MAIN LOAN LIBRARY This book is due on the latest date indicated THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY WIT AND FOP: A STUDY OF RESTORATION COMEDY IN ITS RELATION TO THE LIFE OF FASHION Approvedi Graduate School THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY WIT AND FOP: A STUDY OF RESTORATION COMEDY IN ITS RELATION TO THE LIFE OF FASHION TISSIS Presented to tho Faculty of the Graduate School of Mvorsity of Texas to Partial Fulfill* Mat of the doctor W w 1,8. A., M.A. ( Austin, Texas Juno, 1930 313138 PREFACE ■■■ ■ . . . ■ .| m * u b ■ i ■ " I hew 1 oral is the eeel ' - I 1 । * • ■ I ■. . I . . : . ■ ■ . ■ ■ ■. .* . > . .■. , | i|. ■■ '■ ■ '■ > ri . I ■ ' 1 . ■ j oit ■ tl ' I ' 1 O■ U . • w ' " I ■ . ■ t ' ■ - ' ' ( tori 1 - c t , ionablo life of London in latter 1 1 ■ " £ ' : - ‘ < " ; ' ' • ■?■ ■ ; I i • | X $ ) 3 *loie ■■ ■ ' 3» ■ ■ * ■ '® i enpMsis to social conditions, and I hero prone . ■ '.■ f i .< o tn . 1 ■■" . I■■ ■ it \ " e ' Ie o' ■ i ■■■■. l , t ■ * X- sent In actual life, is the min them y ody o i ■ .. I ■ ‘ ■ - i< ■ s . ■ • ■ ■ " e ■ t .■ *i ■ . . ■ ■ ) । - ■ 1 . . ■ . . ■ . . c the yr or Wan frou the point of vi recently sot ■ t wr&s mn pro* x dram of the tootoratl<m» Leigh Hunt, r» .' ■ » 1 ■ ■ ' ■ ». ■ '' 01 - ■$ « , * • « • • duced valuable Motor Iml and witioal wrte $n oort I ■ . .u । ■■ I 4 । ' ■ 1' » ■ t ' ' j ■ ■ ■ © are those of Palmer, nettleton, ficoll, and totem* In the field of scholarship particularly the wrl orn* ■ ' ' ■ ' ■ .. Rerry, and Lynch, In the present study, taking the point of VtW that dram is a literature of contrasts, and that the dram* tist seeks such contrasts as will reveal hwian life as it is llwd t WM he thinks or fancies it is lived 9 in his genera* tlm f I have in nind t a® stated later, to write a unified social history of the fashionable life on. which Restoration comedy was from their places in society onto the stage WB natural and in* evitable. lan under lasting obil ration to .Lrofessor E. . Griffith of the University of Texas for hie kindly interest in ay work in ■ ith osutury literature for a number of years t; . ' ' ■ ■ ■ . le helpful guidance in directing this study. lam also grateful to Professor Virgil L. Jones of the UnlVersl . s # and to Professor n. A. Lan of the University of Texas t both of She ■ d the r.mnuscript in the early stages of Its preparation am ■ ■ ’• talw 1 . ms* ■I G / s, Toxas, April 10, 1930. * ' - ■ ' h» | $ ' |■■ | | 1 L . 1 ' " • ' : ■ t ■'.3■ ■ ■ $ ' ' tmr in M Wnnyp (Lmton, assorts Wat Ms book isWeTTFst a Witte ' I .■ ■ ■ . ■ Woe©' □w f WaMw^ t and as artists Wo felt . . . ■ ■ < ■ ■' . s . . □ '• * ■ bo.?“omo period, valuable far present® a thorough history IG6O to Iw, a । - st ■ ■ ■ ■is ■ ■ la s ■ ■ ■ ■ of Bestwstlm oonody town to Congreve is Wat it is oonownel with the ‘ tlonalise sexual relationships, and.that ■ ■ .- ' ■-■ i b ■ ■ ■ m J< ■ ■ • • ■ ■ ' ■■ . ■ . . . 3 1511:1 L' ( aonou, 1915) attribute© We decline dfTrue comoSy "W : l£e of sen* ttaental comedy, Bia definition of ©onttacntal oonedy is con* fusir, R • r Lig particularly satisfying. in hi© aw ration (Hew York, 1934) sterlS out ¥5c n WJ3c F*off lucTlnc wlKT'influenoe Jeremy collier had on aostoration dram, but rt r ■-• n-y ' f '■ ■ ' . ■■ o 3 * i • .■ j ? ’ ' g... s acide to show tor/ the rise of sentiment supplanted the spirit of comedy, * • * spirit in Restoration Dram 3 f y > Trace conic dramatists of the Bestorationt iCathleen M« lynch in The social Rode of Restoration gw* gdy (Bw York, 3 ‘ Hlaertatlon in the field of Restoration comedy, Br ata is to tradition from as far back as MIMWWan ccmdy through the ■ ' " ' . ■ ■■ ■■■ ' . w ■ , Jdj : < ' i- 'GI . ; ; bo defined briefly as the nrcetausp tapulee« The are . TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE NETTIE I® H.WOWCTIOH* . .......................... 1 1. O Of V . 1 2* at ..-1700 in 'MB one of great confusion and also great activity**** «••«*»*** 4 3* A period of confusion in politics and religion*. 5 4* A period of confusion as to ishat mo legit tote • 100 nur o 7 5* A period of confusion as to Mttws &C IL • 7* Artß and science Mby Olinrloo II f s return from exile*..l3 e it in l • *«•«*•«•**«**.• 3 9* x J xogross in philosophy***************....******* 18 10. ini SC- 31 11. Togrees in architecture....®.®.. 22 12. ... w gross In m5ic............. 23 chapter n* tie social Mcraouw ar t »«•« • AllC Ity. ».«®a<»a.0».0«..®.. ».*..•••»».. .eao.aac® LG 1* '; little wrl ' ; oity t and th© term and 2* The beginnings of th© rise of the Mh cantHo class®.... LG ® * importune in the constitute M ®®®.®.®*«.a»••••••••••»«««••*• : ix s . id. PAGE 4 e Increase in Curine latter half of the seventeenth oentnry««»••«•••«••••• 6< Bnthuslam for the cronth of comßroe, as a»•a«»•itaa»aa« * 9 a » * ■* » » «■ --■ « 1 i ou 0 -leavaso betwen uristoorat and citi- SO ’ »ea»»»ae»a»a«aa««•« «»»»»»« 4a*9»«a»«a»* eO 8# Puritanism in its isolation to social noral* ice«««***« > »»'?»•» a®» a » *at»««««« • « 7 • » » » » • S 9 9* The City a separate wrld tWircc the period of the restoration*♦»•*••••♦«♦♦»*.« t ***************** * . c-" n nocmrt<*.^^ # «.•»«••«• re /■’: !■<•..,•«<♦.♦.♦ ♦ • 48 • • a »•»»»»••♦•♦••■••«« • • * ■ '? »aaaaa»aaa•«aaaa . a a a e • »• •• - • a* * I g Lincoln* 8 Inn SQUaTO**.*•..•..♦*••••••••*••• UC e aaaa a a a < * ■ | MU olden ■ **9##********s# ■ a.aaa»aa . « a . » a . - 10 e ■ a 8® 8 881 •♦•••♦# ♦•••••••*•••• •••••• 8® Ila IS* s-t* dUMHB ? B *••♦»••»*••••••••••«••••♦*••• a _ aa.aaaaaa.a : if ' : d« pace:: • ilyde x z arh«•»««««••••««•• * ; .L 15. neeort® of fashion outoiae Loaxlon, 73 16» Tlie daily life of the people of 17. As -■ nylia' toonth century fron the point of view of the moral refomor>....«•*•«•.• ..«•• 76 Cl ... »«<« , » 9 C 2) llio use of the advantage of ©ducu« • »»«•»<»»» a »#»-»»»»•»« IS 9999 9 9 • 77 (3) Hl© use of other advantages.•»« 18> Th© gentleman from the point of vlevr of the ?• 9 . 9 999 9 9 * 99•. • 80 <mraß lII* TUB O& W IT JTOCW) is ® ifl ****** ********* ********************** 9/ * c ■ • ' ci ' l in Cl) Hoaction against strict fiiritani. *** CT; 3?les*S 85 $ $$ | । jf ************ , • Ci * * 9. 9 9 4. Charles II according to his cri\ »>#•«»«« S> A sumary of the character of Charles 11. ♦ 95 w® iv. cmni® u ato w or wi* ********** . 1» nonoral character of vit.....Ml mct iv comw# Be We Smoel definition of d * witn ® 9 0 9 « * 3 9 • » * 9 n 9 9 9 9 9 • » 9 9 « * 9 • * • 4 • * » * > 9 S 4 « 102 \. a • a« 9 *« « *0 •»♦»'»» »>»♦»•*•«#♦• • 104; « ■ af feel ««•«*•••«♦••*♦•*•«•« «100 9 f 9 ''a »» * e 101 fOTi© Of* life 9 « 9 • • 9 « « • * >. • a • • • 9 » • • « ♦ • 114; ■ ' . . .. _ .. , . . , .. • and the scholar*fop*»*«ll7 !!• BMM ? - of the social life of the i>oriod» e l2O ciupw v. w co?. Morns !♦ Tlio bw conedy in relation to foreign and 8« Lthereto a® founder of the new 3* The m -imrlly nor al or to* Mill but Witty* HmotmoWrw^^3U ■ 4 e The povewß of the eonic dramatist of tho O-ootoration ao revealed in the- (X) 108 application of wit to tho the* .T liioiur to the theater: the fop character•«,<l33 OUP® VC XI ' ->e »e««4e.90»«49»d4®09«e«i / (4) The wit SB the true sen of parts; the fop t as the affected nan 3. A® purpose of the dramatist sb * in his acceptance of the time® as they wro re nited to bo. *143 6* Hie purpose as revealed In his choice of OOM m ;> • i » j « ••« t3XZ' ft fht non comedy as represented by &T •»**’»**•«** 8$ General oharaetaristlos of Sb® if SW' ® •••»•••••♦•♦•♦«♦ 0 ♦♦♦•♦ l ♦ aw®® vi< sr: m? » - u. ; mmw am. J ;Dl' « » 0 • o « s j « ICM Ip COUrtSll QS I ■ a®*»**s♦*9 • s t » « • f * » • (X) MB life of leisure and plcaoi^Oe»»«.l U) Mt sift of polite (3) Mi Quul Ity of coraplalSOM mmii**ls9 Th© thcrae of mrriace 1' WWtBIW terl ■ . : ' I noll- as In dr I 9 w *asoe • « a 9 a4**«» * a a « * »171 4* x*»»a»a■>®♦•a • ■» • • A » ♦ • • • vi coinTnm)* o bXVS ■ 5 ! ’ ■ n' . ’' ' ■ 'T .IX Xij3 * ;> 0» Wmly in Tho .■■lain Pmlw x ' J ' . ■ • '< ■ I <■’' mA 1 4 _ ; > V' ...IOX 12» ulldish as a M ><•<s<s ‘4 a a «a-»aal3 a 9 a » a » »*••«•«»<*»« .K* C<mgxwe t 8 .QX4 WahcXo?? nnd ■ W .CJWT • »99*®9 * * * e 0 a 39 aaa XO ’■ 7 ' 4WV£-"-A A (X.- 4 fl 9 9 9 • • ••»«•»• 9 » • 9 9 9 * « «« 9 « » a t <' ‘"1 ■» 9 a ■- ************************* ■ 17* gw. Way of the WM as a of fash* ' aaa a 18* nir Ikwry WMMIt as Farquhnr * a ■ ■ \* wl a **•*•*•*«*»*♦*«« *2OO 1 a 11 i . e leaaaoe a 9 * 9 * * pacs P. . .. ' \ ' . ' " . L ■ ' ' * ■ ■ - - - v -' -■.• • If / - . I «•* f f f **<*• X ••••#**••»*• ff»BXO , ••»••••*»• •A . «••••>• (1) The najor fops: ’Pint tor 3 It (3) The ninor fksti tIW fops, fem or ••mmt«« . » / . i. :»•«»»- •«••••••«•••»*««•••••••• « « I••«*««•«»»*«»*«•• ( • ; fr <* fl **«*«•*****•*•*• •***•*«*'<■** *< m (4) ® « e* « • ® * • • * ® ® • • * • • < *. « •' BS (1| Lovor . । । ••*>*>•#*•*•• >#*>*,* (3) Xnaividml fopo*—clnmoa ao false ; ».y -■ O 4.?<»-■# » r< - y ,X.. y ... . ' .„ S* The point of vien of tho timallb k »»f . -«„ ® ow® vii camera# XIV I • His emggerQted imitation of the mof Qudity aa& wit 12, ds - ; . s u ''f:« •«„• » • * • »» *»* , »• *■*» • » * • - . • . 15* His W18&MMB dth tho 246 16♦ sir Courtly Hico W,Sir Wpling» # «« ■ 17» > oaalon of Mo prenonce in London and n ?13r< •••••• •«»»«» M 9 ** ■ ■ . e . . . . . . ..«, t ._ .... ■ i 20, Sir eeouirmont of the tl* '* * • -**•*.***« « # * • 4 » * • < • 4 .«<«•** a * • « < , ~ „ ♦ «. **ll •■<•«■'•■*-«♦•♦»*♦••**•» 24w Lewd Fop- . •*••«••«. •«• tot * . -.»•»»•••«••• • X* ' • »•*»•*«•••«. r (1) London progressive 1: Irit and art tio in »•«••*«•****»«»«« (a) Bw of CharXos IX -the Mater of M exclusive socioty*# - * *- ■ ';- (Xl ntheroge tto of a ew<.wtoso / ‘ ■ . ■ ■ *toH***«?« •*» * ' ■ ‘ : ,' IB.ffXWR* « * »• »«»««iMm« • * * * 3* * • • CHAPTER I -- INTRODUCTION re tn ; - c 7 . i । w I.''' LX 1 I The Purpose of This Study ninotemth-contiiry cri ostabliehod a number of obstinate and h * ' ♦ vorv recently critics and historians BfW fl orally to the theory either of Charles Lseib or of lay# W.# Charles Nibley, speaking of Congreve, declares: w Mt the scene, in which his and troths , his . : 'ira~ bolls and Beliefonts, his Killtoanta and Angelicas, his Brisks •'•■'.- ■ ' & " | * tic enough half to justify the famous paradox of Charles Lanb< Bven 1 • we admit that Congreve painted what he chose to sec, we my yet aclmowlodge that the persons of his drama ♦have got out of Christendom into the land of—what shall I call it?—of cuoholdry—the 7Jtopia of gallantry, Hhcwe 1 we is duty, and the manors perfect freeteu n ’ Ho recent critic too Given more than half assent to idea that the conic < * . bists of the BMtOT&tiW fancied thcxisalves moving in a moral falry*lan<» But the followers of nunc * Professor Edward Arber, after lamenting the t there is no -aunt in our 1: u ge of tho Restoration period, and expares sing the hope that in the reprinting of a bibli . ■ e juot mind, pitying soul, and artistic hand to sal:© that age live once more in the. sight of posterity, says with assurance but without justice or pity, ”Th -ion Drama deserves all the obloquy and scorn that it can ever receive; because its Aramat ic Art was deliberately used for the inoculation of Vico 2 and imoral ideas#” As late as 1923, r# Vlllim rchor says of Restoration ”Its criticism of life, whethor .explicit or .Implied in action, is o tup id, nausooua end abOEw imblo beyond anythin ©lac that can be fowa in tho wrldts * ’ dramatic literature#” And he adds latex* that we hold our noses as we read from t: -dia of loose livin . ro* feasor Arber and William Archer are wholly in accord with haoaulay in his most tone# They are sinply echo- rioture I pup try bife, qg have scores of others# ”In truth,” lacaulay hue it, indecency is octed ' ’st the critics as a slmn-: is protected against the huntex’s* It is safe, be* cause it is too filthy to handle mid too noisome oven to 4 approach*** raoaulay, it must be observed, in his judgment in it than some of his foil m $ have realised* Further* 7. ; \ ' .' 3 M WBt Mount of material, and he was faithful in his omlmtion of sources* But he did not set'aside his WMg I . ethical he was not tolerant of the views of others; he did not see the .past in • Bl : traditions cstabllc ‘ ■ I -nd jent nineteenth century tradition based upon a half truth* tradition first finds oloar expression in We Edmund Bosco’s essay on Sir George Etherege* In regard to The Comical Beycnse t he says, n Tn the underplot, the g&y, realistic scenes which • the play Its sub*title of the ♦Tale of a Tub, 1 virtually founded English omedy as it was successively 5 understood by Congreve, Goldsmith, and Sher Idan* ** Gosse’s a new type of English comedy, but it ms a comedy that saw its decline early in the eighteenth centey. This study takes the position not hitherto ad* vanced, the ar between the wit and the fop is the central these of restoration comdy# Its rone. ? * elusion la contrary to all the traditions mentioned above, r r in the belief thi ' o wit 1- natod the fashionable life of the period and furnished the • two-fbld: first, to consider in detail the social conditions in London that produced the wit od tbs fop as pocul* .- ' . 1 , - ■ use the conic dramatists, with Lthorecc, mde of .. ... • . . , he 1 > t .beau Made* an< '• Hlsiszx 2£ St* 7 * $ Arber, The Term Catalogues * London, 190 S« See the preface of Volumes “T 'and MT 3 Archer, The Old Pram and tho Hew. Boaton, 1923, 173. Aby W e 0* Ward' In-Millon fychorloy (g 4 A o Gosse ? ontey studios, London, ' •* p. The General State of Affairs in London, 1660-1700 The civil W in England which ended in the deposition and beheading of Charles I brought the great estrones of opinion, the aristocrat! dal state and the democratic ideals of- the advancing comon* lEi* 1 . ■■ -. : ' .' ; '’o ■ < ' . < 1 ' . • - 6 •I • ' ‘ ■ 1 l>| after the experiment in democracy had : I rostered in the person of Charles 11, England, partly bocmse of the democratic and ease*lov: . haraeter of Charles and partly bee: fed hold that democracy Wl taken tliroueii its recexit struggles, refused to rewrt to the auto* erat is rule that had characterised the reives of English kings time out of mind* England in part, however, as we sluill see, revolted against the austere restraint that Purl* tanim had imposed, and Introduced, among the ruling classes restoration of Charles 11, theroforo, narks the beginning not only of a brisk period of reconstructiem, : ' a* ad conditions, but also of a period of transition fraa tho medieval to the modern world* naturally, then, it wb a period of great confusion on the one hand md of gyot activity <m the other. In the first place t there w meh in religion polities, which wre inextricably nixed, Wtfl# niaonorthy haft boon its first motives and however valuable has been its restraining in the world, had for the nooent failed as a political institution. It had been led astra • Oft own .. id by a host of self*wsking hypoorites who had crowded into its party in its and in its final poliolee the party had gone into such absurd excesses and adopted such destruc* tlw policies as no rational person conic d t rashly perhaps but with dioracteristic disapproval of shm t fomed tbalr opinion ■' a• ’ , ■ „ - - tivated associated the worst kind vices with its of life* the peculiar ■ . ■ i * ■ ■ । ■ ■ .■ । ■ .. ■ od enthusiasm which accompanied the Eastern tion gave thm ■ . i . . ■ . ' . ■ ■ 7 • L | ■ ' ' : S ■' - ' ' ' ' ' I .■ ... . ; | ■ | . ■ | . ' | .. |» '■ ; 1 • ’ ' . ’ . '' ' ' ' ■' ' . . • ■- '' '■ * ■ | ■ ""• 3■ | fomity, & a FIVIH .lie SftS> urit .1 led with hundreds of di ■ ■ I ■ ■ ■ i 1 ' 1 ■ r 1 ■■s.'? I - b ' . sent itself# Yet fwitanim* Which was still strong in ■ i 11 ■ ■ । . of Lnclishwn with distrust of paganism, and that O who wore most deeply concerned for the welfare of the /lent 7 -r oX ' . a punishment from Heaven. 2he Dutch invasions, and the fire were regard WBy ignorant but honest people as visitations from God upon the sins of In the second place, ■ was great confusion as ■ ' ; ' . ■ 1 I W * ' " 49 Treasures of every kind had been under a ban. ■ üblic arsusenantsas /acruiluy vividly pictures th® conditions, fi Ml ms<ues were exhibited at the m to w® waalOm a® ■iming matches m vill ■ reens, were vigorously a*tW It ed. One ordinance directed, that all kaypolos in England should forthwith be hewn down. Another proscribed all I . | ■ ■■ a s . . X ' the spectators fined, the a .hipped at \ rt f s tail, vypotshowo, bowls, horooracin ed with no friendly eye. But bearbaiting, then a favourite diversion of high and low, was the abomination which most strongly stirred the wrath of the austere sectaries. It nothing in comon with the feeling has, in our cm acod the legislature to interfere for the purpose Puritan listed bear*baiting, not because it gave pain to the bear, but because it gave pleasure to the s x?ctrtoro. n ' nth the restoration of Charles 11, of course, all restraint MB removed, and often to a degree of recklessness all I old sports and musemonts Wl rived* u, on reopening, were free freo a curbing censorship* Haypoles were set up again all over England* n fhis Holy Thursday L Oay] the people of Ora were so® violent for raypoles in opposition to the Puritans that there W umbered 13 poles besides $ or 4 norrises* * ■ m that the Puritans opposed musments because they pleasure to the spectators is only a part of the truth* . n as . & it, n the off* spring of glom, ignorance,, and superstition, but hwocrit* ically ai • garb of true piety woos -oci.-'iip s$ m* doliaed at ths raisir • tel .ole* and at the holyday diversions assoc' : that set of ■ ilal fellowsh? « Instead of offering tlianßsglvings of of beneficence and love, the creed of Purltanim converted 10 the pure essence of Religion into sanctlnonious A very thorough anf enlightening dtetUSflte of Ite- Puritan attitude towards tel W festival is given by a contemporary, Thonas Hall, B* D* and paster , IMS* nytqn, in his Pomfull of (16G0) • -;ato-* twenty segments spinet : uy-rxinos, ant he reasons as follows: first Mt; i© StMe hose Mbs# Root and Original is evil, that ■ ■ 1 1 ' । . - they c . "The ijajojrl is clear and 11 • Tiatical ..rin* le, shines so bright with its own light, that it needs no denanstratlon; for if the fountain bee bitter, the stream cannot bee swct; £ . | root be naught, so is the fruit. "The prove thus, as the Dewis and disorders of Christians sprung frm the and Iran then cane to the Papists, and so to us (as is abundant* . W so these riorolian MayMtam their Original frcm the Moralian feasts, and enterludes -T.MFLM *MA *9 solonnised about the first of Toy, then they cane to Bom as a prop ■ . ■ ' - P to us." Thon he explains that Flora, a Me harlot, had made a fortune ant on ter death bequeathed her substance to the people of Rose about the year af the wrld 3706, and before OWW WB# as a sinking fM* for doping up yearly in or fay—Gcoes, in singing. dancing, drinking, and all norm or of lasciviousness. his chief nry—ont the trentv is that hay—Ganos arc occasions for all kinds of shearing, cursing, stealing, lying, nint-carcing, ribaldry, debauchery, scoffing at piety, opposing of zenlous myistratos, ministers, one people, profanation "abbaths, "nio-scnco of pretious tire,'* complying tri th Heathens end Idolaters in their sinful and superstitious austams, perverting of that order Tfiich od hath set, timing night into day, and day into ni~ht. flora, after tlie trenty oimoents ore ccopleted, is called into ca'rt aad "indited b” the none' of flora, of the City of P,ctjb« in the County of Babylon." and is chained rrith introducing into a paek of fanatical practises. She pleads not guilty, -he asks her to none her comscl, and she chooses the opes- olinccs, but the judge refuses on the ground that the Pope is her patron and protector. After a fruitless appeal to the rout and rabble of the rorld, she agrees to trial by jur;’. After hearing the testimony of holy Scriptures, lliny, Lactantlus, Cynod?as Francica, the judge inquires, ' T Dut have you no evidence nearer hixie?" "Yes, ny Lord," says the crier, "here is one that nay go for mny, f tis one that trill conquer then ell, and vith the snord of justice will suddenly suppress than,., ♦tis Chartcn the ccond, ring of Croat Britain, rance and Ireland, Defender of the Baith.” "Truly bee deserves that Title," replies the judge. *tf hM shall now appear in defense of the Truth against that prophane rout which lately threatened the extirpation both of sound doctrine, and good life* X hear that the King is a sober AM person, gol one that hates debauchery, X pray you let us hear what hM sal th* n Cterles hhiwolf does not appear in court, but the crier reads a long proclamation that the King had issued profane* MM on the day after his access ion in London* n Ky Lord, 4 * says the prisoner,. ”1 and all ny reti* new are very meh deceived in this Charles, tlv ■ mid, we all conceited that hee was for us* by Drunkards cryed, a Health to the King* The a orc, a Tonlth to the King* so iMg* till they swore themolws out of BMllfe* The Papist, the Atheist, the Roarer and the Banter, they all concluded that now their day was ea 3 but class how are we The other jurors are Ordinance of Par* lianent, MIBM I rf ovenant (both of w I is* oner declares 1 - M out of date). Order of Council of state, W» blton, who had the assent of Dr* MM (who the prisoner declares are Old Puritans and Precisians "mor® precise than Wise”), " iMtM* Bishop ncWo'j, who, as flora ' $ a heathen who lived twenty years before Christ* At the end of the trial flora is pro* * . o deeply a lar of the population that it could not be suddenly and utterly oblitei’Qtcd# ly Restoration period distrust and suspicion remained upon many amuse* nents and brought Into question# Finally, the people roro confused on mtters of taste , and were see&f. staMtoMß by which manors might be measured Mt improved* They were finding new ■ models of dramatic exposition, the opera, the heroic play, new types of cmedyi they were exercising and originality in poetry| they were developing a direct, clear, simple prose style which had never before been IBM among Englishmen# They were sett!?.' Mof taste in dress and behavior, Hl innovation© ' ot with question' and aa * assays on every conceivable subject that affected the moral, social, religious, and political life of the The climx of all this questioning was reached early in the eighteenth con* tury with the appearance of the Tatier and the Spectator papers# M examination of the contents of a single volume of The Ta tier or The Spectator will reveal not only the of taste but also the £ a somder and more stable moral Btßsr* It will I nlld* ly satiric essays on wterß opera, popular superstitions, masquerades, conduct at plays, dress, impudence, affect public credit# tragedy, stage WicW, character of Coffee* .bouses, wi*< fmalo a ten ot a J * ' . ■ ; ' c . ' .. : ( . ■ in particular# I MH appear trite, because frequent repetition and MMBBtW illustrati MM fl M fmiliar | but in estimting the value and utility of such instructions, we mist talas into the account the trants and necessities of the public at the tine they we Ivon# Lit* erature did not then pass through M nany channels as in our days, nor were the facilities of oomunication so WHI the nmber of M A t great, and the books calcu- lated. by allurment to increase that number rm wry ' ' ' ‘ ~ A ? v < 1 ■ . ( • . ’ . • ' ' ' 2/' ' 1 1 , ' hl ’ ' ' A • .■' . to know a little, were soon incited by curiosity to taow <■' life };aC. never been in a IMT WMBW* nor in portions adapted to the idle or the casual reader# Above all# the niceties of W?B net gMMlly understood# and it is not the cnalX- i :t of Addison that »he superadded criticisn, 1 prescribed the rules of taste# and introduced a relish for OMW that had been depressed or ov- ? :ed# According to Courthope# ■ ll I . ' ■ 1 ■ ' ' ■ .• IS ■ rw anti ruxmMh ” MM* in IM ■ £' ' jQ i . ; • -. ’ %. e of conversation and business in this ton having boon long perpi :. with Pretenders in both l*B| in order to open non’3 oyoa aga? it it appeared no unprofitable undertaking to publish a Paper, Jh G '’Sl VI ■ ' ' • H 11 • ' kQ 9 as well M the busy port of nankiikk do total this ally W ■"। it • thod to fora it Intelligence, eousletiny is fty of parsons of all conditions, gx w#o< • Praco of life, to pull off the disguises of cunning, vanity, and affectation, . ond a general 1 11 in our dress, our MswurM| and our behaviour•” r hall • ontwy K. .. teole, and • , - ' ■ '■ 6' . ■”. ' . C ' £ . - Mt MW decency” the ooffoohouaes Ml MB the great democratic inotlWtlone Mt all Zngland went to school t ■ . '. W I■l ", ' I । ■ ■ ' I■. <. < ■ Like, found himself on an footing with every other, heard the gossip and the mb* and fl c i: A open oaoo, *1 find it Mt । Hatton in 1708, ’’that one James Parr, a Barber, who kept the c rase which ie now the Rainbow, by the Inner Temple Gate (one of the fl: in the your . the 4 * ' a sort of Liquor, called coffee, as a great Kusanos and . ’K’ ' < 1 ■ ' ♦ • ' '' ■ thought London w.. wr have ha* Mtr MOO such nusonoes, and that. Coffee would have been (as now) so much Drank by the . d.w, c ' ■ iciaHGi- ' it was under at at ccm to re of one at Pf .... it Id a tribute to thoir soundness of SharMter fundamentally that out of such chaos there com dually order and Geccney« Charles IX returnee. to the tlirono of the Stuarts e ■ ’ li f , • \tor fa* ■ 1 ■■ : '. ■ 1 ■ ■ ' ■ : ' . . -■c r v been, ”It W the iMd** WB • velyn (llcry, -my 30, 1660) , g fa IW.I W in history, ancient or modern, since the return of the □ fMa their Babylonish OMtiVityj BM co Joyful a day Charles* moreover* Oblivion am by his doclaration 0 • iblGj and he was Mt looking for trouble# The people shared his xt can never be know to W . Bt Carles should have credit for what was aoocwlishod eluting M* reign# tW many critics have MMM< that if he i‘* » MM in peace and in high hopes of a bettor day WM BUM land Ml known for a garter of a century# reviv* ed activity in every direction c. . .d MW tIM In may pWBltlB that born directly W Xndlroctly upon the drama, of the pc. e SB grounded meet deeply in MtlttßQ WB in Mfr* . ' ' fl . . ict . ' ; ■ $ ■. ■ .\ J £ ' G t < V ' . . 1 before 1600 1 ore th* connecting links in speculative thought the early Stuarts and tho lab it* 9 lUe lei* mux epemt a great deal of their t&M abroad 9 but IM in that period the group Wo later feraed b ?yal ■ Society MinMMl a fragmentary organisation# Md after the Ml a WT definite or* z ' . met 1 ... '■ ■ ' . ...kt z . 1< .. * L 5 . . -ol* raottm of ouien** '■ . '• * '. . ' . .• ' , ' : . I I /■.' 1 ■ ' h . . I .. . - ■■-• . ZZ'Z ... ... :■ . c ■. ■ ' I.' 11 > , I ■ • f I'. . '■ || " .Z ■ .. . IX t | K .< . ... .. . . . . ■ ..■' / ; ' 9i' " ■. '1 .. .. i..,.z ~ c '<.. -'. . ■ ...> ... ■ - » « « HI ' Mt# iwlit ‘ ' ithM&s MrtiM '" 1 ■ ■ ' ■ . . ... B . 1 i : ' • zz- Ma* nobloa, priaoM# *MXJM tho of vho BbbMIM IS • . z cults of discovery ■ a cir* . । ' .' ...' . ■ lz z. .. . ... . z '' / of and of in his conU'ih* . . . . . । I . $ . ■ IX ' ; t ■ ■.. - ■. | b ' ■' . Z ; <Z ■ \ .. . ' •' < It . . Z . ' - I .. ' . . . . ' ... . ■ . • * i , ■ ■ . ■■ । ■ .z . । . . g । .■. ... । '. g -| ■ 7 : ■ ■ Z ' .■. Z. 1 VC .. 1 .. '. * ■ ' . 'z Z i V .. . . t.. t • ■ ra* iv ’’ s > . \iz I IvrcX" M a vix’tuoso satirists were called into play, and there is no end to •:tiric thrusts at t *i , the rc likonice, in the of the seventeenth century and . . -700 <’ 9 says a conten* porary, "has sold an Estate in Land, to purchase one in JlgJlf .. „ ~ uncle t -oc-:1c | _ shrubs> . co-n t Pebbles.**** Ms ■ on* ' C" , ru Y ■■■ ? , j ■ ~ . * . . . * W X thought,” the writer continues, w the ’ ' • . । wre an Illustrious Argunont of tn Wisdom of the Society in general, 1 can’t but put n vast difx'oronco bo- 17 tween the particular ’ enbers that compose it*” t caraely less distinguished me the ago for its philosophers than for its scientists* Hobbes and Locke rank certainly arw, the groat knglish philosophers, and scores of others rose up during the century beginning 16G0 mainly as adverse critics or defenders of these tw« Though Looks ■ were attacked with cQual vigor by those rho felt that their philosophy night undermine religion in tbet the obvious tendency of 1 ■•it Ings of both of the?". f.r : •>* tie ism# toOle WM further of f ' tie* 'fie eepfett ah the Leviathan lent to the despotic policy of the >ie . / ■ "orter, ”snd the neewweltariee ethies lent to the corrupt norf ■ fiilooonhy the object Of general <lf active controversy • ■ tot Mlsmbwy t * says »•*« .... .. . . . ? : ■■ ... . e ' * * 1 Jet only th© 11 orders in his om tfio, V ” ' | ■ ■" 0 ■ three ■ ' ' "■ fa f ~ ' I ' • I.? tt bi . ■ 1-« s i ' I $ i ■ I ■ ■ < '■ ■ ■ i e ■ । •- ■ ■■ ■■■ ■ ' ■■ "■( ■■ p .. .......... ~ . ...--... '., % . .. ■. ... . ... ।g ■ . • .... . । -... .. .-. ■ ■■.... -. ... . .. .. ■■ twtl I'■ I '-" ■■■ 110 « a - ' ■ .. tity; and declares that one omlf I no better def ini* • '■ • \ . k r.n&w elgweh Baglmtehg ' 1 ' -I ' ' ■ • ? ■ ■ " ' ■ ■ ' . eigener ' ' 1 ISB i&h tea tetege blind- 3" >3 ~ ' "■. !3 I ’ 1 ■ ■ ~ . 19 ■M. a risei ■ n < uni ■ t . * iwiept possibly " 3 ■ ; ' '"I ' " lil ■ I ■ ■. ■■ '' ■ ■3- / ’ ■"3 i ■ ' ■" " ■ ' ■ ■l' I 1 . 1 ' ■ ? ~ ।. • ■ ■ ■ • ■ ■ - >?| ' i 31' ' Wre to do nothing to the hurt of any other .or to pref- ; haw m gTc-d deal of fmstlate tafl i■ di ■' '■ & ■ • ft ■ a ■\l ■. 'h 11 1- ■ J . ' .■l■ •" । ho tetet *lMt thonch thia gets ’ of the WI ' 'bo taken notice r/" 1 31 !* the ■- ' / "■ ; 1 ■'/ । ' ■ root too ta ' • teen e all ira wan* ' ■ -1 ii tete ligible, own to the meanest capacity; and that is, Dp not - • ■ ' , ’P; 'A ? ; a, C ta thy sclsW* The period of the Restoration : also show In* creased activity in camerae and art end sculpture. Cunning* han, in opposition to the Motor lens Kanke and Gardiner, who mintainod that the oomereial revival of the seventeenth •tury began under Oliver <hNMMU| WB< t" Ily began in the reign of Charles II• In jalnttagf Lely is said to have approached the style of his great master Van Dyck* Lor thirty years he was the most popular portrait painter in England, his paintings beinr characterised by >gant conception, warm colouring, and finely drew hands* xlfrey teller before coning to-England in 1674 studied painting under Rembrandt, and ms called " tn portraits of the leading families in Venice* He received flattering reception us court painter by Cha.;'' ad succeeded Sir ■ ■ : n that di - was k '*ed by Lillian. 111, as was Lely by Charles* n Sculpture, n soys Hughes, n mlght be passed ever in silence but for the great none of the Holstoiner, Gabriel Cibber, and 1 r one of Grinling Gibbons, who, though born in Me ter ton, had an LI attention of Bwlyn t Ao lent bin enoowcygß ant end ■ ' o ' / ' ■ ■ ■ . ' * *« r® hl " 13 ' e t . <. ' ■. . ..'. .... • - ' s"■ : 9 ' ii"' t । ' "■.: ?1 I ■ I th® " • ■ - realistic ti’eat* nent of flwers and f " * } ■■ ■■ t ■". '■ : ■ ■ ".... .. . r . . « v.l . I b '' ■ . . ■ >4)* tad indeed ■ ' ' ■ . . \ .. . ■ .. 1 / '.. i 'll ■ 'I 1 । "■ ' ■ . ' 1 mJ . । '■■ •0 t B ’ idy given so groat a splendor to our to* periol • ••« ■ ■3■" ! ■■ ■ G „ a d .I J to ... .... . , . ■. ।. a Majesty Mae already Built and repair l d Mre ""a' ■ ' <1 ' " ■ ' X■' g 9.. ... . : . ... ■■ ... ... ... ... r eo" ■" ■ W . iil .. .■.. inh ■ destroy’d in Twenty; nay ' ( . ■ ' ■ • . .. ' ' ' ' ■ Mad I at Greomriah, •Witohali t IBS ■ tewset nouao. X «ltj w ha continues, **tho3© noble and yrßfl \• • * And should I descend to more PartlMlarsi, •• • I Wald p:?o voice ■ . ■ ■ ■ ■ r - . ■ ; ■ - ' ‘ ~'' ' • a. all that sto -h ■ rval Architecture* *♦ Wen by ear* * clsing your royal talent and knowledge that way, you CM bring even the Antipodes to Met, hi* ■ . - V 01; - ' ' ' .. youth, a young St! Ing architect of the age, and certsv teets of the wU» Mil eowaMin left its im* print upon London rebuilt after . - " " , Ac aohiewwwnts in London and outside is Btusei&Otw» Beet Imown for his designs of Pembroke Cha^M f Wheater, Oxford, and the eathßdral Of St< Pcail t s > IMS don, he also designed, some fifty obi *<dies. t‘:o - : — -- Temple a royal exchange, TT our*o 3 hospital, and e large number of other stewtures* Bl hn Vanbrugh, his greatest a® an arc'-’- test for hl® Planning of Blonhetn OMW " fa* the Pestorntlon outside of literature nude Its nost distinctive achievement in Mele* Tinder uri* * tor nuMo tad not a disastrous bion* It ms not only the handmaid. of the theater and merri ci.it, and therefore despised, but, despite Cronwell f s person! appreciation of music, it was driven in disgrace fron the churches. In the ideals of minis composition had changed, and the musicians of the Hestaration followed original lines# Charles II toiedintely restored the Chapel Royal, and exerciseu every means to bring into its service the best music** al talent to be had. Pelhon Itefrey was made one of the first children of the Chapel Royal, was sent abroad by Charles to study under tally, and inter attained di st In as a composer of onthais and lyrical • 11l ve an even more illustrious history. Itenry, the elder, was made a of the Chapel Royal in IMCU His more renowned brother Thoms was with Huiufrt I poser in Ordinary for the Violins of His and was mdo Raster of the King’s Band of rusic. Henry, the younger, son of the elder Henry, was the gre isiaal genius that 'vjgimid *WB are still charmed with his matchless melodies written for the Theatre, no less co :han * are held in thrall by his fyubllno conpoßitions for Ihe Church. •• • no met undoubtedly rank as the great■■ ■ oupemer of . Urib birth who Ms ever lived; for his still greater successor "O Hondol, though a naturalisofl kinglish xm, mo barn in Maxony.' 11 ' ; ■ .B ■ 1 ' I' lit I ef th® r >f Hkkus& smb of th® ■ ■. " ■ ' ' •■ ■ ■ . I‘' . . । ... .. ... $ - . . g v ; ' ■ ■ (sonsi<ex*atl<m of the social ■ ■ Courthope, A History of English Poetry, Vol< 111, « 9 in of this study# 8 I acaulay, History of England* Boston, 1854, Vol* X, >• Wl< - ' 9 Tlw Life of Anthony P* '^ G 2?® turn to land* 10 Brayley, A* H*, Mtf Vol* 111, p* 246* 11 Cholera# A* । M<# cme British Vol# VX# p# MU Courtlwo is hardly correct on tills point, for The. , lonian „ cecurv (1690) and She . a . , ele, • | p ♦ 1* Batton, A Hew view of London, vol* I, >• Mt ■■ . । ' . *3* J . • ' ■ • . ' ' ex. London* 1096, p* 96* Yary Amtell W neon by som students as tho author of thin booh, but tho authorship io un* 1 : Y ; -y ugtcll, or? York, 1916, XX| co elders the natter and reaches the ♦ ♦ X A ; .. ttcv — ' Quoted iMK 1, ~ . J-ne PC , e ..... c* ■.alioCambridge t 1904, p*loB* 3 p. S97* . m, Jota, a garallol qg . johltectye both Anolon* ant ~ . ■■ : ® % r., social adaai, vol. nr, p. 4@&» CHAPTER II -- THE SOCIAL BACKGROUND OF THE RESTORATION The City So far as Restoration comedy, or more specifically the comedy of fashionable life, is concerned, London in the latter half of the seventeenth century comprised. two little worlds: the City, which extended westward to the M | and the Town and Court, the section extending from Lincoln’s Inn to the western boundary of St# Park# The Town and Court was pc ■ Ith the City to the extent that it left unnolested or encouraged oomerce and industry; t City, because of social barriers that had been raised, liad but little popularity with the Town# I /ovolopnents that h on under way since the fourteenth century affected English dram for the first time in any considerable degree in the years tNBM diately following the restoration of Charles IX• The .rise of tho WMBs class, which in the cities was composed largely of trn< ants, WB brotv lit I by the rapid aooumlation of wealth, and it was the rise of this class that eventually effected the disintegration of the feudal nobility# The power of the nobility rested in th© possession of land# The mere possession of wealth, therefore, did not give the moWwt or W osaril . of social pre. tipe, however such ambition it may have given him# But Wen th© mr chants began to get possession of the land by means of their wealth, then the social prestige of the nobility ms 4 We social order is a long story# "The mercantile classes had been growing in wealth and inportanco during the rei I lII# I the ranks of the Mobility wore even then recruited from among English »* 2. . * We .. of the fifteenth century, according to Wa* Green, to labour a new dignity in social g life,### laid in fact the foundation of a new English society# w We chanc W Wt WwWW • of the old aristocratic order, and the creation of a middle class to be brought into politics and even into ♦society,’ «,« the failure under alter* ed circumstances of traditional rules of conduct,### and the vulgarization of literature and morality#" In order 'to tigo of the nobility by seeking the advice and service men outside the aristocracy# As a single instance mong many, he mdo John l orton, Bishop of Ely, Wo sprang fro® outside the pale'’of th® nobility, of the Council in i 486, archbishop of Contortary in 1486, and Lord Chan-* oellor in 1487, l?rm 1485 forward "the desire of . wealth," says Cunni' 3 "as a means of gratifying the desire c social distinction and all else, I- 'tent factor in economic affaire than it had been before "Wat is perfectly clear is that wise rulers in those days saw the trcoendouc that ms taking place in the balance of forces in the State, as even the most foolish awong then felt that the power of i woe was passing from the aoun* G try to the town The direction which affairs were taking is further expressed by Dr, Culminate*: "We fifteenth century and the first half of the sixteenth my be regarded as a period of transition ffon medieval to 7 ■ r:>- » life was brealzing up, and modern . Such were the beginnings of a mercantile scheme that was min\ I 1 through the reigns of the Tudors and the wars of Personal Government' and the Great 9 Rebellion, the Gomonwalth and the tered . Sir John witte 1771, /asion of Gonoeroe produced too ta die to and : * In the first place, it transferred a great part of the lond*property of the kingdom to a body of sen, who, in the origin of the constitution, had hardly any share of land* property at all# for a groat part of the mney, AMI . 5 ' ■ / jU. , V . : Sd la ;y:r chasing the eat :C the noli I *of the church, and of the crown, which wer radually into Berkut, fron the tine of Henry VII#, until the end of the reign 10 of !•" Th© other affect, which was to draw great ambers of non frosa the country into toms, is of no par* tioulor concern at this mmnte Hence w see th© comoi’ciol classes p I the constitutional as well as social affairs of England# We my safely leave it to historians to deternin© what part AM sohme my haw e : ". .> " . . ■ to a M' '" 'l. ■<. ■ ■ ■ - ■ : . . ■ aa \ : ■ ?, . : .. - ■ < .. ; / . ; * ■ . ■ a oepoelolly the ano that deposed a king in the interest of aa.soorac;n but the student of Restoration literature is interested in the W In Which the conflict between tw con* stout forces reacted upon the AIAMg the period and of later generations# It is evident that from m early tins re was a feeling that the pendulm might swing too fir in the direction of social leveling, aiM security of monarchy and the $ y of the aristocratic tradition* our time/’ says atmningh®, n the wealthy capitalist has been spoken of by the men of the lianohester Hohool with great onthusium as if he were a sort of national . ■ ■ :: • . . ' ... ■ \ , -. .J ~.' ’■ ■„ is d* 11 cion* : ■. . 1. . . . L . .. \ :1 - Otkf/'CxC " v: . aGx.cacl in prosperity* *Xb WBt be • of the civil W| the in £SOO,uOG ayv ***, m the year 1671 to 1638 they wro, on an average, &555,752* In 1709, they were raised' to Six lillim Getty, Mthif near the end of the seventeenth century, says, W M for stet th© streets it self speaks it, X con** ceivo it is double in value in 11 3 to Slot it was IS forty years since**’ Again he says, W M for Shipping, hie Ha jostles navy is nov triple or quadruple, to Stet it forty years since**** First, BstteM tlx® City of tondon* is • * ( “ rc , -r <y thousand Tun of /hire meh as nws and to be short, th© Customs upon toper tod, rnftitiM, did not then yield 14 of the present wlm» w ..& to rony, w he continues, # the Meet thereof ms within this fifty years, at IQ. 1* L ' ' " '■' ', it : ■■ L ■ . ' | . .' ■ . I jf „15 Tony, he says, *X leave it to the considera* ' . ■ / .' 1 I • ■ h ' ■ a , <. -a/ .. . \ , • ' ■■■ awasod, si:: co that tlw, lottorey Mlsh haw increased frm on© to trat„ i Ind co, Ml negotiation, I night ■ ' les Hovoniw is neor tripled, Daniel Defoe, htasolf the sen of a London butcher, '■ ' .■. ■' i of / ■ t Io .IM I' / ■ ■ | ' . ■ ... । . . ... ' . ■ :" * •) ' * "■ r ■■■ ■■■■ c \ ; ■ is । he expressed himelf in unbounded enthuelam for the trans* formation that trade had brought about in the social life .xm<loiu "King Charles he assorts, "who was porliaps that Prince of all the :V~ r v ' •’ h _ J? that best understood the country a:, t 0 people that he gov* 1 • to l 3m£ i.. in ajesty spoke it nerrily, but it had a te»y signification in it, MCh as ms peculiar to the bright gen* ius of that Prince, who, tho* he was not the best govor was the best acquainted with the -world, of all the Princes 17 of hi. if not of all the m in iW* He goes on to say that Gone of the greatest and best and most flourishing fmilioo . H»MM mi . । ■ • ' • i • ■ ; ■ | . -ide in t ‘act, and indicates a stew rivalry be* '■ e . . " - 3 ; ' .. ■ . | I; 1$ the under standings of those refin’d hm depreciate that port of the mt ion # which is so indiui: '. super lour in nunbor and in wealth to tho iteOJ ; .l IB the ancient fauilios teW been worn out by time fteOy altfVteme and how the tetette possossed by a new race of tradesmen, grow up into fmilios of have boon established by the 1 "no ‘7oo.lth Gained, as he says, behind the counter, he relates this incident: n lt IM t, ' <rtee of r London tr । s . _ . ■ I . ■ 1 . I .. ■ y Hi nd awtlwanf , . . ' : . ' • ' ■ ' . n .., * :. . . 3 ' . ■ ■ / P' “ ' ' . ' ' ‘ ' "■ . . Of the incident, WO tolling the literal truth as ■ • •-?/ z • to buy, c-yy the otatistlW that he canpiles show ■ ' ' iha 1 ■ s ■' ■ 2 - - ’ &r? \ o .1, • t / ■■ x c . 1 7 7 a Defoe continues his discourses short trade in garland 1 ' ; '' " ' h nx?.tion with Gentlenon# •• • s the late Bari of we orlGinally a rarchant, *” 2l Eefoo thinks furthemore that aristocratic Quail- ' ■ ■ '. ■■■ ' 1 • 1 ’ . . ■■'■ , '■■ " 0 all the generous principles, that can be found in any of hose blood is the met -untainted, rc thy er.ll m, MM Mr Zee : co of a neohanle raw, □re found in those Lord craven, Who bad been created ? ' . ' . X ... .; '. . mtch his pedigree with that of the hurl of Oxford for u . . foe re Hb tteryt ls xhe Karl of Oxford laugh* tat the ehallmge, one eeZe za i his fsmta ancestors, Mo hid been Marls of Oxford for an ant I nights for sobs hundreds of ya ' Uy thus; X SB Mil Im Lord craven * ny father was Lord 23 r? ■ toe noro hone to the Ladies,"-' Mfro* "Mo ore so MMIIM ■ M ? re;. xc . V ....': Mx cMi it, of lanwylng a it cx.,o zl coil m.x . ' ■ ' s " ■ - ■ '.' 'hl o ■. ' ■ - ■■ ? ■ ■ < I. li a a a ■t " ■ i> .■ _ ■ .. ■■" ■ , ■ Wny mvc this to their loss, there very tradomon haw rxvcicC La&tW of superior fortune to them, and tav Ml fenilies of their ;A?K t vho ■ x X ' '. - ' . . . .. .. 'l. X both in dignity anl h v s to their great norti- k’d • * ' Defoe f s enthusiasm was strengthened by the fact that, M he indie- ' the greatness of Ragland had risen steadily in a long period of years through trade* thro* 1 t 3 -f tv r ■ ■ r.f . ■ I ■ T •■ - ■ r 1 d : ■ i * Igy of woolth opulence •" had lost all the AemiMlws Wish kingd had held for mis hundreds of yowh in as the rich and rori it ■ ' ' $ ■” 1' ' ■ ' Ulf and had been torn in civil strife in the of the aril War Of ” ■ /ateenth century ths ruin ’" tu- 5 ■ ■■■' ■■■■ ■■ C "' ■" ■' a c Xi ' h ' - ■ ■ 'll ' ' ■ a, " ' , : , Q . : ■ . , ■ .. V ’ • ? . ■ ■ : ■■ ; ■ Wally Others Mln had an entirely different conception of Xy' ' X* trade on aristocratic. frm that of Defoe is found in ' * • •■’ z \ ; jyynyy y" . (1010)* Ludovic 1 chooses the conflict of Charles I with Parliament as hl point of departure* In the first place > ho declares that WO in essenco to find the roll* . . ... ■',',- ■ ' 1 • * > , urltto tradesmen to marshal WtoM&y objection© to Oharles and hl* licutoa* . . ■ .to .. . .. ba. . . .. ,lw . .o?Uv . ....... , ..m . . ■ ■ . 1 i ■ to ; t .. 4 ■ ■ . . *i Xu thia wag they appropriated £toa the start Uiq Wo W* deceptive and nost attract W. *WIS* IMIOM could pcooi* of tlie Klug l © unpopularity ®ong Uxe ris& .. z $ ttoagh often not in religion nor la tt* fact that the Slug l © taxation WB illegal ox* io vied without • coiioent of tho Ccmono t but in tlio fact that the weight of this taxation foil entirely upon the Wadiuc and wealthy ciuesosa Umi ciwil of . . x... ‘ tuouB f aasooratio ideal* n ai£ tog th© last Id world of taste, WMitOWtiM snd Sr new world of vulgarity, uns entity** Ludovic! gives due credit to land and Wentworth for th© part they played in the struggle even to the loss of their lit® \ way which the rapacious, vulgar, and heartlees spirit of the tines could ill forgive, and that he was 1 - ister justice, suppress 0 ■ ' - ’ roonion of the people without regard for the r individual he opposed, Ing to effect the fatal turning-point in England *s history, and to stamp her spirit and her phyc: v . in very day with its loathsome wrh|*s He describes ttc dope* sition and beheading of Charl" ht oonelndlng soooo of this harrowing tragedy, in as I have Shown* $ quality oat the moat genuine aristoeratlo 'teadition of .1 ..• ? ■.. ■ « ■■■• - ■ > ■ ■■ • । ■ y • a* foroes of rapaslous vulgar 1 30 quantity and trade*" Like Defoe, Ludovici find© occasion to refer to the position that tradesmen had reached in MnglMb history and process, Wt # ttereas Dei .xhrXc, .ax; dd ..x the U>Start landed try f , .. . . . .... . i t i.._ *.. . a leave to Introduce the' reader to ewi .. p A 5 . i t . ■/ ■ ■ . , ii ... • । < a . ' . tad been apprc: * . ' ■ . i Farlla&sat) ms a ... « * .... . ... ™.. .-. . . ........ - • - Oawl at tb Hall was a M o' a country *pe<* _ wo the son of a butcher ... '. I j I ■ . ■ . . ■ ... . .■ 31 is ' ... |' . . ■ ■ B' * ' . . ' ?■ ■ ■ ■ : . ' . .. \.■■a . ■. \ > 1 ' i' ■■ i ■ . . ' ' < '. & । | • I ■ ' ■" $ ■ ' 8 ' '& ' % ' | ■ . . .| i . : . # . ■. . ■ '. " ' 1' « .I 1 . 7 . '. \■ * . " ' . . ■ ..| i f . ■ * . 1 • . <& . . £ 7 .. J' / 17. " ■I? «.. ■ / ..7 ‘ 'tl 0 < I : I ■ ■ :7. ■ V , 7 -U ’ J ' 1t! ? - 7 |O ■ . WI . 77 ■ " \ . o 17'. . ? I ’7? ■ > / ' O f J g ' 7 ’ ' 7. ' ' '7 ‘7 ' ; 9 In W&ar to pacKy tho /7. ; .7' . 7 : $ . . A... @$ ■7 $ ." 7 7 ' . . / I £ .. . .• .'. .: ' . -7/ . .. 7.7 77 / 77 -2, 7 ' .7 ■ .> ■ 1B g " 7 ' 7. ' . ■ ' i ” . . .": ; T . 1 ' r 7Z «ZO » n ' . , “ ''7 ■. . ; ". j 12 I ' .7' .. . '. . ' 7 .7 | ■ his infallible doctrine from the pulpit, but created a .'./arlimaent resolved to employ no nan "but such as the House shall atisfiod of his real 53 The extreme view of the ,ilon is again given by Ludovioi when he ■: . ' ■ ' | : ■ X . lots and tradamon**tho kind of tyranny Wat grew up and became supreme after Charles I.*s assassination/ 1 and adds, triumph of Varliment did not mean the triumph '. ■ L 0 I l . ■ lty t a now outlook on life, and a now under* standing of that 11 I n worth. It meant the triumph of the morality of unrostriotod oonpotition, of uncontrolled and unguided trade, and of a of neglect in regard to all things that really mattered. Much the earn view is expressed by Traill. ’’Thus,” he says, n the Puritan posit ion** Wat the essential right of their own belief 3G ed a settlement/* Leigh Sunt, speaking on the same point in regard to the character of Charles IX, says, *W know not which did Ma the more ham**the jovial despair of his rarals and good oonluet had acquired frm th® gloominess of th® Puritans* 1 ’ Dr* Cunninghm says that a wry little ide . ■ ■ ■' - ' ; :■ . ' | ■" Influence was Host BISShIOWUSi and that the whole tone of industrial and comer cial life WB lowered* w What w find asserts, ’’not the’ failure of individuals to live up to a Christian standard, but the deliberate acceptance a lower tone of social duty*” Her does he stop thci’o* Lo discard Christian norality and substitute 3WII '. . ; -. ■ . ■■■ ■ ■■■ ’ te } and that there was in consequence a retro* 9 . 2 . ' ' : . " « • ■. it । ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■■ -■ i .■ . ■ . 30 erase Puri* .... ■ r - . Wbra recreation forced bin to find relief in dissipation, On the restoration of Charles XI, therefore, the profligacy and license of the new ruling class and the ' the defiant substitution of one type ■ I ■■ i ■ ■■ o ■ ' . ■ ,c ib iousness I felt son® pride in its irroliglon* Such, at least, w th® view of the now OdtiW nd mn of fashion# At the time of the restoration of the Stuarts, therefore, the City, which now extended beyond the walls along Fleet str olbam to the neighborhood of Drury Lane,, was firmly ensconced as if behind a barrier frm the little world of fashion, It was a city, as w haw seen, >f w> • s; ye! shop-Meters, and traders,*-a cawunity of serloue-ninded people, ambitious for higher . ' ■ 1 i ■ ’ ' ■ The wap which uccoapanies thio, chapter is \ Yom ;dward atton’s A new View .of London, orintod in 1700# It Ibe "or ' re' ' - \ * * W# Cumingtai, The Growth of l-yl ~ ' • ® wa Life in the fifteenth Century# Vol# I, • i 5 ■ ■ ' ' / .. .. . . . JCC, Vol. l f p. Green, Toro Life in the Fifteenth century, Vol. I, P. 27. 7 Cunninghan, The ; _ _ , _,._ _v „ ; V Caiweg. Vol. X t p. W< *, ♦ * , Vol. IX, p. 101. 10 Dairy®?!®. ■ qaotrs o£ Greaft : Citato caul Ireland. Vol# I, P# 13# ’ ■ .. . . 31* a 1; . 13 patty» .... .ic, p« t 0» • - is ma., p. so. L . •. 100. 1 7 • ■ ~ STW; 1 t * ♦ 22 -* ' M 3 . Jefoe, \Tic >• 378» XMc * p* 379* As amt tor of foot, nany of these to such prominence wre the younger sons of the nobility who had entered trade as a profession, a fact of whioh Dofoo mMs nention# £52 u». ,- io s The Cffiolete fH/lich Tradoa.'-an, ♦ • # & * UUt • 30 p< 155* ■ ■ J. M ?OQ* Ole, vol. 111, >• 1238. 34 Ludovic!, A DcA of Aristocracy. p. 117* 35 Ibid.. p. ♦ / vol. IV, p. 365. mast, The Tom., Vol. 11, p. noo. < ” anJvSa"™ • : . A NEW MAP OF THE CITYES OF LONDON, WESTMINSTER, AND THE BORROUGH SOUTHWARK TOGETHER WITH SUBRUBS AS THEY ARE NOW STANDING ANNO DOM. 1707 The Haunts of Fashion He; . * from, the City lay London’® other little world. the world of fashion, a territory which extended, roughly o’- w the Tmple to White- hall, and on th® landward side frm GrayM Inn to Mbmarle - c , ’ ' i ielde an atr* 40 at tho n W Bet of St* James’s street** to 8011, ?J The Restoration enlarged a cleavage already begun in London’s life* Royalists who returned with the King no longer Ml to dwell in the City, finding their fathers 1 ho B M unfitted for | tion* ■ settled by choiee in more pleasant and open pLaoes near the Court} about Lincoln’s Inn Melds MH Inigo Jonos in the previous reign had begun a great MhMI of building, or farther west at Covent Garden, a quarter growing in favour with the fashionable monde**#. Ml MUght os as far distant as Ball Kall, 3t* James’s and Boho Al X ? ields* n Kiss Godfrey states that even in the time of James I and Charles X '’Lincoln’s inn Fields, Covent Garden, and other open spaces in the iMetißte vicinity were just inning to be built new and handsome houses rapidly springing up, and that neighborhood was quite in the van of the march of fashion long after westward* Wt Strand ms, however, still <uite a fashion* able quarter, and on the south side IMB very good houses wit" gardens running down to the river*" This fash* ionable district, scattered and sparsely settled as it was in the latter part of the seventeenth century, ms not M ■ 43 ..Lusive residential addition* The houses that lay west* ward of the ancient landmarks, however, wore for the most GObilK ... | in the Didst of . which were bounded by open fields* Queen Llisabeth Md seen evidences of this expansion and had thrown many obstacles in the way of suburban development, *yet in her rich City tradosraen and noble courtiers had pushed westward frai st* Danos [in the strand] up to st* even on the *Landside* of the parish, while on the I Waterside* were mny residents, and by the water itself were dwellings of 'aristocrats who loved to have spacious gardens and their om private stairs down to the greet nigh street of London, the now neglected waterway of . . • Th® fashionable district, which is frequently referr* cd to in the dram as M end Court, extends, north and wet Arai the Itaes in the general fern of an are of a oir* ele# Such on arc, to encompass all the weHwlmown haunts of fashion of the latter half of the seventeenth century, would begin east of Temple Bar, extend beyond High Holbom Street to the fields on th© north, c :♦ tosh on the west# 'The Strand, which runs parallel with the Thanes, and Drury Lune, which extends from the Strand near the Temple northward to High Holbom, are, of course, the two principal streets, although Piccadilly, St* d'Mes *s Street, and King Street in the west are very significant in the literature of the period# King Charles lived at Whitehall, and made that section popular with people • . m, not only by his own presence,' but also by his improvement of St# £&&&&* b as to she-.1l sec# People of quality built their homes for th© most part near certain centers, called squares# Of these the most important ore Covent Garden, situated in the southeast of the fashionable district, between the strand and Drury Lanej Lincoln* Xnn, Bed Lion, and Bloomsbury squares asrWmtf Soto fields and Ml -> ' ■ - wets Leicester in the west central dis* triot; and st, lames’s Square to the southwest, ms within aspuce of less than two miles in breadth there are n ei noble Squares, where the Nobility and the best of the Gentry '•■•%•• LL/ 1- ri-erf: rnc "(HelS| bosMSB several oblong ntroots lifloes#*' these squares,” con* tinues J'Laclsy, ”there are an Infinity of little Courts, paved with Free-Gtono, in this Space between the two 3, in toh one is conveniently lodged free fras th© Noise of the great Streets j which is a Convenience one rarely meets with /.V abroad» n And of con. ■ re wre nmem -rks and gardens of both public and private character. Obviously, as London M the first Larmont ms in the Strata, During the reigns of the early Stuarts, according to Macky, the space that SMMM* the cities of London and Westminster, that is, : the u 9 MS filled with several noble palaces, both of the spiritual and of the temporal nobility* M* it was during the reign of Charles X that I&dymion Porter hept open house, "ata to him resorted not only the fashion* able world but a concourse of poets, artists, and musicians." There were along the Thoms, bach of the strand, the house of Ml Sori or MM$ that of the Dulce of Norfolk, MM! House, the Savoy, Durham House, built by a bishop of Durham, "and indeed the Bishops of frotor , Ijsth ata uells» grU: Norwich, Lataaff* and Carlisle, tad all anciently Houses Is Mt so had tM MM* of tacMtodim. and Beauforts and the Baris of geeter, Worcester * Md _ . . w nost S • splen&i Palaces are pulled down, Md, with their Gardens t built into '■ v<\V/r i.xa:c t?ic beautifullest and 48 mot frequented of Tow, and now unites them** 1 3®r- . Mt Bouse, MMy adds, came to the Cream after the behead* <v in? | King Charles Xl* added a magnificent Wtot of nMMMM* fronting tho M&&M Mt tho Mwr, Mt it is still hMtf and ■ ** • >t late JiDbasoador from Pronoe* ♦ * had the Honour to bo lodged and it was here that he Is MM Mt MMMMMg M little known in Poland before his Time*" Hatton further describes the Strand as **M and public MM M by the iMMMMB IM Court and and also of ths Xnns of Court with uesfainotert many of \ldings are large 3d and 4th ratca«,». ■ inent Duildings beta this ct 7» : > . . ' 'O'P mostly inhabited by Gentry and Mt great &ad* MB***® One other of the fine old houses besides tho SMM ■ set House MMlMl* and WB UMI as a hospital* Penoe the Strand, though it remained mwthing of a fashionable center, by tho end of the seventeenth oentury ttqb out up into many short streets, lined for. tho most part with tenements and traders 1 shops. If the people of fashion mturolly at first settled in the tataft* the only thoroughf-nro extending directly from the City to the Court, they soon found in the open end higher country northward desirable sites for their fine dwellings itaft they would be free from the more taMB di;- turbanceo incident to city life. tap a long tine Drury Lane, therefore, was a fashionable residential locality. tai 1 attention had been civon to beautifying the street as early as 1605, ttion a: • passed for its paving. Stay eminent people had lent prontige to the place by their residence there, ononr then Lady Jacob, wife of Christopher Brookej Sir William .Alexander, Bari of sterling, the poet. It had been the taß of the □ of 11, John Lacy, the named tan, and Arthur Annesley, Bari of Anglesey, and Lord Privy taAe • Wc • also mentions the Pact that Nell Gwyn lived there in 1667, and Pepys wry Quaintly speaks to the same effect? "To Westininßteri in tho way meeting many ill!:* mid® with Italr garland® upon their pails, dancing with a fiddler before then; and saw pretty DeHy standing at her lodging door in Drury Lene in her |M ' - B and Lodico, Bf toe aeewd a M ilwa* vent Garden, of oowrse t . ... .■ b ■ ■ a. < « apjx . > B Hatton । on the M W and B B sides, WBBMPi .ly 11 • , -'. ■ 1p- x ' ?o, . _ j ; ■ J ■ ... H . /■ ■ • ' > > bo u . ... S 3 open into it/' ntcolo calls lovont Garden the Heart of the Toro# The intelligent vary well he say®, that many have got estates both in london and ' ostnin* etor and died in these Cities that could never get into Toro. And elsewhere to are riven an impression of the exclusiveness of the place, for to are told that the Oxford wits themselves over a Bottle, tho Magister!- al Air of the Quadrangle , and treat Btranters as they do fresh Men* with as meh Contempt , as they themselves met bi in .IjptomWarden# n /®ong the abort streets in tho vicin* ity of Covent Garden wre Bedford street, VWy pleasant and'spacious; King Street, a very considerable and pleasant one; Charl - ■ ot, very bx’oad and pleasant; Dow Street, mde notorious by the rude, boyish tricks of Sedley and Rochester at the Cock Tavern; and Russell Street, n botn Cevent garden square 3W, and Drury Lane H L., that end' next the Gordon is very broad, and pleasant All of those streets ware the centers of fashion and uit. The church adjoining the square was a fanous old structure, and the space between it and tho market was tho scone of ’arth’s picture of tho ’Frosty Morning# f There at the corner of Bow and. Bussell streets was Bill’s Goffgq-Bouso, where Dryden for so long a tine held kingly sway over the 7 c ■' < rftn» ;4a tTicotor ’ ; < 4-4 a:4 c4?<e ■ ■col- lootions eonneeted with the coffoo-houses under the portico• la t of celebrity in th® BMl* of wit or the stage, between the ri<4pM of Ih . II» I 4:iloll not bo found cone- in the clubs or other which 4io?' 4xc ul4nosood« •• O : ir Roger j . >Wley has bem there. erson more real to us than nine-tenths of thm# When 1 "cl in Sil Bou r?treot# u A short distance beyond Pzwy Lane frm Cownt Garden lay Lincoln* o Inn Sqwre, Which was reckon* ed c * finest and largest squares in the world* It was mostly inhabited, says Hatton, by oainent ©entry and sone nobility, fmilles> doubtloss, who had settled there to give e'"x lew. s rm °Linao." • m the largest hero, and I • '• SI na -bettor wU*| yet noTso Tine so \ oontnino fun ton . The Dulso o" bio 'alwoc here was built by ■’ _ * the ©eneroi Hesidmc® of th® ‘ art® of the £ ' ”’ , a « ■ tec" TTc one ■[J iningi 7 ■ ■ ■ . ■ ■ ■■' " ■" ■ r ’ 7 - of the Mobility, have nrr ate ' dng Palates tero< that of vt* ft&W. Childe deeervos a particular la tlm f to lwWc*U;z y>j? r is also a Pley*Wu3e rebuilt , and a fine Garten-at the end of the Square, in ecmon for ovory body to nalk« ' ' ■ . - -t- HSre, Aloh bids fair, T&en to be ' . ‘ : '. J '. ' ' OHW» tion of Paintings in thlc ■□.! Italian of r „ W| and not one owl Picture cSHSst thte> nO ' eot, Wish extended across tb ♦ B square WlMl to Drury Lane, w In the tlm of the Stuarts one of the grandest and BMt fashionable parts U B tort norbort of CS®rbury died there, ’’.myo Leigh Tamt# "L.- ' -tol h in it, SR Lord Chancellor Finch, and the Conmy and Paulot fmilies, 0 It wb the horn of Sir Godfrey Bhßller, the painter, ttol >ollootion of floras 1: 1 ycrdon, Dir Godfrey, however, had for liwd in Durban Yard in the BWWIf /C- I 00* /Qv* Inn Square is rich in theatrical history# Here ms bora Mertlß MM, celebrated scholar end antiquary, ** is mid by Xxsigh Hunt to haw been one of the earliest pcroonc WB* "4 trwrtt south of the square, was the Duke’s • ■-Sre, and in tennis*court in Vero street w.s another theatre, WlMvt w it it .. ■ GGtross cm the Bullish stage, to the ecmdal of the Witalj and with many apologios far the iftMtOßW* of living up the “■ rue, took p3m.ee on ieocnbcr 8, 1660# The first port certainly that of mm Gm.kmc :. g ■ g u.g' ''' ' J ' ■ 1 G ■ ■ . ■' ■■ ■ G ,■ f ■I G $. . ■. । ■ G;-— • ■ .| - • : | ' ' | .' ■ f| f lime ere a fair sample > ■ ■ 1 -■ < 5 - ' ' ‘ ■ ' • \ ; < intents to civilise the stage# 1 g t ■ ■■ ■■ ■> ■ । Wa*< think they wre mne of the guard disguised; ■ ' " '■ ■/ ■ t, t. n 1 Forty and fifty, wenches of fifteen; I■ 1 ■ • ■ . ■ । ■ ■ ■ " ■ " ' 7 lion you mil Desd®ma, onto. i ■ '■ . ■ i - ' ' 1 I Lascivious, scurrilous, witMl er obscene; And when w in this fair Try, I nroboncc himself nay eme oe a play# The neighborhood of Lincoln*e Inn Domre Md aUo its 0 -'■.- ' ■ ■ " " M « 11' ' v ' " " ■ \ c behind Holborn Ron. ■ • '' inorcooo the dissoluteness of manners which distinguished the period between 1660 and 1700# It was e place of low entertain. * Bowe at the end of Bell Yard, *’where strange the folly of men to lay and lose so mich money, n - star’s life appeared to him miserable, and poor, and . , ' 1 f MIW I & Holborn from Lincoln* 0 Inn Square, and near the open fields, wore Wo other squaros • were similar to Lin* WIU*S Inn Square, 1 « ? these Bed Lion o mailer, a Of above two a „ rotti* ly planted with trees♦ The other fashionable quarter in this vicinity ws called Bloomsbury square, which is de* scribed as pleasant, largo, ’ 5 '• ~t v r ir the form of a parallelogram, and. contained full four acres# On the northwest side WO ■ Housej on the south* east, Vernon Low; on the northeast, Geynow, BW| and on the southwest, Arlington BOW, In the houses, all of which IMohy says wore palaces, lived abundance of <1 were Ite Bar Is of Northampton and Chesterfield, ar a Lord Castleton# Piontague Howe, which was situated just off Blocosbury Square wstwrd facing W‘ ÜBg io typi* - bribed by Tacky as follows: Its a noct mgnifleant PalaUOi built by tho late Moe of enter into the Court, after the mn* flees are oxToacK sldopffio CourtTX wry Spacious $ and ■ ■ ' >1: - ? " f ; o' ' c - ' ' ■ ' ■Ay ■to: . Ciclinys exo paintory end the Papcetry and Pictures very yood* these with the Poena in the ’ toys, are oil fl cl; floor’d with iwleld indented ood* .nd in the i??.y on the left, as you enter, exo two little riaories, lly io tvroe* The Pointing, and ths Disposition of the Apartaonts arc r be 1 ' ■' *i ■ ■ ■"■"< '■ ' " ; : ' ' '/-Ohio - ■ ■ " ' ' . : -L* e well worth th.G Curiosity of a > as also the ’ tatties in the Gardor., *6O :> hr/ - < ' Glo'-nsbary B^arB t hamrset House in the Strand, House in St* Janes’s Square, and Buoklnghen House at the far end of St* Jones’s Basfc WBS of a sinilar nature, although Biokinchan House surpassed them all in splendor* ■ >l* born joins the Orford Hoad, lay Soho Square, and an equal distance from it southwest ms Golden Square* Soho, vhich. wo colled the Court quarter of hondon, contained many state* ly houaos* "The south side of the square- wo occupied by the house which was Milt for the Duke of J-Mnouth by air Christopher Wes* In PitllsXg Street stood the elegant mutase of the Bom-ger Lady Carlisle, who w there enabled to enjoy the prospect of a cherry orchard and flower garde ♦ Fobert Sydney, IWI a. ' , a nansion was situated in the northeast earner o£ Leicester Fields, and adjacent to it, on the Wst side, was the residence of the Earl of Aylesbury • y states further that the Lords Foley, and Fansol, the Earls of Gains* borough mid Berkeley, raid may other persons of first quality Md their hotels thouo* adds, *&B erected a Stone statue of King Charles 11, on a fine Pedestal of the sanej the Area, is plant’ ■■ ■ " ’ ‘ " ■ - H*s r rnd, ' . ■ SI I 08 near four teres of Ground* '* •■•olden Square was anallc-r, ■ ' ■ . ; ■ G " 1 '. ’ a . os, railed in* "Here nany great People 'of Quality tewe their this Square, at a little distance off, is Groat-:Marlborough” Street, which, though not a Square, surpasses nost Streets in the Magnificence of its and Gordons, and is inliabited all by a Golden square ' prminenae until early in tri ' ci ■ •■ ■ - yo & . a r o ' <k c ' '■ ' ■ be i. ■ ' orld of fashion# . . ■ ' ' ■ / f ’a 7 ■ - ■'. ' ■ ' * 1, -.- • . . ' -. . " . . e toyri . alaw ri st# ■ ■ ' . ■ .■ ..- ■ with Trees, and Bailed round* which elves an Aspect aa to the Houses# * Piccadilly extended west firm this square • • Tartin*© lane was associated With headquarters of 3nclish in the eighteenth century, for it IMB here that :■'.' :;..r Helmolds flourished and died# n ßit the rlosnr o fMrhood of Leic-estor Mill rmalnl: : at Just north of St* Jonos*s Park lay St# Janes’s Square, n a wry pleasant, 2 aautiful Square#«« all very fine spacious Building (except that side toward 101 l Holl) mostly inhabited by the prime Quality# n Hatton also says that here were houses that rented for five hundred pounds a year# Of all the squares in the fashionable <lo* trict, according to Hacky, St# Jome@ J s was the prl .. 1, a the late Duke of Or. , noble Palace, now pur* ■ of loxburgh, another, and the Duke of Norfolk a third, who gave 10000 1# for it# Tho Hari of Strafford# t" .rd Cornwallis* the Duto of Jgnt, tho lord Ossulston, We lord jurnhm, the Bari a Bristol* have each their fine.fait in this Square j the Countess ■ . rtlwiDtonw and sir John Jormim, tew also theirsj all worthy the Curiosity of a ranger, c- tho ffnt f s Callery, a&s the MW of Borfolk*s Aparteents# w aere x I ive open spacious Streets by which you enter Into this Square, and a little above it is a most stately Church for the service c ', and the Devotion 67 of its noble inhabitants# * St# James’s street, in the ■.c ■ ■ BM about the Square , and ran, a sort o al road, from Portugal Street 9 or Piccadilly, dorm to • ’s \ IC&Q to his death, this street was the home of Edmund Waller, p in three courts ‘and despised in thm all”; as it w also of Lord Brounclcer, friend of Evelyn and Pepys, Comptroller of the Lavy, and first president of t? .ml society. other important streets in the vi . I , . wr Street 'ter my Lord Dover, the a of the ;n -lg, , ■ street of very good Wildings, mostly inhabited by nobility and gentry; Arlington street, a very graceful and plMtant street of houses, also the henes of nobility and gentry ♦ wre houses near Jmes’s Parh,” says «««• in that dialect Aich, long after it had ceased to be spoken in far: , . ilrole#* oonti. B ■ in the smith of Lord 68 Poppington, to excite the mirth of theaters#” This is not the place to dismiss at length the fMIMtW of Charlo:.. 3 I is no oomlng to Whitehall had a wW influence upon the social life of London, and added greatly to its splendor and bril* lienee • /ilthough historians first aid last 1 . thing about him, they are all agreed that he ms a mn of many personal chams and of perfection of manners* Hvelyn says that he brought in a politer way of living, which passed to luxury and intolerable expense• The Court of tMte* ball, during the reign of Charles 11, as Rerosby truly se ms wy splendid; the kin was rich; t" well satisfied with the Hinges return; and t . grte loving King did not so much trouble himself with business* The vicinity of Whitehall became, therefore, the most popu-1-7 .PT/ 1 rr'n r-x 1 xr a./., of : ’’Whitehall,** says Wheatley, ”ms a build Inc in the Tudor or Hampton Court style of architecture, with a sue* cession of galleries and courts, a large hall, a oMpol, tennis-court, cockpit, orchard, and banqueting totee**®® It was built Tolsoy in the. reign of Henry VIII, and upon the disgrace of IM Cardinal it fell into Henry 1 a hands, and ms used, until it ms burned in IC" , R the royal seat of the kings and queens of England • Macky says it was a building of vast extent and without doubt the largest palace in the world. It was situated about half Wy be trees: cstMnater Abbey and Charing Cross with tr Thanes River on IM east and Gt, Janes* c • on the west* In Ite I 'irs of Granmont and teMte Dunoia and a host of others, there is an interminable mount Ip as to Ma* took 1? MMMU Mi I * leadership of Charles IX, Most of it has to do with the amours and intrigues of Charles and his favourites, Saw of it is nhnen b .‘r :0 ' - ‘ b ' \ r vn.% of opys, Bvelyn, Leresby, ax? a* bear witness to the fact that there was enough of idleness, licontious- । scandal, and IMHI . ’h Hunt M* nan exit M » says: arise walled a Good deal in the morning, perhaps played at ball or tennis, chatted with those he met, fed his dogs and his ducks, lc in at the cockpit, sometimes did a little business, then sauntered in-doors about Whitehall> chatted in Mm MU*** roM* in Lias PriM*# MM* in ties Stuart*s room, or Mm BMltcn’st chatted dinod, and took winej had a ball or a concert, where he devoted himself to lady Castlemin, the Duchess of Portsmouth, or whoever the reigning lad?" 1 a, the Queen talking all the Mil* as fast as she could to sow other lady; then, jierhaps, played at riddles, or Joked with BuoMnMm Md Killigrw, M talked of the intrigues of the court—the gmi topic of the My* MMtiM-a the ladies rode out with him in the morning. perhaps in mn’s hats and feathers; sometimes they went to the play, r-c tLo " . ' '/ ■ • ' ' .. il.- / Pc ■ ; ■ .■■ time an actress is introduced at court and booaws a * self—; ate Davis, or IMdam Llor times the Queen treats then with a tea, or even ventures abroad with then in a frolicson® disguise, Sometimes the courtiers are at Empton, playing at hide-and-seek a labyri ■-> the it? . l- ting holf-f Lely’s voluptuous por- traits But there shall be more of Charles la tor. * ' k-- ■ ■ t ■ klqoc, a tract of fifty*eight acres in the of a boy’a Pita. Before the tine of Charles II the park we little more than on open pasture, tm Wly planted with trees,, plentifully Uaj oJx< Ki t"l cCCKe ■ OK; kG XXX 'KC XX KKK ■■’ /KXXXr had placed then mi a nn of little ponds, end much of the ground about then ms marshy in wet seasons* Certain parts of the park had been used by Henry VIII as a muster* Ing place for ths London militia, "sen in coats of white silk richly garnished, with chains of rolC* cxc feathers* w les Xl*, n says n threw the several ponds (Rosamond’s Pond excepted) into one artificial canal, built a decoy for ducks, a mall ring*fenoe for dew, planted trees in oven ranks, and Introduced broad gravel walks in place of narrow 71 and winding footpaths#" He also turned the path which led through st* Janes’s fields into a drive called -..a1l fan, a ' • ’ ■ ' ■ ■ to take the air, and where at one tine Nell Gwyn, "the indis* WMtest and 1 st ®S in a court /’re* 7P sided at her house 'provided by the King* The to* pressed Narburton as a place where his good friend Cason might find noble subjects for comdy and farce iron of the fall to the others satire in the region of Eosa* Bond’s Pond, long consecrated to disastrous loves for ®dri* gal and sonnet in the gentle afeosphore of Blrd*Cace*Y c oilk # WB brought about by the artistic iMtinots of the King* Htamd Haller in a paa". an Jayes * s proved by His bajosty* gives an excellent vie' -3nal t the trees t the walks Wt lovers t and of Charles hfeself t on ifthM the mtion rooted high hopes for dslivwame tona political chaos* Although the pom my be t by elor a.ian strength, it is worth quoting here because of its oontmporary atmosphere: Of the first Paradise there’s-nothing found} Plante sot by Heaven are vanished* and the ground} ■ . ' ' 1 ' - . ' ' '• s tao ' -. shall t at Instead of rivers rolling by the side JorPs garden* hero flows in e■■.': \ . t ly . Pays tribute to our Prince’s pleasure too. Of fmous cities we the founders know} But rivers* old as soas* to which they go, .Are nature’s bounty} His of more renown Jo BOS a tiWi Wan to build a town* 73 .udc t young trees upon the ban Of Pho voice of Orphous, W '.lion’s tea* In better order could me them stand} ■'l.■c':. ' 5 " bl I ' , AS the high fme of their great mm Jay ho live long onouc; • e them c Dark shadow oust, and as his palaeo toll I PethinXcs X see the love Wat shall bo mde, . . 1 ■ .. . .b a 1 .. ■ ■. i■ g dsj p . '■ . fhey bathe in sumo y Wj - ;lide« Mothinks I hear the music in the boats, And the loud echo Aloh returns the nows; He ox?" & a float: of • fowl Hangs in the air, and does the sun control, Darkening the sky; they hover o’er, and shroud The wanton sailors with a feathered cloud*** Here, a well-polished fall Gives us the joy To fnless force employ; Ms mnly posture, and his graceful nic Vigour and youth, in all his notions soon; Bis shape so lovely, and his limbs so strong, Confirm our hopes we shall obey him long* lio sooner has he touched the flying ball, But ’tie already mare than half th 1; And such a fury from his am has got, As from a moking culver in ,’twro shot* ae, what most delights her, sees A living gallery of aged trees; Bold sons of earth, that thrust their ams so high, As if once more they would invade the sky* In such green palaces the first kings reigned, Slept in their shades, and angels entertained; ith such old counsellors they did advise. And, by frequenting sacred grows. grew wise* ■ ■ - ■■ 1 - , fan, thus retired, his nobler thoughts employs* Hero OtatlM contrives the ordering of his states. Hew he resolves his neighboring princes’ fates; What nation Shall haw peace, what war be made, Determined is in this oraculous shade; The world, fraa India to tho froson north. Concerned in what this solitude brings forth*•• Hi® eyea upon his native palace Close by, suggest S . r argixmnt* His thoughts rise higher, when he does reflect On what the world nay from that star expect WlWh at his birth appeared, to let us see Day, for his sake, could with tho night agree; A prince, on Am such diff .. ■ lights did mile, Born the divided world to reconcilel Whatever leaven, OX- . extracted blood Could promise, or foretell, he will make gocd; Reform these nations, and improve then more. Then this fair Park, from what it was CM the north side of the IMIM south Ml oust, was the palaeo of St* James, 11 h, strange as it My but in that year was raade into a manor by My VXIX, < ::of L - r \ it about with a wan of Wii&| Ml Mil connected it with the ,palace of Whitehall. After the destruction of Whitehall by fire, the . ■ of ' On the MtMM west tai built for Jota Sheffield, created IM* of Mt WMMy by Queen MM» SB • letter to the Ms of Shrewsbury, the owner of iM palace describes it in part as follow t ■'■ . ■ ■ MB** । WW 01 I oxi one Ml, and gay flewrM .Liaos on the ewm that for this for wallcto rail lying be- tween Mg this reaches io my iron pallisade, that ■ . " .. ■■ ■ great bason, with statues and wMr*MTMj and from 1 w mount to a terrace, in the front of a large toll, of pictures, done in the school of Raphael* Out of this, on the right Mud, x Io a parlour, thirtythree feet by mV broad for a buffet, paved white marble, and placed within an arch, with pilasters of divers colors $ i !«•« n on the left hand are three atone arches, support* ed by Corinthian pillars, under one of which are Sight ps, ton foot broad, each step of one ‘V stone* Those stairs, by the help of two reati • laces, are ( . .ry easy, there is no need ed with the story of Dido, whm, though the poet a obliged to despatch away mournfully. in order to mke ■ ■) . reeler V . ' - ' . . ’ ■ no farther than to that fatal cave, Were the lovers appear just entering, and languishing with desire, w Mt roof of this staircase, which is fifty-five feet from the ground, is of forty feet b . broyHllM* *X will add but on© thing more before X carry you into ths । and that is ’about walking too; but HO on the top of all the house, which being covered with smooth WMltd load, and defended by a parapet of ballusters from all ay :rchonsion, as well as demgM« entert 7 c c $ ( for distant prospect ‘ ' .7 1 c, c of parks and gar- dens • *so these gardens we go down frm the house by seven steps into a gravel walk, that reaches across the whole garden, with a covered arbour at each Md i « Another of thirty feet broad, leads from the front of • the house, and lies between two groves of tall lime* i ■ . : i ■ • ' ■ tubs of bays and orange trees# "At the end of this broad walk you go up to a terrace, four hundred pabM long, with a large saxi-circle in the middle, from whence is beheld the wOM*a two , part of Surrey; IM J down a few steps, you walls on the bardc of a canal six hundred yards long and seventeen broad, with two row of lima on each side of it<,U’ 76 . . 53? ' - . ■■ and a wall covered with roses and ■ Jessmiims, and a meadow beyond full of cattle, and MM parterres with fountains and wter*worhs t and two green-houses • with a convenient bathing apartaent in one of them, and a lcitohen*g»don full of the best sorts of fruits* ' ■ ■ ■ ■: ' ■ la ' ■'■ ■ ■ ?■' ' 1 . ' 'X x of St* Jones and tlie imediate setting# WhOI a cmxrt with the reoMess abandon of youth lolled in V . bright sunshine of existence, oblivious of Oimerian in the ■ of the shadow of dor *77 stooped in the darkness of the grave» n ' \ l ■' : <; . ■ ... > nocted with the private residences, there wro two pub* lie gardens that played an important part in the social as well as dronatic history of the Restoration* These "' * \ f ,' rdaß occupied the sit.- ■ '' U I Ot (and still later end ed* It derived its name, according to Wheatley, fran a garden of mulberry trees planted by ICing Janos I in 1600, and was popular as a place of entortaimwnt and collation until after 1670* Lady Gerrard,* & i wlyn t w treat* ed us at rulberry Garden, now the only place of refresh* mat about town for persons of the best quality to be ex* oeodingly cheated atj Crmwll and his partisans having shut up and seised on spring Garden, which, till non, had been th OWOB for the ladies ■ ’.Xante ■ eg- x-x■ .T.cuv:' ’uux ux xxxx x. Tx'x spring Garden, designated as the old and the new. The old as nc Cross, and the new one at Lambeth Bouse across the Thames below Weteiinster abbey* The two were frequently confused. ■-dney, tly t some of his information from Pepys and some from Tm Brown in his description of the garden (the old one as indicated by its location), and aepys certainly Md in mind the new garden* Sydney says, space lying between Charing Cross and St. tan 1 ! Palace ma occupied by fields contiguous to which stood Spring Gordon, where gallants in laced ruffles and periwigs, where belles in furbelows and masks, flirted and chattered in the thickets, whore the most experienced mothers frequently lost them > selves In searching for their daughters, and where the melodious notes of the niyhtin/jilc. □ frequently to be heard by attentive listeners durin stillness of a nidsumer dopys, who posed as a man of stern, ritan-like r* was shocked by the -.vior that he .often witnessed at publd. . ooa, Mt he could not resist the temptation of going to places of entertainnont, if for no other reason to see the fine ladies. e? l by water,”' he says, M to ■ :11, and there WjJM in Spring Garden. A great deal of company* writ the weather and garden pleas* anti and it wry pleasant and choo going thither, for a man MW to spend what he will, M nothing, all is one* But to hear the nightie id other birds, and hear fiddles, and there a harp, and here a jot’s tmup, and hero laughing, and there fine people walking, is y divert!sing* Mog others, t\ MM tw pretty UMM alone, that willed a .great mile, which being discovered by MM idle they would needs take th® up; bat to soo the poor ladies how they MM put to it to run from th®, and sometimes the ladies put themselves along with other company, then the other M* back; at last, the last did get off out of the house, and took boat and •. IMI troubled to MW them abused Ml a could have found in my Mart* as little desire of fighting as I have, 80 to have protected the ladies*** A week later he and Creed were at Pax-hall, *Mt over against it stopped, thinking to see some •• just being done, and, therefore, back again to Spring Garden, mid then to walk up and down the garden, reflecting upon the bad of tilings now with what it was in the late rebel- lious MM* when men, MM for fear, mid some for religion, minded ttieir business, which MM -MW do, by being void of both**® JW Wi also at Garden on lay 80, IG6B, for the first time, and found It a very silly place, □o than Spring Gorden* It had but little end me only a wilderness that was MNRWat pretty# Be ws also impressed MW the fact that he spent si n shillings on some guests# Ton Brown had no ear for nightingales and fiddles, but 11 B . M k*€ he had a bias for the more cynical aspects of life# "The Ladieshe says, "that have an Inclination to be private, taM a Delight in the Close Weihs of Spring-Garden * where both Boxes meet, and mutuall -ve one another as Guides to lose their Hay, and the Windings and 'rumlngs in the little wilderness, ore so intricate, that the most Bxperlenow fctaNßg have sr often loot thmselws looking their Daughters«’■ Then, of course, there ms Hyde Perk, tho prone* nade of London, of wh. om BBS ives no flattering . lo Coach it, 5 * ho says, ti the Air, midst a Cloud of able to Check a Foot Soldier, and hindex**d us from M 1 . those that MR thither on purpose to shew themselves: However w made shift to get M and then a Glance of sane of them* Here w saw bi do about nothing; a World of Brave UMf Gilt Coaches, and ich Liveries, WIMIB some of them wore Upstart Courtiers, blown up as big as Pride and Vanity could swell then to; sitting as Upright in their Chariots, as if a BtMo Md been driven then* It would hurt . ' ;. t?lag the th; Vul- gar, and that’s the Beason they are so sparing of their looks, that they will Bl ’ r Bow nor novo their Hats to any thing under a Dute or Duchess; Mt. yet if you examine some of their tel . a Covetous, Goul-less Viser, or a great Oppressor, laid the Foundation of their Families, and in their hetinuo there are mr® Creditors Ml Mt picture is usually more brilliant, whether t . is being used as a parade ground for the English nil it la, deckoC. 1:: ' j ’ MprMßtW ÜBIiMM t© C . MM MMIM .;asaador t or as a y ade w? : ’his Majesty and an innumerable appearance of gallants*’ Md f 1 ] dies tate the air in their x’ich coaches, of MIM Vacky in fine weather * charge of admission to th eighty hi-1 M high in fact that he begged leave to enter in Cutler’s coach in order to avoid the opens® ♦ Similarly inpressc .a- nobleman of Trance who found the Itek not unpleasant, but with nothing of the order, equipage, and splendor of . * used by tto late Bing and nobility for the freshness of- . || . ... . ' . 1 " ' J ‘ '. ' ' J Tl I ' ' (besides all other MMtIMIJ they MF for here in. England, ffe ■ J '■ | ■-' . ' ' . '. . .■" $ € 1 and horse which enters buying his mouthful, ml permission m ... .'. . ' :/ z; . .. . ' ' . trance is guarded with porters and long staves llton saw it, ' B m $ ' enade of Londmx# Nothing ms so meh in' fashion during fine weather as that praaonade, ms the rendezvous of munificence and beauty» WMy one, therefore, had either spar Ming eyes or a splendid equipage cons tacitly repaired thither, and HB king sealed pleased with the # ■ Outside of London there were many places to which the nobility and ladies Mt gentlemen of quality *MWtM ♦ wre the various fairs, such as Dury, .Epsom, . ■ c ■ . : ' ’ ' • ' ' ■ ■ • I ' I I * ■‘that the loaders of the mode, the gay and handeom of Uni courtiers, rich London Herohnnts, ■ / ■ ■ ; ./»-timmf ' ■ : tors t wore accustooed, wlien tired of the groat WML of London, mmually to repair during the surer non the , in order to drink deep draughts r o mill ' the • $ fashions, all the vices, all the oonvenienoos, all the evils of life n led effectually, sooner or later, in finding their Wchy tarried there at length on his Jour- ney through early in the eighteenth century, and. ; " 1 ■ ■ ■ " ■ ■- ■■ . i ■ it* ■ a ■■ "itt ■ ■ ■■. ". j ■ . . felt that there was no place in the world better to begin qin f • hinbridoo, nor than London to finish lt< It lay between two’hills, the one called BWI Sion in houses and gardens for the reception of those that come to drinh the waters for their health, or to participate in the pleasure® 7>lr:oc« ? 7ho Wall** say® I paved and surrounded Mth a mil; and tw paved walks run froa its On ■ ■ IBM of which, is aWW of whops and Coffee* ■ ■ ; .■ ■■ ■' ■ ■ 1 ■ ''. . ... ■ I W /• 4 ' /' • __ . . ' . . ■■■■ i I■■■ ' 1 ' ■ ■hte ■ i ■ ■ 14 * 1" i .ia . » ■ ■ i j.■ .. . ■ . ‘ _ * ■':'...■.a.. . s : : . . . . / . ■ ■ . , I i ’■ c -n a - :", g : -■ j | ; ■ iii . ■ ■ ■ । ; ■ ■ । ■ ■ ■ ' ■ ' > ♦ i ■ ' " ■ ■ ■ ■ f . i ' |B* ' " " . '' ■' I |'"'' A" ' C . ' ' ; ' A '|'&'' ■ ' " & ' 1 cmtiwesg the senerally ' ■ * . " . ' ' MW of play till midnight ♦ Dath t 'thouch aWi " \ ' ■'• ' ? "■ ’ " ■■ ' “ :I'. ' '1 ' - f 1 C the fashionable life we eoww ■ U - ' « tec ; 7 ole of quality lived and their lalmo dur las the period of the Restamtlon* Sone attention has already toto given, rather incidentally, to their daily life, and meh MN' attention will to given to it in the sewideration of the corxKlios of Ito period* But at this point wmy wry well can attention to bM eontenporary sketches- of ay Menan’s character and activity a* One of these sketches is given by an earnest pleader for an inproved nor al condition f the other by a gmW ■ mire* The mithor of The Cal- ling (1GGO) says in his preface: "Gentility hue long since confuted J’ob’s Ziphorim, Tan is born to labour, and instead th® to Its Clients the Meh mn’s Loquien, Goal tabs thine CGse, eat, drink and be nerry. A Gentlemn Is now supposed to bo only a thing of pleasure, o Creature cent int arj the a i into the deep, to toko his pastine therein, (and the better to conplete the Parallel, to devour his under lings too) and then ’twill be no- wonder if It to adjudged a ridiculous Solee to ‘, whose very esser ■ll Is thought to consist In having none*”B7 But since the Lord had comanded that mn should labor, he proceeds to find a calling for tho In the plan of his book he states the adwm I that the gentlenan has, shew what ideally these advantages mean, indicates the actual practice of gemtime his d-.j and finally C * fire: * at of on ingenuous and refined educat ion | second , that of wealth, w?tich to gentlemen sems to be as it were rained down fron the clouds, both In respect of the plenty Ml the easiness of Ite acqui* sition, a thins which the poet has placed in the front of his inventory, the prine ingredient of the ample test felicf:.- fMe life; third, authority, I which with tine my be reckoned ns an effect of wealth, not, however, the authority vtiich belongs to those who are advanced to public office, but which gives the .lo* ■ ■ . ■ , and friends? fifth, reputation and ostem, IfelAf as the world mes, is a fM*W that wits only on the greater bodies. ’ - or to resist errors that might JH ■ 7 advances thorn a fair step towards rectifying the will, puts 1 bridle on the mouths of head*strong passions, thus hold* o affections in I .t subjection, conduces to affa* ble and civil behavior, tolerate and decent words, worthy and Ingenuous employments* n ßut,** says the writer, n all - totally rased out of their minds that not tel least foot* then 3 In# And all this under the of B title 3 It is probar’ averse- n-xxx ' xxxx- xxxx x xx’xxx Ax Txxx 3 xx xA xxxxu xxAxm~ lek reproach, as 5 A tho xx : x;x: xx ?x xrx v xx. <x xxlug alt Tutor together, for attempting to mice thorn wise Inst ’ Ills# As regards 1 ding# gentlemen have transplanted their discerning faculty from xr intellect to their senses, and find it thei*o so full that it can "never be at leisure to revert to Scholastic disqui sit ions# n They can discern esactly the most minute error in their gannents, hold their artificer most rigidly to the law of the mode, are wet exquisite Judges of all that relates to vanity or pleasure, and can never think fit to trouble their heads, "whose . __ _ xst not for a Tor Id be disturbed," with abstruser speculations because . X - ' . X - . f Lx .excel- ties# By the perversion of Wt will, and not its rectifl* cation, virtue, which their beets repress then as /nly and honorable, is now thought to hl ad that T. x xx: xx-’ txx A'X" Ax ■ rD x.-xxx.xx xx xx: xc x... x^x } -X is doccribod as ths aost unaMable and creature; and on the other side, all the contrary vices are taken Xxx TX \ ". . ■1 x- X . • : .x, .■ ( ' ‘ . X put upon then, "and arc furbished and trim f d up* set to open view, as the most splendid, glorl- , Mg most adoring of a Instead of Willi * passions, ...a ' i haw fallen under the dominion of their brutish appetites# They show civility only to the. ■■ a ,them r a civil! .do of holl professions and gross flatteries, which have bacane such essential parts of good breeding that the want of either ■ . ■ . ' ■ . ■ k a Whereas education should haw been conducive to temperate and decent words, it Ims diffused their tajodeot and ob* scene tail: with their own inpwre fires, "and Whilst they inscribe upon these poysons the Infixing WBet of Ingenuity and Writ, they do not only taapt Mn greedily to imbibe thro, but even deform and prostitute that Wit they pretend to, render it a Wilderness for all gavage rudeness to range a qc ?x: ■ ■ __ hat r tion as there arc- impious ant bestial mn in the World#" Besides they haw made their wit rhetorical by oaths, "that hcllisli piece of oratory which so overspreads their language that it be* Igysentt are given up to lightness and vanity, mde worse by-travel abroad in the unseasonable tine of their youth# Zjk’ so the writer <OOO on to show hex? the other of education have been debased; hw wealth has ' ■■ : ,'' ■' '- | ■ ' ' । ■• ■ 81 ■ W ■ . ... -■•■ : XU '- . '.. / . . ' ' ' <. ■ ■. ) ' .. '" ■ ' CUZ . n ■>M g aG set '•■ i * ”nurst up the first ttet the OaM# white Mia tells such Wtotem of, tot a hind of ?igsy*plant to then that UM overspread . tup * . . 11 ... .• ■ ' ( o: .... .. ' . ■ 100 Baoohus, has given tom no nore to do in the library than to pursue oratory and and has driven tom to Xr. s toHiV sjirit* Ml mladlwsi and how the true advantages of authority t : .. \ 1 ■ • . :C, t laisi of life through its param tory tottotetet of a ted elass# It is a generalised semen White WttM apply in ■ ■ ' » / ' . ... Ltl 5 J * * ■ ' . ... ■ 1 ... .. InterostoG in people ziality, and Who was well rto oeiTOd among ttom f gives an intimte and . to count of the daily life of the earl:’ eighteenth century gentleman# 11 1 m lodgedhe says, "in the r-treet onllod „ dK oil* the ordinary 'evidence of all Grangers, because of its Vicinity to the King’s Palace, the Park, the rrMiamnt-Houee, the Theatree t end the Chocolate and Coffee* Houses, vhere frequent, It you wuld IM* our mnnor of Living, it in thus: te rise by Nine, and those that frequent great on’s Levees find ■ ntortaiirxent or as in Holland, go to About Ttolto the BemWionde • • ' mA iMiolato md Coffee-Boueesi the be 're the „IXLI Jhooolate*Bo»isms, st, _ gs’b, tin and British Coffee*Houoes| and Ml these are so near one sr, that fn .loss than an Hour you soe tte Conpaeny of then all, ' e carried to these Places in Chairs (or Sedans) Tfiioh aro very cheap, a Guinea a eek, or a ?>hil* nor Bow, and your Chniram serve you for Porters to <, •• ’’lf it be fine leather, w take a Turn in the ferk till two, when wo co to Dinner; and if it be dirty, or _eosot e or you not forest to tell you that the : artier haw their differ* "wewr a $ trimmer la always well reoeiwd««*» Two w generally rp to ■‘inner: Ordinaries are not so AM here as abroad; yet tta .. pgch have sot two or three .pretty good ones, for the convouiency of fore rg* In Suffolk-Street* bat the general way tere, is to make a Party at the Coffee-House to go dine at the no Tavern, where w Bit till #,#• "After the Play, the best company generally go to and uilVa Coffee-Houses, near adjoining, toore tog at Pictet* tod the beet of Conversation till Midnight# Hero you viU Me blue and groan r;ibbons and Stars glttto ■•• llinrly wtto private Mato 0 g nd talking with the sane as if the . m ' left their ility and Degrees of Distance at home# And a Strentcox tMtoe Mto pleasure the universal Liberty of Speech of 90 ♦ ■ HO adds further that toMI too 11 rather the company of ladies after the AW ray find assemblies at the houses of most people of quality# WttMi Set A pew View of London# Vol* X, p* 1* 3oH, V. 4B Godfrey, llimbotny aooial aifo IW the ; , It should be ' I that th rior ’ -■on the gentlemn and th© merchant ws a social one, and that there wro no exclusive WilMMg rir>ts to prevent business M from Wishing their shops and mrhets at the very doors of the nobility and the gentlemen of quality* detail traders followed the nobility and gentry into Piccadilly* Wraers set up their stares in Cavent Garden* On the south side of the strand ms the IW Exchange* with shops on both sides the )vo stairs, for nillinors, aor. o, and other trades, that furnish and it is. a place of and' trade for the nobility and gentry, and such as have occasion far such Here on 27, 1668, •a went with his wife n to buy sene linen, IS 1* worth, for »,*•• ■ the fire, says his and other trademen’s retail trade is so great here, and better than it was in London, that they believe ■ V 44 St* ?7xrt in-in* at first covered a very territory between London and Westminster, but later, beginning 1660, it was cut up into a number of parishes: St* -. ■ Sohoj and St* George’s, Hanover Square* 4$ A Eaaky* A Jonrnov . .ng,land in Emilipr Lettex*s from a Ms on under date of 17M, The f ■ edition, as shown by a re:' IM in B of th© British .IM MB as early as 17K. ;y’s observation- o. made early in the century, and perhaps a number of years back. Ibid,, 7, ■ .3, It is important in these mt to -p the rieSt point of view in mind, s who Maw late seventeenth century England, in Mb enthusiasm for things ' English my be charged with exaggeration, especially since he was writing his story to a gentleman abroad, iMs&ulay, a- >. :L- - ' > ~ ' - view, "Xf the most fashionable parts of the capital could bo placed before us, such as they then wre,” he says (Hlsto* ry of England, Vol, X, p, 277 J, ”we ‘should be disgustodHSy their squalM appearance, and poisoned by their nolßCm atnosphere, In Covent Garden a filthy and noisy market was Id close to the dwellings of the great• M on MW* od, c:< . At, as b -o stalks and rot- Les accum- luted in heaps at the thresholds of the Countess of Berkshire and of the Bishop of Durham* *Ws centre of Lincoln*s Inn Fields was an open space where the rabble congregated every evening, within a few yards of Card. " so, to hear noun-* totals ha:.- o, to see bear sM* and to set dogs on "St, MM** MMB M a receptacle for all the of* fal and cinders, for all the dead cats ata dead dogs of Westatmter* At one time a cudgel player las- ring there* At another tine on impudent squatter settled himself there, and built a shod, for 'rubbish under the windows of th lA* which the first MMtSS of the real. M» folW, Omotas, IMM* and PMbrokes, gaw banquets ata bolls*.•" view has at least the merit of being prac* tically c .wary with the period mcaulay has in mita, whereas Haoaulay lost the perspective by emparing Bestora* htatevor was liable and mmiflcent to a ge . s the covonteenth oenSSFy ms nOTTeataaagnif leant, regardless sr w my view it in this ago. for example, with its electricity, drainage, and exclusive building rights. . Vol. I, p. 190 49 Hatton r ;, _ . , vol* I f p» 79# rhoatley, B. H., - Vole If P* 533. UI ro ‘"'W’s Diary, Day 1, IGG7* j ..nllon, Vol# I, p* 21* Diolcy, '. Vol* I, p. 207* With reference to**tlio "TntlcSSu aore, Lei Ihmt ( i t Vol* ll* p. 165) in Warp contrast with Bays I ” JOVOnf "clu. .; ■ ■ .. . the most agreeable to the metropolis, because 1 is ■ fruit, flowers, and t. dos* 1 for shops make no exceptions to this . * . . . . . . . . at tWwelves in their most gifted looks, —with evergreen in winter, the fresh vorduro of spring, all the hues of smraer, and Wole 1 • desserts in autumn* The country girls Wo 1 '■■ the things to warkat at early dawn are a sight themselves worthy the apples and roMB| the good* matured Irish w-m who attend to carry baskets for pur-* chasers are not to bo despised. with the half-huMurous, half pathetic tone of their petitions to be mployed| and the ladies Wo cone to purchase, orewm all* Ho walk in London, on a fine day, is noro a-reenblo than the passage through, the flowers hero at noon, Wen the roses ■ ■ ■ . . , ■ . ■■ . . ■" hot sun is basking in the • . . : London, 1701, p* BOS# Guo & G description of this street and the others ac given by Hatton# Town* Vol# II t p# 157# f - . * W**»**»>» < * ** $$ Macky, & Through Vol* I, p* 210• Sytaey, C* t Social Mfe in P< 331* 2i Vole If >• 200« 63 XW* ♦ aa Swiff, The, gown, Vol# 11, p» ISO# AG Hatton, A get? Viev of London, Vol, I, p. 41. _ ■ of I, P# 70 amt, &w t vol. XC* 2. MB* S mwatley, KSgm.lt> ?• ?• 209. “• ’anilton, A., Ccooins oT Count pc Granaont, p. 429. to the canal Wat Cl built straight across the Park fron east to wst* Charles II wa® bora in St# Jobos’® Palace# - ; s ph® am irnund Valier# $♦ Thorn Drury, Mo ; Mlnburgii, 3MB 9 p* 37* ueE as WiTFTn 1705* This is the language used by one writer to describe the view of life inposod on Londoners for the 1<: the Restoration* 73 "Evelyn’s Diary* Toy 10, IG54* Pepys’s Diary, S, 1607• It should be observed that ?o:>hall, wEIcE we the popular prcmunciatlon of Vam>hall t is used to designate th® place of the MW Spring Garden* Bl Drown, ThosT, .Musegents* London, 1700, p* 54* One noed not fool undor to cite Ton Brown, but it is worth observing that ho my have sot a tradition by which Judgment of hie tIMS WB influenced for the future# ~f jits, p* Wb ilton, o£ Count go p. las. 86 87 of fhc Kw ox mW woyk has boon attributed to ■ ’ '' ? . ' ■ : ' ' . - . v a' ■ J v j . . / J ■ . .v; the theater• "Here,'’ he says, 'the colled the Tit, contains the Gentlemen on Bmahes; and on the first Story of Boscos sit all toe Ladies of Quality; in the second, the Citizens vivos and and in the third, the oohnan ... oople and Jootmeni so that between etc you are as nuch diverted in viowin ; the eautios of the Audience, as toile they act । with t object of the Playi and the tools is tot to the greatest advantage #" $$ : acky, .< •1, PP» I®® ff* CHAPTER III -- THE RESTORATION AND HOW IT AFFECTED THE LIFE OF THE TIMES Charles IX is conceded to be the foremost patron of comedy during the period of his reign# -afore, have no thorough understanding of the conventions of Restoration comedy without due consideration of how the Restoration and character of Charles affected the tiße-s, and how he gave mcour* agenent to the ri . -ss fWW whom he gathered about him# The situation in England in 1660 was far from ItMtiO g too often cr: neous or misleading. Be Cavalier® had triumphed over the Boundhoad®, and the discipli * negation under the Ooi'monwealth had given way to license. The natural assumption, therefore, would 1 mat th .'alleys road* h - ' '" ■ • ■ X 1 / ’U ■■ i deplorable state of moral laxity. /md such Ms been the picture as given. by historians and gossiping diarists, especially in regard to the noral conditions* But the • tocracy, although greatly impoverished., did cone bach in its splendor and privilege* M This assmbly [U Convention P&rlianont of 1660] in nine months, w says Trevelyan, "restored not only the political rule of aMtMent ml ii . . • ry caste mt ancient custom, ♦• roomed the functions from WIW the lx* loyalist or Presbyterian opinions had so long .J WB BNMBt According to Green, the whole Jr x x' / • ■ “ xd in cu instant, SO that, all that was noblest mt best in Puritanim was whirled away in the current of the nation’s hatej mt* in manners, ms flouted as a Mt of the detested Puritans* "Those passions and tastes," as Macaulay expresses it, "which, under the nxle of the Puritans, ... »• hy public for the nation, nauseated with ; ' K 9 lo for a tine with ccmplacenoy on the softer and Vid * And he state® further that the . , fom* ing their opinions . the hypocritical signs of codlines®, the sad colored । V look, straight and Mwking, smt up a general outcry against Puritanim from every corner of the klngdan; and that the alcrcy made war on ochim with so much that they had lit* tie leisure to make war on vice* G »4w#* cays Courthopc, 11 that, whatever happened, an end Md cono to 9 the aid furitt urchy, and under the auspices of a kin?, oay, witty, and a lover of art and lc' etain । in a fori or another, there would be a brilliant revival of Court This lack of restraint in the revival of the life of fashion was attributed not onlv to a reaction from a strict fwitanlsm, but also to a more inttnato tanee with continental standards and to the low moral char* •actor Charles IX, who, it was said, desired to sake of London another .Varis or Versalllor® ' " ” ' ' 1 » : v ' . f that the model to which Charles and his courtier® looked Ml IMMI of winners ms the Court of , but he adds that the Court was for t a per- fectly self*containod society, and that whatever manor ' - . copied by all the wl J dlowors of vogue and fashion* ?t Tho mere fact,* says "’iold-ntratford, °thai los Wig to all intonto and purposes, a frenchman fboiny ho says elsewhere his mother’s son], enabled him W tenpor the growing insularity of his peo >le by exposing his court to the rays that emanated from Le hoi soleil, Louis XIV of France, n but, he continues, "it would be a mistales to tall: as if Whitehall, with the culture that M* noted from it, was nothing but a snail and aheap edition of Versailles* The ranch influence was powerful and fructifying, but it did not break the continuity of English life# We debauchery that had cone to be associated with the Cavalier party had been rife under the virtuous auspices of the Kartyr King, and ws due to the gradual decadence of the Elizabethan upper clean, or rather to the lack of concentration and discipline which had been its wealmess all along# In a sense Rochester and hlo fellow gallants rcro the last and least estimable of the Elizabethans* It is equally true to speak of them as embodying an extravagant and temporary reaction to ‘-uritan strictness# Sven then we haw not stated the whole of the case, for they are, to some extent, the forerunners of a wry different age and ideal, the genteel rationalism of the nW The ago of Louis XIV in n rance, it must be ms 9 the age of 'olioro, Racine, and Dossuct—a period of i great surface decency* he c ■ ■■ : • ■ ■■. ' ■ • situation at th© beginning of his reign, I rIM for beam© temporarily at P• r f -f o f . • ’ ?/:* of his house, the heroic ; of hf . . . ‘ i . ■ ■ ’ ■ ■ ' ' . i । <'.' ' . ' • states further that XMOMA M© in iminent danger of sinking under the tyranny of a sueoooeion of mall M ■ " '.: " ■ i ■ " ■ ■ ' ■ . ! deliver the country from the dmimtion of ■ ' bound together in a ■■ diate question of dividing the spoils, forgot old injur* season all disputes about reforms which were needed, Md stood together t Cavaliers and houndheads t Bpisoopa* Grebbs t in the interest tl < I ; . ■ I- '' LJ & M received so isany person of eonfldenee frean all classes of people favor was so nearly unanimous that he could see no IM* son he should ever have laze WIW box.. , ; .l by C.y 1. f continuous, magnificent pageantry* "Hany from all parts," । "flocked t" ■ on to see hie ontrio; but A* W« was not there, but at Oxon, where the Jollity of ill next norninp* W ' s cctly mad* Tliey wore freed from the chains of' fnoss and confusion Which, the bresbytorians and phanatiebs hud upon Hen thought, alrymplo points out, that all they could do for the son was too little in reparation for tlw nurdor of ■ . '.c ■ 5 av' t ■ no f , .1 11 ■ ■ the cordiality of his roeoption, B to have forgot the injuries done to both* But the onthusiasn could not last* Bvon though / \ ' ■ ■ ■ . ■ ■ll - ? in M * in 1 , in religion* and in political power t ■ bortowd upon yet* midst these proaieinc /. £ people, I lurked the fruits of past dissensions* and W / future 7 « Briondo of the constitution saw no republioans would not rollnqulsh old prinoiplesi and tlicnsolvcs* their rank© thinned by wr or inpoverished 4 in m longer ml ted • cavaliers Who had • all Wi k •'■'.■ 'nt of each others oharaoters, Wile ©w/,mn mg confident of his own, would not submit their sentiments or son-* • Mm competition for royal favour a:.-.' latitude, between old and resent services, and between different degrees of sufferings in the cause of royalty, nt a time# when every ma thought his own services and sufferings the greater' . 'ill ' ■ ■ ' • • «• inattention to /any of the cavaliers who had .■ •■ se«r« lost Mtn . ' • ■ ’ause officers did not receive the favors that they had expected# The carelessness of the Ming’s personal i ’ his lack of MWKWi added to the dissatisfaction# Sone 1 :,'acoord« ing to Qa»mnt t that Whitehall was not consumed by fire from heaven, Him ■ llllgrew, and SMmf WB suffered there# who had the to assert that all mrried nen in the ulty were W -'s, and an Weir wltob painted# on February 17, 1C62, Evelyn as ‘n his lUsr this night end the a 0 day fell such e storm of hall, thunder, ant lightning, ■ ■ • seen the like in any mn*s memory, cspec* V • •• • e also kindled at this tta3| so exceedingly rar OocVs hand against this ungrateful and Wieioue nation as 4 Court•" Pepys found at court things in a very ill oondi** tion, n there being so nuoh enulacion, poverty, and the vices of drinking, swering, and loose waours, that I • And. again he finds "nothing almost but bawdry at court fron top to bottom," and only an indiffc ' joy in 1 hearts of the people, who are much discontented with luam * the court, and the running in 9 ■ Li ■ ' ♦ o- a ; ■ ' can eay what colour we are? for wo consist of Old Cava* Id Hound-Heads, Indigent-Courtiers, and true Country Gentlemen: t ■• ore the nost numerous,' and would in probability bring things to some issue wore ■ r not clogged with the humorous uncei'tainties of the St Found-Head waller to the house* for they each of thorn so prejudices against the other, that their sitting here signifies nothtog but their fostering their old venom, end lying at catch to snap every advantage to r down each other, though it be fl -tion 0 10 their country*" Finally, ’’that uhich above all things made the people uneasy in themselves, and jealous of Inee, was their sentiments with regard to • These fa 11 ■ ■ ■ • were accumulated upon the head of Charles II*" 'Cid of to • I W evils attributed largely to the Papists, war, fire, and pestilence, wre char god indirectly at least against the IClng • Swing his flight from Woreeeter t Charles II in disguise moved on to Bridport, whore he had agreed 1 meet Wilwot in due tine* He found the town In Lon of fifteen hundred parliamentary troops, but ri to retreat and leave Wilmot stranded, he decided to go to « He found the yard full of soldiers• Bl wont blundering lata the enclosure , lend* Ing his horses through the middle of the soldiers, and reached the stable without detection# Tills ml a score ■ ■ • | .'■■ ■ 0 ■ ' ' ' I - 4 If - ter to remark, ”Charles Stuart, King of . ngland, alias - ■ ■ ■ ■ h ■ ' f - e age a very good run for its money, as he has done ovary sincelt has been the habit of people without '. | to ' ' ' 1 ■ . ' ■ ■ " as a debauchee with a corrupt court in a iwofligate are# traditionally > ho- hue been pictured us indifferent, care* a in temper, given to levity, forgetful of all his . was unable to reward them all, oereno as a philosopher under the loss of his crow, extravagant, devoted so much to pleasure as to • o incapable o I ion, uneducated, negligent of premises, crafty, slothful, lewd, wr I in t< . uafWgiW Ing after the first act of indemnity, partial to favorites, unjust and ungrateful to Clarendon, ill-behaved in vtch ’ ' ■' o( : , y ) ' I 1 XI the act of toleration, suspicious of sincerity or chastity and wonen, steeped in an ©non" r of vice*. Such is the view of Bishop Burnet, r;o y: ■" n r hand said that Charles had the art of Mteing poo* fond of him, that he was certainly the best bred -■-an of hie ago,. that he was a good chemist spd understood uoolwiics and physics, navigation, and above all the ash* ■ . . . - lay, “from that school [the experiences of early youth j Hi sec , ■ I ■ ' ' ■ ' ’ "■ ■ ' . addicted beyond measure to sensual indulgence,, fond of sauntering and frivolous amusements, incapable of self* denial and of exertion, without faith in human virtue . desire of warn, end . t sensibility to Hume, Green, and other historians, until ver:; recent times, followed and Clarendon and the prolific memoirs of the Stuarts, as did L:acaulay, and have sole ax Sap or ted c r o 1- ♦ conwijouo:/': • ••? symathetio* "A Wtostf 1 * he says, sharpened by his I3sfortunes nor by his ?oro when restored, is such a shining Character, that it is a Reproach not to be so daoled with lt| i not to bo able to see a fault in Its full Licht* It ■ . ■ . ' influence . - & . ■ j ■ ■■ . ■ . ■ ■ ■. ■ I " ■ ' . ■ » I ■ I■j'r| ■ | . ' ■ ; ■ ■. . ■ ■ . : ' n - e ■ ■ of the m , Ipcl a nobility* nuny of I■' ■ ' t' * . ■ ■ . . in ■ ■ ■■ 11 ■ . । g ■? I : b I ■" ■ ■ ■ lis .■ Me favourites tat loss influence upon society in general I 1 ' ■ ; I - . ■ ;'■fS'. b I . ' th* t *tta mrohrnts anr c?o k ® . r?' protections than their U ■ . ■ mri ■■ ' . '*■ ' ■; ’„ ; A 10 Id tec one lai conditions of London or Ite Court wra worse In the reiga Ox Chiles IX than they bat boon for tht past one Icuplc;g ■ i?t> ycarc r IM cause mat bo found t . not in the Indutaoe of one MB or a m&l but in the reaction against the negative anc austere 4 fMi t the tw great contemporary historians of the taiga of Charles II t Biol • Md the Mrl of Clarendon t often hit wide of the narh ... p ' tiooaliM the conduct of Charted* measure of an orthodox fi*otostant t and CXarontoh. used minlstrator of state* was neither of these > nor did he uc >1 tian of Ming either* world in dealt r.o ■ ■ . I r ■ w ■ 1■ ■ ■ co '. □ . I cion " I I . . After he was gone f papers were found in his etTMg box declaring his adherence to arch, but thooe •ora ar co# i olio ion to chiarlas ely an aoadmie w&tar* and he favored Ramn > j " ■ . . ■ ran ' l ' ■to a - la ' ■■ w of practical politics tton tog rote.. BntiSß# Li for ' he did not worry about that* If . .■■ . ■ c a ? j tt ■ ।. / ■ i i < :... . to which society vex exposed; if he saw the t I be taken and tow to take it as a 3 '• tood wry wH tiro principle . . . 11 • " : a ‘ ys, tho Other the use of ulnis* had doggedly persisted in the tl ax? ' t 9 * aa rales O iron-olad an ly Od P&t Mt cxadco to tto a.X ‘ < . / ’ 1 . > ~c vita the will . . t ■ . . • . « . . • L . ' • / ■■■ '■ . , ■. ?■. a r# . 1 1 that Stories tod nev ■ a foolish thing or • ■ a ' 1 • ■ ■ ' ® wittily ttot, Wwe l -i ' ■ . .. B■ 1 . - 'MI I x 1 * ■ ' ■ w . WbOt he could only WF 11 .I Wl ■'■ a.. ; 1’ ‘'l ' c‘. ■■' 7 - t ' 11l ' ■ ■ ■ ■ : : * ■ ’ ■ ■ ' ■ position with reference to his ministers l£Mderdale in . ■ ■ 1 ' ■ ' |' « -. ■ ' * ' ' ' i 3 ■ $- 1 ' to suffer. Becent biographers ant '*' . ; L. '. „ • ’ ' ' 1. 'v ‘ . . ■ f . ■ ; t■ ■ ': . \ : - : a ■ , 4 ' . ■ * '■ ■ ■ ■ | . • •.. . ■ - • . .. । ■ ■■•■ ।■ । * - against no »n # w says Winkmter, "’have charges of MM* been noro freely levelled f and against iW loss ptesibility, Clarendon apart t there inrhoxce of his tawing also* ~< :: : ' • ' • • ' * & was faithfully mrrioa ont nn cooa m a, > a < 1 ' ' . . ■•' a ■ ■ .' ■ '■ ' f ■' i ' a' . ■ ■ ' i t ■ r ■ & 13 ■■ । h ' ■ Pt) WUlt to declares . IfWtg *lf it . ■ . ■ - ■ ; ' J. .. . ■ . . xl his court#*## SoorcGiC I .. . ' . ■ f . . '. 1... X ■ ■ ■ .j _ .. . . „ . - ? vQO ■ ' 1 ■ x « ■ J ' ■■ J ■ ■ ' m ■ Illi • . ; ■■■ ■■ I ' . . । •■ g wuld never got rid of MB ~ ' ■ .• ix' . ■ Bl | . •' ' M'' y■ ' x • . . . ■ . . .■■ . ... 1 i i■U .. ' ■ : ■“ i■- • ' $ u c m Mm 1b a shamefaced swt ■' . * 1 teriMA iMey the tunrts, p* 332. aaular 3 ' of . 5 ~ j» » 3 ■ vol# I v P 9 • A w wingfield~stratford, E©e f . _ British Civilisation, London, 1920, WT. 11, p 7 5 * • . « '* J ’« c L g M • land. Vol< p* 23. 8 ?. 9 WW»’» Mary, "ay 15, 1682. It is aat moult 1 point of View* awemtible to a fine piece of gossip about Lord Ohcstcrfield, an’ day before the entry was made he "sat talking an hour or • will hoop ctill rlth ■ I । ill not, for I lov * Wile* ■ On another occasion he sner of two "©nours" that he himself had had on a funday morning, eons in ted in attempts to hold the hMto Of WO la- dies, consecutively, at church. Pepys, as w Mow t ms not a model of domestic fidelity# *» in ffidlm ‘ ? xL ' I» p. TErTL' ''[”■ ’ tIo? 1 ryj . 11 . >le t 2E If P» -i o K«« 7—1986, p. 130. 1 Burnet, Gilbert, History of Bia. Oy :i>: t London, 1721, Vol. I, pt 311. M vncnulay, History of 7W^and t Vol* I, p* 136* • ■ • . "" ■ * • in Hobinson, • •.. KlGtgry grcmM* etc*, Hew York* IW| >»Wi 1 ■ t■ r । > * . ¥ ■ J .. . . , , U • " CHAPTER IV -- CHARLES THE SECOND AND HIS CIRCLE OF WITS it ms no new thing in the days of Charles 11, but the Restoration gave its characteristic quality to It M a thought of from three i\ £ intelleotual, 11- । and social* 0m can, hommr, --aw no sharp distinctions. In its intellectual aspect, wit is steely acuncn or qpichmss of perception, and as meh it is not affected by 11 itatims of tine or pls.ee, In its literary aspect, the of wit is determined by the standards of lite. . - of view j is c erent thing in am age frai shat it is in another * Socially, wit affects the behavior of those who profess it in accordance at th the taste batl tines and the 1 tel ted group effected. In th© analysis that follow we are concerned the standard of wit, prhiarily its social aspects, as it affected the thiid;- ing, the conduct, and finMly the camSa of the Sam toratim. Jolin 7 oche in his woncernim I loan says ttat wit consist© in MB ammblnge of ideas and in putting together I qui cimess mid variety those ideas xticrcin MB be fa imMM or congruity, thereby making up pleasant pictures and agreeable visions in the fancy* Bis definition increased the elghteei century essayist and elicited from hia a full dismission in The Spectator (ho, GO), in which ho says, is, I thinl: f the best and noct phil ..'count ve over not with of wit, which generally, though not always, consists in such a resemblance and congruity of ideas as this author mentions* I shall only add to i • af explanation, that every rcsmblance of id* that which i o cell wit, unless it be such an one that gives delight and surprise to ler* tees two prouor* ties Mm essential to wit, more particularly the last of them. In order therefore that the resemblance in the ideas be wit, it is necessary that the ideas should not lie too near one another in the nature of things; for where the lilconess is obvious, it gives no sunrise# •• hr* LeoM** account of wit, with this short explanation, comprehends most of the species of wit, as metaphors, similitudes, allegories, not to a, । dreoß* tegwatlw writings# burlesque, and an 1 tto wthete of On the other hand, as the essayist points out, ' wit /io recon* o and congruity of letters, ns in anagrms ", doggerel rhymes; or of single words, as in puns and quibbles# 1.-ixed wit would consist partly in the re* sonblance of ideas and partly in the resemblance of words# The seventeenth century writer, therefore, could not as* tabllsh the reputation of a wit by sheer cleverness in Ba of words, but he oust ' * . ■’ 1 A fittingness and congruity of ideas# A noro concrete definition of wit, and one giving more of its social qualities, is offered by D: • Cmson# "Wit and Learning,” he says, "wore the children of Apollo, by different mothers; Hit was the offspring of Duphrosyne, and resmbled her in c tiness and vivacity; Learning was born of Sophia and retained her tion# As their mothers were rivals, they were bred up by then from their birth in habitual opposition.” As a result of this parentage, wit was daring and 4 -ous, and thought nothing reproachful but dulness# novelty was its darl? | 11 that was non to it was acceptable# Ait 3 the essayist goes on to say, ■ " ■ i ? ' ■ \ ■ ' ■ ■ ■ •' <. ", ,-y - wit oiioo t had a son naned Satire, who frequently shot at learning, Lhen those children of Apollo cane to earth, theaters were built for the reception of wit, and colleges for the residence of learning# Dr# Johnson makes no specific application of the thought to the wits of his own age or the procoding century, but in reality his allegory pictures very definitely the wits who asscr-blod in the court of Charles 11, as we shall see* England reached a ripe old age tertog the inter* regnum, and with tl ■ -ration youth ma to have his toy* Charles saw young non of quality, says Bishop Ikirnct, who had something more than ordinary in then, he drew them about hin, and set hh.iself to corrupt then both in religion and morality# According to one historian, bailor, Cowley, Hilton, Butler, in fact the older non of letters, gave place to no long ttol to a younger generation of wits WhsM comon characteristic was herd-heart* ed, shameless, swaggering licentiousness« Enough per* haps has already been said about the personal character of Ghorles, but it is significant that he headed a group of ' men Mo wore swept away by the spirit of extx*a* * joy that overspread the kingdom, and who in A nbando ' M youth did many things that were rash and many that wore wise# Charles at the time of his accession W thirty years of age, Mt might have been ejected to be sobered by hardships and hie share of sorrow; but there is nothing more certain than that he maintained throughout his exile and in times of utter failure the spirit of optimism. and an unMakabio good temper# tor to there anyth:" • or® fWtato than that, whatever I -terity My hold, he regarded hi fine gentleman and a wit# George Savile, Aarquis of Ballfax, who had an intimate acquaintance with Charles, has left a careful, if not universally satisfactory, account of the character of Charles*s wit and converea* 3 tion# Be attributed Charles’s go-called laßinoss to the fact that his wit carried his thoughts so fast that □y wore apt to be tired and to faint in the drudgery . of continued application. Bis Mt W motorised by quickness of apprehension, good nature, affability# It ms a wit not very much raised, but ”a plain, gain- । SU* ommending kind of wit# n Abroad Charles had acquired the habit of conversing fmiliar- :g .Allusions upon anything that gave the least occasion, than was oltogether suitable with the very Good-breeding he shewed in MB* other things# The Company he kept Willet abroad, had so used him to that sort of Dialect, that he was so far from thinking it a Fault or an Indeconc , that hl o it a mt tor of VM could not prevail upon H IMB to join in it. As a. i.-an who hath a gewl tomaoh loveth generally to talk of ‘cat, so in Bhe vigour of his Ago, he began that style, MIBh by degrees grew so MtWBl to him, that after he cosj to do it out of Pleasure, he continued to do it out of • Halifax, inclined Mag Charles among than, to think that they could not show too groat an aversion to Kg and that helped to encourage unbounded liberty of talking without the restraints of decency* In some degree Charl os Mt to loosen the strength of his nit by his condescension to talk with men very unequal to him, for wit must bo used to sono equality, which will give it exorcise* This condo* Ml* AH* it pl- 9 MM serious-minded MB the impression that Clmrles was not mintulning the dignity of a true prince* And this fo.ct led Halifax to hotter suited to his Condition . ' ored than The tit of a Gentlman, and that of a crowned Heed, ought to be different things® 1 It IMB IMP spirit of co ndo occur ion, affability g familiarity, and good nature that led Charles to gather about him a group of reckless, boisterous, brilliant young non who cam to be know, as the Circle of its, £ who are variously described as dilettantes * fashion* able fr'no inn ting r comps g brilliant sinners* It would bo ai “:rorth All* to naw all the MAo composed this company* ~Hon* hllligron,” , Mm Mitog non.® Wi ■ - > ' h ' lord Buoldiurst, John WOMt, carl of hochGctcr* John carl of Wigrave $ laotwood । sra of Charles II • in the private apartaente of his favour* • . i Hb all of these wro IM Zinr.*® in tM of the *tuteMM of arts* — or in the apartment of vic or in that of * 1 , A-" '.A :' \ , ■ , X < V. J . £ I'■:'' \ ■ □ x xuhe of * yC 3 ; x -i 3 ' I r I ,iu/' ' ■ "io ■ " ■ . . S . . - "i ' ' .. , * or of the privy pwme bM rosiotrar in the oourt of Chancery t who ms itolmMy edueated in lover of valuable picture© and fine horses; . - ■ j ■ ■ 5 . 1 ■ . tefwAg. u retir*d to lwiG’S on the . . ?t t W a debauchee and end atheist, a gmt companion with Charles Lord : hurst, afta -t and Middlesex, M&r Ils* and’ and Charles Berkeley, "a young mn of dissolute life, and prone to all wickedness in the of all sober menand, according to Burnet, "without ■ ”• visible merit, unless it was the nancming a of the Fing’s emirsi" Henry ■VI la , woihtf \ifax, •liB 1 . wtioned a . od abroad, presmably, and had a thorough knowledge of French* Clarendon regarded hf Wls| but condemned hin for IdenM and presumption^ 1 * He took part in the Dutch mrs, as did sone of the other wits, notably Rochester» He was sent in 1673 as envoy to t Louis XIV, and, according to Wood, ms visited by Floatwoof । . id others in Faris, • drinking and perhaps whnt is worse, w The men of th© group who gave most color to th© life of the Court end inspired the greatest amount of gossip in the City to© IMokinghm, Btherege, Dorset, I -ter, the first and oldest born in IG2B, the last and youngest, in 1647, n Xf George Villiers, second Duke of Buckingham, the disreputable son of a -op-Plc father,* says " rlstweter, ? hnd uc-t vrlPPoo The Helmml. It would bo difficult to find a circus* stance to record in hi® fsvour»«». It is by his play, . t 1 । . . ■ ' . . ' . ■ a esteen of poster!ty*" ms not only older than his conpani one, but more hardened in iniquity * Thore is no mre disgraoeful incident recorded than his episode with the .Pari of SOwewbury* Md yet his con* temporaries were drawn to bin in strange fashio • liar les WB indulgent because the first Ihta had been a faithful servant of the first Charles, and because Mckinghan himself had enlivened the exile of the king* Durnet says that he ms of noble presence, great liveliness of wit, and had the peculiar faculty of turning all things into ridicule - bold figures and natural descriptions* He adds, ham ver, that IMchlnghan had no principles of religion, virtue, or and that •iven to pleasure, frolic, diver* sion, *W that ths min blane of the ill princi- ples, md bad morals, ms wing to the Dita of Ducking* Of hi .'Lrendon says, n His Quality and Con* .' "■ ' Op POB . iroo.' 00-oo- cation, the Dxtravo IMI of his Hit, unrestrained by any rodesty or MLlglon# drew i/ersons of all Affections 11 and Inclinations to like his Cmpany#** The Countess of Dunois asserts that ”he was born for Gallantry and nificenco, in both which A ras’d all the Lords is of Court . nX Bo was of that band of - Ge Longe# wicked than Shnftosbnry, less coarse than Roohester, he ms stronger than the x’irst, and far IS more dangerous than the second# M Aside fron his trench* ant satire, as revealed in The Rehearsal, his wit con- . : . . ' . - . : • ■ * . .. • riot of confusion In Wl theater when an actress, in a B ■» ■ - W ad is I A:o'"at ' Buckingham arose in the balcony and spoke in a tone audi* bio to the spectator st KB be great ■ I all# A typical example of hie $ "Ships of five hundred Tune have been built here [at Ipsw|oh]| yet at loir Iwr th© Harbour is alnost L . ■' . . . at tMs .. Mi -o ' ' ' ■ ■ • ■Lt I.' . " 1 > . . \ ; ' ■ ; . n:ad * ' .MhWft/ ’ .-ly wn his way into the circle ' : . . . .... » I b ■ ' i S■. t. .■ ' ■ '. . I ■ •" ' " ■ 'I 1 ■ ' ■ ' ■« ■ । ' & • I *t. 11 ft ■'' - . • hh « SIMM is a tradi* ' belnc refused entrance v, . ' j . $ -> r I le ) * |so severely that he died of his wants g and there are sane .- ■■■. ft ft Is ■ / i ' I . . is a ' . ■ * ■ ig With wh® they won’t . . Is ae fail’d, their mnner was to a ' ' ■ » ■ 1 , ' 1 ' .. $ '.. ' e plain’d af iha Mi ’ 1S d ' /' ' . , ■ ■ ■■ ■s ' ' ' ■ ' - and was known as easy and gentle George, ”a mn of nighty courtesy and delicate address.” Burly in his public career ho held a government post at Constantinople, and later ms ambassador to Hatisbon and Vienna. A discussion of his writings is reserved for a later chapter. Charles = aokville, arl of * orsct, ms born in 1638. lie ms a nan of long and noble dosoont. Tter an earlier life of ar. a Ghanber* lain frm 1689 to 1697 • lie introduced mny trits at the court of Charles, among then Fleetwood Sheppard am doubtless o W cording to Burnet, a generous, good-natured, and B I mn t and charitable to a fault. Rochester ranked him first among the nits for pointed satire. alpole regarded him the finest gentleman in tho court of Charles 11. Like the Otb .w, he TO .. |MW intrigues and bois- terous escapades. Hie contmpox’arics were lavish in ir praise of aim. of Dorset; I hanH Booh,” says one, ”or uou’d treat (at large) of his matchless Poetry, and show how good p ho is in the nest substantial and valuable Parts of Learning; •tis to him wo owe the Birth of several Ingenious locos'; mt all he advances, is wll bottom’d, solid, and yet lively, and grave, as well as uhlliUFG. Ills Discoursas, arc the A-W- M Kind mid Temper; and sone secret Charm, that In* spires all to s ' ■ a vc in an 11l Humour; the Serenity that runs through ther, the wrir Passions of tlie Peruser; and to*a all fin f cl with Ideas that are cola and Pleasant. The Statesman w or Poet, appears in all he writes; and every Line is a Vein of Oratory. His stilo is mnly tmd fine; and sheni’d a Tan venture to give the least Sentmce a Turn, to f d perfectly spoil WWd. he*s 3 Conpleat Stateman, a Hirst Rate la p pl a Peer of gro< '. ■• As already stated, one of the characteristics of nit, according to Dr. Johnson, we its daring.. Xn their behavior, as well as in their writings, Sir Charles Sedley and Joto uilnot, second Lari of Rochester,, co* bodied this quality of wit. They swept aside all thought of decorum, and ran into every MKBBSW of exeesc* B* cording to Oldys, Sedley "lag a mn of Wit and but too meh given up to the extravaganoie ‘ ; o» tanneries w°& wre so fashionable among the other Wits 3 7 of Fortune and Quality in those Tines.” In company with others he would run I M down the a■ • .. □ all , e dgi in fights, break windows, for the sheer adventure of distu.. the $ annoying the watch* n Miang other numerous frolics related of Sir Charles aecloy, that took place in Juno, SMS* ho I in company with lord Due Wurst, Dir Thoms Ogle, be* at Coak lavei*n t in Bow street, Covent Garden, as recordathony food, is * / ooont and blasphemous proceedings there raised a riot, wherein the people became wry clamorous, and would have forced the door next to tho street open; but being hindered, he and his companions were pelted into the room,, * and the clows beloir I broken* ■ is related by Pepys and’Others, Sedley on. this occasion stripped himself naked ant I e balcony of the 1 ■ undertook to preach a ac era wore sumoned into .court’and fin..:- , odley in th : . .. . *’ - * . < ■ I appointed, sir Charles desired W« Henry KilliS3«m f and another gentlornan, to a»ly thmselves to his mjosty to get it off; but instead of that, they beg’d the said sum of his mjosty, and would not abate Sir Charles ■j ■ two-penoo of the money**’ Rochester, the yo tof the nite, received his msterh- fron Oxford at the age of fifteen* At Oxford *he gained all the mowledge, the Gaiety of the Tinos, and that universal I of Joy and Pleasure Wish spread over all these fortunate Hands at the Restoration, would pemit*#*; till now, he has been laying up a Fund for all that Spirit and WOg ’Which afterwards ws the terror of KWMif Fools, and little motenders of all Sorts, and the Delight of pa ichop lurnet in •he Honour- able John, _ _ ■ .' , 11 and in . ; 11 and well-nadc, if not a little too slender, exactly well-bred, natural and mdeat in behaviour, vivacious, - ' ." obliging in conver- sation; that he had a bold ■ ' it of fancy, governed by that he Md a violent love of pleasure and a disposition to extravagant Firth, and nothing diverting that ms not extravagant* * Wit he had, n sayn Hoverend Parsons, w so rare and fruitful in its Invention, and withal so choice and delicate in its .Judgmnt, that there is nothing noting Conposures to give a full Answer to that Question, what and whore 22 •copt the Purity and Choice o ‘ Ao uitn, ..oohontcr ro Joo tod Bryden, Crown, Settle, and Otway, saying I loath the Babble* ’tie for - ■ ■ ", Or sme few more* whom I mit to Approve ny Sense, I count their Censure Fmc. Rochester died in IGSO, and with him, if not because of 'Ac > ' 3 ’■ ' with nhon he had associated passed out of prominence. ., n says Pinto* ’’wan now drawing in on the original company of 'Cits. At o, indeed, remained true to t irit $ 1 @ fraternity* 1 ' ' ■ ■ a i ’ . . Eian to the end. ****** But Btherege, as w have seen, spent his lust years abroad. Half of the group had died by the end of the century, some took a more serious turn, and others WIB upt into the politi b * The m of .'its WH broken u), Wt Mt before b‘ - / hoO. hlished a tradition that lived noli into the o:ly eenth century. Alons with the i ' /tioularly on ■ W a mltltuCle ■ ■ . ■ ■ ■ - • • i ■ ' ' ' « : .. . ' I . tO WS g, even mUants» pie, ere indifferently used. t: . . /ne wi/- O* , is thoucht by |W to be the oomter* part of hie am Sir Feeling Hutter, *i& sew respects nised the confusion in the Binds of of his contm* ”1 have often laurhod,” ho MM in Uta StaH* cation of The Ass inaction * w at the ignorant and i*idi~ 0 ishioh bow pedants have glwn vrotches paint lewdness, utheim, folly t end all manor of oxtravaganc ■ I « ?ary references outside the dram which gIW a reasonably distinct Ml ter in late seventeenth century SOtMW* Coapony say be divided into tw Claeses, n says Bontivoglio? °the first of con* jfr, f/tty BO on the t 34 Wuld-be-Vits* n Aad in leads pto this statement, he says since bilVs is accounted the Temple of the Ml, Acre all poets and wits are to be initiated, occasion lias arisen for its being pestered with abundance of false pretenders, who rather darken tlian heighten its former splendor• 1.0 of these -, 'he continues, thmselvos by Bailing both at French Writers, Am they understand, and at those 35 WtUsl ■ i ■ .mot m • Furthermore, among these pretest io who repair Vg, MOB have nothing to depend on but quibbling and punning; others make themselves conspicuous by dis* turbing ingenious company with their accounts of MW Garden entertainments and bawdy stories« An anonymous writer declarer, _ yil, wherewith this Sao: holo [the Coffee-house] is haunted is the Ao- n M< ; he values hir ' mainly for tho town, and indeed knows most things in it IMt arc not woi*th knowing* The two poles Aoreon all his discourses turn are Atheism and Bawdry* Bar him frm being prophone, or obscene, and you cramp his ingenuity**W meet with others dally, n says a I don of the female sex, n that " / .. . .... .: ’ . b ■ ' ■ , ' ■ ■. ■ i ■ • The type of fop just described w in the min the pretender to literary attainment* but there two « The lover-fop had on idea that ho nicM vrin the affection of the ladies by an elaborate pretence* and so he studied and imitated the fashions* in dress was the natural result of this ... $$ ■ ' i . .. < ■. . 1 Sb < ■ ■ • f a > ra.% or mi onomous fleece ■ ' « j ■ I ; . 8.. '1 ■ ' «*«« lover to possess the reputation of a ‘ The author : * ■ } ' . - ■■. •' : ", '.- r: ' i •.Ijb s It $ m h■tl ■ W ' ’ .. > ■ ' ... ■ the 'oor Tom has been troubled too lone*** A "taring | X -lains one lady, n how handome, hw tall t hem wll** | hw niaely his hair is curled| n ' part/’ the other replica, W I detost the ■ । a I a - ■ ■ i ■' । ■ . | L ■ t ■ . „t* cd of hlnsolf that lie fancies all wenen must necessarily love wi B ri । ■ Kt bin on account of his £t& beauty** "There ■ cane also to Will’s sene Gentlemen of . never so ugly; Md WBBB the place only the better to gain the Favour of Ml ladies in this Town, who orc »»«• have of late ridiculed these Beaux upon trio Btagßt which I meh wonder at, they being a sort of inoffc H* bred Beoplo, that never Quarrel with any Body, except their Taylors and PerrlMg-mkers." A contenporary writer i ■ . I intelligent WM these fan* tastic lovers either as '•conceited. tfeeee succooe greater than their rerit, and fallen far short of their Vanity and I’resumption, or a sort of ill* bred, unthi" I * MJ H Bg BOW b >* their Habit and Boards The author of The acmtlocmls Library feels a great aversion for this type of creature* "There are such intolerable Pons in th Id,’ ho says, "that seeing, a new- ? ; hoc, s will look upon their awn and Blush, and can no longer boliovo thm* Mlwg dross *<h t . of a which they preserve a vacated Paste; Laugh with or without Reason, because either my they shew the V'Uitoneso of their Teetht They sot thei: ■ -.ths in order for the deception they lev -./2 2a . ow.. ; '■ A no ■■ '.gaging Turn of the IZoad, and a sort of Gwoetness .and . ■. '. ‘ , to sot t. . • >lvos off; fa \ . Caits srs contrived and artificial, and ewry stop tShey ttlx borrowed fMt fa ■• t ’it v e, and liavo soue awkward Pretence to but they are so strongly to good Lense and Deason, Wat I had rathar seo an honest nodmtod with hie Girdle of rw vp Guts about hh>u n ' finally, there is the scholar-fop, . w ThO worst kind of mong 3 endowed with a very mull share of comon sense 9 and have read a great number of books without taste or dis. tinction. 4 Again he relates a story of how Will liad ’spelled several words# Will at first 11 Ml the matter off, but, pushed on all sides, he declared with a little passion that he never liked pedantry in spell* Ing, and that h* spelled like a gentleman, and not like ■ a scholar * n Thcre is no fop so very near a mdmn»». as a poetical Mh*i OM of these übiquitary wits### ms entertaining the company with a soliloquy#s for so I call it when a man talks to those who do not understand him#### Pedantry proceeds from much reading and little understanding#”• Tills eontmpt on the part of the true wit for the pedant not only espressos the traditional rivalry between wit and learning, as rcvoolcd In Dr# Johnson’s allegory, but also accounts for the satiric tion of the pedant or virtuoso in the comedy of the period# In the foregoing ehuptern an attempt hrs been Mt* to give a brief but conprehensive view of English society in the late sewn toe nth. and early sixteenth □cntwies. It lias been the writer*s ain to Ms* this stotch from non-dranatic sources, but of course, being forced to use sone secondary material, he has cited cartn in authors whose opinions haw been in flue or less by the drma, as veil as V" tor - . ; - to?ice 9 and Benoirs of the period* Host attention has been given to the society of Mt for the reason that the coredy of the Restoration reflects primarily the foibles of fashionable life* Ue have found that the Restoration period was one of great confusion on the one hand and of activity on the other; and that, to the increasing prestige o. ant class, there ms a shar » of cleavage socially & si the City on one hand Ml the Town and Court on the other* Ue haw reviewed at length the fashionable life of the times, and haw seen how the restoration of Charles II and his personal character affected conditions .politically, socially, md morally* he liaw semi hw Ms wit the ccoedy of the period with a view of finding; (1) vhat wre the features of the new c upon this of fasliion, and (2) That part, specifically, the wit and IM fop played in the ccoedy of the period* • ed# 1817, Vole VII, p. B# 8 IMA., Vol* HX toy aMMUMfk » • * _ xrhs of C-eorgc bovilo, PP* '■ s ; alt 1,11 W ’■ ' "a "’’ " .. ■ — - I" * Hi (« ■ mn that ma pmfv wr teed in a Court... \ . ■' - - ’ ? - aw nan of business I over i pw o reason for it, ' ** MM ' : ' < ■ .? ■ '• ■; . ‘ I ; I ! „ Mhenae Ownlens is, XV* p« 687* ' wm* • XX* P» &U - i <Wi Tine, Vol< I, p# 99* 9 V ' 3 , • ...... 10 Biruot, Vol. X, p. 100• Life og ■.: ; .pa. 1959. Vol. 111, P. 702. icooirn of Bnnlanc, London, 1708, 5 * H Garths Late Giffard, Mg J# G* Longe, London, 1011, p. IMT“ 14 t 5 • ■ - • • ' ' ? J ; Dunton, Joto, The Life end of John Dunton, London, 1705, ■ noted by V. de L. Pinto In The Life of Sir Charles Sedley, London, 1927, p. Sl9 18 urooiont* mltex* ScoW. n* _ •. « ' * pA so© lVrmond*B life of- the Xml of in The Sorias of the ■ -arl of ’ oeccoon* one i. orsot, o. K» t?\s of the of foohontcrr'', — KI . ?IHw, J ■ < • _____ seKUy* ■■. IMS - Bentlvoglio, Letters of Wit* golitickp and ; orality (im) , p* 216. 1? XW. * :>• — ’actor of a Coffeehouse (IC7b}, p. 4# p« 78* lUstory of Vol* XII t p e 899 « * LWuivogllo, Of Ill A politicks ana 1W iilXf Pe ' 2 . Ite • j Library* Anon*, London, 1716, p* ; ' “inra] Lives of the foots, London, 1763 (Vol* V, p* 287) W i : T of fun nook is attrib* uted to Lewis Theobald* The however, is given as 1722, R* F. Jones in Lewis Theobald*#! tea the passage without convent • MR "poctato, oft. Rr G. A. Aitken, Vol. 11, p« US.™ - p* uh. WTbtW cd. by . Vol* V, >« W# ~ ‘ ~~ CHAPTER V -- THE NEW COMEDY OF FASHIONABLE LIFE It is not the purpose of this study to go into the antecedents of Restoration eowdy; to find out, for oxarrole, • xy r have bora by the intrlf’ue Of the ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ • ' ■ " A " ‘ ■ • ’ - u.— ♦ frankly borro’ • idea# in gone measure from the Spanish and the French for their plot mtcrinl, characters, and style, and for the last even in greater l other Latin toiters# But to put a great deal of slgnifiom< ' ' these borrowinys would be to go afield, of ■ ■ g ■ re< ; ■ ' ■ ' ■ ■ . Ise these nationalitios or to portray and fools# If ngliahman la node to imitate one- ■ , language or manors, it is usually In the spirit of affeo* in-tbo character that imitate# and condescension in ■ :.-os# Fust as the ./riorossc, for Whom ' auoer shows respect in the main, spok© boarding* school "Tone'-, so • . ■ „ 1 ■ rtmdO| had learned her French of an Iriahao at B.wy» ■- ■, - husband for his daughter HippolitQ, in the judgment lita, an ill-contrived, ugly, f. , the Spaniard in The m » " ■"' ' *i make you look like a groat, 1 sled—long-Zriah-Grey- «K , reaching a Crust off from a high shelf/* Such at* ion mat have boon cannon in life as well as in the i ■ ' ' ' ■ ' ' ■ ■■ who value themselves on their Travelling and pretend they ■ French Phrase of the last dltlon: with- out considering that, for ought they Imow, w have a better of our own; but these are n ■ m Ao ore to refine us: their Talent is to prescribe Fashions, not WwdSt * ' 1 r .... lT.fl* ■ T-. atcreoro colllne.ro; for •tie hard if, amongst many insicTlifleant -teases, there happen not something worth preserving* though they thmselws, Indians t know not the value of their m ity* w .hrrthomorc, as for incidonts borrowed for piet«sWuoturg| the Bnglitih wre never servile copyists* A Trenclsnan, Wit** urd to th Mg soys, ”11 net 1 at remarquable qua mSme en traduisant en anglais lea auteurs olassiquea at strangers, on les ait nationalises. Jos pa* triotes, par la force de lour individualism© independent, ont mania rudement meme les auteurs lea plus impose nts, ont garde lour allure anglaise* he mot ’englieiser’ eat un synonym© de ’traduire, ’ et cos outrages sent ’.nglished, ’ dans le sens le plus exact du raot;... tout a ♦suffered a , ’ a ete en traversant la Manche, lo ♦Canal Jnglais.’”s says of his own practice, f ’l am tax’d with stealing all my Hays.... ’Tie true, that where ever 1 nave lik’d any story in a Romance, hovel, or forreign Jlay, I have made no difficulty, nor ever shall, to take tlx© foundations of it, to build .it up, and to make it proper for the English Stage. And I will be so vain to say it has lost nothing in my hands: But it always* cost me so much trouble to heighten it, for our Theatre (which is incomparably more curious in all the ornaments of Dramatiok roesie, than the French or Spanish) that when I had finish’d my rlay, it was like the Bulk of Sir Francia -rake, so strangely alter’d, that there scarce remain’d any Plank' of the Timber a first built it...< I have farther to add, that I seldom© use the wit and language of any Romance, or Play which I undertake to alter: be* cause my or . ention (as bad as it is) can furnish with nothing so dull as . is there.ln his address to the reader, DhadweH says that he to _ _ ipcr i re’s LtWare. added so much,” he says, however, •that I may coll nore then half this ; nd * it has not suffered in my hands, nor did I ever know a our F-oots, that was not 1 ? ' by Sh&dwll goes on to say that it was not barre ’ i - Hon, but laslncss, that led to the bow Bharatiya and con* fesses frailly to his own guilt# Btherege says in the Frol ••. 11 : But I f m afraid that while to Prance we go To bring you hemo fine Dresses, Dance, and Dhow; The Stage like you will but more Foppish grow# Of Foreign Wares why should we fetch the sewn, when we can be bo 1” : r vh For U©av*n be thankt *tis not ge, But your own Follies my supply *••• *Tis by your Follies that we .Flayers thrive, AB the Musicians by Diseases live# And as each year sone new diste ■ I.3ns, those friendly poison helps to increase their fains t So ar-ong you t every day, Sum new unheard of Fool for us to Flay# Finally, although the actual material© of comedy have - Menander, there 1© little in pre* Restoration comedy to surgest the essential mirlt of t Lthoroge and Congreve. Dobree thinks that Shirley’s Frederick nay perhaps clai i to bo the ancestor of the prevailing party of fops and coxcombs, the forbear of Sir Ropling Flutter, and regards Hichord Brome'- _ 'ad Qc- O the first play in the Restoration manner, rut, as revealed in the forego ins chapters, post* os torn tian life, with Charles II and a group of young wits as the founders of a new, mart society, was vastly different from that of the 7 pre* restoration period. Rhe „ an breathes the liaawiw - BOgf ■ Mod street, and *hg Dear at the foot of the bridge, and not the lU’ht, gW air of Drury Lane, Covent Garden, and the Critics are < morally agreed that ftherege virtually founded a new English comedy, although Gaintsbury is w by no means able to acQuicaco in the Judgment which gives to Lthoroge and not to him [shadwell] the fatherhood of the a ■ -aau-eightoenth-contury ty of mam* 8 « furthermore, because of a tradition that Wycherley Iw in a '■ bod at the. *a tlay which von Itn flz't; . s r in 1671, there is some doubt as to when L'ycherley began monodies* Internal evidonco is cowl'nel'G , Lowever, that Love in ung* If not wrltten f certainly o revised shortly befoi production, Priority of one or another as to the fatlierhood of the new oomdy is of no great .importance, since it had assumed anything like a definite fora t Bryden, Htherege, Shadwell, « Hot only have recent critics eonsi< ion. । but centmpororlea wore de of ;; £®ni®al . .ova: a :c siyc to his critics, th© audience, ■ Author therefore beys you WU*I forgot ■ , Anl only th lair upon the moo Of writing* whilst y*QTO Censuring his Play# fountfort, in the o "Mdwoll* A Frolic and Cookwod. yet wro good and now; And the ?lain-dealer f and Sir Fooling you Have seen, and justly haw applauded too* Our author some new humour did produce, But look not for an unexhausted cruse* The task each day grows harder than before; For as good poets have brought forth great etore, of no nonius, with much toil, IM sweat for spoil# Cherie® Gildon, in a letter 1 ■ xr 1 ‘ " *- play ' : " .J A ...Xst - Al -- . ■ ’ ' author not only for his variety of hmouro and chore I । but also for their newness# • । '•' ■ । ■■ : ■ • ■ ' founded by nthewge? The question be SBSMWt both ♦ . ■ ■ r I Wt one of its riddles is presented V claim of agic dr ;■ * ' ' I ' - V . \ J ■ ' . ■ . . ■ ■ vices ant follies of the tines• Sto&wll gays in the pref* I B 1 IS in it, to • •• s o IMI 1 -to leave to dissent fron those, Ito I g to insinuate teat the ultimte end of a foot is to & t, it Oorreotten or BBiruotlmt ■ ' ■ & ' : । : ■■■ ■■■ I ■ . ■ i ■ ■ ' , ; ■ ' ■■ M* "' | serie, Rto beams Actors, and the Actors an Audience: seeing a Floy begun in the Fit, the Actors wo bound, in fall*«♦., " ■ • & Ing of Aops cr : । atetete the helrn of logue to the sme play, he says, To revive teglK tel" .'Bl 3 - ■' ■ ■ ■'■l I OB I 1 -■B f । £ B 0 ' " "• toato openly declared their diss-: • ■ .L I , " ■ ; . . ■ ■ ■ । • ■' •lay shall be ~ I- ■ ■ o, *lf these Gentlaaen understood either the Original, or ' ' -'■ . ■ ..: ' ' ' ' ''''" ' " ‘- ’< : ''' • ■a from 1 . 10 vice, ■ Uy, by exposing then*” JoHic ■• attack, Vanbrugh, <ien r ■ and bawdry in the composition of Sho replied, V I be* Hove y faith, there is not one woman of a real reputation in town, but whM it inporttally over in her closet, will find it bo inn 9 olio uill think it I . 11 □lf*** /nd after Collier’s attack the dramr 1 ■ who |W fire, except Dryden, steadfastly naintained ’ r ' . - , however, to def encl caaedy on moral grounds wore futile, and oir defence# Ue cannot giw our assent to < y/aio Ito* ody seriously designed to ref ora manners The did haw in mind the sane thing that tlio ccr.\.\ /. ‘ .? ; i ■ ■ | 8101 , ■ IX allies of the tines to public • clot of the nestoratiem, however, did not ooxx* cam hlnsolf with all sorts of vicco iM । h of tr . of fashion that lay between Covont Gordon and EMtehall* In fact, the characteristic difference botwon the oomdy of the Aostoration and oonedy prior to the BWt - B lies in the purpose of the ||M con* tur on tho one hand the uit, - o person of quality, tho nan of parts, the fine and on the other hand the fop, Ifta* 1 1 = is the mn that affects the airs and c . wit* This purpose of the conic dramatist to portray bio life with these tw predominant typos is re.. ' ■ n-n L ' 9 ■ : •; ' .■ . c r ? '. . - porory theory* Charles Gildon in a letter s ov. ■ o. that _ Pleased on, and would continue to please as lone: as Wit* and Plot should be esteem* od as necessary materials to compose a good play* ’ The of wit to the drMB led, of course, to the creation of the wit character, but it is noil to rive $ ■■ tent ion to tho use of the tom and ths importance attach* ad to it in the period under consideration# 'rowne says, rt Ewry nan thinks himself by Birth a Wit, as every span* lord things himself a Gentleman*** author of The .. . ' ' 1 t ' ' ■ ■' ■ certain than that every m wul mid. 1211 BXI $ Byaar.* ho says, *ar© tw Qualities that reo* ■ end so • . . t tue lien in three to bo met Mth, Wo do not pretend to one or the other of thorn: Md yet their Pretences, seriously o^imin f d, are either founded on Impudence or Affectation. AT OPt ’ 2 ' ■ T '• ■ ■ '■■"xr WIM dBWy rlt, Mt IB deepairo of it hirwclf; and Mo has $ /• httf qwr t Ml to 15 True Wit must be free fron extr n neo, and characterised b -out, nodoration, and pood sense. Mt MW a bright ant | i* nation, BBd above all things Me • a of polite conversation, the very soul of Mich in 16 re car tee and raillery* ‘ Attention has already boon called to Dryden l a st a tenant that the trit of his predecessors was n „, t niat of Mt ycntlenan under the influence of OMrlO II and his Court. And he states in the same connection that the language, wit, and conversation of his age are * and refined above the last; that Den Jonson, when he aimed at wit in the stricter sense, namely, sharpness 1 ite meanness of expression and was s not free from the lowest and most novella Am of wit, called clenches; that "the wit of this age is much MB courtly," as bo proved by viewing the characters of gentlemen which wore written in the last ago, for, he adds, in the Wim* was Ms [Jonson’s] piece; and ms I . 1 M :ind 0.. a 0 tlonnn with an allay of Gauntry: t * rc r Lorti■ .. - n■ ■ , s ।. ■ & course, is drawn, not from the Imowledge of the Town, but Molt and, la rts IB would bo a fine Gentleman in an University, j > th© 1 of his shill in his aorcutio„ and he said himself, that he was forc’d to kill him in tho third Act, to prevent being kill’d by him# hut, for ny part, I emmot find he WSS so /is a persons X see nothing in him but What B that M iSight have llv*d to the end of tho 21ay, and dy’d in his Mig without off once to As the application ■ the tom led t ■ creation of the wit character, so the application of hmw lod to the creation of the fop clmracter, although, as to shall soe, tte application was noro extensive then that. Says Stadwll, A Imnor is the Byas of the By which i7ith violence ’tie one way inclin’d: It nakos our lotions loon on ono side still t And in all Changes that way bonds the wiH # lB in tho dedication of The Virtuoso ho says, p j -our of tho Honors are entirely now; and (wittout vanity) I nay say, I ne’r produc’d r ;dy that tad not so tural Humour in it not represented before, nor I hope never shall • Mdo I count those SMB a • . many do, that is to say, such as consist in using one or tw or in having a fantastic extravagant Dress, as many protended Humours haw; nor in the affe n of seme French words, which several ..lays haw shown us. I say nothing of impossible Far co Fools, which some intend for Conical, who think it the easiest thing in the world to write a Comedy, and yet win sooner grow rich upon their ill Plays, then write a good one: nor is downright silly folly a Humour, as some tata it to be. ■ . he argues itot natural imperfections are not fit subjects for comedy, since they are not to be Imghod at, but pitied; that, on the other tand, the artificial folly of those who MB not coxcombs by MtUMf hut with great j ..a in* dustry 1> ■ : Ivos M, is a proper object of remedy* ?f Those alight circumstantial MitMt* &e continues, Mentioned before [ ? by-wards, ' ' »] 5 . ■' ■ ' ■ \ ■■ " " / ) . ■■ ' ? . tation, ' r:m in M > Mts or re, or that causes defection in MM» and Morality,. or perw. ’ otions o m Um< b Ghjidwell often In bin greases his indignation ■ B inability of his err - fare© and humor, and denounces the rabble of little people who are mro ploesod with Jack rerh' -:. ■ soundly kicked M having a custard handsomely thrown in his face than WiM all the wit Mt humor in plays* he higher sort of Babble (as Moe My be a ble o y fine people in this illi' J are more pleased with the sKtravagant and imnaturel actions, and or: • - > r.- -ho hit in the tee ♦. Thi t eMWßta* to the understanding of those M»4k* MF Aperies, Wit or folly b- the '■ •••• Bat for a Poet to think (without wit or tM# under such a Habit) to please wn of sense, is a presumption inexcusable (HMt writers of the MB MM held moh the ease view as Shadwell* *H is to Jion Ml M owes its &* Ba* j ;Accrxbs; o in her MM Dram never & a Part; she Ms Ml Ml* " ie al' iof a iMn’s own mki<H M applying Talents otherwise than nature design*d, who ever bears an high MMMB* for being put out of her Course and 20 never falls of taking H avenge on those that do so* ’ M ■ Wi® MM Mil in his distinctions * e MM* MM is neither W*| UM Polly > Mt ersonal Defect, nor Affectation, nor Habit; and yet,*, each, and all of 21 these, have been both written and received for Wiour.” I as regards affectation, b 1 it distinc- tion is not so clear, for he says, f *Affectation is generally mistaken for BMW* Those are indeed so much alike, that at a Distance ttiey my be Ml . I one for the other. 22 w Nation in another,” fM character of Sir Daw in gho sclent Wwu for WWM* bt OMhi J® a charaotex* of affectation. He every* □re discovers an affectation of loaming, when he is not only conscious to hlsMlf* but the audience also plainly '- s, ' ■ ■ ■ ’.. . ■ Ing in men, Congreve would argue, mho were really learned would undou * at last defines humour as *ft. Aar £ aavoid* ner of doL anyth Peculiar and natural .to one Lan te Midb his speech and . ; pt long are diet intuit j. those of other rxn n : and adds, Hight think that x the Diversity of Itaur, which nust be allowed to bo different through* out bankind, might trxUoso mtch is not the case, n for the’ we al* low every ban sow thing of his CTO, and a peculiar Bwmw| yot WW MH has it not ii rtity to le Ml by it,” • Although the according to Vanbrugh’s the* ory, would seem to play a part in the dram than '. would have him, yc Ma very well agreed on definition* W* "range the Town for Comedy," says Vanbrugh, "vig* for the Follies, the Vices, SB WB* itiec and the IMssions of Mankind, which 1 M Mt every Day, In short, the Co ■. the □atyriGt <ee But to confine our salvos into as narrow a compass as w can, under these thre- ids, vi%« Folly, ijiuvory, and Love, w my not improperly Bank the whole A - 24 Charaotors in Cmedy# 11 . is totoking of those things as pertaining to the lives of of quality is show by his onswr to d*ermy Collier against toe charge that the Restoration dmmtists Md departed frm tradition# ? ho WFBy t? nightily offends this divine Author, vi%» Wst SW make our Libertines of both Sexes, Persons of Z-lgure and (Mullty, ,■ an, and Ladies of Fashion, a fault utterly unwaotto’d by tooiont ■uonce and Plautus hie St. little -po -Ie» this is so far from a fault to OW <icn, that there’s a : ity of those Characters, and a Ver* tuo to that Choice • For as the greatest end best part of our audience arc Quality, if we would mho our Comod les Instructive to t' sing of Vies , we wot not lac Vices of BwUg to w f Vanbrugh states further that the Court libertine must be /.•con of Mt and honour, md have all the scampi te men to . ■ ■ and adds that Court ladies re- ceive no visits fro© ruffians# Following up hie claucifi- • lon, he l । Fools we my di\ into three Masses, yig# the Cudden* the Cully and too Fop# The Sudden a Fool of God Maightlo nuking। the Cully, of Han’s m&togf and pa the Fop, of his own making#” Among the knaves he MS a villain, the usurer, the cheat, the v -, Uy, the flatterer, and so on* MMg the lovers he mentions the vicious characters of love, and jpM M his defense against 101 l lor. n Por the third Fool/* he says, the Fop; this indeed of all Fools is the M»t I the Mta wants n rill to bo M* . la learn Wit 1 le of it» The Cully indeed *• S lo of being taught hit, but sclam learns it, ti.ll he lifts too noil pa.id for Ms XsaMlftgl SMftttMS perhaps at no less Pric a hit la*.*. Bat of all Pools the Pop is the blindest; his Faults are his Perfections, whilst he loote upon hlnsolf as the Compleatest of Courtiers and Gentle- MB) and by that mans MMM • MWt to bo cured 27 of the Fondness ho has for his tawdry . It is to Im ’f MWM* that Vanbrugh *s classi- fication is not altogether satisfactory, fw Ml HM are not entirely differentiated* : ' : — ■ : G ■SG G; ■. r . G contorts rovoals these factor first, the mn of nit raid oven of hmour, accurately conceived, is himself as nature 28 mm# Mg whereas the fop by his art or industry es> coeds nature a I I . hiih he does not nos* MM* Illustrations are IeMBMB in the *Mg particular* * ly of Shadwell. Gertrude, answerinc We# (. proseion ■ • trad f:. - ,^Xc t ©aye, A apc no ouch contempt for the conaon People: Aioy sone ~ ac, aA have no Ar* or Affectation; and there are a thousand Fops SO nude by .Art, for one Fool by natureUildsh says of Fro* Anntact, mst eonfoes, .. cm her one Good Pace; but by her nost inmKpportablo Afuon. slsn. An : ;::?ca/s • ion, beomi’ ■ o t n and A ' , . ' ' ' ' ' " A A - A■ i ■ C . O’ . A ; : ■ -'■ ■' ' ' ' s T • ''■ Canposition# He is very Me»| - , full of Pams, and auA~ of Subetmeai all Ceranony, and no Seme: noro trou* A\.?;, • P.. - \Ap tA:-:n a . peasant with Ma Aa.vAncec* ‘ir LAG -r ?:o upq A?q op* SO gellant Pops in Consort# 0 Blunt and Teresia are in con* versation as to the relative Berits of town and country life I Blunt < They live not here the Life of WWre| ’tie a A "A Av । “ » : ■ ■ / 7 ‘ ewr . ■ '■' ■ ■ ■ ' .. one, ’tie FAfectation, uhioh nowr is Mtmg Boasts**! Young Fashion, seeing Ms brother Lord orrang* ing his garniture, says to Lory, ’’There’s that-. Fop now, I not by Nature wherewithal to move a Cooh*raid, and by that tIM these Fellows have done with bin, ’lead he shall melt down a and of the sam gentlemn Amanda says, "Now it novas ny Pity more than m I th, to IM a Fan whom nature has made no Fool, bo so very Indus tri* 53 ous to pass for an Ass« ?? /-ll foppery, therefore, io regarded as a kind of hypocrisy, and, whether in religion, politics, morality, or social life, is fit material fen? pleasantry and ridicule* Second, fops in sone degree ore almost as numerous as mankind, for M 'MI has his own peculiar taMMf >et M IM is fit subject for comedy, as distinguished BB farce, unless he is affected in some direction to a remarkable d o* And even then the nit of the author must give sprightlincss to the picture* Characters must not be described xdiolly from life, as it wore from a sittinf s . Wt *tis certain that if we should do so, n says PMdwell, n no one Fool (though the boat about Town) could appear pleasantly upon the stage, he would be there too dull a Fool, and must bo liolpcd out with a rreat deal of Lit in th© author* I scruple not to call it so, First, because *ti» not your Fool that is fit Character for a “''lay, but lite sir __ "- ._ , r x.., A.. J; Ax» • "■' Mtt telSh, airy that are 34 any length, f M hxtonooro discourse of the tw Mttioat •on :. id tho ijcone but coldly received by the Ist felt this of he? the offset,.the fop In the play he mhos none nonchrlont ■ f tlinn ho r in real lifo* .3 In ST the mpty corners of Ms Mnd, « @hi s, i s □ ? . . a . ' . , But you arc ne’r in danger of V U n« re transcendent for being W«*« Bic- - ® : m tw .■‘/ - ■ ■ i ' I & ' . their v I XtWf 2?or the tel is, "'pp is frunp# is shorn, in the second place,, by his 1 Y B' ; ■ '■■ < ' « " । B I I ®■ ' ' • ' ■ . : 9 ' . a faithless and 1 • It j . .' sting age to virtue, ant th© world !• a great broth©!# It la an imoral age, ant lacking to th© and ' . * ' th© coco, Id very well pleased# Ws» Caution thinks that *th© Children of this Iga W hilc .. a I. ■ c •: not inform ’em I 0, the fatal Liberty this matueradtog I Uteß a young Uom>” W o©®B> replica Hippolita, *<o not blaspheme this rassuwadinc < 3 Ute an :□ halt teoha by living in Garden* or Bh© ha© boon tura out of tho ■ Ito* upon a *Mb a aot like Ht leave it G 7 ni that do# ? ’ London is grow a vic an uneasy theater of noise# OiitehalX is that BabyXcm of wicltodness# In their of for to t© of the Hestoretim, that is, mice it fit to wWi proconceived notions of Aat ©onedy ought to b© ? WIMM have often be< abuse, or w ostonua- tlon, and have iMMBt the chief claim that Restoration comedy tea to a conoiderable pte literature, nmely, that "the Wit of the Cmposuro,” as ttetete declares, test not the Vice in the Cm)>curc, Gives Life to the Comedy.” Having accepted the age a® : and immoral, tet ' ;ultured and > । fined, the conic dramatist lets morality Ml of it* self, and undertakes to draw a witty s?:otch of the tines, using the tentete of surprise and pleasure, & he calls wit, and the affectations and distinct peculiarit of non, teich he cells humour# finally, the purpose and point of viev of the comic tfSMtiV* Mth respect to the life of fashion ore show by the choice of settle. r regard the plays •.orege and Wycherley as typical# Of the twenty-five scenes of The CqsUpal .eve age» three are laid at the apartnents of sir Frederick Frolliok, a fop of insuppressible good-nature and on excellent forerunner of Sir Poplino; eight are at the residence of Lord Devil, the father of Graeiana and Aurelia; three are at thl hone of Bich, wealthy wlf ' } end S&i of Lord Devil and the lover of Sir Frederick; throe are at. the apartments of Cheadle, a sharper; one is a street scene; one, a private garden; one, at Lady Dawbwoll’s; Wo are tavern scenes; and Wo are in the field; and one at Covcnt Garden. Of the ton scenes 0. ... ' if Oqat&# five are at t' 1 ■art- nents of Sir Oliver Coclcwood in st. SWeet, a » London fem a saason, in* quiring whether the Wine is poo , --c : j IB a sot in I Bitty '"" mt of <yentlemn*lilce recreations; one is apparently at the 4inMg*Mem of Courtall, the leading wit of the ploy; one la the Blberr? ; r •I■■ ■ ' ' ■ a at the lodgings of Dorinant, LthercGo’s f inost centlemn <n< Wit | three, at Lady Townley’s; two, at Wtt Love it’s, Dorinant’a oast*off mistress; one, at the aportnenta of Lndy toodvll, mother of Harriet; and tw t at the I ■•11 • M . ’lay*© Low© in a opct ay, . .. . ; ' . : 3 . P ■ » ■ ; :' ."' " ■' Vincent’s lodrincs; one, at Christina’s; one, at Lydia’s; 3 1 ; ' roaebite’r. a no-be* tnoen; two are street scenes; one, at WB IWI , fmous ordinary; one, in th© Cid Pall Hall; and one, at * ■ Zor 3 ©lx r :y-~ • t ha B midWß ■ ”an old Mah Spmish nerohant, WtWMd Iwk>, much &" c t ■■ : ■' ' y.y . Hlppolita; and one is at th© JWnah Of the twelve ' Gz '• ■• ' .J.:-, : jto four uro at th© apartment of ’ ' ?e’s, the husband of 1M» Eargery, a woman as unr Wt as but m the way© of the wicked city; one, at the Kot Exchange; and one, at the 2 event Garton# Of the nine scenes at Olivia’sj c - , v s; one, at Westminster Ball; as and two, at the Cock in Bow BtWtt# By way of swamry, we find that of the n. ones of the seven plays of Ethorego and Wycherley combined, sizty-fivo are at private apartments or resit g oi arc tavern scenes, including one at the Eulberry Gc .. ordinary, two French House, two at the Cock in Bow street, and one at the Bear in Drury Lane; two ore at Covent Garden; three Sl© street scones; one is in a private garden; two are in the field; si:- Park; |M the : all; one io at Eulberry pardm; two are at to hew change; one is in the Hew Spring Garden at « t -ostoinstor Of the placel tMM scenes which can be definitely located, all are with* in the fashionable district of London* ". test reprec I > be the hamts of fashion# I'urthernOTe, forty*nlne of the BBS i# veto I, nt the .□ of people of quail- ’ ' seven ."c a basin for tlic further consideration of the Al use She Wu*d if She JouM (1368), because t first, it was Witten ' ’• nd er of the now ty ■ ■ 43 new b-no” ; third, it wac considered by as ■■ ■ ; ; * Ie to in tho fall, after Mviny. spent-the previous oumer ;o idon, Sir Oliver 30ck%700d, who thinly "a man had better be a vagabond in this Town, than a Justice of the .Peace in the returns to the city seeking adventure, and takes up lodging in Str Jones*a street at the Dlacl:* Posts t n v&JST® wo lay the last SumerUe brings with bin Lady 9oc!wood, who has cono to on joy the freedom of the place again, and Ao, under the veil of spotless honor, is / fr. * In the empany also is Sir Joslin Jolly, kinmmn of Lady Cockwood and neighbor of th© 'a in the ec , t ■ • Honour#” Joslin Me brought with ’ i tiest kinomen, heiresses of a very good fortune, Arlo© and datty., sly-girl end Ao ”have left the benefit of the frosh Air, and the delight of wandering in the plea* sent Groves, wry pretty things for a you: b ' a®an to loss of ir i relish of the good things of this world#” All of those are lodg* ed with the Cockwoods at the . ar with a scone in Cmrtull’o Ginizioroori# Oourtall and 3'| • ■ 5 met Ariana and Gatty on their visit of the last fOBMPg look in vain for w adventures, .-o ”follow th© 02? two of rpod ipargundy, that our old acquaintance nay look lovely in our byes,” Forthwith. Sentry, Lady Cockwood’s gontlowanan, dropping in on har n W» ftchmg** an* . • ■ • 1 -J-■•'u a absent but bent on redemlng the .a, fr: . MJ MB I J ■ . . « HtW and agreo to meet on hour at Oh kouso, vdxore they will din© tocothor M and be swing* ingly nerry, but With all secrecy#” IMmhlle Curtail and i yreonon* But did not the Oafe talk of two young Ladies? U . . 7. C lißc JU’t, 1 twilT’To very necessary to carry ■’ ’ business with the old one* that w»:r to t . .> . . - qua inted With thm# Gentry, hid in a wood*hole, having 'heard the conversation between Courtall and Sir Oliver, tells Lady Coctoood the* there is not meh another Wil . -■ town as Sir Oli* ver, that sho Ms arranged the affair with Courtall nueh to the advantage of Lady Cookwood’a honour, and that Sir Oliver ’♦has engag’d to dine Wil * yirtall at the CroncWioiwe, and is bringing Sir Joslin Jolly to get your good Mil; when W# Courtall has fix’d f m With c Goor-glaon tra, he intends to steal away, and pay his Devotion to your Ladi* Shift* Ariana and Gatty hear sone of the conversation Wat follows, scent sone weighty affair in hand, and dee ide to ■ put on their visards, unci oath some harmless adventure for themselves. ”But, n says Ariana, w® do, prithee now let us re solve to bo mighty honest* n replies Gutty, V I agroo with thee*‘ ,? Perhaps two hours later Cour tall and Freeman, walk* lug in hulberry Garden to take the- fresh air and wear away the effects of wine, meet Ariana and Gatty visarded, and are so. strongly impressed with their wit and humour that they ore filled with genuine admiration* Pte girls on their part tiro equally fascinated by tM , .oe to nect t • again if they will prouisc to visit no women in the « pM**i Od Wi ms t< French house to look after sir Oliver and sir- Joslin, and Cour tall ■'.: ■ y * pits 3 ; ' he ct , ■.• ■<■ 11 excuses himself after agreeing to meet hex’ the next day at ton o’clod: at the MW IMftMf and goes to MM BM • Tn a short tine Sir Oliver Md Joslin MSB Mm in hr spirits, bringing Courtall and Preplan, and Sir Joslin, as ' is humour when drunk, introduces the young MB to AMaM end Getty. This happens in accordance with a plan farmed by Cour tall and WMMS at tM Wlberry Garden be* fore the girls arrived, but tMy do not escape without a sharp reprimand for breaking their vows* fhs next day Cow tall arrives early at the het? Exchange, and with the help of Mi Gazette, aMM of one of the stalls t ho contrives to frustrate lady Cockwood ♦a ' . s ■ ' , ■ ■ ' ' a . ' a .. : ' ... * ■ ■ 7 } to keep up his civility, Bi later in the day# .Mana nl rat the : h:olKu:\o MM for tourtnll in his witty attempt IM tow* ’ -eanWile air '' ■ ' ' ' »' ■ * ' ' ' ■ * to bring a whole Mr ■ - '- ' j . • < . o* 1 ' ' 1 a la ; ' or* ■ ' ' zl r ■dl ■ after the last BMghVa t Wat he has only his pealWatial i la# tion too groat to resist, and starts oat With doslin to the Bear । the priq la At the Bear oc* curs a boisterous soono, Bl Olivor ' " . suit h si ch flmlly is b'?ou iit ■ ■ huniliated t and Lady Coctoood merges, WlW# is ttal Wtaai war ■■■ ■ -at to l’u ■lv.a-J al her intrigue With. Gour tall# . i ' ' s Uh . ; '.■ ' ' . ' to the WW Irdioo, c to e r- their aa;.cs to Gourtall and Weew... ' ig the mon to meet them in the evening at the Mr Coring Mw Ml WB MBB tine Lady writes a lottor to mot her at Gray f s Inn walks, on invitation that he declines on the of a of a buslnaßß that concern- both his Honour ant Tortuno. w lady Coclcwoodho ' 3 ? $ . ■ h go. to the air upon the Wtoz* •"?::? Ter?: ? , '?<■ - em& or two in the mw f. -Garden.” V/hen they arrive, . ened by the boldness of the ladle c in send Ing tha? Court. .’’rec. Yotw servant, Ladies. en, tc walk wltEeut you, as without our shadows*, nevex* we. poor ■ • Gat. If It should be our good ortunoc to have you in Love with WB । we will take core you shall not grow deeper* ate, and leave the world in on ill lwur.»« Yroe* Shall we walk a ten? SHe. By your selves, if you please. .ur ■’ put a const? at for I find you daily hover about these Gordens, as a '.lto does about » Poultry.. Court * com, cone, give over this Raillery. GaC To ?o Wat *WI a folly""© reprove you with a serious look* ‘ Court. “On my conscience.. 1W to fall you now we are awing to the paint, as a young Hollow’s that, was never in the field before. Gat. You begin to mase no. ourt. -ince you your self sent the not £n"®nour fl; • Gat. Challenge! On Heavensl this cmflsrm a 11... ?ree. (We, Indies, you have exorcis’? your wit you woiTO not venture Loiters of meh consequence for a jest only* t* Lc ■ : bli B, what will this couc tot court. To that none of us shall have cause to repent, I ui?» Let us flye Slater t they arc Devils, and not wn, ©cy could never'" be so malicious olse.-G ac Ihe of 22 'A ■ 2 . ' 2. Il . ■ 9 A'' A 7 Oliver, Joslin, and. M:o*hell enter, drunk, ulngii 5 xn end the ladies Il 8 I"' " ■ J ? ■ 'l■ ' • c .. | ■' | . the -e, reh to tic courtship o? .r ! and Getty by Courtall and J'rwm, now that all aw fW emen y as they had resolved, and fitted ' as wii as ferteßS# fair proposition; since you 1 ■ ■ inclinations, ny Bister and X MU be content to a/Laa'• ..' ' . 1 ' $ ■ '. v” I* continues a nonWs . : ' ■ "■ ' " ' ' n | ? • . ■ ■ ■ | 3 * A 7 ■ ''' • '' j ' ’1 ■ ' ■ ' ' 0 ' ■ * ’ c ■, J a o2 s ", -2 ■ 2- ■ / ’rz /: ■ . ( ■ aits, since Bthenfp IN i :ori2Wily in eonvorsation, raillory, 0 • p. . ...... r 3 • • • • ■ ~ . ... la -ui ■ j ■.a ■ • of Hatta and Gattyj la t dialoguse H k/ ■ ■ ■ . ■ ■ a j I. - ■■ '■ .'. .' , " ' r . . ... M . . led to Give scst to tha ombat, is as delightd.el GO id. ?. . L.. \V.:.:d ; .M t ox ‘.xo Maae i '.■ aa X • Fair* QuagtO 1689, 11, 1, p# IC# , 3 i, p. 2. s , 5 ' A’ ** Sisson, C* J., Le gout public et le theatre al Isa be the in lUBqu t a la mort de .Shakespeare, P« 69* G 1671# 7 Dry&c : Hhtr tm my to this fact in An seay on the Dramatic 'oetry of the Last Rye, where ho say»i W X have always aclmbwledgea the wit of our predecessors, with all the veneration which becomes mo; but, I an sure, their wit was not that of gentlemon; there was ever somewhat that was ill-bred and clownish in it... how, if they ask ne, whence it is that our conversation is so much refined? I nust freely, and without flattery, ascribe it . to tho court; and, in it, particularly to the king, whoso eimple gives a law to it.... t Mis return. ' ?und a nation lost as much in 1 rln as in rebellions And, as the excellency of his nature forgave the one, so the excellency of his manners reformed the other. The desire of imitating so great a pattern first awakened the dull and heavy spirits of the . nglish from their natural roservod* ness; loosened them from their stiff forms of conversation, and mde that easy and pliant to each other in discourse. n .And in tho dedication of ‘ arriqpc a le . ode to Lord . ochcster he says further, *1 to inKT w anything in this play, wherein I have raised myself beyond the ordinary lowness of ny conedies, I ought wholly to aolmowledge it to the favour of being admitted into your Lordship’s conversation# .And not I only, who pretend not to this way, but the best conic writers of the age, will join with no to acknowledge, that they have copied the gallontrios of courts, the delicacy of expy- . .os of behaviour, from your Lordship, with more success, thou if they had taken their models from the court of J, . I essay on Uychorlcy (Zegmid Edition of Wycherley* Pope that Wyohartay lost his msory by a fever forty ye before his death, end that* after reading himself to sleep at night* he wild the next morning write verses on a subject similar to what he had been roading without tawtag that ho was obliged to any one- (Spence*s London, ' • . - ■' ' . * London, 1913) thinks Lyze in a \ emposau certainly after the great fire, Sobroe does hot htter, nor coll* >ll agree that H ms fl in IG7I. 10 Gildon, Charles t A Letter to lx# DWfeg, ote# This letter 1$ printed in Dn Tey’c ... . <. _ ;s ' ■ t# 13 Gildon, A letter to ... ?. J . Mater QmrtoySW TSsoe the Dedication of The Country Mt, quarto 1675* The. Gentlongnbs -Library. Anon., 171d t p« aid. (* 7Jx9j >r further discussion of affectations rrouTSF™out of humours sec post. pp*is3ff. s love. ;nrto 1671. 10 ibid* That the uneopilsticatod rmre not ac* Quainted mF the Wlt*£ spirit of raillery is shovn by 1 ake-hell’o explanation of his bruisoc nose: r Mostinc at the ‘ ? leoce this afternoon, I mistook ny .nn a little; a dull Hogue that could not understand raillery ? made a . ■ If She XV, 11, 0*10.) 17 Dryden, Defenoo of the 9- * * 18 co the epilogue of gio : ;uarto 1671, MB the M _ . Wi* o? 33 it Iman*® Mtomta >« 16 * oW norc 4 .wman 719:5, vol • TTi ,p • IGF • XW«< >« IGO* 2A Atiok Looter* Vanbrugh, l ; >7' * V" ♦ * If nature, however, did not give a mn parts fittingly balanced, that wan ms a natural fool. 09 1689, IX , iy p* 17# go %m»TT7 i, p. $• ” paarto 1 < , I, i, Sho Uelapso, -Juarto 1697. I, ill, p. 11. 83 Wrßn. p. a?. IxlTpVxww ■ . ■ . । . ' '.' JU Cwxto 16 7S, I, p* 10# , » 68. 'CS • 44, Note. , • 68. • 63. 63 , .112* • B* brett-aiith in hie excellent cd; of Ltherege (1937) says: w tta waiting for sane- thing that should represent its own imgeg and neither ■alley’s juvenile fCuttor of yplenpn nor ' ir rceiucl Tuke*s Danish Intrigues OuT xdydnfees of "ive nor )ryden # s curberoom 1 • ■ to tod W WW’ up W vWWt * regular in that it was a cmproSS® the heroic play ana the new erase conedy# 44 In the preface of The Pypurjsts (1393) Chadwell says, ’’lmperfect Action had U^a"toliave destroyed eho would if she could, which I think (and I have the Authority of sone ofnSe*"beot Judges In England for*t) is the best Comedy that has boon Witten since the koetauration of the Stage» w .. Courtail’s apartments are evidently in the neighborhood of Charing Cross, for Sotry loft the lodgings in St# d ■ oot and sailed at' Cour tall* a f as she says, 55 in wwy to the $« All the OtiW scenes of the play are definitely known, a© indicated in the ©umary above (p#l47)# 40 Oho Poula if Slip Cou*&. IV, Ilf Deferences ♦ edition, 192?* The earliest edition of the play to which X have access is the second, fu&rto 1671, in which the linos are a* , 1, L ■ . Porto of rur Klteyeo, Oxford* \ / ' R \ ’ O CHAPTER VI -- THE WIT AS A CHARACTER IN RESTORATION COMEDY .4'.■l. J. . ■ ■ '' ' ■ ■ ■' _ ' . £ . VO . .. ' ■ < U 0 . ' ■ . - /£ £ (1$S8) as a brollich o. . gmiaal Bg although ho had many of the ■ . . : ■. - . .. . ~ ' ■ . ■.■ . : i *a i ; . i such will have our further attention* In the first place, all la a ■ — leure and raves his tiue to love , . ' r .. . . ■ . . . ... to ■ .rt < ;?o yay rdf# • Met him about throe o’clock of a late f . c.y/ ordering. his servant to nah© "y his coar o about the term, aud eonplain* i j„■ .'. . . . . . | £ a ■ ■ be had* thin is yro® a WM| *lt w ontlQ-1 Id have Qono out of his Ohwiber, but MM civil Of fie or ar other of the (tan wu*d have been with him, and have given him notice Were ho have Md a oourso or two 1 Oliver and Jolly at the Denali House, trying to mb® Gir Jolly drunk enough to pursue his principal humour, nmelzr, to take him and freeman over to the Black-rosts and introduce then to his rich, nitty, and beautiful binomen* At six o*clock of r M afternoon ho is taking the air with Freemn in the "ulborry Garden, and there encounters two ■young wmen in visards who to him, as ho decides by their little mincing steps, 53 should bo Country PiHies that have been breathed at Course a Park, and IMrly-Dreak," but tongues ho finds as nimble as their heels* Balked by their invincible wit, he says to one of them, *Mt would not I see thy face for the worldj if it should but be half so good as thy humour, tlw«u would*st dangerously tempt Mto dost upon thee, and forgetting all shame, become and "I porcoi\ , continues WMMB| w b foolin that wit and good humour may make a man in love with a okanore*” A few minutes later Courtall is keeping an engagement with Lady Cockwood, and excuses himself most civilly to avoid her compromising advances, and after another thirty minutes returns to the Dlack~Posts with Sir Oliv Md sir Joslin, and there makes the formal acquaintance of next morning at ten he again most civilly eludes the pursuit of Lady Cookwood, and at the Mt has another skirmish of wit wi ' lana and Gatty, M noon he meets Lady Cockwood and the young Indios at the Derr in Drury Lune, tIWB he brings an awkward tangle for Sir Oliver and his lady to a peaceful adjustment, ■ .anagos to give enough attention to Gatty to confirm Lady Coekwood’s suspicion and arouse her jealousy and revenge ♦ In the afternoon he sees at least the latter end of a play at the King’s House, whence he is called by the porter to receive a forged letter inviting him to meet Gatty at th© Hew Spring Garden in the evening, and later by Son* try, lady Cookwood’s faithful servant, to receive an invitation from Lady Cockwood to wet her at the saw time in Inn walks* At six o’clock he and Freeman wot Gatty and Ariana, by chance on the part of the ladies, in tM Dow Spring Garden, and attempt to pursue an in* trigue with the Impertinence, if not the impudence, which -ir illusion and rakish Mbit of nind would suggest* Here he learns once and for all that, if he is to bo sue* cessful in this love venture, he must pursue his cow on the high level of honour# Three hours later wo find aourtall in the final scone reluctantly proposing marriage to Gatty, for, as Ariana expresses it, n ’Tis to as lit* tie purpose to treat with us of any thing under that, as it is for those kind Ladies, that have oblig’d you with a valuable consideration, to challenge the performance of your promise*'’ In respect to his life of ease, Cour* MW the other wits of his tine, but, al* ■. / M .as not the roguery of Bbmwt he is not guilty of the offc bf Colfish, or Love* less, or Heartwell# He doos possess the peiIWWBS of ■' . In the second plate t Gourtail has the gift polite cower setion, In this respect Is a forerunner of the fine genl fe c. . a * if I ■itorised by mat raillery, brilliant repartee, politeness, and ease* Smet fees it has a suggos* oarse . ness* lourtall is equally at ease in conversation wl SWSggWlng Sir Joslin, tho c y * I Jr Lifer . rs t CotMMf or scintillate in® Getty and Ar lam* The passages already quoted are fair «c. , but the character lotic raillor . r ? . , . .. . . : ; ■ I ...... ’ ' . .. .' " ti. t folleri:? the forrnl wotto-, and WWMI MW Getty and Ariana after the Informl swlisg ry Cardeni I know we shoul ■ )rise you, Ladles• Is Conjuring to be but a mid not believe th© Astrol low exactly he describ’d ’em, and how punctual he was in his directions to an jrehend ’ml Gat« Then you have been with a Conjurer, Gentlemen# Court# You cannot blame us. Ladies, the loss of our hearts ms so considerable, that it may well excuse the indirect mans we took to find out- the pretty Thieves • .Aria# Did not I toll you what men of business these WW| 1 UWI ' I vow I Innocenti;/ believ’d they had son© >rt* on- aperient to a Scrivener or a Ciwgeon, and wish’d ’m so well, that I aa sorry to find ’em so perfidious. . rhy, we have kept our Oaths, Ladies# :ou ©ri /©holding to Providence# it W o, Bister । for had we once been LuOu:into an opinion they had t< > ”.thful, who knows into what inconveniences that ©rrour might haw drawn us? Court# should you be so unreasonable, Ladies, to that fraa us, wo should scarce have hop’d for fraa you? fy, the loping of ones word is a thing below the honour of a - entlman# ./poo# '? ahlfti. fit only to uphold the a? c sultry Citizen# Here is nothing but plain English, polished on the tongues of ladles and gentlemen of quality# Hero is no artificial means of securing effect: no affectation, no punning, no oaths, no french phrases# It is not the language of the universities# It is not the / of Choapsido# Hut it is the speech of Covent Garden and the Court# lii the third place, 3ourtall ha® the quality of -Plaisance, <iieh, says Sir Courtly MW| n is the very thing of a OoKhMB* the Wing that shews a an/’ and which Hobbes defines as that which causes a nan to strive to aceomdato himself to others • In time th© idea of ill-nature becomes associated with wit# *A spite- ful saying gratifies so many little Passions, in those hear it, that it generally meets with a good heceptione rises upon it, and the Pan who utters it is looked upon as a shrewd Satyrist ** * • Tho Zll*natured "an*** exposes those Failings in human Mature, which the ot! would cast a Veil over, La;. os the other Excuses or conceals* gives utterance to Reflections which the other stifles* falls indifferently upon Friends or Enemies, exposw the person who has oblige him, and in short sticks at nothing that my establish his Character of a u There is non© of the malice of the satirist In Oourtall* lie is wcl -sed with M \ his own appearance, his own qualities, his own wit, and there is no occasion for MB to abuse others to establish his own reputation* He makes himself agreeable to others tlirough his airy, care-free disposition# He doos use dissimulation to accomplish certain ends, but he doos that as a matter of course, since he knows that nothing less is expected of him, and that his associates will dissemble likewise* Th© whole object of Sir Oliver and Lady | wood is to deceive each other, and to be friends with then. Cour tall must deceive them both, Oliver, as already indicated, his arrival in town rushes straight to Courtall to secure his help in finding * t assuring hta that in the country 11 if a am do but rap out an Oath, 'f a Gun went offoal us for Drunkenness, ’tie true, it my bo us’d without scandal, but the . ' ‘ . ■ > fear of being mde out of love with tho vico* K *1 see, Sir Oliver F* says Gourtail, t? you continue still your old hmour, and are resolved to break your ■ - " ad h " ' -■. it Min so barbarously OIIWM replies, M to let her taW all this; no, these are secrete fit only to be trusted to such honest Fellows ae thou art." Doth Sentry and Freemn are hid in the roan averontion is going on. After Oliver’s Mr parture Sentry is soon sent on her way, and JTeemn called frm his hiding: Court* BwgyS came, oms mt of thy hole; how hot Thou beenaole to contain? free* Paith meh ado, the Scene was v. t; tat aH* I &dniro thy impudence, I could new? have had the face to have wheadlM the poor Illicit so* Pish, ®taW both nocossury and honost; we oughT to do all we can to confirm a Husband in the * , Pray how loi. ' without offence a nan may aslTym, have you boon in (pod grace with this Perm of Honour? I never know you tad. that oaanend* * pourt* । >: things go not « Ugg|< . hae-. n lost aU smsc of modesty? Ink to pass these gross whoadlos on me too? OMOt this good news should make thee a little merrier: faith, Mie be an o o<uain* I she ms the advantage of four or five months -obaonco* Wild, 1 ] how proud W* but I have thought my self very' o*ro now in O - Gourt* X 1310X7 in cases of th thoiFarTaa InffffiT; but yet methinks tho Movie Guo thou hast of my ueoliny with my friends omM rrd:e thoe a little mro confiding< Grose bhat devil! '.th could she iwent to fright ’ 7 ' ' 7 T ' Court • Wilt thou bcliovo ne if I iMfer* the pres* orvsTfSi of h' t, md n gras* This is some thing* Goyt* Why* then, taow that I have still been as carefulto prevent all opportunities, as ©.he Ms been to contrive ’mj and still . rried I a Ctotlwm* that there has not been the least susplci* on of unkindnesss she is the wry spirit of insert!* nonce, so foolishly fond end troublebom, that no MB above eiartoen is able to endure her* Even his good*nature and clever dissimulation fail him in c . . 'X’xw' t but it is only a temporary failure when he arouses her jealousy and spirit of revenge, for la the end, *WW ingenuity and goodness, Sir,** says lady Goch* wod, made a perfect atMMBB* for you*** It Ms Gvuly sensible of those Cc: w to vx piring Lady must daily her Honour, that I c < olv*d to give over the groat business of this Tm, and hereafter modestly confine ny self to the humble Affairs of my own Wmjly#* ■ W Olive : 9 in as too convincing, gives over his wild humour, and through the complaisance of Courtall the ends of decorum and poetic justice are satis* fled by having Sir Oliver and Lady Cockwod brought into hamony. Sir Joslin in a measure reformed end matched with Sentry, and tlB two xrnirs of lovers happily agreed# Finally, Cour tall is a professed rake, as are ..Its of the Destoration* lie io, , ■ 1.. . ■ ' . ' ■■ | ■ . In this respect he compares favorably with Hildish, who, says Saintsbury, w tf nearly, if not <uito, the least offensive of the whole gong of nestoration oonedy heroes*” Tho laznoss of the norale of the period, as brought out in a former chapter, or perhaps the utter freedom of deh natters of a BOaoi cussed, gave a vogue to rakish theme in Restoration oomf Bite ; ■ ■ U tionably «ago —od its thorn, but a:". • lloww * is mde for ex ration* the thorn of love was pursued with a freedom startling even to a devotee of modem vaudeville. Though the idea that the hero of comedy mist pursue a criminal anour is not original with the omio dramatist of the Restoration, ”Cuc Be it so universal, that the Youth of our Aft are no sooner enter* od into Convorsatl me have on Rnour on their hands, and rm into a Wto Lilian trios* **; to be in love* is not al.- • the Effect of nature, but Gallantry? and Youn; on rr? their Duty to mice Addresses of Complaisance, if not of A sincerity, to th© ladies. And the writer goes on to say that in the account of fashion and to*M it is but giving oneself a genteel air to get tauoderatbly drunk and break a drawer’s head, to Quarrel with a watchman, draw the word. an a passenger ," and enter on peri)Qtual riots and intemperance $ that the affectation of these Ims of action insensibly grows into 2 dissoluteness, and then the person who sets out a gallant finishes his course’in a complete rake* It will be observed that Courtall and’ev' ■ : .y and speak light* ly of marriage, although the young ladies are resolved, as .■■ ; ' , ' r clfically states that they will treat with the non for nothing under mrriage* And it is only after that tost that Goui*tall will to mrriage, and even then he th: ar XT© have ’soap’d the mischief so long, d ere to do our o" it aiilios ore a ueddi 'land in r ■ . it* so mny young mon fool’d into HVMI4 to pay their fathers *|l the happiness a Gentlanan can desire, is to y live at liberty, till ho bo for; Lorlier in the play Gatty tells the young MB that if they had been found of the forged letters she and Ar lam wore resolved have counterfeited two Contracts under your hands, and have suborn’d WiMM o MMt ’m.*’ t?^at, n continues been a full revenge; for I hnow you wu*d think it as great a Scandal to be thought to haw an inclination for BMrißM* w shou’d to be 1 • I • OMM to our freedom without it." Since all the greater Restoration wits wre lovers, and most of them raises of varying degrees of offensiveness, ktM of marriage, which becomes by far the most MB theme of Restoration | g ’By well in its relation to the character of the wit have more detailed attention# Crown® by a conversation between Leonora and Farewl ex* presses the point of view admirably, though p- • in ex* s J z *, ♦ : '.P f ai'JU those# Patea? ?££« er of marrying without a Fortune# ny tentffiwand Pound is at w Bhw’l Dispose# Farwell X an glad of that too# Mtom| f twill show • □nora* The danger of being laugh* tat by the 1 for SSrylng at all# .-. p * |3 : .lting rotten ' leave tlo sweet virtuous Ladies to us nar- . Wife to nyself, as they con be to mintain fine Wenches for all the Etherego f s wits beeme more cynical on the subject of mr~ riage as he ooms to his last play, years after She Rou/d if sho CouM* Young Bellair, who is engaged , -.ekes a call upon : edley and Dorimnt the apartnents of the latter, and there follows a saene characterised by raillery at Rtherege*® bests Bell* Your servant, Gentle is * Hod, Gentle Girt how will you answer this visit to your honourable istress? ’tie not her interest you should ■ Company with non of eence, who will be talking reason# Bell* Xdo not fear her pardon, do you but grant yours, fox* ■ fed* Though y’avo made us miserable by the want of your good Company, to show you I am free fron all resentaent* nay the beautiful cause of our misfortune give you all the Joys happy Lovers have shorM over since the Vorld began* Doll* You wish ne in Heaven, but you believe mon my Journey to Roll* A r ou have a good strong Faith, and Wat nay contribute mW towards your Salvation* I confess an but of on untoward constitution, apt to have doubts and scruples, and in Love they are no less distracting than in Religion wore I so near Wrrlao« I Wou f d try out by Fits as I ride in my Coach, Cuckold* Cuckold, with no loss fury than the md Fam tick does Glory in Dethlegu ' Because Religion makes sw run mat I live a: ■ elatT lied. Is it not great indiscretion for a man of Credit, who may have money enough on his Wra, to go and deal with Jewsj who for little sms make mn mter into Bonds, and give Judgments? U. raadh no more on this fext. I m determined, and Were is no hope ' waioa#* . I ■ ' ■ * . ■ : ■ ■ i ■ enter into the bonds of into dispute any Mt* lost that they us desire iti I haw toMl son© WB# by naintaining a hwsay in life, 8 ■ ■ ■ I . ' ' • | ' ■ ■ I e ' . . ■ v Shadwll values wry MMIFt IMy Busy, arguing for th® of Isabella in accordance with th® purported nw fashion, tells the aspiring wAer to ”bs pleased to con* that are good for anything will think o: I be* « • ■■■ ■ • ■ ■ . ■ f ........ ■ . .. MS 'oil-* if you could get a fine Gentlemn with Honey enough, but alas! those do not Karry, they law loft it Off# Thl tos of the World .ABW iB Ml fortunately t Isabella mre of reputation than fortune, and when pressed by her fool" ... ' o you to your 9 . crypt w that Dyes, and mfces Congs for ym»° Oldwit refers to his Mfe as Goad # ny tean’d for better for io wrse# he- . I declares that she will not be so 11 ill*bred M to love a husband# Sir Simon aaya of the ■ ■ ■ ....... lUiodopliil avers that sene* . .. ■ : r > ;. ■' low; Wi is the more ladle of affection, that oools T it Wen ’tie never so fiercely boilins dwr#*’ inquires of Heertwll, "But do you .intend to Harry ae?" Heart# Wit a Tool should ask ouch a nail- clous I Wall be draw in, before I I find I m her consent* if X an put to ’ WW you I no, no* I’ll love jWe 4JX* J: ’, but it I t a mt X imow w Wtnw loved my wWw* and w mrrled to Heart# ay, in old daw they lov’d; but that is is th© tenor o' :tlon Mt on the subject of mrriaco, and instance after lu&mB be cited free both the major and the minor s*ls drmat ists of the period to show that the tone ms prastioally waive Vanbrugh, tew?, has made slight atonment for t lU he has Heart free say, to be capable 'of loving one, doubtless is bettor than to possess a Thousand* a® point to be observed is that in Restoration Of there arose the- convention that tel wit must shun and ridi* oule that, on the other hand, he, being a lover, must as on alternative become a rake# The dramatist, however, denies that he wouli make libertinism amiable, *1 must farther says Dryden, "both for then and for nyself, . $ mke not visions. persons happy, but only as heaven makes sinners so: that is- by reclaiming th®. first fr® vice, Ter so His to be suxmosH ; when they resolve to marry? for then en joyin/ ey de* 1 a sire in one, they cease to >Wte the love of many#" Wycherley in tho dedlc j .gin Dealer ds the Mhlg as does Vanbrugh in his answer to Collior, on the ground that Ite Wit of tte composition was so ovontholn* Ing os to make bawdiness incidental and insignifleant: you, I say, mta, Ite haw as tlteMtet a in .': $ as any civil person of *W all, and cm Bake as meh of a double*maning saying non* ] । by which they chor, they as little value Mt in a play as in a lover, provided they can bring t’other thing ♦ * IM argument can in no MB justify the ii> neral tone of Restoration has merit only to the extent that the drmatist was frequently trying to oxpose IM hypocrisy anti IM utter foolishness of a fool, '';' 1■ 0 ’ ll■ ' / ••' I • ' ' > PinehMfe been an egregious taM ; J . • . , ... j ' a. s t : . . . t through the vices of the tom, and believe* Hum they 1 1 . can HBrry and settle at tMI awn Imowledge of the iniquity of the im h*B oMott a wife wholly ignorant of lt f and pMM his MtWiW bO want of skill to abuse bin. too poot*** trie natural ideas $ untainted 11MB IM MM ual steps to ruin and destruation Which pMBM o. tian run into, wltL I ft fam their It is hardly possible to believe _ . -.. I $ . I -■ "'. ? t years because the audience found nerrinont in its ribald jests# rather than because it saw in aldeman WIMimBM confusion on element of justice# and realised indeed that h a young wife that has wit ■ . e devil with an 19 old husband # t? Although meh of thio talk about mrri. WW conventional jesting# marriage in the nestoration had its peculiar problems# which furnished « ■* temporary literature marriage van described largely as * • hx ■ Wl the only mi that wears a Beard# I’d ink sy Bingers fWt* and elicits the reply from Flippmta# ,w Wf Heaven give him fßyf he’s lite to have a rare Uife o’thoo# B Mere th . laistor to MB RW» They have a blessed tine on’t, who marry for Love#^ 20 Violante <oMOW that fortune is all MB seek now# They are so cow’d fro ;# they Mil go Voluntiers into a Battle# but must be prest to Bst ’tie the Shilling does 1 I I son® play gold is describ* ed as son of the sun, and brother of the stars# nutaeg of .. rose of delight* Th© canc- Stea . $ . ' . । . - ■■. j $ n ■ .■■ ■ ' .' I to I' descended t virtuems, chaste, fair, issued with toe < . c ■ ‘' . ' ■ ' ' > c' ■ * < ' . ; ■ ■ . . beautiful, and nodes! Mtot if you MW not been, to your life*ttoß thrifty to provide her a Portion! she my live ' r " ■ ■ ■■ * .. 7 a ■'■ " ' ■ I pp ’ o c epi ;"ot ?or 3 "xxl atohl w itay c- -si 7 ■ ■.. ... . ■ ■ ■ . ... . parents found It increasingly difficult to provide weir daughters with adequate dowies# w There are ■ chants* dmghwrs* 1 * wrote ir 7 illim "ortoe, toowntor ■ to in 1&>1 1 to his brother*to* / m' I' . '. ; ■ . . ■ ■ ... . r .. •< ■ urn are wmoMtiss lying on <nw hands* too eon* add to the difficulty t toe daughters wre equally . - .. . ■ . . ' ,r . ■ . ' L .' . ■ -. ■ i .. .. ■ ■ ' .. .. ; ..... - - »«««! von there wy have be r reason of too ooM*- ■ ■ ipntiMlity to age W . the ’a y - -. . ■ } < . - * . x.</r'\' sensible point of view is found in the following coxre* upondence recardou in (Lon- t ifi»h A rich old to a fair young Virgin, ■ Let not my years be an obstacle ur love, since X have those gifts of fortate# that will not on* •a in year affections, and teip the fire of love in' a continual flme, but will also afford you all Alch Art hath designed for the attending such tender and tom ' ads el ’. ten the* X cone not to wu with a powerful Look, or in the node of a young (V 1 < nt; yet : .' ■ . ... for you can be as hot, ana mi pretenders in the worlds and if ago doth Mte w seo in your apprehension a wittering tree s ot x .jic. will tesp its eolaw| and is that Aioh in thia world in 0 best &♦ ■ iOW w . • ■ and I shall wto nyself fauthor know to be, fairest Lady, Your nost affectionate orvanU The Answer, to the Hich old Qentl I You art far too distant frm no in years, to be admitted into affections, since you ar© arriv’d to the pitch of Dotage, and I yet ignorant of what is Love: However* I must do so meh Custies as to condemn your discretion, for the fishing with a golden haitf for hollow wl to Beauty, X cmnot imagine any thing to be acre taking »g nort than the glorious name of health: I could be content to teen ny Coaches, my Pages, w Lackeys and raids; but I confess I could never endure the society of a Boa ten you reverend Sir* that I ' , ■ ■ ■' - . * A .:. L * ' a t ' cars to doat on t but I tew a childish .. .. ■ । 1 It ' Mi swag ■,■'. .. ' . ' wealth will bo wlaaw to »* to mlntrin ny train, I an । rill / a ’ t i? a ■ i' ' n . San ■m ; :■ * . I , fc? 0 I’r.hlo C 0 03? rOttOB Dirtt lio SlT| Gold, . rood, admirably Good, but it isIM that - ■ ... . . . , - , -. • . | ; ' ' ।./ \ o ■ .? 7'a . ? t 0 IB ' wed« of Gold, j .1 ehooso to accept of a bundle ; " .. o: cl ■ t lip ■ ' . ( ■ , ? . aa r -. p: r• ■ - tn&| : w * and wd your ©elf . ' ©hall ttenh m t ■ TWf Wot AWtser* o . . ■ ■ . ■■■ ' _ ‘ „ 2 a ■. ■ ■M■ ■ " ' 1 '. ; . T ■■ ■ ’’r lOTorc, (jounce IMir '■ ’ ' • findc wwa than hie rate!: 1: a Wm. at whooe levo • ■ ■ : 1 ■i■■?■ ■. ■ ■ । I ff s. ■ ■ ■ - of lady ooehwood, th© min character© in gte W 24 if rip bi toßh is -4 ' ' appear meh end Hatty are new seen two country knights with meh the sane humours# Xn The Man of Rode, Harriet, single-handed, mtehos wits with Dorliiant, *g wild extravagant Rollm? of the Tinesa man ito *toß more Mistresses now depending than the most «m incut Lawyer in Leland has Causes 9 F and Ito in the mind - j ■ ■ • ' 1 ■ ■ ■ ' ■ v.: 3 ■. . ha© his close friend Medley, but he is more sharply drawn than Courtall. to* S&Mltof Lady RoMvil, and Sir ?opling Flutter* ore clearly conceived individuals of Quality# Young Bellair and though not so strong in wit, ore a pair of charging younr; lovers, who, with Harriet, atone in toM MBW© for the sins tlwir hedonistic associates# The play as a totof though two scones are laid in the Mall, is a c - of the and is mde so true to life that oonteworciries immediately identified fM lu:'•.' ■ » '' '' R ”you would play without being obliged to complaisance, Pot inant, you play in publics places < u wro a very good tiling for that,” roplies Do: | t f ”but IS do not of late frequent iaaf the deep play is 85 non in private Houses •” In W<m*d if she Cou f a w though the play is nmed for Lady uodcwood, Courtall is given the place of first importance# He is given two hundred and sixtyseven speeches , while Lady CoeWood is given one tan* A was written for'Sir but the core of it, as W, V x 1® Dorimnt, Whose duels with Harriet . ' 7 '■ ■ ■ • • . ' ' 1 < to English Comedy#” This is clearly ibBB fWt the starts As the play opens, Dorlnmt is composing a dull letter to his old mistress W*« Loveit, dull because he is growing wary of her# ”* Twill have the SUM fate, ■, ' ■ .. ■ < late, 1 twill not be thought kind enough, faith UmOn for in then v ays first discover* our decay of passion# MMmi । ith a visard ature a- ' ■ - be to her destruction ■ . . .. < ■■ ■ ■ . ■ . .. - .. $ 3 ■ • Lt, 1 . ■ '■ . f : < I rll ' ■ m , i a - ■ * ■ - li ■. a 11 ■ i i a■ ■ > Mth clear understating of Ms character she replies t n Good ®t bad •tie all one, I Ml any things Lord, w f a the Ladles Md you talk of ' " ' ’ "■ ~ ' sei .. '। ■ - I ■ • ■ n ■ ■ i .। a . ■■. ■ ■ ■" ■. ■ ■■ i । ' ' so taken with you*** »« you but oo e and a hugeous fortune .b 3 . ; ■ llWMMon*t Country Toad, to not having above Four Dosen of black Miw on bar head, Ms a* ■-■.-l■■ . , ; - i nay look la tM Frmt of tM Kings ■ ■" lay#W I■'... ' * . ■ 3 - - ' • : - . u ‘ * .10 _ - . :. :, of tho forms and civilities of the last ago, talks against the wild young non of the town, and far your port,” c Man, *!&» thinks yon an arrant Devil; she see you, on my Conscience she rrou’d look if you had not a Cloven foot#" antiquated beauty/ 1 replies Dorlmnt, n nay be allow *d to bo out of humour at the freedoms of the present# This is a good account of the bother, ... * is the Daughter?" Thon he is info med by Medley that Harriot is an heiress vastly rich, a year ago "the beautifullost Creature X over emi a fine, oasio, clean sMpo, light brown Hair to abundance; her Features regular, her Complexion clear and lively, large wanton byes, but above all a mouth that has made me kiss it a thousand times in imgination, Teeth white and even, and pretty pouting Lips, with a little moisture ever hanging on them that look like the Province Rose frosh on the Bush, *cvo the Laming Sun has quite drawn up the dew/* Mere rapture, CbLnki Dor* inant; but lias she wit? n Loro than io usual in her t.ex, w says Medley, as much mlioe/’ Icsh and blood cannot hear this, n exclaim® Dorinant, rt and not long to know her#** In due tine, this vain, in wit who has borrowed philo n nc:ct to the OM* ing to a good understanding with a new Mistress, I love 2A a auarrel with an old one," for X7hom rc. fury tatta* her fan in pieces, and for #iom BeHinda ooq* prmital her honour*-this ©parhling wit, who "ha© a Tongue, they ©ay, would tmpt th© Angels to a second 29 fall," eecc *riet for the first time as she wall:© in the Ifell with young Bellairs > • 3 that lovely hair, that caeio shape, those wanton Byes, and all those molting Cham® about her mouth, which hedlp. I I*ll foAXs ' a Lottery, anf . in'ToF™a Prize with my friend Bellair ♦♦ • XulMUt* 0 P~ ofcr piece. It has the better Deputation I confesst but I abominate the dull diversions there* the formal bow, the Affected miles, the silly by~uoras, and amorous Twers, in passing! here one meets with a little conversation now and then# Y# Bell. DBase oom": al to so e o? your ou, o&r. Har» It nay be soj because sone Who want temper have"Koen undone by amine, must others have it wholly deny thence Ives the pleasure of Dot. Trust no, it wore unreasonable , rooster XX XSgaX. JM feSEtee M • <1 • for, werdast Mth seriouancor 1 thousand mile© wre shining in t&at Face but now> I never saw so a oh&nge of 1 eather. Bar. X feel at ithin; but he shall never Imow it# par. You tulhing of .Play, Hadm; Wey what nay Ke”your stint? . A litt? ./ 3 so in publick walk®, or nt Sost an appointment in a Box bare*fac , d at the Play*Houae| you are for Kaaks, and neetlngs. ■7 ■ ■ ' x ' ' ' ■ . . : , . Dor, I have boon ud*d to deep Flay* but I can mice one atsnail I like my Gamester well* Stea /aid be so you*l ha* no pleamire * ;** nsidorablo sun to be wn, x' c g Wing people in, nakoa every trlflo eon- g i Wiling 1 tter and comply rd th the Mch t though they are sure never to bo the better for *ai» . spair not but at some tine or other they my be nil- * *twSia be a . rtificatim to live on could you heep a lent for a distress? Dor, In af « ’•. : - aeter f emd Wmgh time f ■ ey precious, think * dales wll lost,' to gain WO fivwr« IW» .lluirt Lot us mlk- *tis time to legw ; '' ■ . X ' ' ■ ' ■ Harriet is strong, and the knmrs it, Tho audience is fully amre that she loves Dorlnant, but Dorlnant met bot? . pcs- • \nt*s affection for Harriot is sincere, in so far as his more hardened nature is capable of sincerity, and a ament after the conversation just cited he says, n 3ho*s but she has left a pleasing Isago of her self behind that waders in ny Soul—it met not settie there, * On a second occasion the 'sparring continues, and Dor loant is losing both wit and breath to sustain the match: > You make M starts X did not think to have hoar'S W Love fren you... Dor. Xs the none of leva so frightful that you dare not stand to it? Ito* ’Twill do little escecution out of your mouth on an sure. Dor. It has been fatal** To SOM easy Women. but we are not all born to dr • iny; I v ' .form’d you use t at Love, and not make it. Per. The tine has boon, but now I must speak** Er. If it bo on that idle subject, X will put on ny serious look, turn ny head carelessly from you, drop my lip, lot my kyolida fall and hang half o f re ny . Lyes*-Thue*-while you bus a speech of an hour long in ny oar, and I answer never a wordX why do you not begin? Dor* That the colony my take notice how passio» utoiTT make advances of Level and be .ly you receive gar, When your Love’s grown strong enough to make ”J ■ edc p. rrPC JI.:. h:' > JW./f. lo no with it. Till then pray forboar, Sir. ; --- And that is not all* ”1 will renounce all We joy® I have in friendship and 1 '. sacri 11 the in* >st I have In other n nold** n Harriet retorts, ”though X wish you devout , X would not have you turn Ta* “•wtiabw : ould you nogloot these a while and make a jour* noy into the Country?” ”To be with you I could live he answers i ”and . nd one thought to Lo- And so he agrees to wait upon Harriet in the country, where he will be volcam ”to a great ranbling lone house, that looks as it wre not inhabited, the family*s so small; there you’l find a old lane Aunt, and my self, Sir, paH ’ > on Ch? is ton < F a Xwt v loer; sitting moping like three or fBW heltuicholy Birds in a spaoious TOllary**Does not this stator your "Hot at all, Wteai w replies the crawf'Clc aw.sb.ow of hoerto, *tlß first time X saw you, you left no with the pangs of Love upon me, and this day my soul has <uite given up her liberty#'- 5 Mt the whole of Dorinant# Be la not only cold-blooded towards Loveit, but upon one occasion at least he is cowardly# Bl proposes to Sir Filing upon her in order to get rid of her, and when she playa her part so well that she beats his at his own M loses his temper and falls into |MNe &&&&s&* howl • 4 polities, which MIM nore (or ought at least) with M BM* than all the pernicious Wit you have to boast Of# ; " ■ ; ■ ' ' “ . ' . . , ' after his profession of love for * h SB PB co MBt Dellinda in a private assignation, saying, hour is almost come, I a g and I am not so fop- piahly in lore here to forgot} X an nosh and blood y©t.” ss Finally, he lacks the complacency and MBt nature of Courtoll, for, though he is an adept at dissmbling, he does not bring off the action to the satisfaction of those whose ill will he has gained} nor can he, because ho has played too deep, and Loveit and Bellinda cannot escape for th' I , .t the last, there* fore, Btherege abandons in a SSNMM the care-froe gallon* try of his earlic and falls into the harsher spirit of Hycherley* As a Wycherley received extravagant praise from his oontemporariea, Wvoherlv** says Bentivoglio, tJ is universally allow* d the first place MSOg . svlisfo Conich a, who has writ since Ben John-* son* Bic . ** is the best Comedy that ever was cc©pos f d in any Language, The or nit that Ms been found in it, is its being too full of WiW* The author of w . in Defence of the Wmle sex (1G96) oomends him for his strong, masculine wit, as she does and Sedley for neat raillery and . ntry, Voltaire .says that The Country ,if o * though it is car* tainly not the school of good manners, really is the school of wit and good and ho re . Bia in Dealer oa ittiest of all comedies ancient or modem. Of Wycherley’s four earned les, the first two, Love in B an amateurish production, end 'on.tlemn ■ ■ nor? >-rly of nse we have had under consideration* In Love in a Rood* Valentine is a fine $ tetel» lent social and moral qualities, but of no particular strength* Hanger and Vincent are Restoration rate** ingenious and clover* In this play also Ryoherley shows his natural bent for satire through Ite introduction of Mdeman Gripe, a gullible, lecherous old usurer of tte Olty* Mi Sir Simon Addleplot, a cuddon, M Vanbrugh would ' of 1 rTMrg, -’or the purpose of this study, th® most Important character is Dapperwit, a fop to whom we Stell return* Gerrard in , । Dancing tor is a care-fr" ?n about town, in love with I di a churning young girl Ite has a mite of ter own* n lh*h*li this man teß >* Ite soys, °I to say lov’d hin* Cov: -"1 oolite* 1■ te us© of tee only oppor- tunity thou const have to enfranchise thy self $ Women for* Ply (tiw say) never tete how to Mte use of their time till It was pasts but lot it not bo said so of a young wocan of this jteott Wil* teteg oo I teP| xlitat t i?, O thou art full fourteen years old, shift for thyself♦” To. ouz zPo cchono O'" oarzzoz'-up-■ Ocz- Tar azz' z z am - t at haze, Gerrard mst become a dancing-master, although he "ever wanted inclination and patimoe" to learn to dance* But, says Hippelita, "love (as 1 have heard say) supplies his Scholars with all sorts of Capacities they have need of in spight of nature, but what has Love to do with you?” "Love tot 1 he replies, "has mde a grave Gouty SUtoBK fight Duels । the Souldier flye from his Colours, a Indent a fine Gentleman j nay, and the very Lawyer a Poet, and there-37 fore say make me a Dmolng-mster/ 1 SutP/ycherley*® reputation rests upon The Country life . :o Plain Dealer w and we shall now turn to a cmslderation of Horner and Waly* his two min wit charactors* Olivia is not altogether admirable, but she is a WM of experience, end has given the judgment of posterity on Horner and The Country Wife* "Then you think a Oman modest/ 1 sho ask- . oea the hideous Country Wife without blushing, or publishing her detestation of it?” "why,” says Hllsa # "what it there of ill in*t, say you?” ”0 fie, fie, fie, you put M to the blush MWt tall all the blood into my face again? But to satisfie you then, first the clandestine obscenity in the very naw of Borner*.« Boes not it give you the rank conception, or image of a Goat, or or a oatyr? nay, la yot a filthier i.. - . t .. i I . g « Ml Hie a filthy -lay, and you nay talw my word for a filthy Play, M soon as another# n r Horner can gay, ■ fcl ' ‘ • ' ' ' I ; think no young MH ugly that has it, ant no handsome Mm ■ . ■ g » ■■ \ ' O ly a roaster, sir, a greater Monster than a Husband, .'• . . t I " t ■B' ■ ''. । m V . ’em, ere only ohaxy of tholr reputations t not their Persons t AO and ♦tis scandal they aroid f not He further declares that next to the of aahing a nw mistress Is that of being rid of an old one, and of old debts* BB* lie WIW liar court that nest of then ore the contraries to Wat they nould aw t W ”, yw ; your jealous Rm, tho greatest Cuckold $ your Church mn, the greatest Atheist, and your nodeio port Rogue of a bit, ~ and a* Mth his self-indulgent friends ho boasts that he **WIM BW maly pleasures of bod AB drunk, and very slovenly * w WW this viw of life and people, he devises a rogue’s trick, and proceeds with a utrigues, V ittily contrived, but repulsive . : . .. ■ . .- - • ' > and debauches their rrives* The Mt, frm the Restoration point of vion, consists in the ingenuity and ole w> euuPuc ‘ . :'X-- and in the deserved confusion that is >oh the non boccv'oo Ax'U? j; cnlousy, and uelnino dullness* 1 be forgiven for raising Xaughtcr upon his obscene jests, but the character of Horner and t lot of ' c ' ■ ' ' A 0 ' ' ' AA ' AAx "'.Lt . 1 t U - | . । ' "' . ' </ '. a eontwring Mt, and gives hi vorsaries of Bbb WB . ■ I |. ■ t ■ ■ . . I • ; wsro than drabs# ountarod virtue and sladv. •Id have looked nore lite an ape than a catyr# the degrees of wits as the court wit, the coffee wit, the ■-■ ■ " . . ■■ , ' . a ■. ■ ■ .' '. . । . ■ M Of by Lydia to explain, - ' ' ■ ■ v ‘ " . •.. B ■ .. । nt, < .10 & t last, says, *W or Critiok, is all these to* self a Judg) to be judg’d by pCßberitm he rails at all the other Slosses of hi to, and Ms Mt lie. -ling all. i . * j. I . . " . • an honest misanthrope who dams Ml but himself until he : * speak 111 of people behind their becks, w say? Ms not like a Person of IWsp| and truly to Gpml-: IXI of *M to their faces, is not like a complaisant person: But -if I did say, or do an ill thing to any, it should be sure to be behind their backs, out of pure good manors, n WtMa w Btaly replies; X, that man waannerly Bedfellow, if I ever speak vol! of people, (which 1b very BBMm indeed) it ghmM be sure- to bo behind their backs; and if X say, or do ill to any, it s * oto their races: X wu*< Rustle a proud, strutting, over-looking Coxcomb, at the head of his Sycophants, rather than put out my tongue at his, when he MBS past me;,,, mW civ© fawning Slaves the Lye, whilst they embrace or aammnd me; 44 Cowards, whilst they brag, T 1 and so on, Manly weighs- the man, and not his title, lio believes that ”no man can be a iMmy, Wt under the name of yrlMlf and if you are a avaWldg it is your friend only that makes yt or My is not admitted to your house: if you ed in your fortune t ♦tie your Friend that does it; .fox* your de your trustee: if your Honour, or Good r c I:'.-',, ‘-'.is ’? tteP coos It still, be* ■ ’cause your Bnemy is a . 1• ’ yainot ywt 1 * he tokos to himself one friend, Varnish, and one lover, Olivia, hit nistress, s? who is bo perfect a Beauty, that eou # d not better it, nor Affeetation defora it; yet all this, is nothing« Her tongue as well an face, no’r k • flee: nor ev- ■ ■ word/ •’adict her Ml ©lie ■ -11 truth, and hatco the lying, Making* daubing ‘ orld, M I do; for <iich I Im' But Olivia deceives MB for her m and BMMI ■ Loa - i :\ ■ ■ v' ao in order to regain Olivia, uses Mdclia, a woman in man’s clothing, as his messenger# In the long run ho learns, ae Olivia expresses it, that w he that distrusts most the Wltj trusts nest to hfeself, and is MB the more eas* A 7 11’ ? deceiv’d, because he thinks he can’t be deceiv’d* * a© wit consists portly in the adroit handling of situ* at ion, but Mt particularly in Manly’s relentless lash* log of suave hypocrisy# The play is saved froa the fol* lacy that a MB MB live to- ktMMlf by the partial con* version of Manly, who a-t last discovers that ho loves Fidolin, and trusts Freemn, who thinhs Rt*M* of our quer* fWlk to th© world are Just such as we have to a handsome MOM** H llay,° says Manly to Freeman as he also draws IiMIM to kt&f "if thou art a j -dealer too, give ne thy hand; fM how I’ll Bay X M thy Friend indeed: .And for your two sakes, th©’ I have been lately deceiv’d ■ . m a * . mm | ■ ' ic . . re « ■ r I ' ... apli *1 . ! ' ' ' . AM handsen utan worthy to be I'rienta: - ' ; ■ • ■ In wwe f OT Oaths* in Love, or DrioM wtry*d« r ~ Detraction* by DryMa in has erased I '■■ & ■. ' ' ■ ‘ ■ .11 I £ ■ I ' ' ■ h ■ . ■ hj ■ ere disarm tod in the scorch after variety, as rone aiM the cnerrioe of Crornie Mh of fhndwlVs wrk* however ? Ms tM* ' ot nerit, end his versatility shows him c • ■■■ ■ ■ y err nest disciple of Den Jonson, and ns ench stv *■■ p' - ■ ■ ■ ■ -■ ■ Mere* hg bcm iMtlea&w twale I ■■ tato tM iMtweli t s art his nits are ■ < . ' B 1 ' ' c . ■ " * ■ i ' t " irn H ■ ?q ■- | I ■ 11 its ■ ■ "or nothing* of no nee tn • * ■> . 1 « ■ not non of ' othod and Business* < A ‘j .tete o So2U $ 1 g ' I a J a" a th. 1 $ ■ . > ■. g . ■ ■' . . । '। i h b i ili . s ■ ■ to* nitty nan doos Vito oos . . . L ■ ■■ > , ■ > ■ ' ' te i • "" ■ ’ ... . ..- . J J Q a»1 » Shadwll Is here us ins the vert fool loosely for fo^ t for - ■ ■ I - t 11 |" 1 $ ; ■ ■ ' . / _• a V ' ' ' ■ ' ■ ' ■ " ' ■ , ■ .. ... : 41| | U■ ■ . .. ,■ • :T? ’ ,"' X ' . the Heatoration wit, though he to never able to pit into his it conversation of a Dortaant* Level in ■ The sullen Lovers ta nuto of the briskness of tee nit and a ; ■•'■ a " tr• ' $ : B ' ' & I $Ol U * - . * f b ■ w i . ■ * p | • ■ i t a ? ' o’ '' .•: ' > > : . ’ 1; . - .ie tomu Int - ■ ' tetn« 1' : ; ; : ' 4 tea ate cteoro j woody of fashionable life than any of his others• This io true despite the fact th the scene is r moved frm London to the country village of Bury, uhoro in the eyes of a native of. the place "there ere so nany fine Gentlemen , ■ and so wU teed, to call it little London: and it outdoes 3t # end all the Squares, in Dressing aM Breed* | nay* won the Court it soV, tMW the Wildish, the airy* hr isle wit frm London* Mthwgh to his valet he . ■■ : c lo: , . ? ' g flower of Bury sooiety, as "the nost perpetual* ■ 'll ;; •■' ■• * tff ' ■"'■■ - ■ I : ■" w I'. ■ i* MM** yet he very complacent accepts the society as the neo it* *Wtls Sir," he to WlM* the civil and ceremonious fop of the vUllfß* *hW stand Bury?- ■■ ' ' - ; ■■' . ■ ; ' ■ of our Soituetlon* with the e<|ual Tmperature of the CIMUj produces in us that serenity of MM* that c - indeedsay® to bo U ' nne of Beauty* Wit w . a yncrt rona . • . it BtO tMt nowae’d by I W> is no t' •I '■ it* than . ' ' ." । . you* that na';c re noble r i-wo Mong the nimble mid ■ . ' . .' ' • "■ f X' Bb . 0 x t .' "♦ aa: ■ Whale 1 re x a ' it; His for nothing in thio Age but to undo a Wat I shall be hunted for a ill Boaot* Bit g- ■ , 0. ; ■ . . ■ ” ? I■g , ■ ” . ■ . . > 11 I ' ' | SB of it c 1 ' .. ’ o ' ' ' : " * lively and spirited conversation gives pm* iso of a Restoration ■ eonedy of the first rank* but tm» "' '• / IM is in lav® 1 ■ ; '■'" ' .' ' ? .■■'■■ ' ■ . Imyi an old friend of uildlsh* who turns out to be Ms rival* Wildish fwnisMß a great deal of diversion also ; / x ■. . ■» . ' ' r r .- ■ - " ; - - I . ■ . .. .. ; ' ' ' ,7 ■ . ’ . .A . ... ; portly avoid duels with hie rivals* to th© final ■. ■ . . - . ■ ?. ■.■ 1 . ■ .... " -. ? aoss young lady* who Imows no breeding necessary Discretion to disti. ’a\ ■ a . aa slOMf ant -ence to enter* v ordi y to 1 . . be*KM an&lng a . ' ... ’ ; 7 . . 'A.. . / . ... '7 A . ; / | ■. . . . whose follies are nea a. 7 bg .?■ ... . 5.. .■. . , 7 ... v. . .. . < q full of life and action: ■ ■ ■ ■ me* « X■. i ; ; ; .• a " - ■ ? ■■ e . ■ i I ■■■ " ' ■ 11 ■ i « ■ ' . : \ • ■ j . ravata • w strut nice a • ..mne yow a । a wile I SUe»b« you in a , \ . ~ ever ■ ■ . . TcrT» VeH t and X f M never cast :. os upon • L ■.I ■ . ' gih ran x 1 WE* so will X* 2J* And And o to the 'MI, and to the draw- ing roan, and finally, e Swt| w she says, 51 1 shall oast ■ ■ ■■ g ' 'i tJ . . ' r - ' ' v-y constant he replies* w Wu shall see Troops * There you shall be sure to find net and I will stare you out of your •rnycre* £a short, my dear, sweet, pretty Tadcap, I am resolved never to give thee- over, while I • •Art not thou a wry impudent Fellow, to tally thus? Do call this making Xxyve? s liy, tMn is W than ■' loch • • fair is - deeld ■ B no longer, and ?ro her hand« w And toW, w she says, **fW <4l \ inn, I car oboy, as well as • Me& # staporiny on f m ell; me Jrac ” fit for all WtWi, tho for nobody else** Coisparison of those scenes and the dialogue with J r*crc - f co th it . MdMU is lacl in viv energy, fineness in repartee, del* ey in restraint, finesse* Xn Mldish he has produced a wit Who is complacent, only nlldly satiric, free Proa unsavory Jests, but at the sme tine lashing In the ag* grosoivenoss ana colorfulness of Dorimnt or r.enly< x, 1 . . .._ ■ . ; . , e* ow wn instant praise from tlx leading -—c in the to* pit . . ■ . ■ ■ to f &N & i : vdtt . '■ ? . Xi. x; o. . ' to* '.i : Ito yields x.x of the to*i ”to W Chronicled to ? ... . X . ■ 'e x - . .George/’ says tollMO> *to*B art it*h right, thou hast sold thy self to -xmc. . - 5g ■ ■ ■. . .' an . . ; ■ , ■ ■ .ao all th© effrontery of a lying braggart toy* MtotoOL to a sly, tototo Mltotof *to with a ' ?<lO| says Drir . to to* soul of th© very ecocnco of wit, end : ~ , . - ■ ■' ' ■ x low fy Howto, not only is Congreve’s boot ploy the point of vil ■ otoge, hut it alm conform more marly to the two of ccrody under oonsia** • tine is the mat WM . mt prior to 1700 1 tut also because tbe nit of the Mnor characters ■„ .' ' . y'r''' ' , ' P ■ ( ■II. : 1 1 i. ? ? * 2 Mo stands alone as a servant wit in Beatoratlm coredy ■-:2XA Pc c/.-o ? i-vn. '■ ? :'y :W ''-I'P oC ri few bad puns# Wlmtin® t MMMd to poverty M igallMf MM trt thus tUMting from tto hungry Jeremy the n You’ll '.. . . . - • ... 4 • ■' ■ . '. | / 2 ' ' ; ' ' ' ■ >;bled down in Iniotetns* that is ■ • * ■' . . ... 1' , ■: Mt* Valentin® enjoin®' his to ■ ?i ''' ' P , ' .. <O ' xr' 1- ' '■' . his nincl, nortify his fleoh t MM W nouth, and show . 1 % . ? 1 0# GoUttaß, one probably understand this fine WMMgI But if you please, I had rather be at BM*4h*£Bß« Poes "T , - ' , . , ■ ; ’ ' ■■ - '' • ' pMf rleh Hogues, tMth you hBB to pay your Debts without Ptaey? Mil they Mat up the Muth* of Rf Creditors? Will glato be Ball for you? Or because ho un* Stand® cmflßMMt* mid ' . - in a to Prison . BO he Wb no corny, resolves to mil at all that Ww* and in ardor to rival the rich ■ ' " ■ ‘ ’ . ।" W resolves to turn r> That is too such for the S ' '2. ' ■ ■< . - •.. ' d . ■ ?.. ' ■:a with bin, or be damned with Ms WWW* but to live t even for three days, the life of a play, he no Mre » . . if to pivo M a Well eer- . ■ de ' ;d> 'i '' — ' ■ . ' " ' ■ 1 . • 2 fl " : 1 Name, ' ... . : 1 ..... " ' " ■' ' • now WM*< amy for any MHoatnourf but does volun* \'s. ■■" ' 5 ’ d . . f ■ c. - s v> .-■ . ; f i ■ ■ ■ ■ol ■ I ■ i h- - . . .' ' " ' ' M ' - : ' ." -o' • ' ■ ' h d ; tian* with Valentine Ww MB* I not only a mWh for *Wm ax’t a pretty Myr* "and const carry a . " • i ■" I■■ ■ ■ l ■. ■". of ' ”3ir/’ toMW MftWßf to/" 1 eto ■ ‘ ’ - ' ' ' L . » y/’ n .. " . for a 'orwnt I ■ b ■ ' ' ■' . Ij ■■ ' t ■ ' ' . ■ ' \ J'b’X .... . . ... . .... * 1... ... <. . ' "' ।*l ' .' | A | , * 1g a >Mvy WMMUW| and - 59 ■ " ■ ■ ■ ' ■ ■ ' . - ' ■ to, as Angelica says, is the wriest w in mtoo* an absolute sea*wit, who on part*Xeaw folio foul • ' e father Goeikas to deprive the elder brother Valentine of hie estate ant bestow it upon Mi in narriace to n i• m 1 • wr I ' ■ ■ ' . obc ■ ■ ■ ■■ . ■ ' ■ ' " I ; . „ ' _ , ■ ' ■ c ' ' ♦♦Ma lost hl® /motor of Hope WBf* h Sister/* says to# foresight, n Aot will you to with As WpMOf n send him to Sea again • B to IB irconotent 60 ' ■ t, ■ ■ *" ' ■ m■ ■ 1 the : ? ' .. *i ' • SRIB hW ths domreness of tiles roydon and r- '/ 'h'll ; ' '. 3H ■ . 0 B B' 1" ‘ . '■ ?; r -.' 11 r o ' ■ ' 11. , ■ " 111 . 0 ' ■ ''• I <ll ■' '" : ■ ’ '. ■ ' . I ' i* Game Bill ■ u please to sit Sow? i ' s . I• te ■ fi « ■ : 1 .■ ■ - pie Mother I’ll taule a Ohairj thew» as u ?, ■ ' :1 t i ■ ■ ■ . ■ z ■ ..' . A**|W S' 'Vf'O'’ • f '■*'. <“» ♦» V iW>v «f» W 1 .-y ''’ "* " <!SV> 9•' •J ,W A '+ .>. V* ■><• 1*• . ■ Kv-v «•* ' z '»»r» ♦•> nij- A- iW/* « Isgi^^x' $ • st* >,! XCgm I M H ' . ’ ' '. • .« , v •-'. ■ '." so ■i* ■■ 'ea ■ ■ ~ } ■'< not a mala • fora®oth| I aa co it aaw> ■mwy? *iia a (?ec ■ ’ * ' . a ' - XO ■■Lt । « ««« - «.3r t aw you so scornful? SPW& nind # . . । . ■ ■ 13 ~t ’tie Mt a folly . ~. ■ \ ■ ' ■ B /: ' / < । ? ' .. ' ■ that if you ben*t as Mllinc as 1, cry so . t ■ ■ '■' ' ' ■ ' ' I ■ ' . ■ 'J . . . '.. i ' ; ■ ■ ■ 1 , ’/ 7. . . . ' ' * « . I ' . 11 re that;'and I* 11 ; I 7’ 0 7 •'.' ... • ' 7 . ' I ■ 7 7... ' L .. . ,7.. , ~ / 7 . •■ ■ ■ .... < '. L J - . ' . mt f co I*ll tall 707 pXainly f ’ I don*t i t noo Iwa you at all, m nover will, that’s ... 7 ■.- 7 . ' ) ' ' 2c .. . . ... . ••• la ftopo*S I li . • »«« ' ' B . u . ■ ■ ■ . •' . '". • « •• "• 7 ' .' ■ .. .. ' 7 . ■ 7 ..07 ■ ■ ... 7 t | * r . '* | . ' ' Scl* t . . c .. :03 7■ 7 . ..... . t ■ '-7 I a fiwuotla©an f a swat Sant ~ speak te M aw' MW« te’l thrash your Jacket for you, he . 7 . . * .. ' . L .7 ■ ■■ 1 « ' . I , easterly ©kill* . 3 . 1 ' J® ■ ' . , ' / ■ V . ■. 3 - cm abundance of 1 Leadino l f .c; de ide In part* Valentine ■ ' i ■ . . . . if u ■c i .., ■ . . .. . r a SIM .. y f dor dour thousand pounds mM a bond Mth Ml father to sign a W‘ Ms inker! tonoe ■ . " '. • ' | tog : e ' & ■ ' '■ / - ■ ■ M • »** *a I ' ■ - sxxi ~ - - ■■ '■ XX ' ' ■ ■ ' ■ ■ ' ai XX. B : | x . - 1 . |C | $ 1' X '\t I • . I ■ ■ ' X ' ■ ' . ■ BI ' ' l®l ** * H . / b: x Vx 3 -- .< x <. - ■ ' ' * x ■• ' . , x bti ■ ■ - I $ ■ . —xxx Bratoar will bo in Wm to : i * ■ ■ ■ | i / ? .. ; .. rl ■■ ■ 1 wJ H i " n Lt - all hx aim at w at a wito ■ Xrt ■ '' ■ ' ■ X-; .. x ,xx . c . < ■ ' xxx . v : . । .BI '■ 1... i Lt X X . . tort? has m Mto out of hio - ■ m to pay toWt to himself • ■ ". , 1 @ ■•» j rI ■ i : bM ■3■ . ■■ = ■■ ■ . ■ ■’ ■■ g ||| Of?W ' : ' ' . ' . .' . i . ■ ' ■ \ ■I ' 'l2 '■■ .: ~ I |1 1 ' ' c / ' ■ ■ < ISO1 S O e of your ■ ' ' ' • ' , ■ - ' . ' ; ' I ■■ xin " s ■■ b ■■ i '।. : . ■ ''i ■ & VW vA ?A : OmH tow it, into ... A . .' ' 'B3 1J ' ' '. ' ' .’ ; . ■' A:. ‘A, ■ ■ ' c . r . ■ . " ' 1. I.■. . ' I' | » '. g . . ■ " ■ . ' ■ ' ' z ■. I ' . • t I ' 1 I lOg ' b I mrs ? .. : . ■ ' ■ n ■ i-. ■" I 11 : ■ I ilOt to Wit& 'O, Wat it ta* feifo with the 13? frenzy of fine t . t fox* the ®E Uh# pXay f In i . . v.< ' | - ’. . \ .. ■ ■ .. . I £ .• L - » $ ..st . * ■ . is t . arts. . . @ . : । ■ .". I aw .. a a&twal """oily is 1 .. ■ .. . ... , ... ...... ■ ' . ... .. . ■l. ./ .. : ' 1t; । ■ LI . n " . , . . • i 6S * ... । .■ I ’ I■. f . all ; ■■ l i ; ' ■.. . . ' .' Mils *t.&..i bl n Lt 11 ■ ■ I 1 ... ... U . . ■ 'n. ■ . । : $1 . . a i I I . .[n ... । a i a I Hah . । .. .. ' ..". ..., . . ..■ani- ' i< . • ■ . . ■ . ... . '.■ ... . ■ ■... ■ .- IhS liveliness of his SCBIVO* ... ..L* Wi nloaly dolinoated ton-:-: . . . ... f 1 ' . .. I.' ... .W* .WX: . . 1 ... .. ■. ' ’U'. 1 ■' ' ' elude ; IWBttflß of . . . ■ ' ' ■ : • ■ ' , . ; . , . I ■ wather than a nor Goes : ■ ■ - £ * Couplq (1700) > •n, the Park* &M tho I "all;. Mt Sw T* ' - / ■ ? ■ ■ ? m ■ . ■ -.1 '...•■ । ' ahOOlß* is I■■ ■/. ' ■ . ■ ; I ' '. . '. ■ I .. 9 ■ . ' ■ ■ : 11 . - ■ ■■ ' ■ 'l■ .' - ■ to all lodo' into reletv of xtwau: ' ■'. ; r - ■ ; " '■ ' ' ।'' ' ■ t■' " ' ' • ;' ' ; 1 io . ■ ' ■■' 5 ? ■ ’ . ■ ; & ; '1 . \ I ; if. )th ; ■ ' ?' , t- ■ ' ' . ' t ■ 7 ' ■o ■ orb- '■ ' ■ . r■" ' ■ w: ■ ' 'O' ' : ' /■ . \is ' ■ ■ ■ 1■ , ' ■■ 0; ■ ■ hi: ; to b ? oo is < - ) s • : ■‘ : . ■ . ; o his rivalry With. 0.-y ~ o-” ’ • ’ • IS ■. ' ■ ■- - ; ■' ■ - v - : ■ ■ oo t ■■ ■■ ," 7 ■■ । ~ '■ ■ .■ ■1 o J '' ' o * . ♦ " ■ : 1 | ' ■ ■ ■ « U t > \ ' f 1 ' O- ;3 | ■ '■ : . ' ' ' W '■■'" ■ t ’ . ■- 7/ 7 " ■ " ' ■O' ;• . 7' - - ■ „ ■'■ ■ ' 7 7 ' ■ ■ I ■ : ■ : ■ ;. | ■ 7 IbJwf bln O ■ ' o>. . 7.. gX. ■ ■ o ' & ' g ■ . . '• . ... ' ' ' ...' '... b . 1'.... 3.; . ... y . ’ .' . 313*1 ' I liaw 01 I * 5 * . tl ' - ... ". . Ui . . . ■. I tell you once wrc, CQlonolj tlint libi ' * * . /. ' ’ . •■ . '.3 . £ • .. - ■< ■ I A ' V '.' . . .. It . ■■■ * a .■' ■ : 3 . ■' ■. & ■ ■ ' ' . :■■.■' ■ « ' I bu ! ■ i |. $., ■ z - ' . .. ■ . .. i •.■ i //' . ■ . . ■ ■ ' ". b ' ■ \ k . i b ■■ . " 1. • । .. I ' ' ' ' ' X . ' I.' to .. i .' ■ - . . ' ' . . ♦ .. A. ' ) ..... : ' ".'.- .i; i. ' .t . । . ' ’ x\ . ■' ■ ftowt A Licence from . 1 111 ■ . . & Uto ' . ft . ; .' . ' x:. .' □ ■ Bto it,—- A; t X f ll ■X I "• $ : AX" ...3A . : . ■lft. X , ■ - ? ■ ; .- .. n 1 . a■' . . ■-. 11 " I • ' - - „ 0* .3' 0 C ' \ ■ . - ? ■ ' t ' . - ' ■ • ■■ * ■ g - ' ' 1 . t a/' ■ 1 $ ' — 113 g in this iwtoaae the office ut 'xlaox it WB to idle gentlcmn informed as to opportunities for adventure* Library, p. 2^o» B aw .. ... iIA '’■•» B ‘ • 2 • । IM * b W 2S2H V, i, 464*460. $ sir * iv, 11 1 » •■ * M this pW' o and ■' ; ©a. 'by Hontague Burners, Boston, IBM* X w oan early quarto, perhaps tho first edition of 168$, but tM is also defective, end Were-* for© not suitable for reference# 7 X, Sl7*MS> References to this \oro 3 r# BretW&iith’s edition, 1927. The earliest edition to which I have access is the first, Quarto 1670, in which the lines are printed as .eg Igypya, ll> i, fron the er ■id 6U¥ion e ' ' mi to the fIWtJ of 1670, but 'TTnco arc ‘ : 0 ? Ufe ~ 107$, 11, 1, p# IB* . 12 . .®la mA .’to 1673, IV, 11, p, 54, lor, wrto 1693, XXX, Iv, p. 88« g ■'ifo. Quarto iso?. v, v t p. 72. wrto IG7l# 17 W dedicate 18 W Mlgt 3* IQ . J* i> s * The Confederacy, uarto 1705, xi, 1, p# 25# T *1qo« 1 5 i 3 p* 282• pg . Lntx '"T. ' ' ■ 1 ■ - ■. ■ . n । • « ■■ 1 ■' ■ ■ Dominant, Lord Roches to?; Bellair or Hedley, Hther* • . , Q- fence of Sir HooW yt ter v ; •• ' ) “that upon t'So Comedy, it me .generally believed to be an agreeable of the Persons of Condition of both Se»s, both in Court and Term; and that all the tot Id WB ttotoM with IWipont fglali and that it was unanimously agreed, tha f inßri amoral of the Qualities of Wllnot Rorl of Hgchoster# as, hi© Wit, hie Spiri । , for the fair Bex, his Folshood, and his Inconstancy; the agree* able I I<l hit ■ . ' ' the I- i t © of in his The of node* 111, 11, 109*113# tic of Sir George Lthorone# Wl< I, p. tevlli# ’ \ ■ 26 1 of X, It 200*202< Of. ___ try UlfQa XT"!, quarto lS§5 ft p* 3. , L, * . 80 Ibid., 111, ill, 34-01. 31 Ibid., ▼, 11, 143-150. Mm V* 11, 420-429, IV, 1, 348-350, 34 /itness hie perfect agreement with Ire, Woodvil, when under the assumed nene of Hr# Courtage ho ratio at the follies and vices of which he hinself is most gull-* Bontivogllo, Letters of olitlote and ; orality* P* 317, T _ /jlnrKWter* 'Quarto 1673, XI, i, p«gs#. 11. it, P* S 3 IG7G t 11, i # Wo £O-31* . ' : . tl ■ ■■ . - .. % .. - । %9M I Bhou*& 3ollinda t cone blurt out with- a nasty t 'in a Plays For ell •: atly look - Becaw t*S telling Truth, and »* Ing w understand the M. to look serious la so dull, ahi b whole House is a lau^ilng-* 1 ’ "Besides* 1 * continues Brats* "that lookinc serious, do* a really betray ovr nany wu f i do« Per if m did not under stand the thing, w ShouM naturally do like other Hoople tr >g aaato smrt© IGOS, I, 1, p,2. ~T7X p. «• 41 ** Xf 1* P» •# low in a Qwrto MWf XI, i, p* W# AA ? ’ . , >orto 1G76, X , 1, p « S* z . . r ■' . ” nn** u » go » : 213 and 229-230. Quarto i t 1, 1* - ( to ?ope f RyoWley used to say of that M vac imex able to run bin down . 54 My IW, Quarto 1609, UI» 1, »• 31. .. 5 • • ": \ , ..3, 11, >• S 0« * t I, 1, • • s Ti, 1, p# <37• BO i $ p# ' IP* 03 JQMAm IX. X. W* 24-27. . . . . . . ■ ■ '■ . .. ... . . , • ■■■ ", ■ 1 \ ■ 11 ■ * ; .... study to .. . ♦ . x ■ ' x ■ n■ ■ ' on, ■ TOI . . ' . ' . ; ' ' . x . . 1 ■ . t women ohawot«rß a and in the variety of sub joct- \ ■xn , Wrto 1700 1 I, i, ® IMO., 11, V, p. 22. 7C ■ ■ ' ; ■ * M * •? f ? A .. . . CHAPTER VII -- THE FOP AS A CHARACTER IN RESTORATION COMEDY The word to® is used with MB degree of indiscrim* inntij I;:. cetera * Mien into disfavor with the nurse, and offers to ■ .and with her, "♦Tin sore than thou wilt do with thy Creditors,” replies the nurse, "who, poor Souls, despair of a in the Pound for all thou ow’st M* for Paints, Lace, and Garniture* 1 for all, in fine, B o a complete Pap,” WiM* ing to Lady Gaillards Already *MO Ibbon Shadwell in the prologue to ghe Virtuoso says: In the last nits were shown; In thia arc Fools that meh infest the Tom# of the Age* lie cannot My they* 11 please you, but they*re nw| you will My । he M s draw *M true* ' ' ■ ‘ .C- - - . ' - ■ ■ < '. C 1* M In Worthy, the wit, and Lord Foppington, Berinthia ’ ? ... Fhooo are in tan saa* r J4ie Beau with himself, They take oaro of her deputation, He’s Indus trims to destroy it* ■ • • W f ß an Ass»s Lady Flippant says of Addleplot that is a censorious, 4 rigid Fop, ®n< m nothing^' * Sir Stam Mdleplot, according to Dapperwit, "has iw pitch’d Ms Hets for Gripe’s Daughter, the rich SWIWW^ 9 and ooms as a Clerk to got atoisslo to her, Wish w 5 denies to all others* * Dapperwit ribes the poll* wit M "a fidgeting, basis, hot-headed Fop, that speaks always in sen tenses and proverbs, (as other in staUb* itudes) and he rai2/ I against the present cw* exmentf hie Wit lies in projects and monopolies, and pen- 4 « a - * . * Jl - . , nine speeches for young aen« n ' , □ Bangor, me? Il t and Gourr -alee "use of ewry Fops man /irts, to or gain a MiStßtahk* don’t you ■ ■■ Ms ciGtrose will revolt to those Ml that wear, and Gmb -■ - m ■ . - * - m * - - 7 bargain, and will not receive you, ay Partner♦” >inchwift thinks Sparkish an •’insensible Fop” to let a . sM love S to his wife to 1 s•s Horner says of Ws* Dainty Fidp. nd Hrs* squeamish, these nders to hon- our, as Oriticks to Hit, only by censuring others; and as every raw, peevish, out-of-hmour’d, affected, dull, Teadrinking* Arithmetical Fop sets up for by railing at Ms of sense, so these for honour, by railing at the 9 Court, .and Ladies of as great honour, as quality*” and Horner ends hie beastly stage psrfowanoe with Vain Popps but eourt, and teo, and l:eey a pother, v./ . • But ho oins by tfrnen to be pric’d, in . be despin* w ■ ' ■ ' " r ■". j ' ■ : /1 ■ ; f -no- hoped to be hanged* w And now you talk of fainting,” he says, "either I an the greatest Kopp in Mto, or if I do not 1 understand that, I understand nothing in the WWK|* and agnins gift . , :taw| you admire a mn that eats Firs one that has a depraved palate, and is not a to tai ;h from an Osk*Coal 'uh X m dis* tinguish as wll at I con a Pick’d Herring taa a Hus* - .w« Bat Birot It is SmBBIW i Or i os.lt» Tou are a X pity your ignorance, ■ . . • : ■ ' ~ - 11 himself Xia, ***** IM* is to be **M ' by the impertinence of people, when advised by Carolina to go to a nunnery, M* plies, *Xf X Should Beet with fops there too, X should be irreparably lost* Oh Heawnl Wmt shall Xdo to ease myself $ Bather than endure the persecution of those fools, Itai haunt i ■ ■ us here, I will w where neither MH nor wcmn ever omot 0 I she says, would give Honey to M a mn that is not so (impertinent], as the Bubble to to me a Honster, since all mn X tew over seen are met intolerable Stan* sore says of a certain mis tress that *Mta' had always the fashion a month before any of the Cwrt*la<ies, never WB* anything mde in scarce wsht there, and MA all the affected new words sent MBy before they were in print, which made her pass a ■ t a kind of Bycnoh MtaMW says of Selfish, there is another tatete > of that eatress vanity, "that WlWt mongst all her wrie* ty of Fops, has not produced the liMt ho draw an IM of Discourse to the center of hie M Person, and never was M to ; t, but I did, or I mid, ms at the begirmx * or end of tt***' To his valet nildlsh says facetiously, I &at t Co you call w llanos? I had as loiw be call’d a as a Witt A Hit is always a Mf|| idle, 11*$ of no VnMrstanding: °d he has, but he had bettor bo witMut *m: Yew solid Pop is a better he’ll be Diligent and Fawning, aimers in the my, and with his Blocbtead Al his business at l®st> n Ger* trade, watohir/ I aentinontal flirtation of l>s* Fantast and Trim, observes, Fops are very happys for if an /irahangel Should tell they were Wps, they would not beliow it* 1 Those are tahen noro or IMB at iMBt a used under a wide variety of context* not use the word fop a single time in Ms first play# fhe Conical Tovenge; ar, love in a Tub (W 4 He uses it only once in Ms second play, _ ,;.V U' ■ ), ': v instance to designate Oliver MMM& and Sir Joslin Jolly* **W» there ever a of Fops better mtoh’d thoco are? a says Courtall* n aey arc Harp and Violln, tf replies Freman, Mature has so tim’d f m t as if ah. WcMI W It always play the Fool rte —* his third । Tho. V-m of l,Mo« or, ■Sir. Fooling Flutter (1676), Sthorege uses the wd fop fifteen times* Dorimant uses it four time to designate Sir Fopling directly or indirectly, twice in connection with his plan to Sir Inline WW "rs# Lovett* Onoe Dorimnt, apo . • '. ■ ’'n r : t oayc, «8t wnt to iwis a plain bashful BngliW and is return’d a fine undertaking s>ench md again W says to Loveit, be seen publiokly so transw '• -V . 1 ill w otoriouo Fop, to ne Is : |W the sin of prostitution with ano r . Dorimnt uses the wrd six times in a gmeral smso, once to Hellinda, l *n resolve to pursue, and persecute you more impertinently than tW Moving Fop did his hunt you i’the lark* trace you i’tho Dog you in every visit you Mlß> haunt you at 1' * lays, and i’th© Drawing Roas? | again, to malt, "A guilty sonecienoe nay &o mehj go on, be the lie tress o*the ad enter all our young Fops, as fast as We e free travail* ; again, to Harriot, t? As I follow’d you, I observ’d hem ■ yow • -ore Jlcncod \Sicn the Pope ory’d Shots handsago, very j^d^ow, by ~ md whisper’d ale-. oar M#* awico he uses the word in conversation trit 'ling, fir at, in regaxe who frequent the drawing-roon and entertain' Weaselvec ■ ably I of oil the . . . ) : U ' 3 ' ? : .. ' ' ' J pn when the- danse wusio has stopped and tody Loodvil asks how -a? ) af; ; ha> ms \;o MB there# W A Middle in this Sown,” Dortomt explains, n ia a kind of rop*aall§ no s; it a up, but the house is with an of 2 26 tuerados .otraighW’ lowit uses the wa twice in conwrsation with Pert, her wittag wnan# Love it has |ust received a letter frm Sw* tin which he 4 ts th. business has kept hia frm making his usual a;.. - ness,” says Pert, “in General boras not haw be ourront exause for another । a Hodish Ilan is always very busts when he is in pursuit of a new -’same Fop has bribed you to rail at hta; he Md business, I MH believe 07 it* and Mil forgive Ms* A MMBt la tor wm Pert says, ’’And if no nr r> Uagfan and We 3apexwllw he ©or ■ ' a a naked norry with yew? self too, onong Ms laughing COWanions, w she replies, $1 ** 3 “rd rather be node infmoua by Mb, them owe my reputation to the dull 28 discretion of those Fops you talk of •” Harriet uses the word twice * once ‘ Jocosely designating Gcratago, and again : 11 -..a <’ 11c r--w- ; will- law "... 1 W cww * wlo- WBM tlio word onco» Wog MUbair*! falser threatens to disinherit bin if he does not mrry the wmn of. the old ".tlmaM© ebMli « , g .Iley, hand* and pro-'a' ■ »to do what he ttac *| *tis but deep. uch t hunbli your self to a pair of Goloshoos, being out of camtenanco lbw you met your Friends,. >0 ■I at and pityed Wierovor you go by nil the /porous Fops that imt you t and your fem «Cj will be tomrtel,” On closer observation of WMege*# uso of tho word fop and tho use of It in the ci tod übovo fro® a www of W observe several footo: (1) fop is used with fool w fice, Mocliwid; | despite this fact, tho tam f although sc ■need abstractly, usually applies to bow particular individual or the individual -oho hag r rity that makes him appear ridiculous f (3) fop is regularly a pretender to wit and IB Bl & recognition in fashionable society, aoxiotima, horover, under the protete of hating M>| (4) the wit bimalf, to teM we- are indebted for the characterisation of Ite fop, asswes an attitude of contempt or oondeseensiem tsMte | (S) the idea of giving jßOte BHHT on L-terege ■ as he Xf the fop is a fool, he is a ribbon, dancing, w singing fool, or, liho c-ir Flutter, a F 001,.,, the so •’•.Tool of all those . l?urthsmara, he has an affectation that reveals itself in an undue emphasis on te importance of on som mnnerim of or on sar> reason for vanity# All this brings US iMte to the definition of a fop as given by Vanbrugh mid Shadwell* The fop, as he appears in restoration comedy, is a fool of his Ml rather than na* ture’s making, a man Ite has meh an affectation as uisgui . in teM rt, or science (or, to my add, religion), or causes defection in mnnere and morality, or perverts his nW ' -In actions of his life t o is, moreover, a mn Ite on the basis of Stet objective aWtatetf such . . ' . X-... 5 v? . " ■-' ; ■ into the highest social order, only to booxß tlse laugh* inGctock of the wits as he WMMB the victim of his mm * There are only throe prime fops la -itlon con* Cd " 1 ' ' . " , \. . 1 ’• miion, newly created Lord Fopyington# Sir Fopline sprang full-fledged into existence in 1676, followed by Sir MHIf in 1686, and by Lord Foppington in 1606# But scores ear fops furnished merriment for the English audience be* tween 1665 and 1700, and- it is to these we shall turn our 31 • &W distinctness imbuing thm with sone hu* doct that had not before been shown upon We stage, there is no basis on Ai . 1 .lassification • r M\cticolly all of • certain traits in oaxion# Xn We first place, as already/ stated, they set thonsolv • in Wo sooond noot of then wore pursuing sme to finally unmet* oessful or deceived by oorio trie!-: of Ibs ’ dies or their agents* But for W W9F classify the fops as city fops, town and court fops, and country The city fops need not detain us at length for the reason that except in a broad sense they are not fops at all, but fools and cullies which represent the contacts that the wits have with forces outside their own oil faW. ' a cirole# Shey are brought upon the stage, however, as hiwur characters with affectations poeuih o therwlvcs, and are therefore regarded as foils in the general point of • or professional non, find pedants* Aldermn Gripe has the vanity and credulity of tM typical city mgistrate* In the hands c * ?, is described as a saW> nstor and a precise city bawd, he is mde lmghing*stook of the wits# nith a view ft trapping hin later t she gains .. . . - ■. . ; ■-.■ Indeed you MU put no to the blush* , > Blushes are ' ..its B. — * you are**aro the flowr I Joyner* * You ■ are the Huffler of seoreoy* SS* Jomu You ar© the head-band of justice* you, sweet Wa# Joyners do you Wink so imeeW You are—you are th© bonfire of devotion. Hrs* ffoyn» You are the bellows of seal# c 7 Tou are Wo outboard of charity. /vs. You arc the fob of liberality* • ' v UMStI I W wod- ■ Yo 1 dark-lantern of nolioy; anST™ 7 intidla of v/ - « Yow servant, your serwnt, sweet MB# Joyner I you have * t .’ ny rmth» Wa< Your servant, your servant, sweet alderd 'f■vc n .' :' '■ ■ ./ Then she inveigles hlxa into paying court to Ms* Lucy, but before th® introduction she shows hta th® man furniture, and tells Ms that Urs* Lucy w have had ere now, as good h t China# Bods, Persia c a, Gold*plate, and the like, if would haw put herself forward* f? n Ho t no,” MRI Gripes W like it well enough, « , ; . .. ■ ■ |« pendants, moklaoes, fans, ribbons, points, Mm s y and Gripe pays fiw hundred pound® IB appease the girl and MMs Crossbite, her Bother* In the end, after MM ■ ‘ . .y ’ - ■ . . ' says, w an ide, loytering, slandering, ‘ S ' : - ■< ' ' ■ . " ' ' ■ wth *W wßi ti«g i ■ iy rwy I l I . ~ . lew that, and be wrs®g*< for the loss g .-'.uey here: I shall ! tiw hundred >mmd Staon re ■ . ■ 1 / / n i■ ■ ■ " a f to wit, ?t Ao first appears looking for a nsphei i itiMtj* ho W I MOB to look wt SB ungracious of mine, Ao I hear by virtue of your । you have sate him good for nothing?** ■ . | I ■ . I ' - r for hie ImpoOTD, and tho Rih no Debauch >W* ' . ' . A '■ ; . , a I hear he wit a Libel/* ho replies• n I ; shall have bin saribl© away his M r ' .iself so far into the £MMI l ? avours f to lose his Lose, or bo knock’d o’th head; these WB the fruits of Wit»** The WW ’ll bear with you that have Estates, tho you have a little j but f tis enmigh to undo a man that io to make his Fortune* My Hephhew met leave book upon Littleton, for Beaumont bb® • Poetry,” says ofenwc, ”is an ornmont to a nan of any professlone” wt Tis a dmn’d WAf* replies n aM will 1 nothing good or profitable grovz by it, His the Language of the Devil, and begun with Oracles* WWW did you Imow 36 a Hit thrive, or indeed hoop his own?” How there Ms ;ly emo to London the widow ly, Ift KWNWg to Gtamore , set© up for a (jreat fortune, hoc y ' .c *i" house* mid lives very with the Intention to put off herself and her two daw re very pretty* nt* chooses as the imtrument to Mkt the gmltaft near the Court believe her rich one r* ot, who, she- ©ays, is ”a very busy old gentlemn, and very credulous, that loves to toll ws, and always minifies a true story till it became a Iio*" aggot, with a amber of others who have B shrewdly bitton b -'idmiths, hearing rhat mortgages the widow has, invests with her a thousand pounds, and becomes a rival wiW We steward and .Prig for her affections. Young maggot, too, with the O MgMMt of his undo, be cones a suitor to th© wi- few Gertrude, Wo is very fool:' M lives a wanton life with the i The widow carries out her fraud successfully until sho is WA by the steward, who is angry Won ho discovers : engagement to Old .agGOt, In the meantime Young Uaggot marries Gas? , and resolves ”to keep company with none but th© top-Pits, and writ© Plays, Songs and Lmpoons, in defiance of the Fop my Uncle*” But the disclosure of fraud is verified Lady Cheatly* "All th© steward mys, is true,” she declares, "I Oft WOH little or not: whole Fortune a Cheat; this old Gentleman I chose, because ho is governable, and loves 1 • .ss, of which my broken <?tune will ■.lough*” "what a Cross-bite have I scaped?” exclaims Wig* "This Shen ms xioll carried on, kadoai Did you hear, old Fool?” "Gundog’ cries "I * cheated, undone, and 37 ®y nephew ruin’d, and mrried to a iMggar#" the point of view of the } • ?los spoke true Wen he said at the beginning that the wits "port with their Honoy for . ? - . . j " ■..< ■? .o:l - - :a:-o for the one will mlse u better Last Jill and Testa* nsnt, but th® other load a hauler Ufa. ’ ’ Cloeoly associated with Maggot and Prig, who thinks of nothing but dogn, horses, dice, tonnia,. bowls, races, and coo k*f luting, la W t who minifies business and hates xa :?p ■ ' - meat should Ite But • • all, he is methodical, and has boon so long in the past that he MB what Trill happen hour by hour for the fifty years# n X will not break my ethod for the ho says; ”X have these tuen* ty years v through I 'ey to Kolborn Fields at Four, all }od WOMB observe ue, and set their Bread into the Oven by no, and by no other Glock; when I go by, I hear »m call, Carry tho Broad to the Oven, the old Gen* tlesnan is c lift • by. I do love to be taken notice of for ny the norchants also io :lor, not only n the most knavish, precise, covetous old that 40 ever died of a Gout,” but an Tdio needs no mask but his hypocrisy isard needs non® but darlmocs; Gripe and I'Meytrap, two rich scriveners who are mdo dupes by their vivo a; and a score of others who arc broiypht upon tho starp as objects of satire# Two other small classes towards when the wits have on attitude similar to that held towurca the city magistrates and merchants are ths small professional men and pedants. Young Hagcot was bred at the Inns of fourt, but loft his profession in his mdnosc after wit* Dr* Quach is the wretched physician who helps to naha fomcr’s roguery poc- Mble. Syringe is the surgeon who attends Lord Fopyington when he is wounded in a duel by a scratch in the ribs. ?? Is * oU Syringe, "I can’t toll—htat you willing to give for your Cure?" "Five hundred Pounds with pleasure," he replies* "Why WM** sa S Tinge, -’perhaps there my be hopes. Dull is sir Tunbelly’s hypocritical end self* indulgent chaplain, whose conscience is governed by the fat livings at the disposal of Tom Pash ion* fasong the pedants the most notable ere Sir Nicholas Gimcrack and Foresight* Sir Nicholas, the virtuoso, a disciple of the new science, confines his study to the laboratory, where he dissects lob* store, classifies spiders, OEporlnents with blood transfucion, for it is below a virtuoso, ho says, to trouble hta* self with non and manners♦ "Trust r.xj," says Gir formal. la the finest Speculative Gentleman in the v;holo and in his Cogitation© the MBt serene Ankaal alive: Hot a CKtalm so little, but affords hiu groat Curiosities: He is the noct atoirablo person in the xl£* Hofloctienc and I&ditatlons, in the vhole wrlC* Mt a a tore co to ; not give a Tongue; he . -.. i . ■ . . , . .. . , speak eloquently, and by a noble kind of i^soPQpeia t Instruct /y MnkiMe* Ke is a speculative philosopher* To Ulus* to: in learning to err Un, he lies flat upon a table, takes in his mouth a packthread tied to the loins of a frog* which he has in a bwl Of g Oft M th® . cs# Log'll, the vlt, MB fhln: ': xJZ r. v .. that ever uuc heard of , n asks him if he ever tried his spinning in the mMr< Sir,** replies Sir Hiaholas; *WB ft enruisitc. ••••! content uy self ulth the • seldan bring anything to use, • IB MMbb is ny ultimate is a cliaracter of no conoidarable importance, but px’oscntc mi interesting contrast Pith Sir Sampson Legend* The tw noire a pair of' boastful old $ - foresight a n says Sir ”1g .■ ■ s tition— o:: o’th’ tine; there’s no tine but the tine present, there’s no more to be said of what’s past, and all that is to cone will happen. If the Sun shine by Day, and the Otars by light, why, w shall know one another’s Faces without the help of a Candle, and that’s all the 3tors are good f . oresight charges bin with ignorance, and when bir Sampson replies that he has traveled, and seen the antipodes, where the sun rises at nidnight and sets at noonday, Foresight answers, 1 tell you, I have travell’d, and travelled in the Coolestlai upborei, Imow the Signs and the lanQts and their Houses* Can judge of notions Direst and hetrogrado, of Sextiles* sPiadrates. Urines and tions, Fiery :ong ana lri£ons, Mow whether life shall be long or short, Happy or Unhappy, Aether Diseases arc cureable or Inoureable* If Journeys ahull bo Ijrosperous, UMertakings successful; or Goods stoll’n zi/. so the two old non go on with a lively tilt which nust have furnished groat rnrrixaent to an audience nany of whori had witnessed the inception of the loyal uociety. town and court fops are nwierous and varied in character. Sir X’roderick 'frolUc!: is sone Sines regarded us a finished creation of the conedy of fashionable life. ho has the nonchalance of the nan of fashion, the easy, iqpu* dent wit of nt. Ines’s Street and the Hew the 45 ekill in rejoinder that io never nt a loco." 1 ' To pursues his love affairs with the M ".wtall and Dor* tent, neats th* sane tests, and in the end gives over be* ■ ha*, found in the Widow a match for Ms Mt and in* genulty. He Me the ccmplaoency, gaiety, good*nature, and courtly manner of an accomplished Mt, But ho is essential* ly a humour character those humour is, as his name * ■ ts, to be frolics-' # ade th© streets IM ht long at a, quarrel with the wtoh, break win* (I I 1 4V a « ver' " WM Mta at the d’/idow*© house he says to Roderick, n X, Xam dr an I not, Bidowf X scorn to be sober* er than yourself, Str| I will drink with you, swear MUI 46 St> Roderic!: is plainly a forerunner of Sir Foiling, They have both traveled abroad, mrticulnrly at Paris, MM* Bit 1 ■ *4ll liMf* myo \ *<♦ de l to ISMSI do language« de bon nine, de .great end many Oder WJUBt w W W ■ ■ ■. MI Mt both lovers of extravagant display, nelfish, though a meh more despicable character, a man, however, who has nom of Sir Proderiok*® roistering disposition, my be classed with Sir Broderick as essentially a lover fop# °Me thinks all Umm in love with him,’ 7 says BeHmour, on : he will ISO MBS to a. on the Bemh, and not despair of getting a Widow at ter Husband*a ' -elf v. oil ha - • - .-am at all tines to all People, though sober mng Bra . tag A 7 and without a Penny in his locket to hen deep at lay#" A gaunt scarecrow in appearance, a lying braggart as to his conquests in love, a man without fortune, he is always- talk* lag of equipage and dressing, ant complaining that a man cannot got a good valet de chmbre, French or English# He improves in folly as a Witt . I in understanding, and Ms no parts except those which he baa acquired by a tawdry i itation of men of sense and wit# Of the cm® variety of fops there is gparkish, "one of those nauseous offerers at wit, who like the worst 1 idlers run themselves into all Co®* , ’ and n to pass for ■in Town/* Dorilant add a shews himself a ?00l evwy night to us, tMt are guilty of 4A the Plot#** Sparkish is not only a lover fop, but he is a i7lt*md fop, to whom a wit is the greatest title in the world, and all of vaose acquaintei h| boasts, ere wits and rail* Hours# t? ho says, n X go to a as to a Country treat, X carry my own Hine to one, and my om it t’other, or else X an sure X should not be merry at either? and the . lowdc . :n the Players, is, bo* cause W think we speak more Mt, and so become the Poets Rivals fa his audience: for to tell you the truth, w hate the silly Rogues; nay, so much, that we find fault even with their Bawdy upon the Stage, whilst we talk of* nothing else in the Pit as But he is unequally mtched with Alithea, a really charming young woman of both Mt and beauty, and decorum A t die be not finally deceiw ed, and that he receive the reward of his dullness# Another fop of a similar character, but with nore of the gaiety and bluster of Sir Frederick than the others, is Young Fashion, a younger brother who has used up his allowance in his rounds of . is at the mercy of his older brother Sir novelty# Lory warns Young fashion that If he wuld enter into his brother’s heart, ho must first Mtwr into his pleasures# n Horo you have stood ever since you in, and have not ccoaended any one WiW that belongs to hta>* says Lory# **Bw never shall,” replies Wung they belong to a *obeMg Rlr,” says sMyg ”you must be content to pick a hungry Dene#” so But 1 .xn resolves to use his wits, lay his loggers. ■ y the • and in cool blood ■ schem which with the help of Coupler and. of a triefx on Sir ■ - " ' ' G Uto is designed for his older brother, and fifteen hundred pounds a year BeeldMs ■Along with the lover fops of the tot wt i® aMP g v hto । si Young ■ 114 ■ '■ ' .■ . - . ■ : * ' .„>. 1 Jof , o 00. . f . ’ ■' C, rf ■ . t „oir MW* '1... । . । ' ■ U bio to- Bl . ? | si> ■ * o I ■■B■ o .? | ... . b " ' '. . 1 ■ U. . ' / ■ ' s■■■ a • ' 1 • ' ■' e ' ' ■ - ■ ■■ '■ . ■ ' '. . : s .. . . . ; ■ It dull I bellow shortly ’twill % ri to find a p t friend to oomunioo. . • M wit to, as a : ■ ■ .•« • . ■ "? ■ ■ \ | ■■ ■ ' ' . , I ". 1 . . ■ • MW the exception of nodesty mt porhepe mlanoholy t ho is ' coi )\ . - ' . g ’ ' ' . ■ xgg of Wit* to eonpile a brevlatc of then for the wo of flayers, Prlnter»| Md MMtlaM cooks, and Tubaeoa* ■ OH and all that haw mom . • . thinks, io beautiful without affectation, MMOUO Wlltete airy and brisk without is . frolio with* out rudMOM* and Ite jus tost MMtaM breathing to her as* sigMtiM} and to bar him from similitudes in her lodging : • ■ -' 1 .. ' : ■' - ■ ; . < .J I . ■ - । tet . . . new you talk of SmMM> I an no living hit, if her lox » not east 53 M tw thousand Couplets at least/’ Vanity and flMlteMM i TB t laity ! M ■ . '1 0 fGGlnws Itet . is yoke. ■ obliged to your Mther, I 1202? '0; -QU XXX GUO i:o G, ■ ■ .X. ' S,WII ' ' 11 .' | • ' ■G. t ■ g ' ' , -G ' 'GX ' G Wi . ■ . I ■r ■ : 0 . . j: .„ ' : . .-■' J■ ' ■" . -■ ' j . ■ ’ ' ’ . ? . ... ■ < •- .. : ' 1 ho is mi infinite oozeomb poot, W by force of halos me into Ms Lodging, and reads no there a Confounded Scene in BsroioM Verses so that what with sir Or sooacoelw squeaking Fiddle, and Foot Hixw t s Heroicl: Fustian, W ■ -. ' C ' ' . ' . ' . ' : ■: * . . .is head full of Bofbrwl i ■ n ■ H .'g g- I tee... it .■r • i . ■ ■ ■ .\. '. ■ oMtivo Gtuse to be pleasant raillory* He is . :'' ■ ■■ : \ o .-.- . ’ ■ - ■ / ' / hQT low for Stanford after leading Ninny to believe that sH ■ ... sinh or ant mF it Mil for w: hmaeformrd of '. . . - . ..■ ■ ■ v . ■ 3 •_ and time, and mttlo in lampoon#* MIMM gives . first introduction to Young the rest of 9 thoro is _ ;ayo, ‘ ? ono thM Me ' Aose Heir he is, bred at the Inns of Court and intended for tlic Law| but lie has left and it run thinks of nothing, endeavors at notMng f lmt to bo a Hit and a Lover, ■ c " " ■■ ' : ■ / ■ ■ A . O'S VC , of-oil:'. Mr oo a rit 0 mi’tlng of tWm| ' ' ' : ' r -L ' ' 'O ;0.« *■ /' ■ ■ 0 ■ o s ■’: a-''S"o’' v- aolf* Idm X writ my last $ , o* ' . ' . . . : o . : . c ■ . save ... • ' " hit poetry to impress hie nistress with his mrits* and uitl; oboLid -:\r. 100 ,0 docreG of . , B W ham seen* mog W ■ • »g| ftm'm several strongly individual m IBM ne my designate simply as false wits* Jnong ticoo 1? :■: , : ~?. 'ycvc 5 imthinkinct okGllow ABA fop t on who in three months at Paris renounces his language, his drinking, "..• , <”£ i . ? ■ < / . .. drayman of his futhorcs brewhouse is ready to imoak him on .h 1 । . ..."•■ . a liK > .... > ■ . . .. . . .' c (.. ■ 9 . ... . .. dll a ■. .or •\ . 3 ... . J ' B ■ . O ' ; I,do /■ , "." ■ ■ ■ .. \ J . ; . :■ ■■..'. ; ■ ' ; ■’* and is as fantastical as Glmngeuble, and eg well Mt as the . I .ion; oho lidos 1 • I M| wn f d ehmm to haw his trim । rMs Title, a m os^ Lord Plausible, & formal, coreriOnloiw foe, who is honest ?Wly*s chief aversion because, Ite an author in a dedication, he never speWl Wil of a MB iW the an** safe, but his own, ; to c 111 of \peo". behind their backs is net 11'- , to . ■ . -. .... : ... . ... ... ... ’ ’ , ' -'ir <n)“nicß| his "‘ ' - ■- -- - c to rails /nd for his Being dlwayee in h eawe GO ho is never? dlssatisflM with h ’ . L Mtwoud, who is a fool with a yood memory and sone tm scraps of other folkc ? nit; uhono convene-■ W ■ roved, .. ; r rr ; / ■Bl ‘ ■ ' " < ' ■ ” ‘.. b ' ■ ShiilieiT Wit nil’’, construe -t mdrnoo Wd ill 61 lang*Ws satire nd fire r ■ r is a very honest fellow, and a very > - fellow, and has a pretty 1 wit| • “ r has no wmner# at all, ■ ■ ■ ■ ■■ " ■ ' ■ ■ . - truth U, but will lie like a a woman of quality*s porter* ‘ ■ ??y*irfe tongas th© ooun* try fops is by .yohorlc.; tho months of Ms characters# The poets have turned MM of Sparkish’s songs into burlesque, BUM act leads him to a general observation# ■ . .. '■.p ■ , ’ - . 1 • _ . ■' .-■ b. . rot. Which by tM virtue of Hiatus . ; .Wsev tyvay# ':e a V nd witty M in the MU , a ' ’ool upon the Stag© you know not haw; and ’tis therefore X ha to ’em too, for X MM not but it my be MB MM| for they’ll ' - ■ ' ■ ' / ■ . • ' ■ v 7 ■ . '■ *1 ■■ ' v . 7 ’ ' '"r 7" P<P~ Fools, but those Rogues met have Gentlonon, with a Pox to ; . .. ; : . . ■ . .. . . . . ■ . ... . . •■ r r*~ r-0 r -tr-r ? r-it ho*s a Mt to tell you the truth, they have kept M MOM six years from being a BMght in tMWMtf fW fear of being Knin&ted in a Play, SMt dubb’d a "ool»” "Dloro f ci not/ 1 replies DoMlant, n thov met follow * in the in Sopy, the /ge<” It rill bo unnecessary at thir point to go into do* tell in regard to the country fops, because Ix>Td PopGinyton an® Bl> Courtly Hico, whom w shall consider at length, are Ttry fops par excellence* It is true, however, that prao* tlMlly all the country fems ore knights of the shire* Poe* ' . s old t pertinent fop, Given to scribbling escorts C ■ w Maokaws of Kor* folk about the Court of Chancery, and who undertakes to win q ■ the over flowings of his fancy and pen; Oldwlt, an old* fashioned wit and punator of the last but recorded by the people of Bwy as a fine, facetious, witty old gentlemn; a foxwl, ceremonious fop, . : , ' '. . < V' . V ■ ' ' : ' ' : play to tl© country village, the wwe notable ooun* tr ■ '' x ". i . . a ■ . i ' r ■ ■ : f ■/ , c "■ "- ■ ' ■ e of country or sponsoring a case in the law sw»l । or pursuinc '. 'St at IhitiialXe JimrG ■ . . ./ ■' . ' /I. . s ■ o."■. ' ." . . ' ’■" XX dope t Oliver* for tha ißlßinMßdMt knavery ant dis*' loyalty of his father, has <labanaar*d mi / ' - : as poor in as in ports, end emo that has a vainglories to Gain a reputation monist the Goa* try, by feigning Good nature, and an affection to the Kins and his Party*' sir Oliver aoe!»cd and Sir . Joslin Jolly rc vlrendv glr Smpn A w taCW. as the fa* ? sir Jo* ' > m'. ; ." £1 yi| . -ml 1 ■ s • ■ WMM to Ms to SM ' yI b ■ : *ls' I . ■" h h ■ I _ ■ ■ ' ' < ■! 11 ' mlsMc...: \ " in* y■■ । ■ y . . ' $. ■ y. o y y : y .•; MIX X hope ‘ ' ! ; ' "' • ।i• S 3b b' " ■ ' y ■ ■ ' . ; '' 3 .. " " u " - 7 ' a y ■ ■ ' ". M ' ' ' ■ ' " ; ' - ‘ ‘ ‘ ■ ■. * • |.- , » - - . . ~ „ y. 1 ■ ■ l - " '■ ." 1 " . ■ . . IM . ' ■ ' • • ■s . ■ ■■ ■ . 3 1 ■ - I 7 y $ 7 - — of & ■$ ■ * it ■ ■ . i■ t i"। ■■ ■ *.. ' 7 ■ ■ - .■ ; ' -r . y ' - ■ . .. . y c • ' ■ ■" ■ ■' ' । 7 11 1 It t t' ■ . s t i "■■ ' |■ ' y rwS| Wliti ■ ' ■' .■ . y r z aai bw* ■ ■ ■" | 1 -1 ■ * ' 7 ■' ' t 1 ' @ I■ ■ ■ . y?' । - । ■" ■ 7 y'l is .. । y N • . ' -- - .. ■ ■ .. O ' 8 1 "' . '. a i.U ■ . ir vdt aanMata in mohlnG*TOon puns ■ imwry Tuoticity# for easasp I .. • * ■tl£l. : l . * « > iwlh 5 MIXWMte 4 Cow bo? The Devil oan*t find that out# 9' ' ' ' ' " B ' ■ ' * my Boom, I must haw had Dtecincs# o**l kill me . • « , ■ '. ■ " ' -■ ■ ? Lof parrels: You shall ncwr take mat a c . . ; J: *’ -A « . - # " ■„ ■ . . ?or the love of dear St lend, not M fact: x omnot euffer lt< Coco, Stereh, a Sir positive At*AH, as the sane b . ts* is a fool:’ I "©ho protends to understand everything in the world, Xf any nan can give a hotter account of the intrirao of the violin i ' 3 lio owns that ho is an owl, a puppy, a logger* wUM you win. Bi nwrowly 11 e 0 Ml upon Littleton ha- * for the cithern, he invented the instrument* In fine, he aoye, Navigation, Geography» Astronomy, Palais try, Physiols, Divinity, Surgery, Arithmetic, Logick, aoohoacA and :Ariola X*le epeak to every one of these in their order; if X don’t understand *m or. ■ tion, my, if I doa’t Ponce, Dance, hide, sing, Fight a Duel, sneak French, Cccmnd an iSWi >I a F M Violin, Bagpipe, Or®an, Harp, Hoboy, Sackbut, and double Curtal, spools Spanish, Italian, Gree" ; Drew, Dutch, Welsh and Irish, Dance a j Wow the Bar, I' Dr in!:, swgeor, r, break 1 Aff- . h 'tint, MOf Shoot, W’lo, dt •, Stool*ball, and Dispute, mke 1 ai the greatest Owl, X > iw» Wnlw» Baboon, . M '.oca Dloel>heod, Buffoon, Jack*pudden, Tony, or what you will# But his learn* inc ic S n avail, Im at the critical non Wil he learns that Lady Value, to whan he beeches engaged ill ' ■ . ■ > 70 haw met with, I did not understands - But he speahs ’ v 77] ' . 7 r- • 7 ■ ■ . - ■ 7 '. mrriage to a harlot, mA M9B that none but an ass would Such, briefly, is the history of the leaser fops of Restoration *Wth Bow wo shall turn to the transcendent fops of the periods Of sir Fopling flutter prior to his late arrival In London pipins hot frm Paris, we know nothing as to Paris a plain, bashful Bolish bloekhead, and is roturned fudging by his title, however, and a line in the epilogue by Dryden, w presume that he was an English Imight or bar* onet who had Mlt his Wk idon for sere W vpose ■...■ . . ' ■ . de his sojourn in Paris he had boon in London long to bo faMliorly known to Dori* nant, Tedley, and other people of the first quality• They know him as a pattern of nodem foppery, who thinks hinsolf a pattern of modern g .try, a p. • 4oed of great ac , *be*» ' ./k • ' ' . . ' ' ' ' ' mny a had been lost to the World, Md their indulgent Parents wisely bestow’d neither Learning nor good breeding 71 on f m. n To lady Townly, Woes house is the general wa* desvous and next to the playhouse the MKM refuge of all the young idle people, ho is the town. In general, sir topline Ms We appearance of a nan of quail" : 1 a gentlemn of Wit# ne conforms to Harriet’s description of Dorlmnt, who, sho soys, "wears his Gloaths fashionably, and has a pretty negligent way with him, very Courtly, and ouch affected; ho bows, talks, and miles so 7g agreeably, as he To IMley and Dorimnt, char- acterise Sir kopling as a fine nettled oo®h t brisk and inafjic.. poo. o.n<' ...ill o- / .yyy , -kovrcvoo ;/ou hrxnico him, Gentlemen, I’le lay my life he passes for a hit with mny* tf "That may well bc> ' oplies Borimant, "nature hoo Bw cheats, stun’s a brain, and puts nese often on Wo tastiest multitude for true wit and hu- It is, therefore, his acquire ■ not his nat—''o •-•ctor,—his MW of the aonoc of his extravagance in dress, equipage, speech, and Ils las a fop# Anticipating his first appearance, which Bthereto cleverly defers until the middle of the third act, Lady Townly says, <M Tis good to have an universal teste; we should love Tit, but for Variety be able to divert our selves with the Extravagancies of those who want it,” and upon his entrance, cormoniousl/ M by his page, Dor inant warns Eedloy not to fall on him and snub him, but to soothe him un in his extravagance, that he nay show the bettor# of th- extravagancies , Sir Linn has Mrl hilarities that set hin apart# In the first place, as ruo soys of honsieur Paris, ho is a ’’french! fled fool, f? nothing he thinly is done right, unless it is clone after the French way# This is shown by his 1 I * which is flavored with the Pronch plwaso, his WMtMf and even a lisp w that he affects in imitation of the isoople of Quality of In the second place, ht is careful o .- \ and a critic of the 4MM of others# He, appears at the the* ater n with a pair of Gloves up to his Blbaws, and a Periwig more exactly CurVd then a ladies head newly dressed for a MUW 1 He rides to Lady Townly’s in a ”Gallesh w which be brought over from Paris, a carriage that, he says, is as easily Imown frai an ’ English tumbrel as an Inna of Court man from amn of quality. And thio leads to a conversation which pictures fir Pooling in the drawinr-roan: Dor. Truly there is a bell-air in Golleshes as veil as nen. red. But there arc few so delicate to observe it* Hr * : world is generally very grossler here, indooST L. oorr. very fine# EiTT" Dxtroam proper. sir""boa* A slight suit I nadc to appear in at riy first arrival, not wrthy your consideration, Ladies. Por+ The Pantaloon is very mil mounted. sir Pop, The Tassels arc non and pretty. ' cxE I never saw a Goat better cut. Sir Pop. It mhos no show long-wasted, and I thin!: slender. Dor. That’s the shape our Ladies doat on. Ed. Your breech, though, is a handfull too high in ny eye, Sir pooling. Sir Top/ Peace, ;Medley. I have wish’d it lower a thousand lEos, but a -ox K’t, ’twill not bo. L. Toro. Gloves are noli frin :♦&, large anc gracefair f Sir .Pop. I was always eminent fox’ being bion ennte. mil. He wars nothing but What are Originals of the nost ' 'toons liands in Paris ♦ Sir Pop# You aroTn"the ri’’ht, Kadaru L. WK. The Suit? Ll£ Barroy. Ell io.. The Garniture? BF ?d.\ Le Gras— Sd. The Shooes? Bor. Sir Don, chedroux. xsßi and Inilia. The Gloves? Pod. uKngerial You hnow the snell, Ladicsl Sir "oling talhs fluently also of point D’coocl;w as coi> d to point De Venice. o vats f ribbons ? and *W ■ « ' For his valet do chmbre ho has brought over the prettiest USW that evor spread a toilet# “Prithee** 1 he I Dortoant* who wears his clothes wall MW the exception of his cravat, .“let ne send M W dress thee but one C 75 By Heavens an IMglish nan cannot tyo a Hibbon/* In th© third o, Sir Fopling mohea a tlajAay of : • . ■ ■ 3 ■ * In every dota 11 t end which appears to the bystanders as ox* traordlnary even in London*© fend pously he enters the IWLI shouting orders to his footom. On the inquiry of s® mg as to vhat spruce prig this is f ano * ■ a lately caw from Laris ?* Hie equipage consists of hie ooaoh, a pane, and six footmen, ' • ■■ ■ . .< , k ■ - ■. —■ । ■ -t U 3 p*et * re all Woitaot* M ' ’..oahhead mong 77 he replies, my Imcm hin by his Ms diegaet i» the greater Ibsa he IMM that this i- t nan© is Trott Hb , barbarous M' the name of English servants. Finally, Sir railing is, to use the sparMsh term, brish with the ladies* It is to this eM that his other toppwito exist, including his dancing, to he gives the Trench air, and his singing, vMoh to learned of Laubort t * ... , x lo ' ■ , ■ ' to mMe 8$ to the Indioss and his • .Ivcn a special poop to impress "rs» Love it* His Logins with his effort to show the ladies his fineness of tetot* . st my Aunt says liollair, "and re 'to< Xowlt a Catalogue of his good Qualities, under .'. . s .. . ■ in ix । to wB, totot well, have a gMito for Xxsvc Letters, an agreeable ■ a Ctoatofy bo very xnorous, sene thing discreet* but tot ovex* COtotont***- rtohtoto continues in toi as that to uses to have a gallantry, as ho tolto Dorimant, with to ? the togltob « , (,CL; S toHM Loveit upon him, - « nf a thing,” to says, "no less necessary to co often the deputation of , ill to to satisfie the Town of your 79 ■ t . &iipto| totovWf Ms display of finery, his polished speech, xa-cy with rrenoh phrtotof his composition of love songs, avail hte nothing, for in the end toa* hovelt greets his offer to wait upon Mr with, i 1 । totto 1 . .is irx ihi sc ■;, Wart hla m । is ocmvontional e He is tiierofore les type, more laitativo, than sir Popllng* They both affect th© :<itlmc । ' /ir ‘Courtly is parte •re • ribbons, laces, and other idle wnitiaa pteWWl to wound his lover*© heart, n nis iorcc, • "Ljlp, 'res . e&| I tete hteWlfl and there it blossaas » ' ; . . re ■ । i aouncil of faylors, :•. miners, M< fans tresses Sir Courtly loves display, too, but puts sore stress t 7 - ■ tew • te ißwpla, sir courtly tee me. hia at his toilet, and the Of tte circußstcnoe: • -/ final GKtreanly fine. Gentle- Bn ladles, will you do m the favour to walk in, and aaoept. Occasion# Wu f l h*WUT W " - bin servant**- wafedg* Servant* yo» Tou •tm© wry lx Ser# 1 '.cnour said f tmc very fine# ££ 12* don’t you know idiat bolonro to a GentlShn? I • tho , rvlcrioi, ®he thinn Itet cbonb a cnWimi. &ewwr Wsrl< cryor ‘ ttam t r< lido q- ’ ■ -on y •aw said a Centlmcm,' yo r Vi ' • .. ger# Is there nothin . . * to a Gentle- Uith fine Lojicubgo*- _ Co* One Teeth* you sotj fine £angmge bolonno ■ . '.'. ■ ' * Mem of Quality are above Wit* *Tio true* for our diversion scoot! os wo write. but we nc*r record it* I w ite but wit £§* write li&e a Gent&eM&| soft and casie# sw< r Honour write £ 3o> no f that*® Wehanleh, I bestow some Garni** r Sir Courtly is a country ImicM just orrivod fron * ?, is iaeMbarod, r • 0 fopf to a ■ and Bl ernes to London nt the in- to pay court to Leo-I*o is in love with Parewel, but is virtual! tis- onor in BeHcwrd’e house under the close supervision of an mt 1&M Violante describes as a ridiculous piece of antiquity, a relic of BeHcuarA*® ancestors# ’’True,'* says Leonora, *%lt Aunt on no like a daily Ayue; but I had rather wndwa her, than be curbed by such a nonsonMeal Cham as .Courtly !s***ss Wil* the aid of Crack and fairly, however, she defeats her bra ' * about the b ehone to secure her release that the plot emters, and Surly ftwnishos a sWthtng contrast to Air ■> ?tl' , " fy- r>tcr ore not bo contrary, u says IbWI *Slr Courtly la to civil a creature, and m respectful to every thine that belong® to a Gentleman, he stands bare to hit own Periwig# . Curly uncovers to nothing but his mb Hight* cap, nor to that If he be drunk, for ho sleeps in hi® Hat# Sir Courtly is so gentle a Cree: , he writes a ahallsno® in the style of a BilhMmgt Guriy talks to his Mistress, at he would to a Hector that wins his Moneys# Sir Court! j is so pleas*d with his mm Mr ‘ ' tf nay, Me Salvation is J’ mGlrwe, Co.' M I eternal Happiness# Surlv y a Hoeven, at least his Priest, is his Claret Glass; for to that he confesses all his StMf and frou it receives Absolution and Cmfort# IM his Donation is a ttaM he finds M UMMA in his Mose# In shor - < 1 1 M G for I Mingle these two, fox* there never was so sweet & thing as Courtly# so sowrc § : ? ’oAhi”, fir Courtly, in his own la first eM last a ladies* wu n He f s the General Guitr.. • o’ ** ®Mts* says Farewel, "inlay*d with. every thing WMM fancy; Gaiety, MUI Delicacy, Courtesy#"® *1 asked if he Imows Sir Courtly, Guriy replies, "That you should Join knowledro with : yf: ? Tie a question to bo put to a Boy# Imv know Philosophy, but to ask a ■-an ■ - - OA* ed on the outside, on the inside the Grlss*crass*Bow, and livdlc of a n lrl* M is A martyr to good Mt will not for the world offend against any foms, lie is, however, to an'absurdity, mA * no attx its* Be MM in Leonora only fine eyes, a languishing air, and etaming blushes* Leonora denies that she carries any meh false I s* kA wait, । bA pant, and fight, and write, mt hill himself* Mia 1 ha* 4 thousand things more; drove by your windows a thousand tlws I yw at Mo mt Ma r 'leys, was a oomlmA ’ p*eam*d four Lady* cilia MUtMtw all Coned ion—• • ♦ c' It • is all Oa*4 with Beauty, and then a Hentlenm my it* And I haw gone, found Mt your LaAyAly Mero, drove hMBS <? killed nysclf with sighing, and then wit a Mioh he sings with a very foolish Quaver* finally, Sir Courtly* a chief Quality is fastidiousness* He is nauseated by everything that'is msouline, pA there is not one lady in a million whose breath M can endure* lie carries his songs to Leonora in a sweet bag* He has all his linen mde in Holland n by neat Wat dip Wetß Fingers in IeMwMtBF* 1 * lawitatlM to <lM| he replies, t? Doally, gir, I don’t Imow, 1 can’t put By BMt Into one o’ your beastly .thy MB* you "Filthy teat?" says Guriy# ir 5 I cat as good Feat os you do# "Ohl dear It* curly, 3 he continues, "no doubt the Feat, in its cmn nature, my be very 13WWMt| but when once it has comitted Familiarity with the beastly Fists of Cooks and butchers, *tis to m an unpardonable Stoner# W Butcher nn cuts up all his I oat with a Bork#" .hen his steward dis* ' ■■ - ■- ' - ■ rides post for it, "but a little way," Gir Courtly, "not abo\c Forty . Hoc, ’ blwrM nine ever since , and saw r barbarous education they cave that generous for the elowns there pHM all the nltl; their Filthy nalced foot# Things cane to such pass with burly that in honor he roust him to a duel# Bo he sumom his to IMrn^'lns, Whart he MH fight like a '. ■ * r'cF. ?.>:?:/ Ft y bo c< 'to Ft kt vlth such q boast, if his filthy Sword ahou f G toucc. . 3 Feb as a Dog#" B ' Bl । ' .' ' I. - .. < > ? ■ . I f ; ' / * ■ ' ' - « ' ■ । ..■■ ■. '■ b ■ ■ ' ।l ' $ : i M t " . . ■.. itt t H |■■ " I ; | of . ■ ■-■ . ; \ z■' ■ ■ . ; J t i ... tialm, the reason for <iich to " ..Teases hfcxselft ♦tie m pleasure to be a Wa ef Qoal* ... 1 t • / • -■ ■ ■ whilst X tas but a ** 90 ’ ■. '?T> iWU gi Vitale** ■ ' M s ' ' . । ' .• . tea "It < wi'" 1 . < I $ .- ■ I h -irl of fifteen tanked pounds a ; : . . • . . I 1 ' ■ ■ night# . 'Huo omic 1 with .. ■, t. . ■ll ■ ■ ■ i■ . ■ i । "■■ । ■■ ■ e . ii ■. ■. ■■ < . " ' b.# -■ i w M t?odo thß tSgB iB # * ’ ; as Mt Mt* * Wtwt and he «* ■' tt ■ ■ • .■ ' । b । t ■ ■ ■ vOO M ' '". ' IWtj** replies the taller, *if it had lx Inch iMer# it wuld not haw laid your Lordships Poclcot* 1 > ' ' ■ ' ' > ' I "■ ■ ■ V . J ■ ■ . "■. ■ ■ ■., .. ■ ' ■ for itt But I will not have nine cone so near my %ssss« I shall never be reaonoil’d to this nauseous MoWif therefore got o© another Suit WIW all manner of : Whioh he is in love with* but his has to argue a point t for lord Top- ■ I ' - A ■ . ■ . ' ' . tab toQXW W W »t| Iter tart L@rt t if they >wa you* I’ll kc mt Im ' >SSgRL that’© xai« 02# W wilt thou undert 'wad® ne I • • -yg* " ■ * phoee* Tour Lordship my please to feel What you & 3hoo© doos not hurt I think X .•' : * art ® awemb; but them mlceat good Bhooes, and so I’ll boar with thee* too heavy by tho tMoCnon- ot ..: • . 'iu<a # ! Lord Pop* Mg Few top < let no see ttiat law done, aid ®en the Fatigue 1 amine xtIII be 4WP« • ot , I haw done what X tofto . O’ outdoj I haw mde you a Periwig so long. and sb 'Wil of Air 9 it will serve you for leak in all fathers# »♦ Lord gap* Gad’s curooi hr* Foretegu you don’t intend T’Wis upon no Tot a ful? ll ? . ' ? 7 . ■ \'- I r*.■L . " I Mi eras’d 20 Ounoos of Hair into it, Lord ?qp« aat it my be by Wight* Sir# there arc not 0 Hairs • 0 Lords 0 Lord! 0 Lot; $ Gad e judge w, your W f |l ■i•- - 'MI to reduc’d to the tip of ' ' o I knows but Vm mire, uy MUkfaw is like t’ • ] TJm toough tM wono end of the *eFS:’>ectlw. rw ■ r ■ . ■ i . coo in your Face doos not seen to w to be two in ■ter* Lord ?on» If it did, it would be just tw inches too broaa|?ar a fertoto to a '"an, ■MTO» ; .' ' ' ' ' u WK^ 10 sfi 11 1 take it baW now, La* Zdra lor. Noh: I’ll wear it to day* tho’ it shew such a nanstrous pair of Cheeta: step ny Vitals, I shall be taken for a SO meh for the Fq/’f regalia* e get myo idee of - t ’ t * ' ■ to ■ t the cate of bir Tunbclly’s ■ sting Lord is ataitted by Wnbelly anti the frmul io Wil? mt f Lord ■ h s« ' 1 ■ ■ ■ I ' ; ours Purchase, n says to Tm: "YomaoT’s your Dr-Iher arriv’d with tw Coaches and six Horses, WWSy loot- I ■ / ' . ■, $■ \ ■ . ■ . : . ■ J doTO to his Shoes, so Judge will W&CM of your Lady’s ** * iw 93 Heart# 1 ’ n other scenes servo to complete the picture of « MBitai wiW her husband 1b the retiroaent of county life Mth a brief visit in London# Thus runs tlio convorsationt been able to subsist thus long* under the futile of a try Life? Life has been wry far frm that, w it ' . lord Pon* Uhy, that I '® the zatiyuo I ®eak of Badon: <• y>~ ■ “ cy.r ’ 3 ofmt t-tzy< g Hew ' , . ic in the World* es ■ ■ . ■ n* 0h t I never thi • Bor* nhy, eon your Lordshin road without tMakingf '■ . -,ya— km your .ay . DovoHcK—s Stet -ell, I met own 1 thia oaks the best MtW* taisSnt in the 1 WM» Btad, . Me ThaFTTme a private Gallery (Were I wik smwtiwe) io fWmiahM with nothing but • y I have ’®n, and WHg f < ’m so prettily, b« • , it is the most entertaining thine in the Wrl< to wll: ana jMi Buy* X love a. neat Library too; but *tia I thiriE r we Inside of a Book AteM reoamend it most to Uf so fam*oTT" Bar to agr nind the inside of a Book, is to ontortnin ones self with tho forcM Product of another Man f B Drain# Wb I thinlc aWB o" \uolit inch dive o\ ? tko Lruth, 'adm t lot ; love reading novur.no W he ernes to know this Taw# he finds so mny better ways of passing the MW and twenty hours# t *IBWB Ten thousand pities he shou’d MMWB his tine in thn.t#Od Thw he toils how Ms life e.- pleasure that glides through such a variety of enterteiments as MS' ancestors never MMwM of# He rises at tc tMng in the world for the cmplexionf and ho must look nholesone lost he make so nauseous a figure in the gOMMI that the ladles should be ■ Lied to turn their eyes upon the play* If it Ml \>od r # he 1 i a turn in the perk to see the fine WWWM If it is nasty weather# he goes to the ohacolat©*hause where ■ ' ' e ■ - ' - ■ 11 ■ .W $ ' . . fee tie st prospect in the world# Thon ho goes to dinner at Lock* et’s# end is nicely and delie ■ let with a MA no Mg* . ; ' ' / 1 ' ' ■ ' ' . tine till ho goes A the play# whore until nine o # clock ho entertains himself with looking upon the M|Mh Al KM h . \ ■ '. ■ ■ w . hours over in this way# the other twelve, ho IBAi are dis* posod of in tw articles: In the first .■■■'. ■ . . ■ ■ ■< ■. . ■ ' ' < r again* w ßut* X Wmg^ f .|■.'\ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ us no Account of them yet» n lMam-*as to tine for my ■i * ' X W tally Wb Mlrtmll of it from ny other Pleasures, according to th© MRWI Par your ladyship my .pleas© to tato notice, tMt thooe who intrigue with WWB of Quality a have rarely ooeaaiem far above half an hour at a tims ' » People at that Rank being tnte those Deoorms t they ean seltora a. langer Go that the Course of my ette laasuros, is not very $6 meh intomiptod by W onoouragod by Man* oelve fre I on the ©ar, and | b 1$ the ribs frm her husband# tOTO house, where, still icnarmt of W&M prank, he tellies Him f BuH, Wb family ohaplain, arv nurse I Hat Hoyden Is already rwried to fam, he as the company, n X on struck Our:b wltl lot positively toll whether ever I shall spool: again or »at,” and to Mm after deliberation, *Ww, for ay part, I WHW th© wisest thing a Mm can do with an aM Countenance, for a Philosophical Air Is the most bocominc thins in the WM to the face of a Person o * 11 ty, I MU therefore bear my disgrace Ito a Great Pan, and lot the People see I am above an affront,” and to fas, ”Dear Tm, ings are thus fallen aut, prithee r ■ leave to wish thee Jay, 1 do it ; . x> sv dunb, you have 1 arr-MC. a man Beautiful in her Charmine in ; . ■ . . ■ t.. ■ . . tione, mul of a nice WreMWt Split my le' . ? ■ MtiMtW 1 .itirely corn • « ’’Lard Bopnington/’ he says, ”18 a most splendid caricature: he is a personification of the foppery and folly of dress and ex* ■ranee in full feather, He biMee out and das* ©7 h ridiculous But he is 1 .chan a caricature, He is in mny an individ* uni uith qualities, exaggerated as they are, of the seventeenth century social mbit lon, poll: I ' 11 ty, vi* vacity, and love of display. ois the lust of the groat fops of : octoration concdy. * in 2ho Wrlw of APhra P- ■ * oritc-do 191 b, JM» .ux, u. 1U« _. * a 2B * Quarto 1G97, XI, i, p# 36• ? * Marte 1672, I, 1, p, 4« ... . . * g ma., in, it, p. 4s. .2, Quarto 1005, 11, 1, p. 13. IQ * IX i 1, P • 1 • ~ nidi. V, iv, p. 65. XX Lovers, Quart© ISWg I, i# >« !!• - 'J TBH.. 11, 1, dd, p. Quarto 1070 has vc: 7* xWaw 111, V IG7O, Pa 29. 1 9 1, Quarto 1G79, p* X. H 1689, i, 1, p* !• ' i, p* is* 10 i f d IX । 1* !-£• ish’s mvFlieen *¥£s 1 tea thU tominc, by three mat eonfaimded Pops 0W Plagued ne yetj and they ■ but the Wit ©nf 'I. of sir ZM> £ , . ' . : .■ ... ;"io 'aH If 9 i, 3Uf-K>oL e si 22 11, 11, 176-180. pa XX, ii, KMHm* “♦ 111, ill, SM?. £ IV, 11, 131. S 6 IV, 1, 306-368. S 11, ii, 11, 11, 49- « ' ? \ ' a so 4 4 p O-C’ 4.4-j 4.. A 9 i 0 The wits and fops were about esual in number, a fact Aich would indicate that the fops wew considered as mere foils of the wits# of seventeen ley*c, three of Chadwell’s, one of ;rownc f s, one of Vanbrugh* a* and one of Farquhar*o, I have estimted that there arc &yt forty-five wits as compared to for- ■mine fops# *XO These geo' - Ml di visions WB in the Muds of ode* " ’ o’ll follow the new node which Mey Wtot /aid treat then, with a roou, and o>uch within: Bor that’s me way* how*or the play fall eiiort, To oblige the torn* the oity* Mt the court* Oonpare Wo epilogue of Shadwell’s Sullen has VOTDO» I%UUm XII, ill, Quarto 1672, p. 88 V, n, p. 03. 50 A mbtoK. quarto 1G79, I, i, ?. 87 Ibid,. V, i, p. 77. 22 iwa., i, i, p. 11. SO V TTT V 3 Counla, IV, ill, L.mrto 1701, p# 03* 61 The belojco. If, i, Quarto 1G97, p* 3b. as i» guurto 167 G, p. 0. ** WCriiwK. p. so. X/Ovo for XI, 1, unrto 1695, p. 23, 45 • 2£ fife. Coorge Btherem. by Be ?» Ba W ?■ Vol* 1, p, ISHI* :opiopl Beyonge, V, 11, 103*105. f« .uarto 1664 > p* 47 w, I, 1, Quarto 16W# p# 4# i, Quarto 1 ।p# S# gw., ni. i. r. □toxse* i, ill, Umrto 1607, >* 13 1 SI —v- •* - . . * * Xxl* lit p» 4B# . ' ■ ... . 3 1C , ♦ } \ # J * -«b "■* > X ? * * * 60 Ila 1. 1 « ■ 61 1 . I, i, 1700, >* 8 *" '"Xo* ■' ■ in, 1, writ xaos, p. 24. * • s ... s i ;■ *. • gx* . i wt piwto resulted in q challenoo to a I ■ ' ti ■ ' ■ ' ' . ' * yta . tlon into any pax " 5 to the sedate Cg j -ro and Barmity of W MfeK# you might easii haw oiler t either . ■ ' ■ ■ ft ■ • ■■ r tw • ■ ' ' , 68 Bury Fair. 111, 11, Quarto 1689. p. 29. sußSh iv, i, XiW| ?• a. 70 ma., V, ill, n. 75. 71 „„ an oS Mode, I, 1, L * 3G. ... KI, 11, 205-300. 7A 11, 7 r j II mi.. TF, 11, 90-100. 78 tli Bg7 , 77 Tola., 111, 111, 78 Xoiu♦• ** sl, bcC '••oG&e 81 ( .. * ■ * » courtly Slop. ..ussto [1685], XII, 1, p» so* ■ . .THT, - . cue ' PA ' 11, 1, p. 296. XI, 1, p. 296. 5 Mm n. J» p. 3g. VV a i’, . Lil. th., xv, i, . j ■ . \ I . .< s ; . 91 '. • \ . I? . 92 I • 9b au., n, i, 12 Mm v » v > »i jiotad in ir Joto Vmbrugh. i or 100. p* bC. CHAPTER VIII -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION As stated at W b 9 con. . - tr dll of Restoration oonody, especially at expressed by Charles Lmb and Lord Uacaulay, directed w study first to tho fashion lIP. of . as the essential setting to which the comic dra* mtists found their mterial for w®e<y# view tho study has led to the folio I .. ite conclusions: 1* Wb London of the latter half of the sewn tom th . progressiw in spirit and artistic in temperonent* The people.in IGGO were enthusiastic over the return of Charlo® II to the throne of the Stuarts r They were encouraged to ©ngan© more actively in trade and WOcc« As a result, revenues inoreased at a rapid rate* Booause of the trade in coal and wines, • Money becane more plentiful* Thore was great progress in the building of houses and the improvement of streets and parks*■ People took an added pride in Wll> more splendid coaches, ocru. , a ' ; < . i ? * After the great fire, the City extended 1 - a lewd H ■ comercial and business activity gave people the wans and the leisure for the towlopmnt of their artistic i 1 Huaphrey and the Fur cells mde meh progress in msic* Painting v-. 'r: >) yiinrisod by :.7 md Sir Godfrey nnellery Un- der the Influence of the Royal Society, the Imowledgc of science bom* widely diffused* There was a deepening and broadening of knowledge through the association of vast mobers at WB coffee* houses* progress was nade in architecture* Ml of london felt a new MH for efforts* nore limiries* MTW . I and SI 2* The Court of Charles II became the center of a Itoed M w y whose "n was refinement, and in the lines of demarcation between the- ■ Mt* and the social cltobor* the tender to wit and refinmont* th© fMi be cane s . ly draim• . ma a Mm rivalry among the favorites of Charles 1’ women of quality both fWeIM ©nd dOMStio who fait it no disgrace to engage in scandalous intrigues* and beautiful actresses when Charles admitted into favor* And this situation with its enphaoia upon splendor and munificence brought into the circle non of social presth ho vied MW B • B in the display miety~*nen who laughed at the clownish efforts of socially ambitious dandies* The rise of t B* Mose rapidly incroasing Waith broiy-.ht with it honor and influence* and the aspirations of country squires who in incroasing bore sought n -tion mid favor at Wtt&l we particular seat to the struggle between the mn of imrts and the affected pretender, tho fop* In th© second place* the study of the comedy of the pe* riod in its relation to this social sotting Ms revealed the follow i' ?- * fao ts: 1. 3ir George Itheroye, who was himself a fi: o gontic* ■m* was Quick to MB the possibilities of comedy in the cituu* tion, and 1 o the virtual founder of a now ecncdy in which the primary theme is the antagonism between the trit and the fop# He found hie mterial for oharecteriastion in the very heart of London’s fashionable life# I o was himself a part of this world of fashion# The theatrical audiences for he ■ ■' drawing his own picture and that of his associates in the Town, the drawing-room, the parks, and the Lail# He did not regard this world of fashion as a noral fairyland, and he did not make it attractive for the purpose of inmilcat inc ideas of vice and He assumed that his own social standing, Mb intellectual attainments, and his mental acumen gave him the right without Question to magnify the Quality of wit, and to lash all pretenders to it# 'This comedy, \: ■ have chosen to call the comedy of fashionable life, and of which Tthoroyc, as id, more t ? . other individual, mo unoy M ably the founder, was based upon the limited and exclusive 9 the smart society of the gay Court of Charles XI, a society which with both justice; and effrontery defied the sanctimony of the Puritan, flaunted its i morality in the teeth of devout people, prided itself in its fineness of ports, loved brilliancy and ease, and would taw its at any cost# It w a society, fur - ' to wit and Weeding ~ and beauty and ’t...* ; ■ ■ ; - i I I ■ ' . . '' V • ‘l. ■ . j | g . $M H Q f/’ ; C J ' . . ■ .'' . ■ '. . ... . / .. .... j' ' ■ ' / 5 ; 1 ■■ . f .. ' ... .. . ~z - : . □ but ■ X '. . U '?. ■ ' a z & . ■ ■ ' ■SU ■ .bw .. ' :? . . t Beorallty af thio co/iody, .... . a : f ■ ... . . ..... 1 J z ;' ... ■. . ;/ .... : ■ / ' ': , '. : . X " .. . . ■ „■. : ' 1 g bzu Getty f Harriet, euft Isubollu, e■ a f ■ ■ ■■ ; . L ■ . . >□□/» • • tor Gho followed the concrol framework *8 cj '.exiles and likcviuo hie thane* . u 4 definite* The getting io invariably within the fashionable disWlct of Imdon* By far the Greater number of Ota oi* xwldences of 4 ,-eoplo of fashion, or of country knights and ladies who are cpending & season in London in ox<o. - of genl U& j u ■ ■ , »f 3 .ft! 1 < . .- ■ 11. .■ '* - ■ scene© are at public place© where equality confiscates to take t: ■ '.■, ' , > ! .■ . o Park, it w be, or bovemt Go./. „or th 1> or the Ww Spring Garden at I&mbeth, or the French House, or the Bear in Drury Lane, or to character of this typical comedy la aMt he is regularly a rake, who scoffs at decorun, and who is pursuing an intrigue with a lady of refinement and virtue, a lady Wto according to the conventions of the time nay consider a 1. mucnoe lightly if he Ms refined manners and brilliant intellect, a bright and lively imagination, and the graces and powers of polite ■ ;ion* This WS with hin one or more other wits wM in like manor are pursuing intrigues of their own* At tho m time • but tc do not possess, th/ ' . M of wit, are Im into ■ \V;. raft lad by the wits t love that through their •la a - ’ - "ross, sperahas thoir ' - ; ■ ' . ■ • In the end, as the plot jocularly goes, the wit finds wore than in the fine lady, and gives up his scoffi: I sobriety and virtue in order to win her M r » fop at last finds hinself the laughingstock of the wits and raoeto with die use of his laok of en that mark a mn of fine taste end polished social qualities* * 1 ■ . ■ - : ' ' ' ■ . ■ ' '■ H - as co-mred with lay in B ~ I . . MIW wnon characters who ooul’ tain t Aicate balance that ex* ■ ’ "■ - ‘.'T c ' : ' □ ■ . ■>.- 2 ; .. ' “Ln ■ ■ ' ' ■< . ■■ .. ■ an imitation of Ben Honson and in an etyyry t yyy.jc < ■ I ■ ■'■ I '. ■ I ■ ■ । - & dellcaay in restraint that chore/.-; Ur - * "L neH WB also confronted Mth Interest its I the part of the audience* m oon* advance in chr b ’ a, howwr# for not only did hi ninor characters far above the men Iwel* He ala > to it heat porfoetlon iy yy brugh in The Belapso. (1S9?) WIMkMI Iha IB y '. WB vzith rWßrtebla skill, purticulrTlir in tto oro- on Lord Foppington, the fop of " Mt inimitable brother. ton, the wit* Farquhar, finally, brought the tradi- tion to an end* 2£JIFU (ITOI) he caught the therege, and in Sir Harry midair he produced anot Gour tall** a cmplacont, gpod-natured, ossen* t tally honorable gmtlman wit* The tradition that itherege founded . ;nglish oonedy cv it eventually culminated in Goldsmith and Shei’idan is not true, for in the period beginning in 1660 and ending in 1710 WMW beginning and th© end, not of a comedy that . utterly new, but of a comedy that has a new and distinct point of The decline of the comedy of fashion, which followed Congreve, Vanbrugh, and Farquhar, was doubtless duo to a combination of causes,. The influence of Jei*my Collier and the societies for the reformation of manners has never been fully determined, The rise of ccrady is a for there is no comiderablo body of iraterlol to viiich 3 the term otx I c E W At that the spirit of the niddlo class which ms caning rapidly into prominence was contrary to *bs spirit of Bestoration but Ift spirit Wi ©pressed in th? a onl/ te in early eighteenth century dram# Professor theory that Oolloy Cibber*s Low*s La M ' . p l i ■' .- . . . J..C '.- . .11 ' ' "? < . t ■ '■ /.. . ■ vi □ ■ (1784) to the effect that this play nude the audience shod honest tears# Fran this he deduces Ite theory that confidence in the goodness of nature t which te says is the of MS i .tdisn, ü beeme in the sixteenth • century the cardinal point of a new gospel, and the underlying ethical principle of a new school of oe is no occasion to go fully into the mtter here, but wo iMy well B a few observations# In the first place, t the audience of 1 could not suppose that thoir sensibility 9 their t - . for the virtues and distresses of beings lihe Wonselves wuld be appealed to f w but Ste n ttey omo, as usual, to laugh; they remind to dissolve in tears# ■ In the second )lcoo, Loyphs Last Shif tis not convincing in the final point that the who is a typical Restoration ralco, is :farosd# Be mrely says at the end ttet te is converted, but the audience night o away wondering if he wore telling the truth, In the third place, Professor Bernbaun’s argument is confusing, if not contradictory, He assorts that BMmgs very early in the period wrote a oonedy, in Wich love and honor are the ruling He has reference to the serious part Of Conical (! • If his conclusion on this point is correct, then Dryden is the greatest of the sentimental- : । for the sorioua pert of The Cmlaal ggj is noth: short of heroic cooedy in the vein of Dryden, Finally, accord* WfMM Bornbaun, sentimental i I p triumphs in Sheridan, some four peneratio: - •Mft, a too MBBIB from Bostoration comedy to be thought of as mrkinq its de clino. Tw anuses for the decline, however, are immediate and obvious. In the first place, the materials with which Utherege worked could be handled only by artists, MW writers, such as Urs, Aphra Dota, Crown©, D*Urfey, and Colley Cibber, Wo lacked the courtly style and bearing, West methods were imitative, and Woso strength ms often dissipated in an effort to produce MBB satire or a variety of honours, from comedy its min supports, namely, elegance and discerning wit, In the second place, the comedy of fashionable life was built around the personal itias of Hag Charles, Buckingham, . ? .ocheoter; and with the passing of these non, only an oconMoar/ that for a limited \ ' ■ ■■ ' s . 1 Baring tho active dramtio careers of and t of ths period, the audieme was large enough to support adequately wo theaters* Th® teimtist J hl I fop had onthusiustic hearers* Shortly bo* r w wough to met the denond: and for a long inton' LI ■ ■' ' ' ■ ' , I• " ■la ... - .' . S ' ■ ■■ " ■ : ■ ■ f? . The wit and the fop in Wie period do not stand out so conspicuously* By th® twß Congreve OSW on the acene there wi rm wl| the audiences miin he 1 r* gor, end the wit and the fop thrive? ar’; * “T « 5 aintained through th© greater part wf the career of m the curve indicated by the rise and fall of jer 11 i tho wit and the fop <ste« These dates । of course, are approximate, Ko considerable tendency can begin abruptly with MS year and end with another• 3 Dr, Joseph ’ ood Leitch in a dissertation entitled Opwdy affix Ponse lance after the. Hestpration (Columbia Uni* verW&y w’oSoxf *3io influence of coll lor and the ascendency of the sentimental mvenent, See also Drrxxi of billtv. by . ton, 101 L-. Bemba Prana of SenMbilitx, p# 3. $ P* !• 6 . • » « BIBLIOGRAPHY I. WraBAL • ■ '• ■ ’ London. 1885. \ CWW 11, London, 2 . at ©di m» An essay in Defonce of the Fenale Soz, Lo .>3. .Bio Library, London, 1713. lo SoalPty of the Beaux Ksprits. London, 1587. '4; .W 6 , n ßarly riooadilly f n July 27, 1901. *ltal of tos, Bllmbeth, and Charles,” * * ”London in the Tto> of «ht Stuarts," - 19, 1903# M mOGLX0 t O« t of git. and Morality. London, 1701» B S London* London, 1904. y * ~ • : z -- ■ • BWWOW # L. 1., ’’Dryden, Hobbes, and tho Boyal SotlaWt* i» odern rhiioi©- . XW# »• 417*438. ®0W # ®B3, Amaments. London, 1700# bwkt, gibbet, Miatorr.Mia am WU I, London, IW# □one. of th© Life and Death of .the "MnouraM© Joto Bari of nochGstor , London, 1333. *3 - Irltish London, 1817. . Volo. I*l - . VoXB. 10-22. COATS, WKT t Coe lai Life In Stuart Ho York, 1955. ccwmore, n. A of gpctoa vol. UI, London, 1903. Vil', '. oh. fop: ctqg 9 I and IX, Co&ri&s&» W®* BWiset 1905. WU X, Ldinteeh, 1771. , 5 _ _. _ ~...... lonian ft London, 172 G, OU Wa m»a omni t.'Vl 7.., __ 5 7 • ’ * v* Jlwlog, I3xm of inf lona, London, W» rows, c® Ties Ila London, if • * aoderne. London, ISG4. r. Y, .11 • JEHI, soojat Life Under the Stuarts, London, 1904. . A Short History of fee '. .relish. .'.coals. Vol. 111. London, 1902. OR H, IffiS. J. R., Xl*, in fee Wp—nth gontury. Vol. I, I. Vari:, ICC<. Up Wntfoll of London, IGGO# r «. U ais s Wto»» tonaon f 17on# « * ie<M» /' t • • „ . . | . ... f ... . ; 1 . »W # W a vole#, London, 18C% uawe-- ronaroh (Oterles the Beoogna), 1917* • • 3 »s „ dotgeo Book of ? ndisb It tory, ia '- ■ ■’• a., SM#«lldaa an Ma Himmelmu Louftan, 1 91. " ® ■ » J < B*« M Sa, 22 London, 1857. ■ _ , : ■ ■ U ■•» _; '-’oTwawMcal ■< .nnland, Vol. 111, London, IOSI. .. - • ; ■ LOHGE, J. G., Ld., artha Lady London, ion. * • s ■■ ,r* .. . . . ... ictry, LWoto of iMrtHolmo ?alr« London, 13W3* - „. .aaaox aj£2S± IMfiM, Vol. I, Lorton, im. I * ®*» ■isvoy'? o? 'vipltsid, Vol. I, hilßdclphla, 1856. « «... T : . ’vole III f Book VIII, Chapter TSL London, 1340, 1 X I®, b. t Me t W Wto of gaora® Savile, MW<i 1912 e PW0 # V e de u t gba Life of b> bhqrlc . IW* RIS3SW, of sir od# by J# '' * to tbe Present * ; 3 S . , la public et Io Misabckhaia. la EWt do [lo3S] e SPEIKE, JOSEPH, Anecdotes, etc., London, 1858. SYDNEY, ' . C.. Social We in Wto? J-17QQ, London, 1892. TICK:®, St ~ 1 anfl Xntostric lona, London, 1915. TRAILL, : . ~ .ooial Col, IV, Ke® York, 1899. BWU| a, k,, vnyl&na Unto? the stnpgtg. taton, IWA. TORMER, RAY , "Charles 11, *® Part in Governing Hneland," in the Aaorjcan Higtorioal Revic®, Qctob< . 1928. < EG, ?., Ed., History of Philoso fv \ Vol. H, Sew York, 1093. TOWZEIS-BSRAmRO, SB , ' latory of 'Nitish aivilization. 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Venice PregerroA. London, 1682. , . ' , J.-. s n. T. L», The c<mlo Spirit in Hostpration Cwto. « \ ■ a >s, London, IG6B. SSDLET, (WILBS, The Sulbcvry Garden, London,l66B. 3.Umirc * • 1687. . . The Lancashire Pitches < London, 1672. £ .. -* London, LOTS. The Virtuoso, London । U ; • A True Lidow, London, 1679. The Saulre Alsatla, London, 1688, ” * ™ ; — -• The WsorigtS, London, 1671. .'-■ : ■ U pal SamtadL*, London, (1778] • । idßWhi Tender BsW, London, 1705. * ~ - . wnwan, J<W, p Begmoe of Poetry. London, IGOB. * 1 VUXHES, - . Bctearsal. to DeH*s British g»a.tre. . ■ . mi dates folio uinp individual plays are dates of publication of Ito earliest Quarto editions to which 1 have tad p.