Pearce-Sellards Series No. 47 PEARCE-SELLARDS SERIES NUMBER 47 Redescription ofSchizomuscrassicaudatus (Pickard-Cambridge) and diagnosesofHubbardia Cook,StenochrusChamberlin, and Sotanostenochrus new genus, withdescriptionof anew speciesofHubbardiafromCalifornia (Arachnida: Schizomida: Hubbardiidae) James R. Reddell Texas Memorial Museum University ofTexas at Austin 2400 Trinity Austin, Texas 78705, U.S.A. James C. Cokendolpher 2007 29th St. Lubbock, Texas 79411, U.S.A. ThePearce-SellardsSeriesisanoccasional. miscellaneousseriesofbriefreportsofMuseumandMuseumassociatedfield investigationsandotherresearch. Allmanuscriptsaresubjected toextramuralpeerreviewbeforebeingaccepted.The series title commemorates the first two directors of the Texas Memorial Museum: Dr. J. E. Pearce, Professor of Anthropology,TheUniversityofTexasatAustin, andDr.E. H.Sellards,ProfessorofGeology,TheUniversityofTexas at Austin. Both professors are now deceased. © 1991 by Texas Memorial Museum The University ofTexas atAustin All rights reserved Printed in the UnitedStates ofAmerica This is Publication No. N.S.-18 of the Texas Memorial Museum. 1991 Schizomida: Hubbardiidae 1 ABSTRACT Schizomus crassicaudatus (Pickard-Cambridge) from Sri Lanka is redescribed from the typeseries,andlectotypesofNyctalopscrassicaudataandA. tenuicaudataare designated. HubbardiaCook,previouslyconsideredasynonymofSchizomusCook, isconsideredvalid and rediagnosed to include species from California and Arizona (U.S.A.). The familyHubbardiidae Cook has priority and therefore is used rather than Schizomidae Hansen and Sorensen. Likewise, Hubbardiinae Cook is substituted for Schizominae Hansen and Sorensen. Additional descriptive notes and records are provided and a lectotype is designatedforHubbardiapentapeltisCook.Hubbardiaidrianewspecies isdescribedfrom San Benito County, California. Additional records are included for H. hriggsi (Rowland). A key for identification of males of Hubbardia is presented. The native (introduced elsewhere) North and Central American genus Stenochrus Chamberlin is rediagnosed for most species of the Schizomus mexicanuspeckiand goodnightorum groups. Sotanos ,, tenochrus, new genus, is described for Schizomus mitchelli Rowland and Schizomus cookei Rowlandand isknownonlyfromcavesinSanLuis PotosiandTamaulipas,Mexico. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the following curators for loans of specimens: Dr. Jonathan Coddington, United States National Museum; Dr. Henrik Enghoff, Zoologisk Museum, Copenhagen; and Mr. I. Lansbury, Hope Entomological Collections, University of Oxford. We particularly thank Mr. SaulI.Frommer,UniversityofCaliforniaatRiverside,formakingavailablespecimensofHubbardiaidria, newspecies, andothermaterialofinterest. ACRONYMS CAS CaliforniaAcademyofSciences, SanFrancisco TMM Texas Memorial Museum, The University ofTexas at Austin, Austin UCR University of California at Riverside, Riverside UOHEC University of Oxford, Hope Entomological Collection, Oxford USNM United States National Museum, Washington, D.C. ZMC Zoologisk Museum, CopenhagenZSI Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta Pearce-Sellards Series No. 47 INTRODUCTION Study of the systematics of the order Schizomida has been hampered by the absence of adequate descriptions of the type-species of the two nominate genera Trithyreus and Schizomusandby alackofknowledgeoftheinternalgenitaliaofthefemale.Reddelland Cokendolpher (1985) redescribed Trithyreus grassii (Thorell) from the unique typespecimen. Trithyreus as presently understood is monotypic, although it is possible that S. claviger Hansen and Sorensen belongs in Trithyreus. The rediscovery of the type-series of Schizomus crassicaudatus (Pickard-Cambridge) now allows us to provide a completedescription ofthe type-speciesofSchizomus. The convoluted nomenclatorial history of the Schizomida has been discussed in detail byReddell and Cokendolpher (1985). Schizomus was originally separated from Trithyreus bythe nature of the metapeltidium (entire in Schizomus, split in Trithyreus). As Hansen and Sorensen(1905)firstpointedout, thischaractervariesamongcloselyrelatedspecies,andit has since been discovered that both character states may occur in the same population of a single species. Hubbardia was erected by Cook (1899) because of the presence of the mesopeltidial plates in his material, not realizing that this is a character shared by all speciesin the order. Chamberlin (1922) erected the genus Stenochrusfor a species characterized bytheabsenceoftheseplates.This errorinobservationwascorrectedbyRowland(1973b) and Stenochrus was movedtothesynonymyofSchizomus.Therecognition oftheunimportanceof the metapeltidial plates for phylogenetic analysis led Hansen and Sorensen (1905) to place all schizomids in the genus Schizomus, although they provisionally retained Trithyreus as a subgenus. The genus Trithyreus was abandoned by Mello-Leitao (1931), a move followed by Lawrence (1969b). Rowland (1973b) first pointed out that Trithyreuswas theearliestavailablenameandremovedalloftheAfricanSchizomidaetothatgenus, butdeferred afinaldecision onthe generic statusofnon-African species.Finalsynonymyof Schizomus with Trithyreus was made by Rowland and Reddell (1979a). All of these decisions were made in the absence of an adequate understanding of the type-species of eitherTrithyreus orSchizomusorknowledge ofthe nature oftheinternalfemalegenitaliaof eithertype-species. ItisapparentfromstudyofS.crassicaudatusthatSchizomusis aheterogeneousassemblageof species which must eventually be divided into more phylogenetically and zoogeographically natural units. The only revision of Old World species is that of Lawrence (1969b) for the African fauna. Unfortunately this study provides no illustrations of the internal female genitalia which provide characters we believe to be of fundamental importance indelineating generic relationships. The internal female genitalia have been described and illustrated for but relatively few Old World species referred to the genus Schizomus: one specieseachfromAustralia(Harvey, 1988);Java(CokendolpherandSites, 1988);Sumatra (Sissom, 1980; Cokendolpher et al., 1988); Thailand, Hong Kong, Japan, and Hawaii (CokendolpherandReddell, 1986);India(Cokendolpheretal., 1988);Liberia(Cokendol pherandReddell, 1987);aspeciesintroducedtoEngland(Cokendolpheretal., 1988);and lour species from Japan and Taiwan (Cokendolpher, 1988). The female genitalia in thesespeciespresent severaldrastically differentmorphological typesandalmostcertainlysome taxa will require new generic names. 1991 Schizomida: Hubbardiiae 3 RowlandandReddell(1979a,1979b, 1980,1981)haverevisedtheNewWorldfauna,and itis apparent from the present study that Schizomus does not occur in the New World (the generic names Stenochrus Chamberlin, 1922, and Heteroschizomus Rowland, 1973a, are available).Finaldispositionofmuchofthislargefaunamustawait acladisticanalysisofthe numerous species involved. Three groups, however, are sufficiently distinct to warrant generic recognition. One of these. Hubbardia Cook, 1899, consists of a complex of species, known only from Arizona and California in the southwestern United States, and appears to have its closest relationships withtheOldWorldfauna,as Rowland(1975a)inanunpublished dissertation already has suggested.We arethereforeprovidinganewdiagnosisofHubbardia, togetherwithsupplementarydescriptivenotesonthetype-speciesH.pentapeltisCook, newrecords for H. pentapeltis and H. briggsi (Rowland), and description of a new species, H. idria from San Benito County, California. The new species is the first to be reported from San Benito County and. with the exception of some populations of H. briggsi, is the most northernspeciesofSchizomidaintheNewWorld.The descriptionofH.idriabringstonine thenumberofspeciesofHubbardia, eightofwhichoccurinCalifornia. The discovery that Schizomus and Trithyreus do not occur in the New World also requiresresurrection ofthegenusStenochrus(type-species Stenochrusportoricensis Chamberlin) formostofthosespeciesplacedbyRowlandandReddell(1979a)in themexicanus,pecki, and goodnightorum groups. Finally, two species (5. cookei Rowland and S. mitchelli Rowland) are sufficiently distinct to warrant generic recognition (new genus described herein). It also appears that new generic names may be required for the extensive Antillean and South American fauna currently placed in the dumitrescoae, simonis, and brasiliensis groups. The recent descriptions of several enigmatic species in the Antilles and the discoveryoflargenumbersofundescribedspeciesthroughoutthisregionlead ustosuggest that afinaldecisiononthe taxonomicstatusofthisfaunamustawaitfurtherstudy. The discovery of the validity ofHubbardia necessitates the resurrection of the family name Hubbardiidae Cook, 1899, for the species presently placed in Schizomidae Hansen and Sorensen, 1905. The methods and terminology essentially follow those of Reddell and Cokendolpher (1985), exceptforsomeanatomicaltermswhichfollowCokendolpher(1988). Wehavenot followed Hammen’s (1986) nomenclatorial scheme as closely as has Cokendolpher (1988) because doubt concerning the validity of some terms exists (see Shear et al., 1987:13-14). Thefemalegenitalstemiteswereexaminedinlactophenol. Thenumberingofthecheliceral setae follows that of Lawrence (1969). The propeltidium was measured from the posteriormost seta on the anterior process to the posterior margin of the propeltidium. Leg and pedipalp segments were measured from dorsolateral jointto dorsolateral joint. Pearce-Sellards Series No. 47 SYSTEMATICS Hubbardiidae Cook Tartarides Pickard-Cambridge, 1872:410. Tartaridae: Simon, 1872:486. Nyctalopoidae Thorell, 1883:35. NEW SYNONYMY. Schizonotoidae Thorell, 1888:358. Schizonotidae: Pocock, 1893:8,9. HubbardiidaeCook, 1899:249-250. Schizomoidae Hansenand Sorensen, 1905:4 Schizomidae: Jackson, 1908:74. Schizopeltidae Millot, 1949:849. Type-genera;OfTartaridaeandNyctalopoidae:NyctalopsPickard-Cambridge, 1872;of Schizonotidae: Schizonotus Thorell, 1888; of Hubbardiidae: Schizomus Cook, 1899; of Schizomidae: Schizomus Cook, 1899. Discussion: Hubbardiidae is the earliest available family name for the order Schizomida. = Tartarides ( Tartaridae) was based on no generic name; Nyctalopoidae, based on Nyctalops , and Schizonotidae, based on Schizonotus, are junior homonyms. Hubbardiinae Cook HubbardiinaeCook, 1899:249-250[nom.transl.herein(exHubbardiidaeCook,1899)] SchizominaeHansenandSorensen, 1905:4[nom.transl.Rowland, 1973b(exSchizomidae Hansen and Sorensen, 1905)]. Type-genus: Schizomus Cook, 1899. Includedgenera;TrithyreusKraepelin, 1899;SchizomusCook, 1899;HubbardiaCook 1899;Stenochrus Chamberlin, 1922;Sotanostenochrusnew genus. , Schizomus Cook Nyctalops Pickard-Cambridge, 1872:410-411 [jun. horn.]. Schizonotus Thorell, 1888:358 [jun. horn.; nom. subst. pro Nyctalops (non NyctalopsWagler, 1832], Schizomus Cook, 1899:249, 250, 253-256 [nom. subst. pro Schizonotus (non Schizonotus Ratzeburg, 1852], Type-species; Of Nyctalops: Nyctalops crassicaudata Pickard-Cambridge, 1872 [bysubsequent designation (Cook, 1899)];of Schizonotus: Nyctalops crassicaudata Pickard- Cambridge, 1872;ofSchizomus:NyctalopscrassicaudataPickard-Cambridge, 1872. 1991 Schizomida: Hubbardiiae 5 Diagnosis:Propeltidiumwiththreeapicalsetae(onepaironanteriorprocessandone setaat base of process); eyespots absent; abdomen not attenuated, male without posterodorsal process on segment XII; pedipalps with spur on trochanter; anterior edge of trochanter produced tosharpspurinmales;femaleflagellum with threearticles;spermathecaeofone pair of short lobes bearing distinct lateral branches; gonopod distinctly lengthened posteriorly;anterodorsalmarginoffemurIVproduced atabouta90°angle. Comments: Rowland (1973b) placed Stenochrus Chamberlin, 1922, in the synonymy of Schizomus.ArtacarusCook,inKraepelin, 1897,wasplacedinthesynonymyofSchizomus byKraus(1960).HeteroschizomusRowland, 1973a,wassynonymizedwithSchizomusby RowlandandReddell(1977). Basedonstudiesinprogress,Stenochrusisavalidtaxonfor many New World species, and Heteroschizomus is a junior synonym ofStenochrus. The spermathecal morphology of Artacarus differs sufficiently from that of Schizomus to indicatethatit isprobablyalsoavalidtaxon.Itisfelttobeunwise,however,toresurrect Artacarus at this time. Without cladistic studies of the world fauna and a better understanding of the Old World fauna any attempt at delineating the generic limits is premature. The aboverestricted diagnosisofSchizomuswillcertainlyrequiremodification when more Old World material is studied. Schizomus crassicaudatus (Pickard-Cambridge) Nyctalops crassicaudata Pickard-Cambridge, 1872:411-413, pi. 22 (fig. 1); Pickard- Cambridge, 1875:298; Hansen and Sorensen, 1905:2; Rowland, 1973b:195, 200; Rowland, 1975a;22-23,29-30;Rowland andReddell, 1977:83. Nyctalops tenuicaudata Pickard-Cambridge, 1872:412-413, pi. 22 (fig. 2); Simon, 1872:487-488; Pickard-Cambridge, 1875:298; Hansen and Sorensen, 1905:2-3; Rowland, 1973b:195;Rowland, 1975a:22-23. Nyctalops crassicaudatus: Simon, 1872:487-488; Savory, 1935:63, 65, figs. 23, 27-28; Savory, 1964:154-155, figs. 70, 72, 291; Savory, 1977:139, 339, figs. 42-43; Rowland, 1975a:29;Reddell and Cokendolpher. 1985:43. Nyctalops crassicaudatis: Savory, 1977:140,fig. 44 (lapsus calami). Schizonotus crassicaudatus: Thorell, 1888:358 (by implication); Hansen and Sorensen, 1897:231;Kraepelin,1897:52,57,59-60,pi. 1(figs,lb,2b),pi.2(figs.56a,57); Kraepelin, 1899:233-234, fig. 83; Bomer, 1904:4, 20; Arldt, 1908:437; Kastner, 1932:65. Schizonoto(Nyctalopi)lenuicaudato:Thorell, 1889:559. Schizonotus (Nyctalops) tenuicauda:Simon, 1895:92. Schizonotus tenuicaudatus: Kraepelin, 1897:52, 58, 60, pi. II (fig. 56b, 58a) (part— Artacarus liberiensis Cook); Kraepelin, 1899:233-234, fig. 84 (part—Artacarus liberiensis)',Arldt, 1908:437,441,443. Schizomus crassicaudatus: Cook, 1899:249; Pocock, 1900:118-122, figs. 37 (A-C), 38 (A-E); Lankester, 1904:243-244, figs. 57-59; Hansen and Sorensen, 1905:5, 15, 2526,33,38- 42,73,pi. 3(fig.la-i);Gravely,1910:45-47,fig.C(part—S.peradeniyen sis);Lankester, 1910:305-306,figs.57-59;Gravely, 1915a:383-385;Buxton, 1917:7; Mello-Leitao, 1931:16-17,66;Berland, 1932:74-75,fig. 105;Kastner, 1932:65,fig. 89;Giltay, 1935:6;Savory, 1935:67;Wemer, 1935:398-399,452,457-458,469,figs. 88, 156;Takashima, 1941:93;Silvestri, 1947:29;Takashima, 1947:45;Takashima, Pearce-Sellards Series N0.47 1948:100;Cloudsley-Thompson, 1949:261;Millet, 1949:557-558,fig. 316;Petrunk evitch, 1949:p1. 1 (fig. 304); Petrunkevitch, 1955:P122-P123, fig. 86(1);Cloudsley Thompson,1958:122-124,214,fig.28;Yoshikura, 1958:3;Modder,1960:173-189, pis. I-V; Remy, I961a:408, 414; Remy, 19616:506-507;Vachon, 1963:199,fig. 54; Cloudsley-Thompson, 1968:152-154, fig. 28; Rowland, 19736:200; Sturm, 1973:114-115, 137; Brignoli, 1974a:149, 151; Brignoli, 19746:734; Rowland, 1975a:31;Brach, 1976:99;Reddell and Cokendolpher, 1984:5. Schizomus tenuicaudatus: Hansen and Sorensen, 1905:5, 7; Werner, 1935:321, fig. 3; Takashima, 1941:93;Kraus, 1960:103. Schizomus (s.str.) crassicaudatus: Gravely, 1911:136-137, 139, fig. 2(A) (part—S. peradeniyensis)\ Gravely, 19156:523-526,pi. 24 (fig. 27). Schizomus (Nyctalops) crassicaudatus: Lawrence, 19696:230. Type-data; Nyctalops crassicaudatus: Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya, Kandy District, SRILANKA(1871, M.Ferdinandus), malelectotype,hereindesignated(UOHEC);2 male paralectotypes (UOHEC); 1 male paralectotype (ZMC); of Nyctalops tenuicaudata: Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya, Central Province, SRI LANKA (1871, M. Ferdinan- dus),femalelectotype,hereindesignated(UOHEC), 12femaleparalectotypes(UOHEC), 1femaleparalectotype (ZMC). Description; Male lectotype: Length from distal margin of propeltidium to base of flagellum, 3.18 mm. Propeltidium, chelicerae, and pedipalps orangish brown; abdomen and legs somewhat lighter. Cephalothorax: Propeltidium (Fig. 1) 1.10 mm long, 0.76 mm wide; with one pair of setae on anterior process and one setae centered behind pair; with one pair setae about 1/3from distal margin and one pair about 1/5 from posterior margin. Eyespots absent. Gapbetween mesopeltidial plates about 1.2 times anterior length of one plate. Metapeltidiumundivided. Anterior sternum with 10 setae, plus two sternapophysial setae. Posterior sternum unsclerotized, with four setae; two setae at posterior edge or immediately behind sternum. Abdomen: Tergites I-VII with one pair dorsal setae each; tergite VIII with one pairdorsal and one pair small lateral seta; tergite IX less than 1/2 length of tergite VIII, with one pair dorsolateral and one pair lateral setae. Genital sternite as in Fig. 2. Sternites V-VIII with one slightly irregular row of setae near posterior margin and one irregular row near middle of sternite; sternite IX with one row of setae. Stemite VI about 3.9 times as wide as long;width/lengthratioversusbody length, 0.8.SegmentsX-XItelescoped;posterodorsal process on segment XII absent. Flagellum (Figs. 3-5) 0.4 mm long, 0.2 mm wide; with distinct stalk, spade-shaped; with six dorsal, two lateral, and 12 ventral setae. Chelicerae (Figs. 6-8): Fixed jaw with four rounded teeth between two large outer teeth; movable finger with three rounded teeth laterally and serrula with 16 teeth, the = = distalmostthelargest.Seta: 1=3;2 7;3=4;4 3;5=10;6=1,plusfourdorsadsetae above group4. Pedipalps (Figs. 9-10); Lateral setation as in Fig. 9. Trochanter produced to sharpcurved anteroventral spur and smaller mesal spur dorsad to large spur; with two setae on mesal surface. Femur with rounded anteroventral knob; with four scattered setae on mesal surface and two spinose setae near ventromesal margin. Patella with prominent sharp 1991 Schizomida: Hubbardiiae 7 ventrolateral spur near middle of segment; with long spinose seta on ventromesal marginand two long plumose setae on ventromesal margin at distal end. Tibia with scattered setae on dorsal and mesal surface and four long plumose setae on ventromesal margin. Basitarsus-tarsus with several long plumose setae on ventromesal margin and ventral surface; spurabout0.18,clawabout0.5timesdorsal lengthofbasitarsus-tarsus. Legs: Segment lengths in Table I. Leg I, including coxa, 5.08 mm long; basitarsustarsus proportions (Fig. 11): 13;2:3:3;4:4:10. Femur IV (Fig. 12)about 2.2 times longerthan deep. Femalelectotype:Lengthfromdistaledgeofpropeltidiumtobaseofflagellum, 3.30 mm. Propeltidium 1.14 mm long, 9.72 mm wide. As in male except as follows; Anterior sternum with eight setae plus two stemapophysial setae; posterior sternum with four setae. Stemite VI 4.4 times as wide as long; width/length ratio versus body length, 0.75. Flagellum (Fig. 13) 0.38 mm long, with two faint annuli. Genital sternite as in Fig. 14. Spermathecae(Figs. 15-16)withtwopairsoflobes;withsmalllateralextensionfromnear base of lobe. Pedipalps (Figs. 17-18): Trochanter with distal spur straight and very short. Patella with ventrolateral spur greatly reduced. Basitarsal-tarsal spur about 0.29, claw about 1.8dorsal lengthofbasitarsus-tarsus. Leg measurements inTable 11.Leg I, including coxa, 4.80 mm long. Femur IV about 2.2 times as wide as deep. Variation: Some specimens have the posterior pair of propeltidial setae missing. Slightvariationalsooccursinthedegreeofreductionofthespursonthepedipalpal trochanterand patella in the female. Other records: SRI LANKA: Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya, numerous specimens(ZSI) (Gravely, 1911b). FRANCE;Paris;hothouseatMuseumdeParis(Millot, 1949b). Distribution: Known only from the type-locality and an introduction into France. The recordsfromLiberiareportedbyKraepelin(1897, 1899)areincorrectlybasedonArtacarus liberiensis. The record, likewise by Mello-Leitao (1931), from “Siberia” is probably a lapsus for “Liberia.” Comments:Thisspecies hasbeencollectedfromunderbricksandstones,fromsticksand deadleaves betweentherootsofrubber trees,and underpiecesofwood where Nasutitennes Banks were found. Gravely (1911, 1915b), Remy (1961a), and Silvestri (1947) have discussed the habitat and behavior (including egg brooding and defensive secretion) of this species. Modder (1960) gives a description of the internal male reproductive system including spermatophore and spermatozoa. Schizomus crassicaudatus is sympatric withS. peradeniyensis Gravelyat thetype-locality. The presenceof theanteroventralspur onthe trochanterand ventrolateralspur onthepatellaseparatesS. crassicaudatusfromotherknownspeciesofSriLankan Schizomida. Pearce-Sellards Series No. 47 Figures 1-5.Schizomuscrassicaudatusmale; 1,prosoma,dorsalaspect;2,genitalstemite, ventralaspect;3,flagellum, dorsalaspect;4,flagellum,lateralaspect;5,flagellum, ventral = aspect. Scale lines 0.1 mm for Figs. 1,2; 0.05 mm for Figs. 3-5. 1991 Schizomida: Hubbardiiae 9 Figures 6-10. Schizomus crassicaudatus male: 6, chelicera, mesal aspect; 7, cheliceral fixed jaw. mesal aspect; 8, cheliceral movable jaw tip, lateral aspect; 9, pedipalp, lateral = aspect;10.pedipalptrochanter,ventralaspect.Scalelines 0.1mmforFigs.6,9,10;0.05 mmforFigs. 7, 8. 10 Pearce-Sellards Series No. 47 Table I Measurements of male lectotype of Nyctalops crassicaudata. Pedipalp Leg 1 Leg 11 Leg 111 Leg IV Trochanter 0.20 0.30 0.20 0.20 0.34 Femur 0.92 1.10 0.88 0.72 1.06 Patella Tibia 0.70 0.62 1.28 0.54 0.56 0.36 0.38 0.56 0.72 Basitarsus Tarsus 0.34 0.98 0.86 0.50 0.36 0.48 0.36 0.68 0.46 Total 2.78 4.52 3.04 2.50 3.82 Figures 11-14. Schizomus crassicaudatus: 11, male leg I tarsus, lateral aspect; 12, male trochanter,femur,patellaoflegIV,lateralaspect; 13,femaleflagellum,dorsalaspect; 14, female genital stemite, ventral aspect. Scale lines0.1 mm. = 1991 Schizomida: Hubbardiiae 11 Table 11.—MeasurementsoffemalelectotypeofNyctalopstenuicaudata. Pedipalp Leg I Leg II Leg III Leg IV Trochanter 0.20 0.28 0.16 0.20 0.30 Femur 0.70 1.08 0.78 0.70 1.04 Patella Tibia 0.58 0.52 1.20 0.50 0.48 0.30 0.32 0.54 0.70 Basitarsus Tarsus 0.28 0.92 0.76 0.44 0.36 0.42 0.36 0.64 0.44 Total 2.28 4.24 2.72 2.30 3.66 Figures 15-18. Schizotnus crassicaudatus female: 15, spermathecae and gonopod, ventral aspect; 16, detail of spermatheca; 17, pedipalp, lateral view; 18, pedipalp trochanter, ventral = aspect. Scale lines 0.1 mm for Figs. 17, 18; 0.05 mm for Fig. 15; 0.01 mm for Fig. 16. Pearce-Sellards Series No. 47 Hubbardia Cook Hubbardia Cook, 1899:250, 253. Hansen and Sorensen, 1905:3-4, 29-30; Hansen, in Hansenand Sorensen, 1905:33,70. Schizomus (Trithyreus): Hansen and Sorensen, 1905:4. Schizomus (Hubbardia): Hansen, in Hansen and Sorensen, 1905:70 Schizomus briggsi group; Rowland and Reddell, 1981:26-27. Type-species:HubbardiapentapeltisCook, 1899(bymonotypy). Includedspecies:Hubbardiapentapeltis',H.wessoni(Chamberlin), 1939(NEWCOMBINATION); H. belkini (McDonald and Hogue), 1957 (NEW COMBINATION); H. borregoensis(BriggsandHorn), 1966(NEWCOMBINATION);H.joshuensis(Rowland), 1971 a (NEW COMBINATION); H. shoshonensis (Briggs and Horn), 1972 (NEW COMBINATION); H. briggsi (Rowland), 1972 (NEW COMBINATION); H. secoensis (Briggs and Horn), 1988 (NEW COMBINATION); H. idria new species. Distribution: Arizona and California, U.S.A. Diagnosis:Propeltidium withthreeapical setae(onepaironanteriorprocessandoneseta at base ofprocess);abdomenattenuatedornot, malewithwell-developed acuteposterodorsal process on segment XII; pedipalps ofsexes dimorphic, effeminate male palps sometimes present; trochanter rounded, not produced distally as a spur; mesal spur present on trochanter;malepedipalp withspinosesetae, spine,orspuronmesoventral marginoftibia apposabletobasitarsus-tarsus;femaleflagellumwithfourarticles;spermathecae ofthreeor more pairs of short, broad lobes, usually with short terminal elaborations; gonopod short androunded; anterodorsalmarginoffemurIVproducedatabouta90°angle. Discussion: Hubbardia differs from all other New World taxa in the shape of the spermathecae, the presence of three apical setae on the propeltidium (two in all other species), and the shape of the abdominal posterodorsal process. The presence of a posterodorsal process on the abdomen and multiple lobes in the spermathecae separate Hubbardia from Trithyreus. The shape of the spermathecae, presence of a posterodorsal process,andfourarticles inthefemaleflagellum distinguishesHubbardiafromSchizomus crassicaudatus. The only described species with multiple small lobes in the spermathecae are Schizomus siamensis (Hansen, in Hansen and Sorensen, 1905) from Thailand, HongKong, Japan,andHawaii;andSchizomussawadai(Kishida)fromJapan.However,bothof these species have three articles in the female flagellum, a bifurcate gonopod, and four primarypairsofdorsalpropeltidial setae.ThesistergroupofHubbardiashouldbesoughtin the Old World, with S. siamensis a likely candidate. It shares with Hubbardia multiplespermathecal lobes, acutely produced posterodorsal abdominal process, a spine on the mesalsurfaceofthepedipalptrochanter,andthreeapical setaeonthepropeltidium. The following key should serve to separate males of the species of Hubbardia. Females are often difficult to discern although careful examination of the spermathecae can reveal reliable differences (see Rowland and Reddell, 1981 Tigs. 27-33; Briggs and Horn, 1988:Fig.9).ThefemaleofH.idriaisunknownandthespermathecaeofH. shoshonensis have never been illustrated. 1991 Schizomida: Hubbardiiae 13 Key to Males ofSpecies ofHubbardia la. Pedipalp tibia with two or more spines or strong setae apposable to basitarsus-tarsus (Rowland and Reddell, 1981Tig. 35) 2 lb. Pedipalp tibia with spur apposable to basitarsus-tarsus (Fig. 25; Rowland and Reddell, 1981Tigs. 36, 37) 3 2a. Flagellum long and triangular (Figs. 20, 21); pedipalp tibia with three strong setae apposabletobasitarsus-tarsus H.pentapeltis2b. Flagellum short and club-shaped 4 3a. Flagellum trilobate (Rowland and Reddell, 1981;Fig. 22) H. wessoni 3b. Flagellum pentagonal (Rowland and Reddell, 1981:Fig. 20) H. borregoensis 4a. Flagellum triangular (Briggs and Horn, 1972:Figs. 4, 6); one pair dorsal setae on propeltidium (Briggs and Horn, 1972:Fig. 1) H. shoshonensis 4b. Flagellum hexagonal; two or three pairs dorsal setae on propeltidium 5 sa. Flagellum with single depression (Rowland and Reddell, 1981Tig. 18); three pairsdorsal setae on propeltidium H. briggsi sb. Flagellum with two depressions (Figs. 22, 23); two or three pairs dorsal setae on propeltidium 6 6a. Two pairs dorsal setae on propeltidium 7 6b. Three pairs dorsal setae on propeltidium 8 7a.Flagellumroundedandupturnedapically(Figs.22,23) H.idria 7b. Flagellum with distinct apical point and not upturned apically (Briggs and Horn, 1988;Figs. 1-3) H. secoensis Ba. Flagellum with wide median ridge separating depressions (Rowland and Reddell, 1981 Tig. 16) H. belkini Bb. Flagellum with slight median ridge separating depressions (Rowland and Reddell, 1981:Fig. 17) H. joshuensis Hubbardia pentapeltis Cook Hubbardiapentapeltis Cook, 1899:251,253-255,261, pi. 3. Trithyreuspentapeltis: Banks, 1900:422; Hansen, in Hansen and Sorensen, 1905:44. Trithyreus(Hubbardia)pentapeltis:Hansen, inHansenandSorensen, 1905:70. Schizomuspentapeltis:Mello-Leitao, 1931:18;RowlandandReddell, 1981:19,27-30,32 33, 34, 36, 37, figs. 15,23,27,38. Type-data; Palm Springs, Riverside County, California, U.S.A. (8, 13 Feb., 6 March 1897, Mr. Hubbard), male lectotype (herein designated), male and female paralectotypes(USNM). No. 47 Pearce-Sellards Series Figures 19-21.Hubbardiapentapeltismale: 19,pedipalp,lateralaspect(PalmSprings);2021, flagellum and abdominal segments X-XII (Deep Canyon); 20, dorsal aspect; 21, lateral aspect. Scale lines 0.1 mm. = 1991 Schizomida: Hubbardiiae 15 Supplementary description: The male pedipalp (Fig. 19) has a small peg-like spine on the mesal surface of the trochanter and three stout spinose setae on the mesoventral margin of thetibiaapposabletothebasitarsus-tarsus inthesameposition asspinesandspursinother species of Hubbardia. New records: CALIFORNIA; Riverside County: Andreas Canyon, collector and date unknown, 1male, 1female, 1immature(UCR);SantaRosa Mountains,DeepCanyon.457 m, 10 Jan. 1981, D. Giuliani, 1 male (UCR); Santa Rosa Mountains, Cactus Spring Trail, between Highway 74 and Horsethief Creek. Deep Canyon area, in scrub oak (Quercus turbinella Greene) duff, 1036 m, 22 May 1976, J. Burnett and J. Pinto, 2 females, 1 immature (UCR); Winchester, 19 Jan. 1971, J.M. Rowland, 2 males, 1 female, 1 immature (TMM). Variation: Rowland and Reddell (1981) mention that the flagellum and abdomen of males are highlyvariable,butillustrateonlyatopotype.A malefromDeepCanyonhastheabdomenand flagellumslightlyshorterandthickerthanfromthetype-locality(Figs. 20-21). Comments: The collection at 1036m elevation in Deep Canyon probably represents a new altitude record for California schizomids. Hubbardia briggsi (Rowland) Trithyreusbriggsi Rowland, 1972:1-9,figs. 1,3-6. Schizomus briggsi: Rowland and Reddell, 1979a: 163; Rowland and Reddell, 1981:19, 2729, 31,34, 36-40, figs. 15, 18, 21,30, 36-37. Newrecords:CALIFORNIA; FresnoCounty:0.8km. beforePineFlatDamaboveKing’sRiver, 6Feb. 1977,J.D.Clark, 1male(USNM); 16.5kmSWTrimmer, 27Jan. 1968,T. Briggs, 1 female (TMM). Tulare County: Lemoncove, 19 Feb. 1963, W.H. Ewart, 1 female, 1 immature (UCR). Hubbardia idria new species Type-data: 2.9 km SW of Idria, San Benito County, California, U.S.A., 25 March to 8 June 1981 (A.J. Gilbert, N. Smith), antifreeze pit trap in oak woodland, male holotype (CAS), male paratype (UCR). Etymology;Thespecies name isfromthetype-locality, Idria,usedas anouninapposition. Description: Holotypemale:Length fromdistaledgeofpropeltidium tobase offlagellum, 4.34 mm; orangish. Cephalothorax: Propeltidium 1.16 mm long, 0.76 mm wide; with one pair setae on anteriorprocess andoneseta atbaseofprocess,andtwopairsdorsalsetae.Eyespotsoval, indistinct. Mesopeltidia separated by about width of one plate. Metapeltidium divided by 16 Pearce-SellardsSeries No. 47 distinct suture. Anterior sternum with 10 setae plus two stemapophysial setae, posterior sternum with 7 setae. Abdomen: Tergite I with 2 pairs small anterior and one pair larger posterior setae, tergiteIIwiththreepairssmallanteriorandonepairlargeposteriorsetae,tergites 111-VII with one pair dorsal setae each, tergites VIII-IX with one pair dorsal and one pair lateral setaeeach.StemiteV about3timesaswideas long;width/lengthratioversusbody length. 0.7. Segments X-XI telescoped, segment XII with well-developed acute posterodorsal process. Segment X with six long ventral setae; segment XI with 2 dorsolateral and 6 longventral setae; segment XII with 2 stout (widened and flattened at bases) curved spinosedorsalsetae,2dorsolateralsetae,and 7longventral setae.Flagellum (Figs. 22-23)roughlyhexagonal, with two shallow dorsal depressions flanking median longitudinal ridge; apexrounded, upturned; two prominent lateral lobes ventrally; with 5 dorsal setae, 2 setae on distal margin, and 10 ventral setae. Pedipalps (Figs. 24-25): Elongate, surface imbricate. Trochanter not produceddistally; femur elongate, expanded distally; patella elongate, expanded distally; tibia short with large mesal apical spur apposable to basitarsus-tarsus; basitarsus-tarsus flattened dorsoventrally;spurabout 1/8lengthofsegment,clawabout 1/4lengthofsegment. Chelicerae:Fixedjaw(Fig. 26)withfourrounded teethbetweentwolargerouterteeth, == = serrulawith20teeth,thedistalmostthelargest.Seta;1=3;24;3 5;4 4;5=12;6=1; plus three dorsal setae above group4. Legs; Segment lengths in Table 111. Femur IV about 2.6 times as long as deep. Leg I, including coxa, 6.10 mm long; basitarsal-tarsal segment proportions: 20:3:4:4:5:5:12. Female: Unknown. Comments: This species is most closely related to Hubbardia secoensis from MontereyCounty. H. idria has the male pedipalps elongate, while they are stout in H. secoensis. The presenceofbothstoutandelongatepedipalps inotherspeciesofHubbardiacastsdoubton thevalueofthischaracterforspeciesrecognition, sincebothcharacterstatesmaybepresentinthesespecies.Thetwospecies aremosteasilyseparatedbydetailsofthemaleflagellum. TheflagellumofH. idriaisroundedand upturnedapically,whileithas adistinctpointand is not upturned in H. secoensis. The male paratype of H. idria agrees in all importantcharacters with the holotype. — Table lll.Measurements of male holotype of Hubbardia idria. Pedipalp Leg I Leg II Leg III Leg IV Trochanter 0.62 0.30 0.22 0.22 0.30 Femur 1.74 1.36 0.92 0.84 1.30 Patella Tibia 1.82 0.70 1.58 0.54 0.58 0.40 0.48 0.60 0.90 Basitarsus Tarsus 0.48 1.18 1.08 0.54 0.44 0.58 0.48 0.84 0.54 Total 5.36 5.50 3.24 3.00 4.48 1991 Schizomida: Hubbardiiae 17 Figures 22-26.Hubbardiaidriamaleholotype: 22,flagellum, lateralaspect;23,flagellum, dorsalaspect;24,pedipalp, lateralaspect;25,pedipalptibia,mesalaspect(setaeexcluded); = 26, cheliceral fixed jaw. Scale lines 0.1 mm. 18 Pearce-Sellards Series No. 47 Stenochrus Chamberlin StenochrusChamberlin, 1922:11. Heteroschizomus Rowland, 1973a: 1 (jun. subj. syn.). Typespecies:OfStenochrus:StenochrusportoricensisChamberlin, 1922(monotypy);ot Heteroschizomus: Heteroschizomus goodnightorum Rowland, 1973 a (monotypy). Included species. Stenochrusportoricensis; S. guatemalensis (Chamberlin), 1922(NEW COMBINATION); 5. davisi (Gertsch), 1940 (NEW COMBINATION); 5. mulaiki (Gertsch), 1940 (NEW COMBINATION); 5. mexicanus (Rowland), 1971b (NEW COMBINATION); S. reddelli (Rowland), 1971b (NEW COMBINATION); 5. bartolo (Rowland), 1973a (NEWCOMBINATION);5.lukensi(Rowland), 1973c (NEWCOMBINATION); S. firstmani (Rowland), 1973 a (NEW COMBINATION); S. goodnightorum(Rowland) (NEW COMBINATION); S. moisii (Rowland), 1973 c (NEW COMBINATION); S. orthoplax (Rowland), 1973 a (NEW COMBINATION); S. pecki (Rowland), 1973a(NEWCOMBINATION);S.sbordonii(Brignoli), 1973(NEWCOMBINATION); 5.lanceolatus(Rowland), 1975b(NEWCOMBINATION); S.pallidus(Rowland), 1975b (NEW COMBINATION); 5. silvino (Rowland and Reddell), 1977 (NEW COMBINATION); S. palaciosi (Reddell and Cokendolpher), 1986(NEW COMBINATION). Distribution; Stenochrus portoricensis: U.S.A.: Florida; Mexico: Campeche, Chiapas, Oaxaca, Quintana Roo, Veracruz, Yucatan; Guatemala; Honduras; Nicaragua; Cuba; Dominica; Jamaica; Puerto Rico; Virgin Islands; Colombia; Ecuador; Guayaquil. Archipelago de Colon; England (introduced); Islas Canadas (?introduced). Other species: Texas; Guatemala; Mexico: Chiapas, Guerrero, Nuevo Leon, San Luis Potosi, Tabasco, Tamauliapas, Veracruz. Yucatan. Diagnosis; Propeltidium with two setae (one behind the other) on anterior process; metapeltidium entire; abdomen attenuated or not; male without posterodorsal abdominal process on segment XII; pedipalps of sexes sometimes dimorphic, effeminate male palpssometimes present; male pedipalps without armature, except for short pedipalps of mexicanus which bear a dorsotibial spur apposed to basitarsus-tarsus; female pedipalpsshort; maleflagellumwithanteriormargin slopingsharply backward;femaleflagellum with threearticles;spermathecae usuallywithtwopairlobes, lateral lobesreducedinallspecies(absentinreddelli)', spermathecallobesnotattachedbasally. Discussion: Stenochrus is separated from most Old World species by the presence of two setae(onebehindtheother)ontheanteriorprocessofthepropeltidium. It isseparatedfrom Sotanostenochrusnew genus, by having only one or two pair simple spermathecae not attached basally; , male flagellum with anterior margin sloping backward. The male pedipalps of Sotanostenochrus have a ventromedial tibial spur apposed to the basitarsustarsus. Two species from southern Mexico, Schizomus infernalis Rowland and Schizomus hoffmannae Reddell and Cokendolpher, were provisionally placed in the mexicanus groupby Reddell and Cokendolpher (1986). The remarkable nature of the male pedipalps and the subequal nature of the spermathecal lobes indicate that these may not belong in Stenochrus. Theywill be dealtwithwhentheremainderoftheNewWorldfaunaisstudiedcladistically. It should also be noted here that Reddell and Cokendolpher (1986) were in error in statingthatSchizomuspalaciosipossessedthreeapical setae.Itactuallyhastwosetae(onebehind theother) asinotherspecieshereinplacedinStenochrus. 1991 Schizomida: Hubbardiiae 19 ItshouldalsobenotedherethatReddellandCokendolpher(1986) wereinerrorinstating thatSchizomuspalaciosipossessedthreeapical setae.Itactually hastwosetae(onebehind theother) as inotherspecieshereinplaced inStenochrus. , Sotanostenochrus new genus Type-species: Schizomus cookei Rowland, 1971a. Includedspecies:Sotanostenochruscookei,S.mitchelli(Rowland), 1971b(NEWCOM BINATIONS). Distribution:CavesinSanLuis PotosiandTamaulipas. Diagnosis; Propeltidium with two setae (one behind the other) on anterior process; three pair dorsal setae on propeltidium; eyespots absent; metapeltidium entire; abdomen not attenuated; malewithoutposterodorsalabdominalprocess onsegment XII;malepedipalpsdimorphic, with ventromedial spur on tibia apposed to basitarsus-tarsus, otherwise without armature;femalepedipalps short; maleflagellum subtriangular, withanteriormargin nearly straight, with one median depression; female flagellum with three articles; spermathecaepalmate, with three to four pair lobes attached basally; lobes not sclerotized terminally; some lobes bifurcate or trifurcate. Etymology:Thenameis acombinationofsotano, aSpanish wordforacavewithavertical entrance,andStenochrus. Genderismasculine. Discussion: Sotanostenochrus is most closely related to Stenochrus. See the discussion under Stenochrus for characters used to distinguish the genera. The reduced pigmentation and lack of eyespots in both species placed in Sotanostenochrus indicate that they are troglobites highly modifiedfor thecave habitat. Pearce-SellardsSeries No. 47 LITERATURE CITED Arldt, T. 1908. Die Ausbreitung einiger Arachniden-ordnungen. (Mygalomorphen, Skorpione, Pedipalpen, Solipugen, Palpigraden.). Arch. Naturg., 74:389-458. Banks,N. 1900.SynopsesofNorth-Americaninvertebrates.IX.Thescorpions,solpugids, and pedipalpi. American Nat., 34:421-427. Berland, L. 1932. Les Arachnides (Scorpions, Araignees, etc.). Biologie systematique. Encyclopedic Entomologique, ser. A, vol. 16. Paris: Paul Lechevalier & Fils, 485 pp. Bomer, C. 1904. Beitrage zur Morphologic der Arthropoden. I. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Pedipalpen. Zoologica, Stuttgart, 42:1-174, pis. I-VII. Brach, V. 1976. Development of the whipscorpion Schizomus floridanus, with notes on behavior and laboratory culture. Bull. Southern California Acad. Sci., 74(3);97-100. Briggs, T.S., and K. Horn. 1966. A new schizomid whip-scorpion from California with notes on the others (Uropygi: Schizomidae). Pan-Pacific Entomol., 42:270 274. Briggs, T.S., andK. Horn. 1972. A cavemicolous whip-scorpion from the northern MojaveDesert, California (Schizomida: Schizomidae). Occas. Papers California Acad. Sci., no. 98, 7 pp. Briggs, T.S., and K. Horn. 1988. A new species and new records of schizomids from the central coastal California (Schizomida: Schizomidae: Schizomus). Proc. CaliforniaAcad. Sci., 45:83-88. Brignoli, P.M. 1973. Note sulla morfologia dei genitali degli Schizomidi e diagnosipreliminari di due nuove specie del Messico (Arachnida, Schizomida). Frag. Entomol., 9:1-9. Brignoli,P.M. 1974a.AcontributiontotheknowledgeoftheSchizomidaofMexicoand Guatemala (Arachnida, Schizomida). Accad. Naz. Lincei, Probl. Att. Sci. Cult., Quad., 171(2):143-152. Brignoli, P.M. 1974b. Un nuovo Schizomida delle Batu Caves in Malesia (Arachnida, Schizomida). Rev. Suisse Zool., 81:731-735. Buxton, B.H. 1917. Notes on the anatomy of arachnids. Part I. The coxal glands of the arachnids. Part 11. The ganglia of the arachnid. J. Morphol., 29:1-31. Chamberlin, R.V. 1922. Two new American arachnids of the order Pedipalpida. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 35:11-12. Chamberlin, R.V. 1939. A new arachnid of the order Pedipalpida. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 52:123-124. Cloudsley-Thompson, J.L. 1949. Notes on Arachnida. 11. Schizomida in England. Entomol. Mon. Mag., 85:261. Cloudsley-Thompson, J.L. 1958. Spiders, scorpions, centipedes and mites; the ecologyand natural history of woodlice, ‘myna-pods’ and arachnids. New York: Pergamon Press, xiv + 228 pp. Cloudsley-Thompson, J.L. 1968. Spiders, scorpions, centipedes and mites. Rev. ed. Oxford: Pergamon Press, xv -I-278 pp. Cokendolpher, J.C. 1988. Review of the Schizomidae (Arachnida, Schizomida) of Japan and Taiwan. Bull. Nat. Sci. Mus., Tokyo, Ser. A, 14(4): 159-171. Cokendolpher, J.C., and J.R. Reddell. 1986. Schizomus siamensis (Schizomida; Schizomidae)fromeasternAsiaandHawaii.ActaArachnol., 35:23-28. 1991 Schizomida: Hubbardiiae 21 Cokendolpher, J.C., and J.R. Reddell. 1987. Supplementary descriptive notes on Schizomus liberiensis (Cook) (Schizomida, Schizomidae). J. Arachnol., 15:138-139. Cokendolpher,J.C.,W.D.Sissom,andD.B.Bastawade. 1988.AnewSchizomusfromthe Indian state of Maharashtra, with additional comments on eyed schizomids (Arachnida: Schizomidae). Insecta Mundi, 2(2):90-96. Cokendolpher,J.C.,andR.W.Sites. 1988.AnewspeciesofeyedSchizomus(Schizomida: Schizomidae) from Java. Acta arachnol., 36:79-85. Cook,O.F. 1899.Hubbardia,anewgenusofPedipalpi.Proc.Entomol.Soc.Washington. 4:249-261. Gertsch, W.J. 1940. Two new American whip-scorpions of the family Schizomidae. American Mus. Novitates, no. 1077,4 pp. Giltay, L. 1935. Notes arachnologiques africaines. VII. Description d’un Pedipalpe nouveau du Congo beige (Trithyreus ghesquierei, n.sp.). Bull. Mus. Roy. Hist. Nat. Belgique, Bruxelles, ll(32):l-8. Gravely,F.H. 1910.PedipalpiofCeylon.SpoliaZelanica,7:43-47. Gravely,F.H. 1911.ThespeciesofCeylonPedipalpi.SpoliaZelanica,7:135-140 Gravely, F.H. 1915a. Notes on Pedipalpi in the collection of the Indian Museum. V. Tartarides collected by Mr. B.H. Buxton in Ceylon and the Malay Peninsula. Rec. Indian Mus., 11:383-386. Gravely,F.H. 1915b.NotesonthehabitsofIndianinsects,myriapodsandarachnids.Rec. IndianMus., 11:483-539,pis. XXII-XXV. Hammen,L. Vander. 1986.ComparativestudiesinChelicerataIV.Apatellata,Arachnida, Scorpionida, Xiphosura. Zool. Verhandl., no. 226, 52 pp. Hansen, H.J., and W. Sorensen. 1897. The order Palpigradi Thor. (Koenenia mirabilis Grassi)anditsrelationshiptotheotherArachnida.Entomol.Tidskrift, 18:223240, pi. 4. Hansen,H.J.,andW.Sorensen. 1905.TheTartarides,atribeoftheorderPedipalpi.Ark. Zool., 2(8):l-78, pis. 1-7. Harvey, M.S. 1988. A new troglobitic schizomid from Cape Range, Western Australia (Chelicerata: Schizomida). Rec. Western Australian Mus., 14:15-20. Jackson,A.R. 1908.Onsomerarearachnidscapturedduring1907.Trans.Nat.Hist.Soc. Northumberland, Durham, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, n. ser., 3:49-78, pi. 4. = Kastner,A. 1932.OrdnungderArachnida;PedipalpiLatreille Geissel-Scorpione.Pp. 176 in:W.Kiikenthal,ed.,HandbuchderZoologie,Band3,Halfte2,Lief.4, Teil 2. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter und Co. Kraepelin, K. 1897. Revision der Uropygi Thor. (Thelyphonidae auct.). Abhandl. Geb. Naturw. Naturwiss. Ver. Hamburg, 15:1-60, pis. 1-2. Kraepelin, K. 1899. Scorpiones und Pedipalpi. Das Tierreich, Lief. 8. Berlin: R. FriedlanderundSohn,xviii+ 265 pp. “ Kraus, O. 1960.Tiber Artacarus" liberiensisCook 1899(Arach., Pedipalpi-Schizopeltidia). Senck. Biol., 41:103-107. Lankester,E.R. 1904.ThestructureandclassificationoftheArachnida.Quart. J.Micros. Sci., n. ser., 48:165-269. Lankester, E.R. 1910. Arachnida. The Encyclopaedia Britannica. Cambridge: UniversityPress, 11thed., 2:287-31 1. Lawrence. R.F. 1969a. The trichoid structures on the chelicerae of the short-tailed whip- scorpions (Schizomida; Arachnida). Trans. Roy. Soc. South Africa, 38:123 132. Pearce-Sellards Series No. 47 Lawrence,R.F. 1969b.TheUropygi(Arachnida:Schizomidae)oftheEthiopianregion.J. Nat. Hist., 3:217-260. McDonald, W.A., and C.L. Hogue. 1957. A new Trithyreus from southern California (Pedipalpida, Schizomidae). American Mus. Novitates, no. 1834, 7 pp. Mello-Leitao,C. de1931.PedipalposdoBrasil ealgumasnotassobreaordem.Arch.Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, 33:9-72, 5 pis. Millot,J. 1949.OrdredesUropyges(UropygiThorell).Pp.533-562in:P.P.Grasse,ed., Traite de Zoologie, Anatomic, Systematique, Biologie. Paris; Masson et Clc Editeurs, Tome 6. Modder, W.W.D. 1960.The male genital system ofSchizomus crassicaudatus. Ceylon J. Sci. (Biol. Sci.), 3:173-189, pis. I-VII. Petrunkevitch, A. 1949. A study of Palaeozoic Arachnida. Trans. Connecticut Acad. Arts & Sci., 37:69-315, pis. l-83(figs. 1-271) + i-ix, index. Petrunkevitch, A. 1955. Arachnida. Pp. P42-P162 in: R.C. Moore, ed., Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part P, Arthropoda 2. Boulder and Lawrence: Geol. Soc. America and Univ. Kansas Press. [Reprinted 1979.] P[ickard]-Cambridge, O. 1872. On a new family and genus and two new species of Thelyphonidea. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, 10:409-413, pi. 22. P[ickard]-Cambridge,O. 1875.Arachnida.TheEncyclopaediaBritannica:Adictionaryof Arts, Sciences, and general literature. Philadelphia: J.M. Stoddart & Co., 9th ed., 2:271 299. Pocock,R.I. 1893.OnsomepointsinthemorphologyoftheArachnida(s.s.),withnoteson theclassificationofthegroup.Ann. Mag.Nat.Hist.,ser.6, 11:1-19,pis. I-11. Pocock, R.I. 1900. The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Arachnida. London: Taylor and Francis, xii + 279 pp. [Reprinted 1975. New Delhi: Today&Tomorrow’sPrinters&Publ.,xii+ 279pp.] Reddell, J.R., and J.C. Cokendolpher. 1984. A new species of troglobitic Schizomus (Arachnida: Schizomida) from Ecuador. Bull. British Arachnol. Soc., 6:172 177. Reddell, J.R., and J.C. Cokendolpher. 1985. Redescription of Trithyreus grassii (Arachnida: Schizomida; Schizomidae). Oriental Insects, 18:43-52. Reddell, J.R., and J.C. Cokendolpher. 1986. New species and records of Schizomus (Arachnida; Schizomida) from Mexico. Texas Mem. Mus., Speleol. Monogr., 1:31-38. Remy,[P.A.] 1961a.SurFecologiedesSchizomides(Arachn.Uropyges)demesrecoltes, avec description de trois Schizomus nouveaux, captures par J. Van der Drift au Surinam.Bull. Mus.Nat.Hist.Natur., 2eser., 33:406-414. Remy, P.A. 1961b. Sur Fecologie des Schizomides (Arachn. Uropyges) de mes recoltes, avec description de trois Schizomus nouveaux captures par J. Van der Drift au Surinam (Suite). Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Natur., 2e ser., 33:500-511. Rowland, J.M. 1971a. A new Trithyreus from a desert oasis in southern California (Arachnida; Schizomida: Schizomidae). Pan-Pacific Entomol., 47:304-309. Rowland,J.M. 1971b.Newspeciesofschizomids(Arachnida,Schizomida)fromMexican caves. Assoc. Mexican CaveStud. Bull., 4:117-126. Rowland, J.M. 1972. A new species of Schizomida (Arachnida) from California. Occas. Papers Mus. Texas Tech Univ., no. 5, 9 pp. Rowland, J.M. 1973a. A new genus and several new species of Mexican schizomids (Schizomida:Arachnida).Occas.PapersMus.TexasTechUniv.,no. 11,23pp. 1991 Schizpmida: Hubbardiiae 23 Rowland. J.M. 1973b. Revision of the Schizomida (Arachnida). J. New York Entomol. Soc., 80:195-204. Rowland.J.M. 1973c.ThreenewSchizomidaofthegenusSchizomusfromMexicancaves (Arachnida). Assoc. Mexican Cave Stud. Bull., 5:135-140. Rowland. J.M. 1975a. Classification, phytogeny and zoogeography of the American arachnidsoftheorderSchizomida.Ph.D.Diss.Lubbock. Texas:TexasTech Univ., ix -I-415 pp. Rowland. J.M. 1975b. A partial revision of Schizomida (Arachnida), with descriptions of new species, genus, and family. Occas. Papers Mus. Texas Tech Univ., no. 31,21 pp. Rowland. J.M., and J.R. Reddell. 1977. A review of the cavemicole Schizomida (Arachnida) of Mexico. Guatemala, and Belize. Assoc. Mexican Cave Stud. Bull., 6:79-102. Rowland. J.M., and J.R. Reddell. 1979a. The order Schizomida (Arachnida) in the New World. I. Protoschizomidae and dumitrescoae group (Schizomida: Schizomus). J. Arachnol., 6:161-196. Rowland. J.M., and J.R. Reddell. 1979b. The order Schizomida (Arachnida) in the New World. 11. simonis and brasiliensis groups (Schizomidae: Schizomus). J. Arachnol., 7:89-119. Rowland, J.M., and J.R. Reddell. 1980. The order Schizomida (Arachnida) in the New World. 111. mexicanus and pecki groups (Schizomidae: Schizomus). J. Arachnol., 8:1-34. Rowland, J.M., and J.R. Reddell. 1981. The order Schizomida (Arachnida) in the New World. IV. goodnightorum and briggsi groups and unplaced species (Schizomidae: Schizomus). J. Arachnol., 9:19-46. Savory,T.H. 1935.TheArachnida.London;EdwardArnold&Co.,xi+218pp. Savory,T.[H]. 1964.Arachnida.London;AcademicPress,viii+291pp. Savory,T.H. 1977.Arachnida.2nded.NewYork;AcademicPress,viii+ 340pp. Shear, W.A., P.A. Selden, W.D. Lan Rolfe. P.M. Bonamo, and J.D. Grierson. 1987. New terrestrial arachnids from the Devonian of Gilboa, New York (Arachnida, Trigonotarbida). American Mus. Novitates, no. 2901,74 pp. Silvestri,F. 1947.SecondanotasualcunitermitofilidelTndochinaconunaappendicesul MacrotermesBarneyiLight. 8011.Lab.Entomol.Agr.Portici,7:13-40. Simon, E. 1872. Notice complementaire sur les Arachnides cavemicoles et hypoges. Ann. Entomol. Soc. France, 2:473-488, pi. 16. Simon, E. 1895. Recherches zoologiques dans les serres du Museum de Paris. 11. Arachnides. Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, ser. 3, 26:92-93. Sissom,W.D. 1980.Theeyedschizomids,withdescriptionofanewspeciesfromSumatra (Schizomida: Schizomidae). J. Arachnol., 8:187-192. Sturm. H. 1973. Zur Ethologie von Trithyreus sturmi Kraus (Arachnida, Pedipalpi, Schizopeltidia). Z. Tierpsychol., 33:113-140. [Takashima, H.] 1941. [Supplementary notes on our knowledge of Scorpionida and Pedipalpi.] Acta arachnol., 6:87-98. (In Japanese.) [Takashima, H.] 1947. [An introduction to the Pedipalpi of the Oriental region.] Acta arachnol., 10(l/2):32-50, 109-111. (In Japanese.) [Takashima.H.] 1948.[ScorpionsofNewGuinea(inchPedipalpi).]Actaarachnol., 10(3/ 4);72-92. (In Japanese.) Thorell, T. 1883. Descrizione di alcuni Aracnidi inferior! dell’arcipelago Malese. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, 18:21-69. pis. IV-VI. Pearce-Sellards Series No. 47 Thorell. T. 1888. Pedipalpi e Scorpion! dell'Archipelago Malese conservati nel Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, ser. 2, 6:327 428. Thorell, T. 1889. Aracnidi Artogastri Birmani raccolti da L. Fea nel 1885-1887. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, ser. 2, 7:521-729, pi. V. Vachon, M. 1963. Chelicerates. Pp. 87-256 in: Encyclopedic de la Pleiade. XV. ZoologieII Les Arthropodes. Paris: Editions Gallimard. Wemer, F. 1935. Pedipalpi. Pp. 317-490 in: H.G. Bronns Klassen und Ordnungen des Tierreichs,Band5,Abt.4,Buch8,Lief. 3.Leipzig;AkademischeVerlagsgesellshaft. Yoshikura. M. 1958. Observations on the breeding habits of a whip scorpion, Typopeltisstimpsonii Wood. Acta arachnol., 16:1-7.