brown bark diYided into '1 sided plates. Leaves in pairs about ~'8 inch long, appressed, keeled and glandular, bluish green. Fruit i;lobose about :Y2 inch long, reddish brown, and contains a sweet mealy flesh. At altitudes of 4000 to 6000 fe~t from Colorado to Nevada. Utah, Arizona, New ~1exico, and Texas. In Texas it .is found only in the we:~tern part of the state. 'rhe wood is sofe and brittle and is not used extensively. The fruit is used for food by the Indians. 2. Sa.binia :ftaccida Schlecht. Drooping Juniper. A tree reaching a height of 30° or often only a shrub. The branches are wide spreading, and the long drooping branchlets give the tree a characteristic appearance. Leaves about 11..;;' long, B11llc!i11 of' the U11ivei·sify of Texas opposite, light yellow green, and conspicuonsly glandular on the had;:, nnd slightly toothed on the margin. Fruit globose to oblong, 1// to 3/1' long, dull reddish brown with a glaucous bloom. Seeds '1-12. some of them abortive. Extending from e<1stern Mexico to the Chisos ::\fountains of sol!thwestern Tex-as. It gro-ws best at altitudes of 6000­ 8000 ~ . 3. Sabinia Pinchoti Sud·worth. Pinchot 's J nniper. A small tree 20 feet in height, "·ith very short trunk. Leaves nsnally in threes, lint sometimes in twos; margin entire, sharp pointed, keeled, and glandular, about 1/ 12 inch long. Fruit globost' about %' long, i·ad or copper colored without bloom; seeds 1 or 2. Fum1d only in Bristoe, Randall, and Armstrong counties, Texas. It gro\YS ·associat ed with S. monospcl'lna. It has the 1wculi1ir habit of thro"·ing up numerous sprouts from fire killed stumps. Freqnently several of these shoots develop into main trunks. The• \YOOd is close grained, but rather soft. It is used for fenc-e posts, and for fuel. 4. Sabinia monosperma (Engelman) Sargent. One-seeded Juniper. A tree reaching a maximum height of 40 to 50° and trunk diameter of 2° with stout branches, ascending and slend•'r twigs. Leaws in twos or threes, about Vs' fong, sharp pointed, and sparingly glandular ; fruit dark blua glaucous "·ith s"·eet resinous tiesh; seeds usually solitary but sometimes 2 or 3. Eastern slopes of the Rockies extending from Colorado to rtah, Nevada, ::\ew :.\Iexico, Arizona, and Texas. The \YOOd is hard. close grained, and is very durable. It is used largely for fence posts, and for fuel. The fruit is used as food by the Indians. The fibrous inner bark is also utilized somewhat as fiber. 5. Sabinia sabinoides (H. B. K.) Small. :.\fountain Cedar. A shrub or small tree reaching a height of 40° and diam.:-ter of 1° with short trunk and sh reddy bro,Yn bark. Leaves scale-~ike, appressed and imbricated, opposite, minutely toothed on the margin, %'-1/:.!' long. long pointed, sparingly The Trees of Texas glandular. J;.,ruit almost globular 14'-~~, m diameter, dark blue ·with thin, sweet resinous flesh. Seed 1-4 ribbed. In the limestone hills of central and western Texas extend­ing to Mexico. The wood is hard, close grained but weak. It is used very B11lletin of the University of Texas large tree reaching a height of 90-100° and trunk diameter of 4-5 °, but usuall~' much smaller, sometimes shrub-like, with ragged and sheddy bark. Leaves mostly scale-like, appressed, opposite and four-ranked, 14' long, glandular. The leaves on young twigs are frequently linear-lanceolate, 1/z inch long, sharp pointed, somewhat spreading. Fruit globular or nearly so, 1/ 5'-1/ 3' in diameter, blue, cov­ered "·ith a bloom, ripening tho first autumn. The seeds are flattened 14' long, smooth. NoYa Scotia, New Brunswick, western Ontario, South Da­kota and extending southward to Florida, Alabama, and east­ern Texas. The "·ood is close grained, soft and "·eak. It has a b'"an­tiful red heart 'mod, which is used for furniture making, chests ·and pencils. It is also used extensively for posts, as it is quite durable. Oil of juniper is distilled from the leav'"s and wood. The tree is extensively cultiYated for ornamental purposes. 7. Sabinia scopulorum Sargent. Rocky l\fountain Red Cedar. A tree 30°-40° in h'"ight with a trunk sometimes reaching a diameter of 3° but more often divided near the ground into a number of secondary stems. Leaves opposite, borne in pairs, closely appress()d to the stem, glandular, dark green or frequently pale and glaucous, entire on the margin. The fruit is nearly globose 14' to 1/' in diameter, bright blue 3 "·ith a bloom, ripening the second season. Seeds one or mostl~· 2, prominently grooYed and angled. From Rocky ::\fountain foothills, extending to western Tt>xas, and west to Arizona, Xevada, Oregon, and Washington. ARECACEAE Reichenb. Th'" Palm Family. Trees \Yith upright stems, which bear a crown of leaves at the rnd. The leaYes in our species are large, fan-shaped, palmate!~· cleft or diYidild. :B'ruit a dupe or a berry. 1. Sabal Adams. The Palmetto. Unarmed trees with stont upright trunks, which are coYered with a red-brown rind. The tree is characterized by the fiber-like threads which droop from thil margins of the leaf segments. The Trees of Texas Bracts of the flower cluster 7° to 8° in length. Fruit globose, one-celled. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 S. Palmetto. Bracts of the flower cluster 2° to 2-% 0 in length, fruit ofen 2-3 lobed with 2 or 3 seeds. . . . . . . . . . 2 S. Mexicana. 1. Sabal Palmetto R. & S. Cabbage 'rree. Cabbage Palmetto. A tree with maximum height of 30° to 40° and diameter of 2°; leaves 5° to 6° long and 7° to 8° broad, dark green, divided into numerous narrow i::egments. The leaf petiole is 6°-7° in length. Ji-,lowers in axils of deciduous bracts, full globose. Found in dry or wet situations from eastern North Caro­lina to Florida and sometimes cultivated throughout the South Atlantic States for ornament. 2. Sabal Mexicana Mart. Palmetto. A tree reaching a height of 30°-50° feet with diameter of 2%0 Leaves • 5°-6° in length and 7° in diameter, lustrous yellowish green. Fruit 2-3 lobed, ripening in the summer. Flowers in the axils of persistent bracts. Rich bottom lands near the mouth of the Rio Grande and southward. Frequently planted as an ornamental tree in the cities along the Rio Grande. JUGLANDACEAE Lindley. Walnut Family. IJarge aromatic trees with alternate, odd pinnate leaves. The flow­ ers are monoecious, the staminate borne in catkins, the pistil­ late solitary or in clusters at the ends of branches. Fruit a nut borne inside a dry husk which is dehiscent or indehis­ cent. Husk indehiscent, nut with numerous rough pro­jections or furrows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. Juglans. Husk dehiscent into four segments, nut more or les:o angled but smooth ................. . ... .. ... _ 2. Hicoria. 1. Juglans L. The Walnuts. Large aromatic trees with alternate odd pinnate leaves, furrowed bark, and a rough, sculptured nut which is produced inside a fibrous, indehiscent husk. Leaflets 15-23; nut irregularly ridged and promi­ nently sculptured ... . ............... ; . . . . . . . . 1. J. Nigra. Leaflets 9-23; nut deeply grooved. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. J. rupestris. Leaflets 11-17; nut inconspicuously grooved. . . . . . . . 3. J. Californica. 1. Juglans nigra Linnaeus. 'IY-alnut. Black ·walnut. One of tlw grandest and most valuable of our forest trees, reach­ing a height of 100° to 150° and trunk diameter of 4"-6° with straight trunk, stout branches, and thick. furrowed hark. Lean-; 12'-28' long; leaflets 12-23. ovatr-lanceolate, glabrons aboYe. pubescent belo"·· Nut nearly round, some\Yhat flat­tened, 11(.;;' to 11;~' in diameter. The kernel is sweet and edible. In \\·ell drained soil from Ontario south to the Gulf States and \Yest to Nebraska and Texas. Because of the Yalue of the nuts and of the \YOod, the black \rnlnut has been a favor­ite tree and is fre<11H•ntl~· planted throughout its range. The "·ood is heavy, hard, strong and rather coarse. The heart wood is a lwautiful dark brmn1, and takes a high polish. It is much sought h~· furniture makl'rs and is nsed extl>nsively ill the manufacture of orna HH'nts and for gun stoeks. The supply of aYailahle timber has been almost exirnusted. The tree has been planted extensiYely for ornament, hut dol'S not make a nnr satisfactory shade tree. 2. Juglans rupestris Engelm. Trxan \Yalnut. A forest tree 50' in !wig-ht hut in our an•a usually mnc:h smaller. The upright gro\\·ing branches form a narrow stiff crown. The hark on ~'onng· ll'l'es is thin and pale, becoming deeply fur­ro\\·ed and broken on the older portions. LeaYes 7'-L)' lo!1g. with D-2:~ short stalkt·d. oYate-lanceolate le:1flPts "·hid1 are 21/~'-3' in length by 1./-11.~' in width. The leaflets are dm·k ~·ellow green, g:labrous or pubescent along the midribs. finely se>rrate, some\Yhat eun·pd with a roundell base. Fruit globose to oblong 1~' to 11/~' in diameter \Yith a thin husk ; nut glohose and with drep prominent ridges. sweet and edible. Extends from the limestone regions of \H•str·rn Texas to Arizona, Ne"· ::\frxico, m;d northern ::\Iexito. In Texas it occurs 11long stream banks of the limestone area, reaching its 11rnxirnum <;ize in tlw tan~·ons. The tre('s of our area are small and of little economic im­portarn:e. The wood is hard, close-grained, wrak, dark brown in color. The tree is occ:asio11all~' planted for ornament, and gro\\·s \\·ell in localities outside its natural range. 3. Juglans Californica \Yats. California Walnut. A stately forest tree reaehing 60° in !wight h~· 18'-20' in diam­ Th e Trees of' Texas eter, frequently much smaller, with stout branches, some­what drooping and forming a beautiful, rounded, symmdrical crown. Leaves 6'-9' long. The leaflets are long pointed, sharply serrate, rounded or heart-shaped at base, sessile, glab­rous or bearing tufts of hair in the axils of primary veins. Fruit globose 34'-114' in diameter with thin husk. The nut is glohosc without prominent ridges; the seed is sweet and edible. Ext,:nds from the valley of the Colorado through ·western Texas to California. The wood is dark brown or mottled, hard, coarse grained; used in the manufacture of furniture. The tree is useful for ornamental planting. It has been greatly improved by hybridization with the European walnut to produce a beauti­ ful thrifty, quick growing tree,-the Burbank walnut. 2. HICORIA Rabinesquc. The Hickories. Large, fine forest trees with very hard, tough, elastic wood, and hard, fissured, tight, or scaly bark. The young branches are flexible and not easily broken. The leaves are alternate, deciduous, odc!-pinnate with serrate margins. Fruit a hard bony nut surrounded by a woody husk which separates at maturity into four segments. Staminate flowers clustered, usually on the wood of the preceding year; the pistillate in spike-like clusters at the ends of the wood of the present season. 1. Bud scales few, valvate (in pairs), fruit with more or less prominent ridges at thP. sutures of the husk, shell thin except in (3). ( 1) Leaflets 9-17, usually about 13; nut ovate-oblong, circular in cross se'(;­tion, kernel sweet and edible..... .. 1 H. pecan. (2) Leaflets 7-11, nut oblong, elliptic in cross section; kernel bitter. . . . . . . . . 2 H. Texana. (3) Leaflets 5-9; shell of nut very thick (5) Leaflets 7-11; nut flattened, some-3 H. myresticaeformis. times broader than long. . . . . . . . . . . 4 H. aquatica. ( 4) Leaflets 9-13; nut corrugated ....... 5 H. cordiformis. 4-Trees. 50 B11lletin of the C 11 i l'C rsiI.If of Te.ras 2. Bud scales numerous, imbricated, fruit nor winged as above. The shell of the nut is always thick and bony. ( 1) Bark separating from trunk in shaggy plates, leaflets 5-7. . . . . . . . . . 6 H . ovata. ( 2) Bark not separating as above; a. Leaflets 7-9 .. . ................ . . 7 H . alba. b. Leaflets 5-7 ... . ................ 8 H. glabra. 1. Hicoria. pecan (l\Iarsh) Britton. Pecan. A tall tree 100° tl• 170° in height and 6° in diameter with an enlarged, buttressed base. Trees growing in the open have a rounded cro"·n which is widespreading. Leaves 12' to 20' in length with 9-17 leaflets which an• lanceolate, long pointed, curved, serrate 2%'-6' long, rounded, or wedge-shaped at the unequal base, hairy when young, becoming smooth with ai?e. Frn\t in clusters of 3-11, oblong J:-Y,.;;'-2:;(./ long, the husk splitting to below the middle. The nut is ovoid to ovoid-oblong, red­dish bro>vn, nearly cylindrical. Jn the :l\fississippi valley from Indiana to Iowa, south to Alabama ::tnd Texas. In Texas it occurs ·along streams een­trRl and southwestern. 'I'hc 'mod is heavy, hard, hut not strong and is less val­uable than the other hickories. The nuts are the most val­uable of the hickories, and are an important article of com­merce. Many improYed varieties Hre now known and are being extensively planted. The native frees are frequentlr budded with the mor<.· desirable varieties. PPcHns are also desirable shade trees in certain cities of the state, but they are rather slow growers for this pnrposP. and do well only in soils that are ad11pted to them. They are also difficult to transplant. 2. Hicoria Texana (Leconte) Britton. Bitte1· Pecan. Texan :Prcan. A forest tree 100° high and 3° in diameter, hut gen­~rally mnch smaller,--15° to 25° tall and 8'-10' in diameter, '"ith a narrow, ronnded crown. I...eaves 10'-12' long with 7-11, occasionally 13, lanceolate. pointed, serrate, leaflets, which are curvrd, almost srssile, hairy at first, becoming smooth, 3'-5' long, 11/::! wide. Fruit clustert>d ll,~' to 2' long, ·with Jc'. thin husk. Tlw nut is ohlong-m·oid, point~d at hoth The Trees of Texas ends, somewhat flattened, wrinkled with a thin shell. The seed is extremely bitter. Occurs only in Texas, reaching its maximum size along the Brazos and extending throughout the low, wet woods of east­ern Texas, 100 to 150 miles inland from the coast. The wood is tough, close-grained, and strong. It is used for fuel. . 3. Hicoria. myristicaeformis (Micheaux) Britton. Nutmeg Hickory. Bitter v..ralnut. Tall straight trees 100° high and 2° in diameter with a narrow rounded open crown. Twigs slender, bark ~..2' to %' thick, close shallowly fissured. Leaves 7'-14' long with purescent petioles, leaflets 5-11, ovate to ovate lanceolate, almost sessile, sharp-pointed. coarsely ser­rate, dull green abff\'.C, p:;ile, lustrous, and somewhat hairy beneath, 4'-5' long, 11/z' wide. Fruit cylindrica.l or slightly obovate, prominently 4-ridged with a thin husk. 'l'he nut is pointed at both ·ends, without grooves, 1' long by %' broad, resembling a nutmeg. The shell is very thick and bony. Borders of swamps and streams from South Carolina to Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, and Texas. ln Texas it ex­tends as far west as Mexico. The wood is tough and strong, close grained, with a rala­tively large proportion of sap wood. It is used for fuel, and in the manufacture of machinery. The tree is desirable for ornamental planting. 4. Hicoria a.quatica. Britton. Water Hickory. Bitter Pecan. A tree 80'-100' high with trunk diameter of 2', usually much smaller. The slender upright branches form a narrow crown. Leaves 9'-15' long with 7-13 ovate lanceolate, almost sessile, long pointed leaflets, 3'-5' long, l/2'-ll/2' wide. Bark brown, separaHng in thin appressed scales, rather roughish in ap­pearance, somewhat reddish. Fn1it clustered, oblong l:Y2' long, with prominent ridges. Nut 1' long %' broad, pointed at the end5', flattened, 4-angled with a thin shell. Kernel very bitter. In river swamps and wet situations from Virginia to Illinois, and south to Florida and Texas, extending to the valley of the Brazos. Biilletin of the University of Texas The wood is strong, but rather brittle and soft. It is used principally for fuel. 5. Hicoria cordiformis (Wagenheim) Britton. Pignut. Pig Hickory. Tight Bark Hickory. .A. forest tree 100° high and 2°-3° diameter, with stout branches, widespreading crown, and tight, thin, lig·ht gray bark which sometimes separates to form thin plates. Twigs when young, thin and hairy, becoming brown and smooth ·with age. Leaves 6'-10' long, the main axis somewhat hairy, with 5-9 leaflets. The leaflets are lanceolate to oblong or obovate, 2'-6' long, smooth above, hairy beneath, somewhat curved, uneqnal at base. Fruit globose %'-11;2' long, 4-winged from the apex to the middle, husk thin, about 1-16 inch, covered with yellow scurfy pubescence, tardily dehiscent. Nut ovoid or oblong, somewhat flattened, some­times broader than long, with thin and brittle shell. Kernel very bitter. Quebec west to Minnesota, south to Florida, and west to Texas. In moist soils to the Trinity valley. The wood is tough, heavy, strong, and durable. Used for vehicles and machinery. 6. Hicoria. ovata (Miller) Britton. Shellbark Hickory. Scaly Bark Hickory. Red Hickory. A large forest tree 100° or more in height and 8°-4° diameter. Bark or trunk separat­ing in thin, long, flat plates, light gray or darker. Leaves 8'-14' long with 5-7, generally 5, leaflets. The leaflets are ovate to oYate-lanceolate, 4'-7' long, the lateral sessile, the terminal stalked. Fruit subglobose, or obovate, depressed at the apt•x, 1'-11/z' long. The husk is thick and the seg­ments :split freely to the base. ;\ut variable in shape and size, oblong, suhglobose, or obovoid, somewhat flattened and wrinkled. Shell rather thin. Kernel sweet and edible. used extensively for food. Quebec to l\Iinnesota and Kansas, and extending south to Florida and Texas. In Texas it occurs in rich moist soils of the eastern portion. The wood is hard, strong, and elastic. It is used in the manufacture of vehicles, and machinery. The nut rs an im­portant article of commerce. 7. Hicoria aJ.ba (Linnaeus) Britton. White Hickory. The Trees of Texas Mocker Nut. A large handsome forest tree with maximum heigM of 100° and trunk diameter of 3°, but usually much smaller, with light gray, fissured bark which is never scaly. Leaves with a resinous odor, 8'-12' long, with 5-9, generally 7 leaflets; leaflets oblong lanceolate, or obovate-lanceolate, ses­sile or the terminal one short-stalked, pointed at the apex, hairy at first, but becoming smoother with age. Fruit sub­globosc, elliptic, l1/2'-2' long, with a thick husk which splits to the base. Nut globose to elliptic, smooth, without promi­nent angles; shell thick, kernel sweet and edible. Ontario south to Florida and west to Texas, extending to the valley of the Brazos. Wood and uses similar to Hicoria ovata. 8. Hicoria gla.bra (Mill.) Britton. Pignut. Black Hickory. A tall forest tree 80°-90° high and 3°-4° in diameter with narrow crown, somewhat pendulous branches, and bark of trunk usually dark gray to almost black, tight, fissured, with narrow furrows. Twigs slender, hairy at first, becoming smooth and reddish brown with age. Leaves 6'-9' long with smooth axis. Leaflets 3-9, more commonly 5-7, 21/2'-6' long, pointed, hairy when young, smooth or with a few hairs in the axils of the veins when mature, unequal at base. Fruit obo­void or globose somewhat pear-shaped, 11;4' long; husk thin; nut obovoid to elliptic, smooth, shell thick, kernel sweet or bitter,. Maine to Nebraska, south to Florida and west to Texas. Ex­tends to the valley of the Nueces. Uses similar to H. ovata. LEITNERACEAE Drude. Cork Wood Family. Leitnera Florida.na Chapm. A shrub or small slender tree sometimes 20° high and 4'-5' in diameter, with dark gray fis­sured bark about 1-16' thick. Leaves alternate, somewhat leathery, decidu'.ous, 4'-6' long, llf2'"211z' wide with petiole 1'-2' in length, margin entire or somewhat wavy, but not ser­rate, pointed at the apex, equal and gradually narrowed at base, bright green and smooth above, hairy beneath. Flowers fo aments, the male and female on different plants. Stamen Bulletin of the University of Texas bearing aments clustered at the ends of branches, pistils benr­ing aments scattered on the stem. Fruit a compressed dry brown drupe, solitary or in clusters of 2-4, ripening before the leaves are mature, %' long, 1,4' wide. Swamps of Florida, Texas and southeastern l\1 issouri. In Texas it occurs in swamps of the Brazos River. The wood is lighter than any other in our area. It is fre­quently used for floats of fishing nets. MYRICACEAE Dumort. Bayberry Family. Morella cerifera Linnaeus. Wax l\Iyrtle. Bayberry. A fragrant shrub or small tree occasionally reaching a height of 40° and trunk diameter of 8'710', but usually much smaller, shrubby and forming dense thickets. Barksmooth, light gray, about 14' thick. Leaves alternate, simple, thick, firm, ever­green, fragrant, oblanceolate or oblong-spatulate, sparingly notched or entire, 1%'-4' long, glandular on both surfaces, hairy beneath. Flowers in aments appearing about the end of i\farch, staminate and pistillate borne on different plants. Fruit i;hort spikes of dry, ovoid drupes covered with waxy coating. New Jersry, Delaware, :Maryland, Florida, Arkansas, Mis­sissippi and Texas. The wood is soft, brittle, and used only for fuel. The wax which occurs on the fruit is sometimes collected and used for candles. SALICACEAE Lindley. The Willow Family. Trees or shrubs with alternate, simple leaves with or ·with­out stipules. Flowers borne in catkins appearing before or with the leaves, staminate, and pistillate on different trees. The fruit is a dehiscrnt capsule containing numerous seeds, each with a dense tuft of long, silky, white hairs at the apex. Leaves less than twice as long as broad, winter buds with numerous scales ...... ....... ...... 1. Populus. Leaves more than twice as long as broad, winter buds with one outer scale. . ........... . ... . .. 2. Salix. The Trees of Texas 1. POPULUS L. The Poplars. Large, rapidly growing forest trees with large, scaly, resm­ous buds; pale, furrowed bark; alternate, toothed or lobed leaves, and flowers borne in catkins. Petiole of leaf round, scarcely or not at all flattencrl laterally, buds cottony, leaves more or less lobed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. P. alba. Petiole of leaf flattened laterally, leaves with mar­ gins notched or toothed, but not lobed. Leaves broadly deltoid, abruptly sharp pointed at the apex. Leaf blades for the most of the leaves longer than broad...... ..................... ... 2. P. deltoides. Leaf blades mostly broader than long. Leaves truncate and slightly cordate at base with many small teeth. ......... 3. P. Fremontii. Leaves more or less cuneately narrowed on the petiole with few teeth which are relatively larger than the preceding. . . 4. P. Wisllzeni. 1. Populus alba L. White Poplar. Silver-leaf Poplar. A large tree with height of 100° and trunk diameter of 3° or fre­quently much smaller, with numerous suckers developing from the roots. Bark on young trees smooth, gray, or a greenish white ; on old trees furrowed, gray or brown. Leaves ovate or triangular, irregularly toothed, or 3-5 lobed, pointed, firm, densely white, velvety, hairy beneath when young becoming smoother with age. The leaf petiole is almost round, some­times flattened somewhat laterally, shorter than the blade of the leaf. Introduced from Europe. It is cultivated throughout a large portion of the state for ornament. The silver poplar grows rapidly, is adapted to a wide range of soil&, is easily propagated and stands pruning well. It is planted in many localities as an ornamental tree, for which purpose it is perhaps the most valuable of the poplars. 2. Populus deltoides Marshall. Cottonwood. Carolina Pop­lar. Necklace Poplar. A large tree 120° or more in height and 6'.)-8° in diameter, found prinr.ipally along stream banks. Bark gray with a greenish cast, thin and smooth on young twigs, and brarn•hes, thick imd fissured on old branches and Bulletin of the University of Texas trunk. Leaf with flattened petiole, blade about 1%'-5' long and almost as wide, roarsely toothed, teeth incurved, gland­ular, veins prominent on both surfaces. Flowers borne in catkins appearing before the leaYes. The staminate catkins 11/:!' long, the pistillate 11;?.'-2' long before the fruit ripens, becom­ing 3'.4' long as the frnit develops. Quc·bec to Florida and west to the Rocky :'.\fountains. It grows in moist soils along lakes and streams. The wood is principally ~mp wood which is light, soft, and weak. It warps badly, and is dried only ·with difficulty; used principally for box boards, siding, sheeting, excelsior, and pulp. The supply has been almost exhausted. The cotton­wood is sometimes planted as an ornamental tree, but this is to be recommended only where a quick growing shade, or windbreak must be had at the sacrifiee of more desirable slower growing varieties. 3. Populns Fremontii 'Watson. Cottomrnod. A tree 100° in height and 5°-6° in diameter with a rather broad, open crown and short trunk. Bark on young branches, light gray brown, thin and smooth; on older parts, thick, dark brown with reddish tinge, and deeply fissured. Leaves deltoid or reinform, 2'-2Y/ long, 2%'-3' broad. Coarsely serrate, with 4-12 incurved glandular tipped teeth on each side. A vtestern form extending from California eastward to Nevada, and south to Texas. It occurs along water courses throughout the western part of the state. Its uses are similar to Populus deltoides. 4. Populus Wislizeni Sarg. Cottomrnod. Occurs in the valley of the Rio Grande from El Paso to the Gulf. It is dis­tingnifihed from P. Freinontii by the greater length of the flo,Yer pedicel, and the more sharply pointed leaves. 2. SALIX L. \Yillo'"­ Trees or shrubs with soft wood, simple, alternate leaves which are elongated, pointed, deciduous, without lobes. usually serrate. Flowers in catkins appearing before or with the leaws.. Staminate and pistillate flowers home upon different trees. Fruit a dehiscent capsule containing many seeds which The Trees of Texas bear a tuft of long silky hairs at the apex. Found prindpally in damp situations. There are so many hybrids and intro­duced species that the classification of the willows is difficult and sometimes impossible. The following key includes the forms which are known to occur in our area. Branches decidedly drooping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. S. babylonica. Branches not decidedly drooping. Leaves small, l/3'-11/3' long, entire or nearly so, pale green on both sides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. S. taxifolia. Leaves long, 4'-7', silvery white below . . ......... 3. S. longipes. Leaves green on both surfaces, 3'-6' long, 1h '-%' wide, narrowly lanceolate, long-pointed. . . . . . . 4. S. nigra. Leaves pale, or glaucous below, 2-% '-4' long, %. '-1 ~' wide, broadly lanceolate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. S. amygdaloides. Leaves linear, lanceolate green on both surface~. 2'-6' long, 1h '-1/3' wide ..... .. ... ....... .... .. 6. S. interior. 1. Salix ba.bylonica L. Weeping Willow. An ornamental tree which has been introduced from Asia and is grown quite extensively throughout North and South America. Its dfa­tinguishing mark is the drooping habit of its branches from which its name is derived. Sometimes reaching a height of 60' and a trunk diameter of 3°-5°, with bark on old parts gray, rough and :fissured. The young twigs are green, slender, and drooping. Leaves linear to linear lanceolate, pointed, pale green below. It is used only as an ornamental shade tree. 2. Salix taxifolia. H. B. K. Willow. Yew Leaved Willow. A tree sometimes reaching a height of 40° -50° and trunk diameter of 18', with broad open crown, light gray-brown, :fissured bark, 3,4'-1' thick, covered with small scales. Leaves smaller than any of the other species of willow, 1/ 3'-11/ 3' long, 1/ 12'-l/ 8' wide. Arizona southward through western Texas and Mexico to Guatemala. It is sometimes planted for ornament. 3. Salix longipes Anderson. Ward's Willow. Trees reaching a height of 30° and trunk diameter of 6'-8', with thick, brown, rough bark divided into angular plates, hairy and reddish brown on young twigs. Leaves lanceolate to ovate lanceolate, somewhat pointed at the apex, round or heart-r.haped at base, bright green and smooth above, pale and glaucous or hairy beneath. Flowers in April and May. Bulletin of the University of Texas )faryland to Kl•ntucky, and )lissouri, south to Florida, Texas; ~ew )1exico, and l\lexico. The wood is weak, soft, and rather dark brown and of little economic value. 4. Salix nigra )Ian;h. Black \Yillow. -~ tree reaching a maximum height of 100°, and diameter of 3°, bnt commonly much smaller,-30°-40°. The crown is wide spreading. Bark of truak :·ough, thick, flaky, dark brown or nearly black on old portion, shoots hairy at first green or green~sh brown, be­coming brown and smooth with age. Leaves narrowly lanceo­la te, l0ng pointed, bright green above, paler and smooth be­neath, closely serratci, sometimes with hairs along veins. Flowers in April and l\lay. New Brunswick west to North Dakota, south to Plorida and "·est to Texas. Grows along stream banks. The wood is light, soft, warps badly, and has not been of much economic importance. 5. Salix amygdaloides Andl'rs. Peach Willow. Almond Willow. A tree reaching 60°-70° in height and 2° in diameter. Regar, sharply toothed, 3'-4' long, ll/~'-2' wide, The Trees of Texas yellowish green, lustrous above, paler and somewhat hairy beneath. Flowers in long catkins. Fruit a closed woody bur with straight prickles ripening in the autumn and opening with the first frosts. Nut compressed sharp pointed %'-1' with sweet edible seed. Pennsylvania, Florida, Missouri and Texas. The wood hard, strong, close grained, light with little sap wood. It is used for railroad ties and fence posts. 3. QUERCUS (Tournefort) L. The Oaks. Large forest trees or shrubs with simple, alternate decid­uous or evergreen leaves which are entire toothed or lobed. The leaves are rather thick and woody and remain on the tree either throughout the winter or until nearly all other decidu­ous leaves have fallen. The staminate flowers are borne in long, slender, pendulous catkins, the pistillate solitary or in clusters. The fruit is a nut borne in a shallow woody cup. In the so-called white ·oaks, the fruit ripens the first year, while in the black oaks, it does not mature until the second. The oaks comprise more species than any other genus of trees within our area, and are frequently difficult to identify with certainty, as a number of the species readily hybridize. The oak is one of our most valuable sources of timber, furnishing a large part of the hard woods. It is also e:ultivated exten­ sively for shade and ornament. I. Mature leaves, entire, notched or lobed, rarely bristle tipped; fruit maturing the first season . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . White Oaks. A. Leaves deciduous. 1. Leaves lobed, the lobes rounded, never tipped with bristles. a. Leaves smooth beneath, 3-9 lobed. . 1 Q. alba. b. Leaves hairy beneath. (1) Leav~ oblong-obovate, usually 5­ lobed with stellate hairs above.. 2 Q. stellata. (2) Leaves deeply lobed, cup fringed by the awned scales........ .. . . 3 Q. macrocarpa. (3) Leaves deeply 5-9 lobed, nut often nearly enclosed in the cup 4 Q. lyrata. 2. Leaves straight veined, variously toothed or notched, but not deeply 6± B11lldi11 of' tl1c U11i1·crsitu of' Tetras lobed (Chestnut Oaks). a. Acorns sessile. (1) Leaves obovate, small tree or shrub ......... .. ... ....... · · · 5 Q. prinoides. (2) Leaves oblong to lanceolatc. sometimes obovate ... ...... ... . 6 Q. Muhlenbergii. b. Acorns borne upon stall's about a,; long as the leaf petiole. (1) Leaves de·nsely hairy below ... . 7 Q. Michauxii. (2) Leaves smooth below ... . ...... . 8 Q. Brayi. 3. Leaves entire, undulate, or lobed only near apex. a. Cup saucer-shaped, thin, leaves hairy beneath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Q. Durandii. b. Cup saucer-shaped, leaves smooth, cup thick......................... 10 Q. Laceyi. B. Leaves persistent until the appearance of the new leaves of the following year, mostly evergreen. 1. Leaves entire on mature branches, sometimes serrate on young twigs, dark green, southeastern species . . . . . . 11 Q. Virgiana. 2. Leaves spinulate toothed to entire. dark green, western species.. .. ............ 12 Q. Emoryi. 3. Leaves sinuate lobed not toothed... . .. 13 Q. breviloba. 4. Leaves light or blue green, hairy be­neath when old, entire wavy or lobed .. 14 Q. undulata. 5. Leaves light or blue green, smooth be­neath when old, entire wavy or lobed .. 15 Q. oblongifo!ia. II. Leaves or their lobes mostly tipped with bristles, fruit maturing the second season .. Black Oaks. A. Leaves persistent, densely white, downy beneath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Q. hypolerica. B. Leaves deciduous. 1. Leaves deeply cut or lobed. a. Leaves lobed to about the middle, lobes wedge shaped; cup of acorn, saucer shaped, thick, about %-inch broad .. . . ...... . ... ...·........... 17 Q. rubra. b. Leaves lobed to beyond the middle or sometimes a few of them not as deeply lobed. ( 1) Cup of acorn saucer shaped, thin, enclosing the nut for about 1/3 its length; leaves dull above, cup about % ' broad. . . . . . . . . . . 18 Q. Schneckii. The Trees of Texas 6fl (2) Cup top-shaped or hemispheric, enclosing the nut generally about % its length. (a) Inner bark bright orange, scales of the cup largA, forming a loose margin. . . . 19 Q. velutina. ( b) Inner bark gray, reddish, or yellow, cup less than % ' broad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Q. Texana. c. Leaves irregularly lobed with a gray or rusty pubescence beneath. . . . . . . . 21 Q. digitata. d. Leaves obovate with 3-5 lobes above the middle. (1) Leaves hairy beneath .......... 22 Q. Marylandica. (2) Leaves smooth beneath .. . .... . 23 Q. nigra. 2. Leaves entire or with few teeth. a. Leaves smooth beneath, sharp pointed, cup very fiat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Q. Phellos. b. Leaves hairy beneath, cup saucer shaped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Q. cinerea. 1. Quercus alba Linnaeus. White Oak. A large forest tree usually 60°-80° in height and trunk diameter of 4° but freqt1ently larger. Tr('es growing in the open are rather low with round full crown, crowded in the forest they become tall and without branches except at the extreme top. The bark is a light gray, sometimes tinged with brown, flaky without deep fissures except on the lower part of the main trunk. Leaves obovate to oblong, 4'-8' in length, wedge-shaped at base, 3-9 usually 7 lobed, the lobes entire or with one or two secondary lobes, pale and smooth beneath, bright or dull green above. Flowers appearing before the leaves have reached more than one-fourth their mature size. Acorns stalked or sessile, ovoid to oblong, the cup enclosed from 1,4 to 113 of its length. Southern Maine, Ontario, west to Minnesota and south to Florida and Texas. In Texas it extends to the valley of the Brazos. The wood is heavy, hard, close grained and is very tough, durable, and strong. The heart wood is light brown, the sap wood light. The medullary rays are prominent and the quar­ter sawed wood is extensively employed in the wanufacture of furniture. It is the most valuable timber tree of America. 5-Tree3. 6G B11llcli11 o/ the U11frcrsil!J of 1'c.nrs The wood is used in general construction, tinishi11g. cooper­age, \rngon and carriage stock, agricnltnral imple11H'llts, rail- Fig. 8 Quercus a_ll_)a_.--­road ties. fem:t· posts. haskt•ts and fut•l. 'l'ltc• frpe is one of gn•at beauty and ha,; JJO imdesira lilt• hnhits. lt is, however, The Trees of Texas 6i a slow grower, and is difficult to transplant. It would not be advisable to attempt to cultivate it very far from its nat­ural range. The soil should be rich, moist, well drained. Wherever the tree can be successfully grown its planting should be encouraged. 2. Quercus stellata. Wangenheim. Post Oak. A large for­est tree reaching 100° in height with diameter of 2°-3°, but generally smaller. The branches are widespreading, forming a Fig. 9. Quercus stellata. rounded crown. Bark about one inch thick, reddish, furrowed on main trunk, smooth on young twigs. Leaves obovate, 5-lobed, the middle pair of lobes much larger than the basal, the notch between the lower and middle lobes very deep and wide. The lo·wer lobeP. are rounded, the upper two or more with i:;t::condary lobes. The leaves are thick, firm, dark green above with light stellate hairs, densely hairy beneath with light yellow or silvery hairs. Acorn ovoid about 1/2' long, % to lf:i enclosed in the saucer shaped cup. B11llrli11 ol the U11i1'rrsily of' Te.ras :\[nssachnsdts to PC'1msylnmia, "·L·st to :\lissouri, south to Flol'id1t and Texas. In Texas it extends to the central part of the st>:te. ::\lost abundant in sanely or sterile soils. It is by far the most a bnndant of any of the oaks in Texas. The 1Yoocl is heavy, hard, close grained, durable. It is used for fe11ce posts, cross ties, building material, and fuel. The tree is oftf'n planted for ornamf'nt. but does not thrive well in hea1y soils and is a slow gnrn·er. The Trees of Texas 3. Quercus ma.crocarpa Micheaux. Burr Oak. Mossy Cup Oak. A large stately forest tree which in its maximum size may reach a height of 170° with trunk diameter of 6°-7°. It is, however, more commonly medium size 40° -60° high. The branches are stout and spreading, forming a wide open crown. Bark 1'-2' thick, gray to brown, deeply :fissured. Leaves obo­vate or oblong, 4'-12' long, 5-9 lobed, variable, some of them barely lobed, others cut almost to the midrib, dark green and smooth above, whitish and hairy beneath. Acorn ovoid, %' to 11,4' long, one-third to almost its entire length enclosed in the cup-shaped cup. The upper edge of the cup is fringed with a mossy border made up of the awned upper scales. Nova Scotia to Manitoba, Minnesota, Wyoming, south to Georgia, and west Texas. In Texas it extends to the Nueces River. The wood is similar to that of Q. alba, both being called white oak by lumbermen. The supply of these two valuable timber trei~S is rapidly diminishing. There remains practically no virgin forests. 4. Quercus lyrata Walter. Overcup Oak. A large forest tree 100° in height and 2°-3° in diameter. The trunk is either tall, erect, or divided into several main branches which are wide spreading, and form a be·autiful rounded crown. The bark is one inch or more in thickness, light gray, :fissured, and scaly. Leaves obovate-oblong, 5-9 lobed, frequently cut almost to the midrib near the middle, wedge shaped at base, green and smooth above, pale and hairy beneath. Acorns sessile or short stalked, nut globose, depressed, %' long, almost com­pletely enclosed in the rather thin reddish brown cup. Maryland south to Florida, west to Texas, and north through Tennessee, Indiana, and Illinois. Confined principally to moist soil. In Texas it extends to the Trinity Valley. Most abundant in wet rich alluvial soils. The wood and uses are similar to Quercus alba. It has been used extensively for railroad ties. 5. Quercus prinoides Willdenow. Chinquapin Oak. A shrub or small tree sometimes reaching a height of 15 ° -20°. The bark is light brown and somewhat scaly. Leaves obovate or oblanceolate, pointed or acute at the apex, wedge-shaped Bulletin of tlt e U11il'cr::;ify of T c.ca;; or rounded at base, eoarsely toothed. green and shining above, hairy beneath 1Yith g1-ayish hairs. The aeorns are sessile or Yery .':hort stalked, nut oYoid to oblong 1/::' to 1' long, light lmnnt in <·olor, <·up lil'mi,;plll'rie 1,~' in <1iameter enclosing abont one-half of the nut. }!a~: i e to }Iinnesota, sonth to Alahallla and Texas. The Trees of Texas The trees are too small to be of value for timber. It is used for fuel. 6. Quercus Muhlenbergii Englemann. Yellow Oak. Tan Bark Oak. A large forest tree with maximum height of 100° and trunk diameter of 6°-7°, but usually smaller, 60°­700 high, and 3°-4° in diameter. The branches are spreading, forming a rather broad crown. The hark on old trunks is about l l/2' thick, close, light to dark gray, scaly, sometimes separating in rather large flakes. Leaves with petioles %'-11,4' long, obovate to oblong lanceolate, taper pointed, coarseUy toothed, teeth incurved, glandular, hairy on both sides when young, smooth above at maturity, hairy below. Acorn 112'-%' long enclosed for about one-third of its length by the thin, silvery gray cup-shaped cup. This tree is fre­ quently confused with Quercus prinus from which it may be distinguished by the bark on the mature trunk. Vermont to Minnesota, south to Florida and west to Texas. It is most abundant on limestone soils. The wood is heavy, close grained, hard and strong. It is used for the same purposes as Quercus alba. 7. Quercus Michauxii Nuttall. Cow Oak. Basket Oak. A large forest tree reE•.ching a maximum height of 100° with trunk diameter of 6°-7°. The branches are stout and up­right, forming a rather narrow rounded crown. The bark is 112' to 1' thick, light ashy gray, separating into thin plates. Leaves obovate to broadly oblong with petioles %'-11,4' long, short taper-pointed at the apex, wedge-shaped or sometimes rounded at base, toothed, smooth and dark green above, paler and densely hairy beneath. Acorns solitary or in pairs, borne on short stalks, nut ovoid 1'-11,4' long, one-half enclosed in the scaly, pubescent, saucer-shaped cup. Defaware to Indiana, Missouri, south to Florida and west to Texas. In Texas it extends to the Trinity Valley. Uses similar to Quercus alba. 8. Quem-cus Brayi Small. Bray's Oak. A rather large forest tree attaining a height of 50° to 60° with gray, flaky bark. Leaves obovate, somewhat triangular, wedge-shaped toward the base, coarsely wavy toothed, thin, dark green Bulletin of the University of Texas abov8, smooth on both surfaces, paler beneath with prominent whitish midrib and relatively few strong regular, prominent lateral veins. The acorns are borne upon short stalks, nut oblong to ovoid, about one-third enclosed in the thin walled, warty scaled, hemispheric cup. Oceurs only in canyons of central Texas. 9. Quercus Durandii Buckley. Durand's Oak. A tree reaching a maximum height of 40° -50° with trunk diameter of 2°-:5°. Bark light gray, somewhat scaly about %'-34' thick. The Trees of Texas Leaves entire or sometimes 5-lobed near the blunt apE:x, wedge-shaped at base, thick, bright, lustrous green above, pale and hairy beneath. Acorns almost sessile, cup shallow, nut ovoid somewhat depressed. Distinguished from Quercus breviloba by the very shallow cup. Alabama, extending into the eastern part of Texas. It grows in dry soil of river valleys. Similar to Quercus alba. The tree is also planted for orna­ment. 10. Quercus Laceyi Small. Lacey's Oak. A small tree 15°-20° high or more frequently a shrub. Bark rough, irreg­ularly and deeply grooved, brown in color. Leaves oblong to oblong-obovate, 3-5 lobed, thick, short stalked, olive green, the upper surface has a waxy appearance while the lower is grayish and covered with minute scales, not falling until about the time the new leaves unfold. Acorns sessile or nearly so, the nut is oblong to oblong-ovoid, enclosed only a:t the ba3e by the shallow saucer-shaped cup. Limestone hills of south central Texas. Too small to be of economic importance. Used for fuel. 11. Quercus Virginiana Miller. Live Oak. A large ever­green tree 40°-50° high with trunk diameter of 3°-4°. 'rhe stocky stem is buttressed at the base and frequently divide-; a few feet above the ground into large secondary branches which are widespreading, forming a low rounded crown. Old trees are almost globular in outline. The bark is %' to l' thick, brown, tinged with red, somewhat furrowed, scaly. LeavP,s oblong, oval, or obovate, mostly blunt, sometimes short pointed, margins entire on mature branches, somewhat toothed on young branches, dark green above, pale and somewhat hairy beneath. Acorn borne singly or in clusters of two to five, short stalked; the nut is ovoid or oblong, one inch or more long, brown, shining, about one-fourth enclosed in the light brown, turbinate, hemispheric cup. Virginia to Florida, west to Texas, and Mexico. In Texas it occurs abundantly in the coast country from the Brazos to the Nueces. It extends to the northward across the Black and Grand prairies. The tree grows in a wide variety of soils and habitats. It seems to reach its maximum development in BuUetin of the U11~·versity of Texas rather heavy clay soil but thrives well along river bottoms. It is also very drouth-resistant, attaining a considerable size on dry barren hills of central and west Texas. The wood is hard, strong, close-grained. It was formerly nsed in ship building. The live oak is one of the finest of our ornamental shade trees The Trees of Texas 12. Quercus Emoryi Torrey. Black Oak. A small round­topped tree 30° to 40° high with short trunk, stout drooping branches and slender reddish branchlets. Bark 1'-2' thick, deeply divided, dark brown. Leaves oblong, lanceolate, pointed, entire or somewhat toothed, 1'-21h'long, 1h'-1' wide, thick nnd glossy when mature, persistent until spring. Fruit sessile or nearly so, ripening from July to September of the first year; acorn oblong or oval 1;2'-%' long,1/s' wide, enclosed for about one-third its length in the cup-shaped cup. On mountain sides and in canyons. New Mexico, Arizona, northern Mexico and Texas. In Texas it occurs in the l1impia and Chisos mountains. Th~ wood is soft, strong, brittle, close grained, dark brown. The acorns are sweet and edible, being used as food by the Mexicans. 13. Quercus breviloba (Torrey) Sargent. Texan White Oak. A shrub or small tree sometimes reaching a heig-ht of 25°-30°. The trunk divides near the base to form several branches. The thin, ~ilvery, gray bark separates from the Bulletin ol the U11ivrrsity of Te.ras trunk in loose, elongated plates. Leaves obovate or oblanceo­late, 'Yith 5-7 shallow lobes, wedge-shaped at base, bluish green and sl1ining above, paler and hairy beneath, remaining on the tree until the new leaves of the follovving spring unfold. Acorns sessile or very short stalked; nut ovoid, cup saucer­shaped, scales appressed, encloing about one-fourth of the nut. \Ve>.t Texas and :Mexico. Most abundant in dry limestone soil. The wood is used for fuel. 14. Quercus undulata Torrey. Shin oak. A shrub or small tree sometimes 25°-30° high with thin scaly gray bark, and reddish brown twigs. Leaves oval to oblong 1'-3' long. 14 '-*' wide entire or with wavy sometimes toothed margin, smooth and lu~trous above, yellowish brown beneath, peris: nt Fruit ripen:ng tb first season, solitary or in pairs, sessile or stalked. Acorn oval %'-1' long enclosed for about one-third its length in the cup. On dry ridges and cliffs, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Xevada, western Texas, and Mexico. 15. Quercus oblongifolia Torrey. Blue Oak. A small tree usually not over 30° in height, and l 8'-20' in diameter. It branches freely to form a rounded symmetrical crown. The bark is %'-11/'.!' thick, light gray, scaly, the scales are close, regular. Leaves oblong, ovate or oblanceolate, entire or notched at the apex of the undulate margin, bluish green per­sistent until the new leaves of the following spring. Acorns are sessile or stalked; nut ovoid, dark brown, 1h '-*' long, about one-third enclosed in the hemispheric, hairy cup. Chisos }fountains of West Texas, extending into 1\1 exico, Arizona, and New l\kxico. The trees are small and are only used for fuel. 16. Quercus hypoleuca Englemann. White Leaf Oak. A shrub or small tree usually not over 30°-40° high with round top, spreading slender branches, and rough fissured dark bark. Leaves lanceolate, elliptic or oblong lanceolate, 2'-4' long, V:!'-1' wide, with thickened margins, entire or some of them slightly toothed, bristle tipped, yellowish green and lustrous above, whitish and wooly beneath. Fruit ripening in the sec­ The Trees of Texas ond summer, solitary almost sessile, acorn ovoid 1/2'-2/3' long about one-third enclosed in the turbinate cup. Mountains of New Mexico, Arizona, western Texas, and northern Mexico. The wood is heavy, hard, close grained, brown in color. 17. Quercus rubra L. Red Oak. A large forest tree 70° to 80° in height and with trunk diameter of 2° to 4°. Trees growing in dense forests are tall and straight with a rather narrow crown of few branches. Bark on young trees smooth and light gray, on old trunks regularly and coarsely :fissured, l'-ll/2' thick, dark brown with a tinge of red. Leaves obo­vate or oblong 5'-9' long, 4'-6' broad with 5-11 coarse toothed bristle tipped lobes, usually divided about half way to the midrib, lobes wedge-shaped tapering from the base, and mostly with three teeth at the apex. Thin and firm, hairy at first becoming smooth, dark green and dull above, pale yellow green below with occasional small tufts of rusty hairs in the axils of the veins. Acorns solitary or in pairs maturing in the autumn of the second season. Sessile or borne on short stalkb. The cup is shallow, saucer-shaped enclosing only the base of the nut. Scales closely appressed, bright red brown somewhat glossy. Nut ovoid, flat at the base %o '-1' long rounded at the apex, gray or reddish brown, more or less pubescent. Nova Scotia and Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. The wood is heavy, hard, close-grained, strong light reddish brown. It is used for building material, :finishing, car and wagon stock. The red oak is also a very desirable tree for ornamental planting. It thrives best in a moist rich soil where it grows rapidly. 18. Quercus Schneckii Britton. Schneck's Oak. A large forest tree 150° high and 4°-6° in diameter, but usually smaller. The trunk is tall and straight with a butressed base. The lower branches are drooping while the upper are widespread­ing and form a wide, rounded open crown. Bark on young branches smooth and gray, on old trunks dark brown with a tinge of red, :fissured, the ridges flat, furrows shallow. The leaves are ovate to obovate 3'-7' long, wedge-shaped or trun­cate at base with 5-9 lobes which extend more than half way to the midrib; the lobes are wedge-shaped or oblong usually Bulletin of the University of Texas toothed, the teeth ending in bristles; thin, bright green, shiny and smooth above, paler and smooth with reddish brown hairs in the axils of veins below, petioles 1/2' long. The acorns are borne solitary or in pairs sessile or on very short stalks. Nut ovoid 34' long, reddish brown sometimes striped with Fig. J.5. Quercus Schneckii. darker lines, somewhat hairy, enclosed for about one-third its length in the saucer-shaped cup which is rounded or nearly fiat. Iowa, Illinois, and Indiana sou'h to Florida and Texas. Uses similar to Quercus rubra. The Trees of Texas 19. Quercus velutina Lamark. Black Oak. A large for­est tree 150° high and 3°-4° in diameter, but usually smaller, 70°-80" high. The branches are slender, ascending, and with stout branchlets form a widespreading, rounded crown. Bark on trunks thick, deeply fissured, not scaly, dark brown or L almost black, inner bark deep orange. Leaves obovate to oblong, quite variable in size, and from 5'-7' long, 5-9, most generally 7-lobed, the openings between the lobes are wide and rounded, sometimes extending almost to the midrib; lobes broad, oblong to triangular, bristle tipped, usually wedge­ Bnllet1:n of the University of Texas shaped at base, thin and firm at maturity, smooth glm,;sy, bright green above, paler or yellow green and smooth below or with hairs in the axils of the veins. The acorn sessile or nearly so, solitary, or in pairs. Nut subglobose, ovoid or oblong, %' to %' Ieng, somewhat hairy, especially at the summit, enclosed for about one-half its length in the deeply cup-shaped cup; kernel yellow, bitter. The scales of the cup are coarse, loose above the middle, thin sharp pointed forming a fringed border to the rim. )faine to western Ontario, south to Florida and Texas. It occurs in east Texas and in rocky ravines and mountains near the month of the Pecos. The wood is coarse grained, strong, light reddish brown. The ''"ood is not usually distinguished from the red oak com­mercially, but it is inferior in quality. Its uses are similar to C~. rubra. 20. Quercus Texana Buckley. Texan Oak. Red Oak. Spotted Oak. Spanish Oak. A small tree, ·with spreading branc~1es forming a rounded crown. The bark is light brown, some-what scaly on older portions, thin and smooth on young branches. Leaves oblong to obovate, 2'-4' in length, with 3-7 friangnlar to ovate lobes, the terminal lobe much larger than the others; lobes sometimes toothed, bristle tipped; deep green. smooth, shining above, paler, yellowish below, with prominent red venation. Acorns sessile or on very short stalks; nut ovoid-oblong 01· oblong, light brown, enclosed for about one-third its length in the hemispheric cup; scales of the cup ovate, blunt, forming a fringe around the rim of the cup. In ,fry rocky soils of southern and western Texas. 'I'he ''"ood is ~lose grained and hard. It is used for fuel. 21. Quercus digitata Suclw. Spanish Oak. A forest tree 70°-80° high with trunk diameter of 2°-3°. The branches are stout, spreading. and form a loose open crown. The bark is ~4'-1' thick, dark bro,n1, fissured, the furrows usually narrow, so111etime<; wide, ridge-; rnther broad, broken into short plates; young shoots at first hairy grernish red or gray brown, be­coming smooth and clark grny brown. I1eavPs oblong or The Trees of Texas obovate, quite variable in outline, 3'-9' long; somewhat curved, wedge-shaped, rounded or truncate at the base, 3-11, usually 5-9 lobed; the number of lobes more variable than in any other of the oaks; the middle lobe is generally longer than Fig. 17. Quercus digitata. -any of the others, but the terminal lobe is frequently much elongated and scythe-shaped. Acorns borne sessile or almost so; nut subglobose, %' long, more or less hairy, light brown, enclosed for about one-half its length in the cup-shaped cup; scales of cup thin, oblong, reddish and hairy. 6-Trees. 82 Bulletin of the Unfrersity of 1'e.ras Ne,Y Jersey to l\Iissouri, Florida and Texas. In 'l'cxas it exfands to the Yalley of the Brazos. Its nses are simila;: to Quercus rnbra. The trre is planted for ornanwnt and shade, for wl1ich it is well adapted. 22. Quercus Marylandica nIuenchaussen. Black Jack Oak. Black .Jack. A forest tree 4-0°-50° high with trunk diameter of 18', but usually much smaller. The branches are short, stout, oft(!n contorted and form a compact rounded crown. Bark l'-11/~' thick, black, very rough on mature trunks. Leaves broadly oboYate 6' -7' long, 3-5 lobed, na1-ro,dy rounded or F'ig. 1~. Quercus :\Iarylandica. he:1r1:-shaped at base. thick almost leathery. tlevp green and smooth aboYe, paler pubescent and "·ith prominent Ycnation hel011·; the notches bet,Yecn the lobes qnite Yariable. fre­quently onl~' rn1dnlate lobed; lobes bristle tipped. Acorns borne solitary or in pnirs sessile or nearly so; nut subglobose or oYoid %' long. hairy, light ~1ell011· 1-n'O,Yn sometimes stl'iate; enclosed for about t\Yo-thirds its leng-th in the top-shaped cnp; scales of cnp blunt. light or reddish h1·0,n1, hain·, rather loose parti('u]arly nem· the top. ~e1~· York to Pcnns~·lyania, Indiana and 1\chraska, sont h to Florida and Tcxns. The wood is of little Yalne except for fuel. c.:> Fig. 19. Post oak trees in winter. B11llcti11 of t11c i·ninrsily of Tc.ms 23. Quercus nigra L. Water Oak. A ronnd topped forest tree sometimes 80° high 1Yith slender branches, smooth, light brmn1 bark and reddish t1Yigs. T.JeaYes oblong some of tl:em Flg. ~O. Qne re us nigra. three or more lobed to11·m·d the apex and linear-obovate, 2~·::'-6' long, n~'-2~;~' 11·ide, dnll green ahow, paler below, petio!.·s sliort. Frnit sol; trny or in pairs. sessile or short stalke(I: ac·orn oYoid 1.12'-2 .18' long and al1nost as wide. en­closed at tbe base in a thin sam·er-shaped ('llj), often striate. The Trees of Texas Delaware, Florida, west to the Colorado River, Texas. The wood is heavy, hard, close grained nnd strong. It is used for fuel. 24. Quercus Phellos L. Willow Oak. A forest tree 70° ­80° high, with trunk diameter of 2c -4°. The branches are small and form a rather narrow, open rounded crown. The bark is thin, 3h ' -%. ' thick, light reddish brown, smooth on young branches, shallowly fissured on old trunks. Iieaves Jinear oblong, ovate lanceolate or sometimes lanceolate-obo­vate, ae:ute at both ends often falcate, entire or undulate mar­gin, 21;2'-5' long, 1;2'-1' wide, borne on short petioles, thick, smooth and shining above, paler and somewhat hairy beneath. Acorns borne usually solitary, sessile or very short-stalked; nut subglobose or hemispherical, covered with pale pubescence, Bulietin of the Uwiversity of Texas incloscd only at the base in the shallow saucer-shaped cup; scales of cup close, thin, hairy dark reddish brown. New York to Florida, west to Kentucky, Missouri and Texas. It prefers wet sandy soil and is found principally along swamps, but sometimes occurs on highland. In Texas. it extends to the Sabine River. The tree has been planted extensively. for ornament. It is. hardy as far north as southern New England. The wood is. used in somewhat the same way as Quercus rubra. F'ig. 22. Quercus cinerea. 25. Quercus cinerea Michaux. Upland Willow Oak. Blue· Jack Oak. A tree usually 15°-20° high with trunk diameter· of 5'-6', but sometimes larger, 50°-70° high. The branches are­sto.ut and stiff; forming a rather narrow irregular crown. Some· Fig. 23. A mixed forest of pine and upland oak (Bray Bulletin 47 Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. Agr.). Fig. 24. Forest of Quercus Mlchauii or the Trinity River (Bray Bulletin 47 Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. Agr.). SS Bulletin of tlie U11-iuersity of 'l'c.ras trees are broad and rounded. The bark is %'-1/:.!' thick, divided into small angular plates, covered with black scales. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to oblong-obovate 2'-5' long, Y2'-l%' wide, entire or "·ith undulate margins, sometimes slightly lobed near the apex, blue green above, pale hairy beneatl~, slightly bristle tipped. Acorns borne sessile, pro­duced in great numbers; nut oblong to subglobose, l// long, light brown often striate, hoary pubescent at the apex; cup saucer-shaped enclosing the nut only at the base or for about one-half its length. North Carolina to Florida and west to Texas. It occurs principally on sandy uplands, mostly near the coast. In Texas it extends to the valley of the Brazos. The wood is hard, close grained, strong. It is used prin­cipally for fuel. The trees of our area are small. MORACEAE. The Mulberry Family. Treei;. with milky sap; leaves simple, alternate, two ranked, serrate entire or variously lobed, 3-5 veined at the base; flow­ers borne in ament-like spikes or heads on the outside of a receptacle or on the inside of a closed receptacle; fruit com­pound, drupaceous. 1. Flowers on the outside of the receptacle. a. Flowers all in spike like catkins, fruit an elongated edible berry somewhat re­sembling the blackberry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. Morns. b. Pistillate flowers in heads, fruit globosE', not edible. (1) Branches armed with thorns, leaves entire ..... ............ ... . . ...... . 2. To1';ylon. (2) Branches unarmed, leaves serrate or lobed .......... . ...... . ........ . .. 3. Broussonetia. 2. Flowers borne inside a hollow receptacl€·. . . . . . 4. Ficus. 1. MORUS. 'l'he Mulberries. Trees with edible fleshy fruit, milky juice; flowers monoe. eious or dioecious; lea Yes often deeply irregularly lobed. 89 1'he Trees of Texas Leaves rough above, pubescent beneath, fruit red or purplish .............. ............ .... 1. M. rubra. Leaves smooth on both sides or nearly so. Leaves large 2-1h'-6' long... ................. 2. M. alba. Leaves small 1-1h' long, %, ' wide. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. M. microphylla. 1. Moru.s rubra L. Red Mulberry. A tree 60°-70° high, and 3°-4° in diameter. The trunk is generally short and the branches stout, forming a dense rounded broad crown. The bark is dark brown somewhat tinged with red, ~~,-34' thick, fissured into long thin plates. Leaves broadly ovate or ovate- orbicular, contracted at the apex into a long point, heart­shaped or rounded at base, coarsely serrate, frequently 2-7, mostly 3, lobed, smooth above, hairy beneath, thin, dark bluish green, turning yellow before falling from the tree. The flowers appear with the opening of the leaves; pistillate aments about half as long as the staminate. Fruit cylindric about 1h'-l1/:3' long, dark purple or almost black when mature. 1Vlassachusetts to Ontario; Michigan and Nebraska, south to Florida and Texas. Occurs most frequently in moist situa­tions. In Texas it extends to the valley of the Colorado River. The wood is Jight, soft, but tough, takes a high polish, dur­ahle in contact with the soil. It has been used for cross ties Bulletin of the University of Tc.ws and posts, but the supply is not sufficient to be of much eco­nomic importance. The tree is hardy and easily transplanted. It has been extensively planted for ornament. 2. Morus alba L. White l\Iulberry. A tree reaching a height of 4-0°-60° with diameter of 2°-3°, but nsually smaller. F ig. 26. Morus alba. The trunk is short and low branched, forming a round topped crown. Bark thin, light gray, furrowed into rough ridges. Leave.~ thin, firm, ov&te or ovate oval, sharp-pointed at the apex, heart-shaped or ronnded at the base, serrate, sometimes lobed, smooth, light green above, paler and hairy along the Yeins below. The staminate aments are slender, drooping, The Trees of Texas the pistillate, ovate, shorter. The fruit is white, or pinkish, sweet, edible, insipid. Introduced from Europe, where the leaves are used for feeding· the silk worm. It has been extensively planted for ornament, and thrives best in rich moist soil. It grows well, however, on the dry prairies. 3. Morns microphylla. Buckley. Texan Mulberry. A small tree or shrub sometimes 30° high and 12'-14' in diameter with slender branches. The bark is smooth, thin, l/2 ' thick or less. light gray, fissured with surface scales. Leaves ovate, rounded or sharp-pointed at the apex, serrate, heart-shaped at base, occasionally lobed, thin and firm, dark green, rough­ened above, paler and hairy along the midribs below, 11h' long, 3,4' wide. Flowers are borne in short spikes. Fruit dark purple to black with light brown, thick walled seeds, edible. Texas to Arizona and Mexico. In Texas it occurs princi­pally near the Mexican border. Bnlletin of the University of Texas 2. TOXYLON Raf. Osage Orange. Small trees with alternate, simple, entire leaves, milky juice :and axillary thorns. 1. Toxylon pomiferum Raf. Osage Orange. A small thorny tree which may reach a height of 50°-60° with trunk diameter of 2°-3°, but usually smaller. Bark 2/3'-1' thick with broad rounded ridges, somewhat shreddy, brown. The spines are about 3,4' long, and produce painful wounds. The leaves are ovate lanceolate, entire, long pointed, smooth, and .glossy green above, 3'-5' long, 2'-3' wide. The staminate flowers are borne in elongated catkins, the pistillate in rounded heads. The fruit is yellowish green, resembling an orange, Duter coat rough, about 4' in diameter. Missouri and Kansas, south to Texas. The wood is heavy, hard, strong and durable in contact ·with the soil. It is extensively used for fence posts. The tree l1as been extensiYely planted in the prairie regions for hedge fences. ·when well pruned and taken care of ,it makes ·a thi~k almost impenetrable barrier for all kinds of animals. Now largely superceded by wire fences. Not so well adapted for ornamental hedges as many other shrubs. 3. BROUSSONETIA Ventenat. Paper Mulberry. Broussonetia papyrifera Ventenat. A small tree with greenish gray bark, milky juice and stout hairy twigs. I..ieaves thin, 3-5 lobed or sometimes with only one lateral lobe, rough above, hairy below, borne on long stalks. ]'lowers diecious, the pi~tillate in dense round heads on one tree, the staminate in catkins on another. Fruit a globular aggregate of small red drupelets 1/2 '-1' in diameter. Native of Asia, introduced and growing spontaneously in this country. The fibrous inner bark is used in the manufacture of paper. 4. FICUS (Tournefort) L. The Figs. Trees, shrubs or wnodv climbers with milkv sap; thick, leathery mostly alternate lohed leaves; flowers borne in a receptacle, usually dioecious. The Trees of Texas 93 Ficus carica. L. Common Fig. A shrub or round topped, small tree with short trunk, close, smooth, reddish or gray bark and stout, pithy twigs. Leaves large, thick, firm, leath­ ery, suborbicular or oYal, deeply 5-7 lobed, rough and hairy above, pale and hairy beneath. Flowers dioecious, the stam­inate usually absent in the cultivated form. Fruit pear­shaped, with soft, sweet edible flesh. A native of the Mediterranean region, extensively planted in our area for fruit and ornament. Bulletin of the University of Texas ULMACEAE Mirbel. The Elm Family. Trees with watery juice; leaves alternate, simple, serrate, pinnately veined; :flowers small and without the corolla; fruit a samara, drupe or small nut. Leaves with one primary vein at base, lateral veins parallel. Fruit a samara winged all the way around. . . . 1. Ulmus. Fruit a small nut with soft tubercles .. .. .... . 2. Planera. Leaves 3-veined at the base, fruit a fleshy, juicy drupe ............................... . .. 3. Celtis. 1. ULMUS L. The Elms. Tree~ with deeply furrowed bark; leaves simple, alternate two ranked, doubly serrate, taper pointed, unequal at base, lateral veins prominent and parallel; flowers Rmall clustered appearing in the spring before the leaves in all except one species; fruit a. samara surrounded by a wide membranous wing. Flowers opening in the autumn, borne in the axils of the leaves of the season .. .. . .. .. ...... 1. U. crassifola. Flowers opening in the spring before the leaves. Branches corky winged ...................... 2. U. alata. Branches not corky winged. Leaves smooth or somewhat roughened above, inner bark not mucilaginous . . . 3. U. Americana. Leaves very rough above inner bark, mucilaginous ... ...... ..... . . .... ... 4. U. fulva. 1. Ulmus crassifolia Nuttall. Cedar Elm. A forest tree sometimes reaching a height of 80° with trunk diameter of 2°-3°, but usua.lly srn.aller. The branches are usually wide­spread and droop, forming a fiat topped wide crown. Leaves · oblong-oval with rounded apex and unequal base, finely doubly serrate, very rough and dark green above with soft pubescence below, 1'-2' long, 1/:/-1' ·wide. The flowers ap­pear ;n the autumn in the axils of the season's leaves. They are borne in clusters of three to five. The fruit ripens in September or sometimes in November, depending upon the time of flowering. The bark is light brown, tinged with red, c Bulletin of the University of Texas about one inch thick, deeply fissured, the furrows interrupted, the ridges broad and flat. Southern Arkansas to :Mississippi, Texas, and Mexico. It is the commonest elm tree of our area, and reaches its maxi­mum size along the Guadalupe and Trinity rivers. Th9 wood is reddish brown, heavy, hard, strong and brittle. It is used for hubs, furniture, and fencing. The tree is fre­qnetly planted for ornament and shade. 2.. Ulmus alata l\Iichx. 'Winged Elm. A forest tree 40°­500 high and with a trunk diameter of 2° or less. The branches are short, stout, ascendingi and form a rather open crown. Bark thin, with shallow fissures, light reddish brown with flat ridges. The young twigs develop corky wings which are per­sistent. Leaves ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, somewhat scythe-shaped, rather sharp-pointed at the apex, 11/2'-3' long, wedge-shaped or rounded at the base, doubly serrate, the teeth curved inward, thick -and firm almost smooth above, pubescent below. The flowers are borne in the early spring before the leaves unfold. The fmit is ripe at about the time the leaves appear. Virginia, Indiana, Illinois and Kansas, south to Florida 9.nd west to Texas. It thrives best in dry soil. In Texas it extends to the valley of the Trinity River. The wood is heaYy and hard, but not strong, close grained. It is used for hubs, handles for implements and fuel. The tree is extensively planted for shade and ornament throughout its range. 3. Ulmus Americana. 'White Elm. American Elm. A large forest tree sometimes 100°-120° feet high and 6°­11° in diameter. The branches are upright, gradually spread­ing to form a \Viele spread rounded crown of great beauty. Bark ashy gray, l'-IV~' thick, deeply fissured, with rather broad ridges. Leaves oval to obovate-oblong, 2'-5' long, dark green, and somewhat rough above, paler and smooth or pubes­cent below, abruptly pointed at the apex, unequal at base, sharply doubly serrate. The flowers are clustered, borne on slend·3r stalks, opening in early spring before the leaves. The fruit ripens ·with the unfolding of the leaves. Quebec to Florida, 1yest to Nebraska and 'l'exas. The trees The Trees of Texas of our area are not so large and ornamental as the tre<~s grow­ing in the northeastern states. The wood is hard, tough, flexible, and difficult to split. It is used for agricultural implements, hubs, crates, staves, and heading. It is also used extensively in furniture making, as it takes stains very well. The tree has been a great favorite for shade tree planting. It grows rapidly. The American elm is one of our most beautiful native trees, and its planting should be encouraged. 4. Ulmus fulva Michaux. Slippery Elm. Red Elm. A forest tree 60° -70° high with trunk diameter sometimes reach­ing 2 -' , m'ually smaller. The branches spread to form a broad open flat-topped crown. Bark deeply fissured, reddish brown, the inner layer fragrant and mucilaginous. Leaves ovate­ohlong, 4'-6' long, coarsely doubly serrate, rounded on one side at base, oblique on the other, thick dark green, very rough ab0ve, more or less pubescent beneath. The flowers appeac' before the leaves in the early spring and the fruit ripen;;; when the leaves are about one-half their matnre size. Quebec to Florida, vest to North Dakota, Nebraska and Texas. It extends to the valley of the San Antonio River. The wood is hard, strong, light, durable when exposed in the soil. It is used for cross ties, fence posts and otherwise as Ulmus Americana. 2. PLANERA Gmelin. Planer Tree. Planer aquatica Gmelin. A small tree 30°-40° high and 20' in diameter with low broad crown and slender branches. Bark thin, about 1/1' , light brown, falling away in large scales. Leaves ovate-oblong, rounded or unequally wedge-shaped at base, pointed or rounded at the apex, toothed, 2'-21/z' long, %'-1' wide, dark green above, paler below. Flowers of two kinds, the stamen bearing or staminate are borne on wood of the previous year, the pistil bearing or pistillate in the axils of leaves of the current season. The fruit is a nut-like struct­ure covered with elongated projections, ripening in the spring. The tree resembles the elml'I, but may be rradily distinguished by the fruit. 7-Tree~. B11lletin of the University of Texas North Carolina to Florida and west to Texas. It extends into Texas as far as the Trinity River. The vvood is of no economic value. 3. CELTIS (Tournefort) L. The Hackberries. Trees or shrubs with simple alternate leaves, smooth, thin or 1varty bark, and scaly buds. The leaves are 3 rarely 4-5 veined at the base, entire or toothed; staminate flowers borne in clusters, pistillate solitary or few together in axils of the leaves ; fruit an ovoid or globose drupe with thin sweet pulp and wrinkled bony stone. The drupe hangs on the tree until early spring. The hackberry is our commonest shade tree. 1. Leaves sharply and coarsely serrate ........ 1. C. occidentalis. 2. Leaves entire or with only a few teeth. a. Leaves densely gray tomentulose be­neath, few toothed, somewhat heart-shaped at base ........................ 2. C. Helleri. b. Leaves smooth or nearly so beneath. (1) LE.aves thick, strongly reticulate veined with a few teeth . .. ........ 3. C. reticulata. (2) Leaves thin, entire, slightly curved lanceolate to ovate lanceolate .. . . .. 4. C. Mississippiensis. 1. Celtis occidentalis L. Hackberry. White Hackberry. Usually a small tree 30°-40° high and 1°-2° in diameter, but occasionally much larger. The trunk branches a few feet from the ground into a few large limbs. The small branches are horizontal, forming a broad rounded crown. Bark on young· twig green, somewhat hairy, becoming reddish brown; Dn old trunks thick. light brown or silver gray, with short ridges or warty excresc<:>nees. I1eaves ovate, 214'-7' long, usually long tap0r pointed, slightly heart-shaped or unequal at base, usually sharply toothed occasionally entire margined, thin, smooth or nearly so above, hairy beneath. The flowers appear during April and }.fay, they are small and inconspicu­ous. The fruit is a globular drupe 11-i,' long, dark purple. It is sweet and edible. 'rhe tree is known in some localities as sugar berry. St. Lawrence Valley to the Gulf States, and wrst to Texas and l\Ianitoba. It occurs only in the eastern part of Texas. The Trees of Texas The wood is yellowish white, heavy, but not strong. 1t re­ sembles the ash somewhat and is used for the same purposes. The tree is also planted for shade and ornament. 2. Celtis Helleri Small. Heller's Hackberry. A small tree with maximum height of 30°-40° and trunk diameter of I<'ig. 30. Celtis reticulata. 2°-3°. The branches are widespread, forming a rounded crown. Bark on mature trunks is characterized by the numer­ous corky warts. The young twigs are slender and hairy, becoming smooth and brown with age. Leaves firm, ovate to Bulletin of the University of Texas oblong or sometimes oblong-lanceolate, llh '-4' long, pointed or blunt at the apex, heart-shaped at base, dark green and rough above, hairy below, with rather prominent netted vein­ing. toothed above the middle. Fruit globular, light, lustrous brown, borne on short curved stalks. Seeds globose with four prominent ribs. Dry soil of southem Texas. The wood is similar to Celtis l\Iississippiensis, from which it is not generally distinguished. The tree is used for street and ornamental planting. 3. Celtis reticulata. Torrey. Thick Leaved Hackberry. A small bushy tree 40°50° high with rounded crown. Bark bluish gray and covered with numerous corky warts on the older parts of the stem. Leaves thick and very strongly netted Yeined, entire or toothed above the middle, dark green and smooth or somtimes rough above, paler aud somewhat hairy beneath, ·with prominent reticulate veining. Fruit globular, red, %'to 1/2 ' long, borne on stalks which are usually longer than the subtending leaf petiole. Kansas to Texas, Colorado, Nevada, Arizona, and Lower California. It is widely distributed in Texas. Uses similar to Celtis :Uississippiensis. 4. Celtis Mississippiensis Bose. ::\Iississippi Hackberry A tree 60°-80° high and 2°-3c in diameter. The branches are somewhat pendulous and form a broad rounded crown. Bark light gray with corky warts, l / 2'-2/ 3' thick. Leaves broadly ovak to ovate-lanceobte, long pointed somewhat curved, un­equal at base. entirr or " ·ith never more than one or two teeth, firm dark grer:m and smooth above, paler below, 3'-4' long, % '-3' wide. Fruit ovoid-glohose 1/q'-%' long, bright orange red, home on a stalk \Yhich is somewhat elongated. The 1.rre differs from other hackberries particularly in the size o~ the fruit :md in the entire margined leaf. It is the commonest of our harkberry trees. Indiana to Florida, Hnd west to ::\Iissouri and Texas. rs0d for fuel, fencing:, and to some extent for flooring. The commonest !':tre(et shafl.e tree in rentral Texas. The Trees of Texas ALTINGIAECEAE Hayne. Sweet Gum Family. Liquidambar. Liquidambar styraciflua L. Sweet Gum. A tree 80°-140° high with straight er2ct trunk 4°-5° in diameter. The branches Bulletin of the University of Texas are slender and form a rather narrow crown. Bark deeply furrowed, gray to brown, 3,4'-11/:/ thick. The young branches are frequently 'vinged with cork. A resinous sap which issues from wom-;ds is popular among children as ''gum.'' I1eaves alteruate, nlmost round in outlin<>, 8-bout 5' wide, cleft into 4-7 wedge-shaped, serrate lobes, firm, bright green, and shin­ing above, paler below, aromatic when bruised, smooth on both sides or .:Jearly so, turning red in the autumn before they fall. Flo;vers appear when th.'\ leaves are about half the adult size. The staminate flowers are borne in slende1· racemes, the pistillate in a dense globular head. Fruit a globular, spiny, cone-like aggregate, 114'-1%' in diameter, which frequently persists on the tree throughout the winter. Connecticut west to :l\Iissouri, south to Florida and Texas. In Texas it extends to the valley of the Trinity River, most abundant in heavy bottom soils. Thi~ wood is heavy, close-grained, hard but not strong. It polishes well and can be finished to imitate walnut. How­ever, it warps and shrinks to such an extent that it is but little nsed for timber. The tree is planted for ornament but is transplanted with some difficulty. Its foliage is beautiful throughont the summrr and the autumnal tints add to its value as an ornamental tree. In our area, it is attacked by a fnngus parnsite which teri:is to mar the beauty of the foliage in the late summer. ANONACEAE de Condolle. The Custard Apple Family. Asimina (JJ) Dunal. The Pawpaw. Asimina triloba Dunal. A tall shrub or smaU tree some­times :reaching a height of 25° or 30° with a trunk diamf'ter of 1°, but usually much smaller, with slender nodding twigs. Bark :>mooth, somewhat ridged on old trees, about lf.~' thick, gray or bl·own with lighter blotches except on young twigs, wher·~ it is reddish brown. Leaves obovate-lanceolnte, wedge­shaped at base, sharp pointed at the apex, 4'-12' long, 4'-6' wide, green above, paler and hairy beneath when young, becoming "mooth with age. The },,.aves give off a rank foetid odor when crui':hrd. Thr. fto"·ers appear before or with the The Trees of Texas leaves. The sepals are green, broadly ovate; the six petals are green at first but soon become maroon color. Fruit cylin­drical, somewhat curved, about 21;2'-5' long, green becoming yellow, finally brown. The flesh is sweet and edible and the fruit has been recently called the "Hoosier banana." Southern Ontario, east to Pennsylvania, south to the Gulf States and west to Kansas and Texas. In Texa::; it extends to the valley of the Sabine River. The wood is ~oft, light, and coarse grained. The supply is so amall that it has no economic importance for timber. The fruit is edible and the tree is adapted for ornamental planting w5thin its native range. It prefers deep rich moist soil: MAGNOLIACEAE St. Hilaire. The Magnolia Family. T!'ees with alternate simple, entire, large leaves and bitter, aromatic bark. The flowers are large, perfect, solitary, terminal. The fruit is a cone-like aggregate. Leaf blades thick, leathe·ry, persistent, with brown, rusty hairs beneath. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. foetida. Leaf.blades membranous, smooth or silky beneath.. M. Virginiana. 1. Magnolia foetida (Ii.) Sargent. Bull Bay. Laurel. A large cone-shaped tree 60°-80° high and 4°-5° in diameter, with short branches, and rough, light brown, scaly bark 1/2!-%.' thick. r~eaves evergreen, firm, leathery, bright glossy green above, tamens 20, anthers rose red. Fruit ripens in autumn, short oblong 1/i.'-1/i' long, dnll green, tinged with red, with thin. greenish flesh. In lovv wet woods and stream borders in the vallry of the Sabine River. The Trees of Texas 4. Crataegus bra.chyca.ntha Sarg. and Engelm. A tree 18°-25c high with trunk diameter of 8'-10', branches upright, spreading to form a rather broad rounded crown; branchlets armed with straight light brown spines 1'-1112' long. Bark dark brown and rather deeply fissured on mature trunks, light brown on younger twigs. Leaves lanceolate-oblong to ovate, serrate above the middle, 1'-2' Jong 1/2'-1' '>.'ide, dark green above, paler beneath. :Flowers in many flowered cor­ymbs. Fruit l'ipening in August, bright blue, %'.1~' in diameter. Northwestern Louisiana to eastern Texas. 5. Crataegus Brazoria Sargent. A small round topped tree 20°-25° high with ascending branches, gray scaly bark, and long gray spines, lJeaves oval to obovate, wedge-shaped and entire at base, rounded or pointed at apex, serrate, smooth, lustrous green aboce, 2'-21/2' long, 114'-llh' wide, pale be­neath with a few hairs. Flowers in many flowered corymbs, the pedicels and calyx hairy. Fruit ripening in autumn, sub­globose, bright canary yellow. In rich woods and bottom lands along the Brazos River. 6. Crataegus aestivalis. A medium sized tree 20° -30° high and 12'-18' in diameter with straight or divided trunk, reddish, ar·med twigs and scaly, reddish brown bark. Leaves elliptical, oblong or obovate, 11/2'-2' long, %'-1' wide, Pntire at base, notched or toothed above the middle, smooth above, with rusty hairs along the veins and midrib below. Corymb 2..5 flowered. Fruit ripening in May, depressed globose, l/2'-2/ 3' in diameter, bright red with pale spots, and thick, juicy flesh. Florida to Arkansas, Louisiana and eastern Texas. 7. Crataegus viridis h Southern Thorn. A small round topped treE· 20°-30° high and 18'-20' in diamter with orange colored bark, gray to reddish brown twigs and slender short spines. Leaves oblong-obovate, pointed or rounded at the apex. wedge-shapPd a.nd ePt.ire a.t ba;;;e. serrate above with glandular teeth or some of them 3-lobed toward the apex, l'-3' long, 1h'-11h' wide, smooth above with hairs in the axils of veins below. Corymbs smooth, many flowered. Fruit ripen­ 110 B11l/eti 11 of tltc U11-ivcrsity of Texas ing in the antumn, remaining throughout the ·winter, de­pressed gl•)bose, l/s'-14' in diameter, bright scarlet ·with thin rlry fl.Esh. :Marylanrl, South Carolina to Florida and west to Missouri and Tex·as. It extends to the Colorado River. Fig. 3-L Cra taegus Yiridis. 8. Crataegus glabriscula Sarg. A medium sized tree 20°­23 0 high "·ith ascending branches, brown, scaly bark and slender, brmn1 spines. J1caves oblong, ovate or somewhat orbienla1-, pointed or ronnvn twigs. Leaves ovate-lanceo­lak or oval, -!'-6' long. 1'-1%' wide, firm, long pointed at th':l apex. serrate 'vith incurved glandular teeth, smooth, dark green above, paler and with hairs in the axils of primary vein heneath. Flowe!'s in 2-4 flowered lateral clusters before the leans. Fruit globular to subglobose or oval, %'-1' in diameter, red. with thin, hard, acid flesh. In rich moist soil. Illinois to Tennessee, Alabama, Arkansas and Texas. PADUS Borkhausen. ·wild Cherries. Sepals not present on fruit, leaves with slender teeth ..................................... 1. P. Virginiana. Sepals present on fruit, leaves with coarse teeth. Sepals broade·r than long, leaves with reticulat!O' veins ........ .. ................ . ..... .. . . 2. P. eximia. Sepals longer than broad, leaves not reticulate veined ................................... 3. P. serotina. 1. Padus Virginiana (I.J.) Roemer. Choke Cherry. A shrub or >:mall tree 20°-25° high with spreading, drooping branches, thin, smooth, dark gray bark and reddish brown bYigs. Leaves ovate to obovatr, 2'-4' long, l'-2' wide, thin, The Trees of Texas pointed at the apex, serrate with slender teeth, :;mooth on both sides. Flowers in loose racemes. Fruit globose, 14'-l/z' in diameter, red, black, or yellow with thin, juicy, astringent flesh. Newfoundland to Manitoba and British Columbia, south to Georgia, west to Texas and Colorado. 2. Padus eximia Small. Texas Cherry. A rather large round topped tree 60° -80° high with spreading branches and smooth, red-brown twigs. Leaves ovate, some of them varyng to oblong, oblong-lanceolate or oval, 1%'-3' long, blunt at the apex or taper pointed, serrate, smooth on both sides, dark green above, paler beneath. Flowers in drooping racemes. Fruit globose, purple, with sweet flesh. Fo1md only in rich valleys of southern Texas. 3. Padus serotina (Ehrh.)Agardh. Wild Cherry. Black Cherry. A large narrow topped tree 80°-100° high and 4°-5° in diameter, with horizontal branches, and reddish brown, rough, aromatic, bitter bark and twigs. Leaves oblong, or elliptic to obovate lanceolate, 2'-5' long, l 1h'-2' wide, taper pointed, finely serrate with incurved teeth, firm, glossy, smooth on both sides. Flowers white in long racemes. Fruit globose, almost black with sweet, astringent flesh. Ontario to North Dakota, Florida and Textts. In Texas it is found in the eastern portion and in the mountains of the west. The wood is strong, hard, close grained, yellowish red, and is used in making furniture, panels and for finishing. LAUROCERASUS (Tournefort) Reichenbach. Wild Orange. Wild Peach. La.urocerasus ca.roliniana (Miller) Roemer. A beautiful, medium sized tree 30°-40° high with smooth, gray bark, green twigs and reddish brown branches. Leaves leatbery, persist­ent, elliptic, oblong-lanceolate, entire or few teeth, 2'-4' long, pointed at the apex, glossy green above, dull below. Flowers in short racemes. Fruit oblong or oval, black with thick, lus­trous skin and thin flesh. 8-Trees. 11-l: Bulletin of the University of Texas North Carolina to Florida and Texas. Planted throughout its range as an ornamental tree. MIMOSACEAE. The Mimosa Family. Tret:s with alternate compound evenly pinnate leaves and small leaflets. Fruit a bean-like pod. Leaves with 1 to 2 pairs of pinnae. L£·aflets 5 to 8 pairs, pods tightly twisted. . . . . . . . 1. Strombocarpa.2 Leaflets 12-20 pairs, pods not twisted ......... .. · Prosopis. 3. Siderocarp.,s. Leaves 2 to 3 pairs of pinnae. leaflets numerous .. Leaves with 1 to 4, 2 to 3 or 3 to 4 pairs of pinnae. 4. Acacia. Leaves with 3 to 5 pairs of pinnae .............. . -5. Havardia. Leaves with 3 to 8 pairs of pinnae ............. -.. 6. Vachellia. Leaves with 2 to 20 pairs of pinnae............. . . 7. Leucaena. 1. STROlVIBOCARPA. Screw Bean. 1. Strombocarpa odorato (Torrey) A. Gray. Screw Bean. A shrub or small tree with thick, shaggy, light brown bark, and reddish brown branches which are armEd with axillary spines. Leaves bipinnate mostly with 1 pair of pinnae, some­times 2 pairs. Flowers in slender, stalked, axillary spikes. Fruit a twisted cylindrical pod. 2. PROSOPIS. The ::.\Iesquites. 1. Prosopis glandulosa Torrey. l\Iesquite. A low, round" fopped tree with thick, reddish brown, fissured bark, yellow­ish green twigs and darker branches which are frequently armed with axillary spines. The leaves are bipinnate with 1 to 2 pairs of pinnae; leaflets numerous. Flowers perfect, borne in slender, green or yellowish spikes. Fruit a straight or slightly curved indehisccnt pod. .Mexico north to Nevada, Kansas, Texas and California. It has gradually encroached on the grassy plains and frequently forms dense shrubbery thicke1s. The wood is heavy, very hard, close grained, dark red in color, very resistant in contact with the soil, takes a beauti­ful finish. It is used for furniture, ornaments, gun stocks, grill work, posts and fuel. The beans are used for food. .The Trees of Texas 3. SIDEROCARPAS. Texas Ebony. 1. Sideroca.rpas flexicaulis (Bentham) Small. A small ev­ergreen tree or shrub w!th spreading zigzag branches, armed with short spines. Leaves bipinnate, pinnae 4-6, leaflets few, Fig. 35. Prosopis glandulosa. sessil, leathery. Flowers in summer or autumn, in cylindrical shaped spikes. Fruit a flattened, straight, or slightly curved pod. On bluffs of southwest Texas and Mexico. The wood is dark red to purplish brown, hard, used for cabinet work. Bulletin of the U11iversity of Texas 4. ACACIA (Tournefort) Adamson. The Acacias. Thorny trees with alternate evenly bipinnate leaves, nu­merous pinnae and numerous leafiets. Flowers in globose head3, or cylindrical racemes. Fruit an elongated, fiat or cylindrical pod. Flowers in elongated spikes or racemes. Pods only slightly curved .. . .. .. .... .. . ...... 1. A. Wrightil. Pods much curled and contorted ...... ........ 2. A. Greggii. Flowers in globular heads ..... ................... ~. A. Subtortuosa. 1. Acacia Wrightii Bentham. Cat's Claw. A small wide topped tree, sometimes 25° high, with furrowed bark; striated, angular branchlets, and short curved spines. Leaves evenly bipinnate with 2-6 pinnae; leaflets 6-12, sessil, :firm, light green, hairy, with prominent veins. Flowers borne in racemes in the axils of the leaves, yellowish, fragrant. Fruit a flat­tened. almost straight pod constricted between the seeds. V.Testern Texas to :Mexico. The wood is close grained, hard, used for fuel. 2. Acacia. Greggii A. Gray. Paradise Flower. Devil's Claw. A small, thorny tree 20°-30° high with stout reddish brown zigzag branchlets and hairy twigs. Leaves evenly bipinnate, pinnae 2-6, leaflets 8-14, thick, :firm, light green. Fruit a very much contorted flattened pod constricted between the seeds. In the ravines from the valley of the San Saba River to the Devil's River and south to Mexico. 3. Acacia. subtortuosa Shafer. Rio Grande Acacia. A small round topped tree 18°-20° high or a shrub, with dark brown :fissured bark, zigzag branches, hairy twigs and light gray spines. Leaves evenly bipinnate, pinnae 6-8, leaflets 9-14 pairs. Flowers in globose heads, in axillary clusters of 1-3, fragrant, bright yellow. Fruit a straight slightly flattened pod, somewhat constricted between the seeds. Alung the Rio Grande River, southwestern Texas and adjacent Mexico. 5. HARV ARDI Small. Hnajillo. 1. Hava.rdia. brevifolia (Benth). Small. A small, evergreen tree with erect branches, thin gray bark and short curved The Trees of Texas spines. Leaves evenly bipinnate, pinnae 2-5 pairs, each with 10-20 pairs of sessile light green leaflets. Flovvers in head­like clusters. Fruit a flattened, pointed, dehiscent pod. Along the Rio Grande Riv~r and Northern l\'Iexico. The wood is hard, dark reddish brown and very heavy. 6. VACHELLIA ·wright and Arnott. Huisach<'. 1. Vachellia Farnesia (.Linnaeus) Arnott and Wright. A small, rounxas, and l\Iexico. 2. Lencaena glauca (Linnaens) Bentham. l.Jead Tree. A shrub er small tree with spreading branches, thin, dark hrown bark nnd hairy twigs. Leaves evenly bipinnate, pinnae :3-10 pairs, leaflets 20-40, light green, paler beneath. l<'lowers in Bulletin of the University of Texas globose heads, solitary or clustered in the axils of the leaves. Fruit a linear flattened pod pointed at both ends. In ;,andy and rocky soils Florida to Texas and Mexico. CASSIACEAE Link. Senna Family. Trees or shrubs with alternate, simple or compound leaves; some :,:pecies armed with prickles. Flowers mostly perfect, in clusters, regular or irregular. Fruit a 2-valved or inde­hiscent pod. 1. Leaves simple, rhomboidal, heart shaped at bas~ 1. Cercis. 2. Leaves pinnate. a. Leaves once pinnate. (1) The axis of the pinnae broad and winged, borne iu fasicles, leafletfi numerous ... . .... .. ......... . . . ..... 2. Parkinsonia. ( 2) The axis of the pinnae not broad and winged, leaflets few . . ... . ...... . .... . . 3. Cercidium. 3. Leaves bipinnate or once pinnate on the same tree .................................... 4. Gleditsia. CERCIS L. The Red Buds. Small unarmed tree with alternate, simple, deciduous leaves which are round in outline and heart-shaped at base. Flowers red or purplish in axillary clusters on branches of preceding year, :i,ppcaring before the leaves. Fruit a flattened, leathery pod. Leaves pointed at the apex, pods stalked ..... . . .. . 1. C. Canadensis. Leaves rounded and blunt at the apex. Pod not stalked. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. C. reniformis. 1. Cercis Canadensis R. Red Bud. Judas Tree. A small tree with thin fissured bark, smooth branches, and slender, light brown twigs. Leaves ovate-orbicular to reniform, pointed at the apex, rounded at base, bright green and smooth above, paler r.nd hairy along the veins below. Flowers before the leaves in clusters of 4 to 8, purplish, pedicels somewhat elon­gated. Fruit a linear oblong pod which tapers at both ends, persistent until winter. Ontario to Florida, west to :Minnesota, Arkansas, and east­ern Texas. Principally along streams and in rich bottom The Trees of Texas lands. A very desirable ornamental tree or shrub which should be more P,Xtensively cultivated. 2. Cercis reniformis Eng. Red Bud. A tree resembling Fig. 36. Cercis reinformis. Cercis canadensis, but with blunt pointed leaves and dense flower clusters. Texas and Mexico. PARKINSONIA (Plumies) L. The Horsebeans. 1. Pa.rkinsonia aculoo.ta L. Retama. A small thorny, open topped tree or shrub, with thin, reddish brown, mostly smooth bark and yellowish green twigs. Leaves in fasicles, Bulletin of the University of Texas bipinnate, rachis winged, leaflets numerous, small, rather far apart. Flowers large and showy, bright yellow, in slender upright racemes. Fruit a cylindrical few seeded pod, con­tracted between the seeds, pointed at base and apex. In the Rio Grande Valley and extending into Mexico. It has been extensively naturalized throughout the southei·n part of Texas and is planted for ornament. CERCIDIUM Tulasne. 1. Cercidium fioridum Benth. A low wide topped tree 15°-20° high with short, crooked trunk, green bark and axil­lary spines. Leaves evenly bipinnate, pinnae 1 pair bearing 2-4 pairs of small glandular leaflets. Flowers appearing with the leaves and produced for several months in successive crops, rather large, golden yellow; in 3 to 5 flowered racemes. Fruit a flat, straight, dehiscent, 2 to 3 seeded pod, constricted between the seeds. Southern Texas and adjacent Mexico. The wood is soft, close grained, used for fuel. GLEDITSIA (Clayton) L. The Honey Locusts. Trees with alternate, equal'ly bipinnate or once pinnate leaves; small, greenish, polygamous flowers in slender axillary clusters; simple or branched axillary spines, and elongated or oval pods. Pod oval or elliptic with 1 or 2 seeds ... . . . .. ...... 1. G. aquatica. Pod elongated 8 to 12 inches, many seeded... .. .. . . 2. G. triacanthos. Pod elongated 4 to 5 inches, many seeded. . . . . . . . . 3. G. Texana. 1. Gleditsia aquatica Marsh. Water Honey Locust. A medium sized, wide topped tree 50° -60° high with short trunk, stout branches, reddish brown, fissured bark and straight spines which are usually only slightly branched. Leaves once or twice pinnate, pinnae 3 or 4 pairs, leaflets 0 to 12 pairs. Flo>vers 1' long, %'_lh' wide, in slender racemes after the leaves. Fruit an obliquely oval 1 or 2 seeded pod. In swampy places North Carolina, Florida west to Indiana, Arkansas and Texas. The wood is heavy, hard and strong. Tree sometimes planted for ornament. The Trees of Texas 121 2. Gleditsia tria.canthos L. Honey Locust. A rather large rapidly growing tree 100° or more high with pale rough bark, spreading branches, zigzag twigs and long sinrple or branched thorna. Leaves mostly bipinnate sometimes once pinnate. Flowers in staminate and pistillate racemes in April. Fruit a long, flattened, more or less twisted pod with a pulp between the seeds. Ontario to Kansas, Florida and Texas. Extensively planted throughout. Grows well in dry or sandy soil. The thorns are somewhat objectionable. Wood hard, strong, coarse grained, reddish brown. 3. Gleditsia Texana. Sargeant. Texan Honey Locust. A large narrow topped tree 100°-120° high, with thin, smooth bark and unarmed branches. Leaves once or twice pinnate. Flowers in axillary staminate and pistillate racemes. Fruit a straJ.ght, fiat pod 4 to 5 inches long without pulp betwcm the seeds. Reported from a single bottom land grove near Brazoria, 'l'exas. FABACEAE Reichenbach. The Pea Family. Trets or shrubs with alternate, pinnate leaves, usually per­fect pea shaped flowers, borne solitary or in compound clus­ters. Fruit a dehiscent or indehiscent pod. Leaves with an odd leaflet at the end .. . .. . ..... . . 1. Eysenhardtia. Leaves without an odd leaflet at the end. Pods constricted between the seeds. . . . . . . . . . . 2. Sophora. Pods not constricted between the seeds. Branches with thorns, pods winged on the margin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Robinia. Branches without thorns, pods not winged 4. Coursetia. EYSENHARDTIA H. B. K. 1. Eysenhardtia orthoca.rpa S. Watson. A small tree or shrub with thin, gray, scaly bark and reddish brown twigs. Leaves equally pinnate, leaflets 10-24 pairs. Flowers white in dense many flowered axillary spikes. Fruit a short pod, bear­ing usually a single seed. Plains and prairies of western Texas and Mexico. Bulletin of the University of Tex1u; SOPHORA L. The Coral Beans. Trees or shrubs with evenly pinnate leaves, showy :flowers in clusters, and usually indehiscent constricted pods. Leaves deciduous . ..... .. ................ . .... .. . 1. S. affinis. Leaves thick, persistent......................... 2. S. secundiflora. 1. Sophora affi.nis Torrey and Gray. Deciduous Coral Bean. A small round topped tree with thin, reddish brown bark and green twigs. Leaves deciduous, unequally pinnate, leaflets 11 to 19, stalked. Flowers in axillary drooping ra­ The Trees of Texas 12~ cemes. Pruit a black, shining, indehiscent pod constricted between the seeds. On limestone hills, valley of the Arkansas River to the San Antonio and westward to the upper Colorado River. 2. Sophora secundiflora Dec. Evergreen Coral Bean. Mountain Laurel. A small narrow topped tree 15°-20° or a shrub with upright branches, and velvety twigs which become smooth with age. Leaves evenly pinnate, persistent, leaflets leathery 7 to 13. Flowers in terminl racemes, violet blue, fra­grant. Fruit a hard, woody, indehiscent pod much constricted betwet:n the seeds. Matagord·a Bay to New Mexico and Mexico. Common on limestone cliffs. Planted :for ornament. ROBINIA L. The Locusts. Trees or shrubs with alternate unequally pinnate leaves, prickly spines, flowers in drooping axillary racemes, and flat dehiscent pods, winged on one edge. Flowers white. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. R. Pseudacacia. Flowers rose colored ...... ....................... 2. R. Neo Mexicana. 1. Robinia pseudceac:ia. L. Locust. A rather large, slen­der tree 70° -80° high with ascending branches, and deeply furrowed, reddish brown bark. Leaves unequally pinnate, leaflets 7-19. Flowers in loose racemes, white with a yellow spot on the standard, fragrant. J?ruit a dehiscent, slightly curved, reddish brown, flat pod. An eastern tree introduced into our area. 2. Robinia Neo Mexicana. Gray. New Mexico Locust. A small tree or shrub 20°-25° high with ascending branches, thin, scaly bark and almost straight spines. Leaves unequally pin­nate, leaflets 10 to 15. Flowers in rather dense axillary ra­cemes, rose colored. Fruit a dehiscent flat, leathery, light brown pod. New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado and extending in Texas to the Pecos River Valley. Bulletin of the University of Texas Fig. 38. Robinis pseudocacia. COURSETIA De Condolle. 1. Coursetia axillaris. Coulter and Rose. A small tree or shrub with unarmed zigzag twigs and smooth bark. Leaves unequl:!lly pinnate, leaflets 7 to 11. Flowers white, in few The Trees of Texas 12;) flowered racemes, or solitary. Fruit a narrow linear, smooth pod constricted between the seeds. Near San Diego, Texas. ZYGOPHYLLACEAE Lindley. The Caltrop l<'amily. Porleira Ruiz and Pavon. 1. Porleira augustifolia (Engelman) A. Gray. A'. small straggling tree or shrub with smooth branches, 1eaves oppo­site, evenly pinnate, leaflets 4 to 6 pairs. Mowers purple; borne on short branches. Fruit a 2-lobed or 4-lobed capsule. On plains and prairies of western Texas and Mexico. KOEBERLINIACEAE Engler. The Juneu .B-.amily. Koeberlinia Zuccarini. 1. Koeberlinia spinosa Zuccarini. A smali, low, round topped, thorny tree with reddish brown bark and light green twigs. Leaves alternate, scale-like, soon deciouous. Flowers small, perfect in short racemes at the ends of branchlets. Fruit a globose black berry with thin flesh and one to several seeds. RUTACEAE J uss. Rue Family. Aromatic trees or shrubs with ~imple or pinnate leaves borne alternate to opposite, mostly regular, perfect flowers in compound clusters. Fruit a capsule, berry samara or drupe. Fruit a dehiscent capsule, 1 to 2 seede-d ........ . .. 1. Fagara. Fruit an indehiscent samara. Samara 3 to 4 winged, leaves evergreen. . . . . . 2. Helietta. Samara with one wing surrounding the see-d .. 3. Ptelea. FAGARA L. Prickly Ash. Trees with alternate unequally pinnate leaves, small, white, polygamous flowers in terminal or axillary clusters, and corky ridged bark. Flowers terminal, leaves deciduous . .. .... .. . .. . .. 1. F. Clava-Herculis. Flowers axillary, leaves evergreen ............ . .. . 2. F. Fagara. 1. Faga.ra Cla.va-Herculis (L.) Small. Prickly Ash. Tooth­ache Tree. A small round topped tree 25°-::>0° high with Bulletin of the University of Texas armed branches, thin light gray bark which bears numerous conic cork based prickles. Leaves deciduous, alternate, un­equally pinnate, leaflets 7-19, taper pointed and shallowly toothed. Flowers in terminal panicles, dioecious. Fruit globose capsules borne in dense clusters. Virginia to Florida and extending along the coast to Texas, and north to Arkansas. 2. Fa.gara Fa.gara (L. ) Small. Wild Limt:. A shrub or small evergreen tree 25°-30° high, with thin gray cork ridged bark, and thorny branches. Leaves evergreen, unequally pin­nate; leaflets 5-11, sessile with axis between the leaflets winged. Flowers yellowish in axillary cymes. Fruit an ovoid, rough capsule. A t!·opical species found in our area from Matagorda Bay to the Rio Grande River. HELIETTA. Tulasne. 1. Helietta parviflora Bentham. A shrub or small tree 20°-25° high with erect slender trunk, ascending branches, and thin brown bark. Leaves evergreen, small, trifoliate; leaflets sessile, leathery, obovate. Flowers in axillary cymes. Fruit a samara, with wing divided into 3-4 parts. A Mexican species extending into our area at Rio Grande City. PTELEA L. Hop Tree. 1. Ptelea trifoliata L. Hop Tree. Wafer Ash. A shrub or sometimes a small round topped tree 20° high with smooth, gray, bitter bark. Leaves deciduous, alternate, trifoliate; leaflets sessile, taper pointed, strong scented when bruised. Flowers greenish white in terminal cymes. Fruit a 2-seeded broad winged samara. Ont&rio to Florida, Minnesota, Texas, New Mexico, Colo­rado and northern l\Iexico. There is a wide range of varia­bility in the shape and size of the leaves of the species. Fre­quently cultivated for ornament. The Trees of Texas 1~1 SIMARUBACEAE De Condolle. Ailanthus Desfontaines. 1. Ailanthus glandulosa Des£. Tree of Heaven. A large rapidly growing tree with thin pale bark, marked with large lenticels. Leaves large, unequally pinnate, ill-scented, leaf· lets 13-41, short stalked, pointed, notched at base with green glands on the under side of the teeth. Flowers greenish white in large panicels. Fruit a linear, curved samara with the seed in the middle. A chinese tree naturalized and fre­quently planted for ornament. It sprouts freely from the root.s and becomes a pest in some localities. Bulletin of' tlic University of' Texas MELIACEAE Ventenat. The Mahogany Family. Melia L. China Tree. Trees with alternate mostly bipinnate leaves, perfect flow­<'l"S in much branched, axillary panicles and large clusters of globos1:, yellow drupPs which remain on the tree after the leaves have fallen. 1. Melia Azedarach L. China Tree. Pride of India. A medium sized tree 40° -50° high with smooth twigs and fur­rowed bark. Leaves large, sometimes thrice pinnate; leaflets notched. Flowers purple in large axillary panicles. Fruit remains on the tree throughout the winter. The seeds are scattered by birds. Robins are said to ''get drunk'' from eating the fruit. A native of China naturalized in our area, and frequently found growing spontaneously. It is much planted for shade and ornament. 2. Melia Azedarach umbreculifera Sarg. Umbrella China. Similar to ~Ielia Azedarach but with depressed umbrella-like top. Very extensively planted for shade. SPONDIACEAE Knuth. Sumac Family. Shrubs or small trees with resinous or milky juice; alter­nate, single or compound pinnate leaves; mostly dioecious flowers borne in axillary, lateral or terminal spikes or racemes, and dense heads of drnpaceous fruits. Leaves simple . .. ... .. . . . ... .... .... ..... . .. . . . . 1. Cotinus. Leaves pinnately compound .... .................. 2. Schmaltzia. COTINUS Adams. 1. Cotinus cotinoides (Nutt.) Britton. Smoke Tree. A shrub or small tree with spreading-, drooping branches, purple twigs, and light gray furrowed hark. Leaves simple, alter­nate, oval or obovate, 2'-6' long, entire or with undulate mar­gins, dark green above. paler below. Flowers in few flowered plumose panicles, at the ends of branches. staminate and pis­tillate borne on diffrrent trees. Fruit a drupe. ~Iissouri, Tennesser, Alabama and Texas. Cultivated for ornament. The Trees of Texas SCHMALTZIA De~v. Sumac. 1. Schmaltzia. copa.lli.n.a. (L.) Small. Dwarf Sumac. Us­ually a shrub, but sometimes a small tree with velvety twigs and reddish brown bark. Leaves alternate, unequally pin­nate; leaflets 9-21, sessile, ovate to oblong-lanceoiate, the axis of the leaf winged. Flowers terminal in dense panicles, the staminate and pistillate on different trees. Fruit bright red drupes in clusters. Ornamental. 9-Trees. Bulletin of the University of Texas 2. Schmaltzia la.nceolata (Asa Gray) Britton. Closely re­sembles S. copallina and sometimes becomes a small tree. Its leaflets are short stalked, narrowly lanceolate, pointed at the apex and somewhat curved. Four.;d only in Texas, principally on limestone soil. CYRILLACEAE Lindley. The Titi Family. Cyrilla L. Cyrilla racem.iflora (L.) Titi. Leatherwood. A shrub or small tree 30°-35° high with thin, pale or whitish bark and reddish brown smooth twigf!. Leaves alternate, deciduous, simple, obovate to oblanceolate, 2'-3' long, 11!'-1' wide, leath­ery with entire margins. Flowers small white or pink in clus­ters of many elongated racemes. Fruit a blunt ovoid capsule. In swampy places und along streams. Virginia to Florida and eastern Texas. AQUIFOLIACEAE De Condolle. Dex L. The Hollies. Shrubs or trees with alternate, sim­ple deciduous or persistent leaves, perfect axillary flowers and showy drupaceous fruit. 1. Leaves evergreen. a . Leaves with spiny toothed margin ..... .... 1. I. opaca. b. Leaves serrate but not spiny . .. . . .. . . ..... 2. I. vomitoria. 2. Leaves deciduous ............................. 3. I. decidua. 1. Ilex opaca Aiton. American Holly. A medium sized narrow topped tree 40°-50° high with light gray roughened hark. Leaves simple, alternate, 2'-4' long, evergreen, stiff .-and leathery with spiny margin. Flowers small, in axillary cymes. Fruit a bright red drupe which persists throughout the winter. Emblematic of the Christmas season. Maine to Florida, west to eastern Texas and extending up the Mississippi Valley to ::.\Iissonri and Indiana. The wood is used for finishing wood and cabinet making. 2. Dex vomitoria Aiton. Yaupon. A shrub or in our area a small tree with small, frequently inclined trunk and numer­ous, stiff branches. Leaves elliptical to elliptical-oblong, small, The Trees of Texas sparingly crenulate, thick, glossy green above, paler below, persistent. Flowers staminate and pistillate. Fruit a small bright red globose drupe. Much prized for Christmas decora­ f f .,. ,~/ ,'{ .. ~ .. , •) .. -,--,­ -I' r I 9i" ~. 8 . " r I Fig. 41. Ilex vomitorla (left) . Iler decidua (right) . tion. The glossy green leaves and shining red berries give to the tree a striking beauty. Virginia to Arkansas and Texas. Cultivated for ornament. Bulletin of the University of Texas 3. !lex decidua Walter. Deciduous Holly. A shrub or small much branched tree with thin warty bark. Leaves obo­vate. thick, deciduous, notched or blunt at the apex, light green, sparingly serrate, wedge-shaped at base. Flowers stam­inate and pistillate. Fruit red, or orange colored, globose drupes: Used for decoration but less prized than the preced­ing srJecies. In low ground, Virginia, Illinois, Kansas, Florida and Texas. CELOSTRACEAE Lindley. Euonymus L. Burning Bush. Euonymus atropurpusens. Commonly a shrub, but some­times a small tree 20' -25' high and 4'-6' in diameter with thin gray hark, spreading branches and slender branchle:ts. Leaves opposite, elliptical, ovate, finely serrate, pointed at the apex, 2'-5' long, 1'-2' wide, light green and smooth. Flowers in axilla-.:-y cymes. Fruit a fleshy 4-lobed capsule which spreads open when ripe exposing the bright red seeds. New York to Nebraska, Dakota, Kansas, Florida, Arkansas and Texas. A beautiful shrub, particularly in autumn after the capsules open. AESCULACEAE Lindley. The Buckeye Family. Aesculus. The Buckeyes. Trees with brown or gray, scaly bark, stout twigs, large scaly buds; opposite palmately compound leaves; large showy flowers in terminal panicles and three lobed, yellowish green capsules. Flowers reddish. Leaves densely hairy beneath ..... . ... .. . . ... 1. A. austrina. Leaves smooth beneath .............. · ........ 2. A. pavia. Flowers yellowish. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. A. octandra. 1. Aesculus austrina Small. Southern Buckeye. A shrub or small narrow topped tree sometimes 30° high with stout branches, light brown, smooth bark and drooping branchlets. The Trees of Texas Leaves palmately compound; leaflets usually 5, sometimes 3, short stalked, pointed at the apex, unequal at base, serrate, smooth above, hairy beneath. Flowers in terminal panicles, Fig. 42. .Aesculus pa·da. red, ·with tubular calyx, and stamens longer than the corolla. :B-,ruit a pear-shaped capsule with yellowish brown seeds. Tennessee, Missouri, Louisiana and eastern Texas. In rich soil and along riwrs. 2. Aesculus pavia L. Red Buckeye. A shrub or small 134 Bitlletin of the University of Texas tree with smooth, brown bark, and purple twigs. Leaves palmately compound, leaflets 5-7, firm, pointed at the apex, finely serrate, lustrous and smooth above, almost smooth be­neath. Flowers in terminal panicles, red, with stamens as long or longer than the petals. Fruit a smooth oblong, obovate capsule with dark brown seeds. 3. Aesculus octandra Marshall. Sweet Buckeye. A large forest tree 100° high or in our area sometimes a shrub with brown, scaly bark. Leaves palmately compound with 5-7 oval to obovate or elliptic leaflets, which are short-stalked or sessile, long pr:nted at the apex, finely serrate, smooth above, hairy along the veins beneath. Flowers yellowish or purplish in terminal panicles. Fruit a smooth obovoid pod. In woods and along streams, Pennsylvania, Iowa, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas. In western Texas it becomes a shrub. The tree has been extensively planted for ornament. The wood is very light. ACERACEAE Tourn. l\'Iaple Family. Trees with opposite, simple or pinnately compound leaves which are usually 3-5 lobed, small flowers in axillary or termi­nal clusters. Fruit a two winged double samara. Leaves simple, palmately lobed twigs, reddish brown .... . . . ... . ........ . .......... . .... . .. Acer. Leaves pinnate or trifoliate, twigs green or purplish ..... ..... ... .. . . .... ........ ....... Rulac. ACER (Tourn.) L. The :Maples. 1. Leaves with large teeth or lobes, the margin entire. a. Leaves large, eastern species. (1) Bark on trunk gray or nearly black .. 1. A. saccharum. (2) Bark on trunk white ...... ...... ...· 2. A. Floridanum. b. Leaves small, western trees ...... ... ... 3. A. grandidentatum. 2. Leaves with 3-5 primary lobes, the margins of the lobes serrate or·toothed. a . Leaves distinctly 5 lobed, the terminal lobe long and broadest at apex .. ... 4. A. saccharinum. b. Leaves with 3-5 shallow lobes, th~ terminal lobe broadest at the· base. (1) Leaves almost or quite smooth below 5. A. rubrum. (2) Leaves persistently wooly below .... 6. A. Drummondi. The Trees of Texas 1. Acer saccha.rum Marshall. Sugar Maple. Hard Maple. A large round topped tree 100°-120° high with brown scaly bark, reddish brown twigs, and sugary sap. Leaves usually 3-lobe