PUBLICATIONS OF THE BUREAU OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY The Composition of Texas Coals and Lignites and the Use of Producer Gas ln Texas. Wm. B. Phillips, S. H. Worrell, and Drury McN. Phillips.University of Texas Bulletin No. 189, July, 1911. (Out of print.) A Reconnaissance Report on the Geology of the Oil and Gas Fields of Wichita and Clay Counties. J. A. Udden, assisted by Drury McN. Phillips. University of Texas Bulletin No. 246, September, 1912. Price, 50 cents. The Fuels Used in Texas. Wm. B. Ph1lllps and S. H. Worrell. Univer­sity of Texas Bulletin No. 307, December 22, 1913. Price, 40 cents. The Deep Boring at Spur. J. A. Udden. University of Texas Bulletin No. 363, October 5, 1914. (Out of print.) · The Mineral Resources of Texas. Wm. B. Phillips. University of Texa1 Bulletin No. 365, October 15, 1914. Price, 50 cents. Potash In the Texas Permian. J. A. Udden. University of Texas Bullethl No. 17, March 20, 1915. Price, 10 cents. Geology and Underground Waters of the Northern Llano Estacado. Charles Laurence Baker. University of Texas Bulletin No. 57, October 10,Ul6. Price, 25 cents. (Out of print.) Road Materials of Texas. James P. Nash. University of Texas Bulletin No. 62, November 5, 1915. Price, 20 cents. Origin of Texas Red Beds. Charles Laurence Baker. University of Texaa Bulletin No. 29, May 20, 1916. Price, 6 cents. Annual Report for the Year 1915, M. E. Stiles; Geological Maps in Texas, J. A. Udden. University of Texas Bulletin No. 35, June 20, 1916. Review of the Geology of Texas (with map). J. A. Udden, C. L. Baker, Emil Bose. University of Texas Bulletin No. 44, 1916. Price, in paper cover, 70 cents; bound In cloth, 90 cents. Contributions to the Knowledge of Richthofenla from the Permian of West Texas. Emil Bose. University of Texas Bulletin No. 56, October 1, 1916. Price, 16 cents. The Thrall Oil Field. J. A. Udden, H. P. Bybee. University of Texu Bulletin No. 66, November 26, 1916. Price 40 cents. Rustler Springs Sulphur Deposits. L. E. Porch, Jr. University of Texas Bulletin No. 1722, April 16, 1917. With the exception of special numbers, bulletins are mailed free to ad­dresses In Texas. Requisitions will be promptly attended to by J. A. UDDEN, Director, Bureau of Economic Geology, University Station, Austin, Texas 1 B106-617-2m University of Texas Bulletin No. 1722: April 15, 1917 Bureau of Economic Geology and Technology J. A. UDDEN, Director The Rustler Springs Sulphur Deposits By E. L. PORCH, Jr. Published by the University six times a month and entered as second-class mail matter at the postoflice at AUSTIN, TEXAS The benefits of education and of useful knowledge, generally dUlusecl through a community, are esseRtial to the· preservation of a free goverB· ment. Sam Houston Cultivated mind is the guardiaa ir;eniu1 of democracy•••. It is th• only dictator that freemen acknowl­edge a.Rd the only security that froe­mea desire. Mirabeau B. Lamar CONTENTS Page Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Nature of the work done ... ... ...... . ..... . ...... .. . .. .. 10 Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Geology .............................. .. .............. 13 Deep Explorations ............ .. ...... ... ...... ... ... 14 . Troxell Well No. 2 ...................... ......... .. 14 Huling-Ross Well No. 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 The Delaware Formation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Castile Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Rustler Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Red Beds ... .. ... . . ... ............. ... .. ..... ... .... 22 Cretaceous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Quaternary . . ...... .......... .... ...... .·. .. . .... .. .. 22 Description of Sulphur Deposits ......................... 24 Pit in center of Section 34, Block 70. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Pit in southeast corner of Section 13, Block 70. . . . . . . . . . 24 ,The Johnson Prospect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 The Kyle Prospect ..... .... ......... ..... < . • • • . . . . • • • 25 Prospecting on Section 13, Block 113. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Block 112 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 The Dot Pro~pect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 The Spann-Felch Holdings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Observations on Felch's gas well, Pit No. 3. . . . . . . . . . . 3·3 Summary of log of }Iole No. 1, Dallas Claim No. 2. . . . . 35 'l'he Holdings and Works of the :Michigan Sulphur & Oil Company .... .... ... . .... . .. ... . . ........ . . .. ..... 35 The Georgetown Prospect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 The Cooksey Prospect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 The Stinking Seep Prospect.. . . .. .............. . ...... 47 Deposits near Walker's Ranch .. ....... .... .... ...... . 48 Southeast corner of Section 4, Block 109. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Southern part of Section 4, Block 109. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Southwest corner of Section 4, Block 109. . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 University of Texas Bulletin Page Southwest quarter of Section 9, Block 109. . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Northeast corner of Section 10, Block 109............. 50 Prospects on and near the University Lands....... ..... 50 The Grant Mines Property and Vicinity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Open cut on Section 8, Block 61. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Other Sulphur Locations Reported. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Types of Sulphur. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,6 1. Yellow crystallized sulphur. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 2. Yellow massive sulphur....................... , . . . 56 3. Green crystallized sulphur. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~6 4. Green massive sulphur...................... '. . . . . . 57 5. Silvery white massive sulphur. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 6. Cream white massive sulphur. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Kinds of matrix containing sulphur.. .'. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Gypsite ... .. .... . ........ .. ... . ...... .. ........... . 58 Brown siliceous material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Dark gypsiferous porous material ..................... 58 Massive gypsum ..... . .. . ... . .................·. . . . . . . 59 Chemical composition of the Sulphur and of its Matrices.... 59 Sulphur analyses .................................... 59 Analyses of the Matrices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Probable origin of the sulphur. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Development .......................................... 64 Water Resources .. ... ............ . ................. . .. 67 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Plate 1, a. Maverick Springs, looking northeast. Erosion extending into the Castile Formation. Red bed materials show on both sides of this draw, the small hill in the foreground being partly com­posed of this material. Opp, p. 20. Plate 1, b. Characteristically weathered and cavernous dolomite (Rustler?) in the Virginia Draw near the Dot Prospect.. The hill in the background is covered with gypsite. Opp. p. 20. Plate 2, a. Dip of the bed rock (limestone or limy dolomite) in the Virginia Draw, near the Dot Prospect. Bank above capped by gypsite. Looking west. Rustler Hills in the distance. Opp. p. 21. Plate 2, b. Gypsum beds changing upward into gypsite in the Vir­ginia Draw near the Dot Prospect. The gypsum beds are very much broken up. Opp, p. 21. Plate 3, a. Steam plant for extracting sulphur. Rustler Hills in the background. Michigan Sulphur and Oil Co. Opp. p. 35. Plate 3, b. Contact between dark, decomposed, cavernous, gypsifer­ous sulphur-beli.ring ' material and the overlying gypsite, a short distance above line drawn to show flexure. Michigan Sulphur and Oil Co. Opp. p. 35. Plate 4, a. Entrance to the northeast drift at 16 in sketch map. Showing contact between the dark, gypsiferous material and the brown, earthy material above. There is a great deal of kaolin-like sulphur in the dark.material. A picked sample from the opposite side of this drift contained 54.4 per cent of free sulphur. Michi-. gan Sulphur and Oil Co. Opp, p. 42. Plate 4, b. Part of the workings of the Michigan Sulphur and Oil Co. Looking north from the center of the south line of the north forty acres, near the·south edge of the depressed area. Extraction plant in the left background. Photograph furnished by Mr. J. G. Townes. Opp. p, 42. Plate 5, a. Looking south from about the center of the Michigan Sulphur and Oil Co.'s property. Rustler Hills in the background. Gypsite covering in the foreground. Opp. J?. 46. I Plate 5, b. Best showing of sulphur on the Cooksey Prospect. Brown earthy siliceous material overlain by a thin capping of gypsite. A picked sample from here contained 41.8 per cent of free sulphur. Opp. p. 46. Plate 6, a. Furnace on the Cooksey Prospect. Said to have pro­duced 75 tons of sulphur; built about 1900. The foundation of the furnace rests on Castile gypsum. Rustler Hills in the distance. Opp. p, 47. Plate 6, b. Stinking Seep. Looking to the northwest. A rusty brown incrustation now being deposited here on the gypsite con­tained 3.2 per cent 9f free sulphur. Typical Castile gypsum out­crops in the vicinity. Opp. p. 52. University of Texas Bulletin Plate 7. Banded gypsum at the entrance of the incline on the east side of the west hill. Grant Mines Property. Opp. p. 52. Plate 8, a. Cliff on Delaware Creek, about one mile'east of Delaware Springs. May represent the transition beds between the Delaware and the Castile°Formation. Alternating limy and shaly beds down. to yellow sandstone at the water's edge. There are some 20 feet of finely banded limestone at the top. Opp. p. 62. Plate 8, b. Typical plain of the Delaware Formation. Looking east from the top of'a limestone-capped sandstone mesa. Edge of mesa shows in the foreground. Opp. p. 62. Plate 9. Map showing locations of the Rustler Springs Sulphur deposits. Next . cover. · Figure 1. Sketch map of the Michigan Sulphur and Oil Company's. property. P . 36. FOREWORD. Early in 1916, as a result of war conditions and the increased demand and higher price obtained for sulphur, the well-known but neglected sulphur deposits of West Texas attracted the atten­tion of promoters and considerable activity was aroused in theil" development. Many promotion companies were organized,. mainly in the North, and much stock was offered for sale both in northern states and in Texas. Inquiries regarding the depos­its and the probability of their commercial development were received in this Bureau in such increasing numbers that it seemed desirable that the Bureau should make a detailed inves­tigation of the situation in Culberson county and the adjoining region, and give to the public, in the form of a report from this office, some reliable information regarding the possibilities of the sulphur . deposits there. In accordance with this desire, Dr. Emil Bose and Mr. E. L. Porch, Jr., geologists of this Bureau, were sent out early in November to make the necessary investigation. After having looked over the field and advised with Mr. Porch as to the work to be done, Dr. Bose, according to plans agreed upon, returned to Austin and the work was left in the hands of Mr. Porch, who remained in the sulphur district until the latter part of December. Mr. Porch made a careful examination of as much of the field as the time would allow. The results of his work are presented in his carefully prepared report, which is herewith presented. Taking a general view of the many and detailed descriptions given by Mr. Porch of the physical conditions indicated by the occurrence of the sulphur itself, and judging by his descriptions of the different materials in which the sulphur is contained, one would appear to be justifi~d in supposing that the original source of the sulphur is to be looked for at considerable depth in the underlying sediments and is most probably to be found in deep­lying Permian and Pennsylvanian shales containing iron pyrite and plentiful organic matter, undergoing slow heating, either from imperceptible tectonic movements or possibly from the ex­istence of intrusive materials not yet cooled to the temperature. University of Tex.as Bulletin of the rocks into which they have been forced. Owi~g to smih existing temperature at depth, hydrogen sulphide and no doubt also other gases, are, perhaps, slowly migrating through the overlying rocks up to the surface and are quietly and slowly escaping at a great number of places in the region. It would be natural that gas escaping in this manner should follow the most pervious places in the underlying rocks. It would also be natural that accumulations of sulphur in the surface ma­terial should be found to be generally dispersed surficially and that they should be found near the most pervious passages in the greatest abundance. 'rhe sulphur in the surface materials and in such ''chimneys'' would represent that part of the escap­ing gases which has been oxidized and reduced before escaping into the atmosphere. The differences in the color of the ,mate­rials in which the sulphur is now held apparently are due to atmospheric reactions of oxidation and weathering. The dark­est matrix, usually lying deepest, as is so clearly set forth by Mr. Porch in his descriptions, probably owes its dark color to the presence of organic material or to finely disseminated iron sulphi­The Kyle is at the north end of this elevation, and is located in the northeast corner of Section 18, Block 45. It is about fifteen miles from Orla, and about thirty-five miles from Toyah. Around the Kyle, the surface is covered with alluvial gypsif­erous soil or gypsite, with here and there a patch composed of fragments of the Rustler Formation, until about a mile west where the Rustler occurs in place. Red beds material in place, more or less mixed with the gypsiferous soil, occurs as bands­from twenty to a hundred and twenty-five feet wide, following the drainage .li:r~es towards the draws, and seems to be wash material. Flint and quartz gravel is generally disseminated over the whole area, locally for~ing thin layers of conglomerate. Red beds outcrop in the banks of the Maverick, Virginia, and Salt Draws, the thicknesses as exposed varying from 5 to 9 feet. They are composed of red sandstone and red clay, both containing white spots, disseminated throughout. These beds appear to be the uppermost part of the Castile gypsum. Their irregular nature is shown hy the fact, communicated by Dr. Wm. B. Phillips, that a well drilled in the northeast corner of Section 1, Block 111, passed through forty-three and a half feet· of white-spotted red sandstone, and after passing through 3 feet of massive white gypsum, under this, went 15 feet further in more red sandstone. The three feet of massive white gypsum passed through contained a little crystallized sulphur. At Maverick Springs in Maverick Draw, badland topography is exhibited within a limited ar~a, the beds being composed here of fairly hard red clay, containing the characteristic ·white spotting. On the east side of Virginia Draw, close to where it runs into Salt Draw, the section exposed from north to south shows the following beds: white Castile gypsum, dipping north; light. gray massive limestone or dolomitic limestone, dipping east; gray gypsiferous sandstone, dipping south; and limestone or dolomitic limestone, dipping south. On the west side of the draw, there is an outcrop of white Castile gypsum, having a variable strike which is approximately N. 45° E., and a dip of about 20°, more or less, to the northwest. There is a little red beds material on top of this gypsum. The Rustler Springs Sulphur Deposits The dips and strikes noted above seem to indicate that they represent the flanks of a lvcal dome. Considerable work has. been done at the Kyle in the past, and at least two attempts were made to extract the sulphur from the rock. The remains of what was apparently a circular rock furnace, and a huge kettle with its accompanying steam boiler, are still to be seen. 'l'he work done here consists of an open cut, its greatest dimen­sions being about 200 feet in length by 100 feet in breadth, and 12 feet deep. There are also a number of scattered pits. The main expvsure of sulphur-bearing materi~lis in the south­central part of the open cut, where a face about 8 feet high is exposed. This consists of siliceous, brown, porous, earthy, al­though quite compact, material, containing many pebbles, grad­ing into a gray-brown conglomerate in the highest part of the face. The conglOmerate is quite hard and consists of flint pebbles cemented by sulphur and siliceous material. Some of this is very rich. Small masses or boulders of gypsiferoui; ma­terial occur in the lower part of the exposur~, no disseminated sulphur being noticed in these. 'Laterally, the brown earthy material, carrying sulphur, becomes in a short distance much lighter-colored; sulphur not showing in this part. Three kinds of sulphur were noted: a sulphur of a silvery or m~tallic lustre, filling minute fractures or seams in the brown earthy material; a massive yellow sulphur, sometimes the color of sphalerite, and resin-like when broken, filling small cavities both in the brown earthy material and in the conglomerate, as impregnations, sometimes appearing to cement the pebbles in the conglomerate, and as incrustations at" times an inch or more thick; and a finely crystallized, lemon-yellow sulphur, crystallizing in any open space on the containing material or on the amorphous sulphur. This crystallized sulphur is quite generally distributed through­out the darker portions of a brown, por0us, earthy material. The porous material, especially on being broken, gave off the odor of S02, very likely due to the oxidation of the sulphur by atmospheric oxygen. I Two of the shallow pits nearby showed a little weathered sulphur occurring in porous gypsiferous material or gypsite. A pit put down by the West Texas Sulphur Company of Philadelphia, located about 200 yards northeast of the Kyle University of Texas Bulletin open cut, showed some sulphur. The pit is 18 feet deep, and was sunk in decomposed gypsiferous material, gray brown to gray in color, and containing crystallized gypsum or selenite. A white and blue chalky or talc-like material on the dump, apparently from near the bottom of the hole, contains a little greenish-yellow sulphur occurring in cracks with very finely crystallized selenite. Although this pit is located on an eleva­tion there was some water standing in it. It was reported that a good showing of sulphur was encoun­tered at 26 feet in a nearby pit. Drillings near here are re­ported to have encounterd good showings of sulphur. East of here on the west side of Maverick Springs, there is a salt seep that has been taken up as a sulphur claim. Incrusta­tions of white to rusty brown colored salts are now being de­posited. The odor of hydrogen sulphide is apparent, and the water blackens steel in a very short time. No sulphur was noticed, although it is possible that some may be deposited along with the salts mentioned above. The nearby banks are cov­ered with crystals of selenite, probably deposited by the waters draining into the draw. .Open Out on Section 14, Block 113. Northwest of the Kyle property, about two miles, and on the north side of Salt Draw, there is an occurrence of sulphur in the form of bright yellow crystals associated with a small amount of selenite in massive gypsum. The quantity of sulphur appears to be very limited. Decomposed red beds material out· crops just north of here. A stream of water, .running through· this draw, has deposited a quantity of selenite crystals below a small waterfall. The gypsum is cavernous and broken down on both sides of the draw but especially on the north side, where for long dis­ tances the gypsum is honey-combed on a large scale, some of the caverns being quite large and deep. Prospecting on Section 13, Block 113. Drilling for sulphur was being conducted here by some parties. It was reported that they also intended to drill on The" Rustler Springs Sulphur Deposits Sections 14, 23, and 24, in the same block. Sulphur is reported as being on this section. Block 112. Samples have been examined of brown porous material con­taining considerable sulphur, reported to have come from near the Culberson-Reeves county line. The Dot Prospect. This property lies between the Kyle and the Michigan, and is in the southwest corner of Section 2 and the southeast corner of Section 3, Block 111. It is located about 17 miles from Orla, on the south side of Virginia Draw . . The formation here is quite similar to that around the Kyle, except that dolomite or qolomitic limestone and conglomerate are more abundant. The Rustler formation is practically continuous up to a point southeast of here, and a heavy exposure was noticed about 1% miles east of here in the middle of Section 1, Block 111. This is a dense gray dolomitic limestone, pitted with very peculiar circular holes, very regular in outline, sometimes filled with soft white to light-gray calcareous material, perhaps standing out in the form of a button, and sometimes with calcite. The rusty­looking ·nodules of flint that are quite characteristic of the Rustler occur here. The beds dip west, just the opposite of the general dip of the main beds. This may be a natural dip with a syncline between this place and the Rustler Hills; it may be due to a fault, or to incipient faulting caused hy the sIUmping of the gypsum beds beneath, or to the expansion caused by the hydration of anhydrite. Several years ago some work was done at the Dot, and there are still to be seen several pits and cuts. One of the pits is 19 feet deep, and the material on the dump, apparently taken from the bottom of the pit, consists of badly decomposed gypsum, some of it iron-stained, containing some selenite and a little yellow sulphur. Nearby another small sulphur occurrence was :30 University of Texas Biilletin noted. Just southeast of the sulphur occurrences there •>Ut­crops in the gypsite a thin layer of dolomitic limestone, ap­parently dipping to the stmtheast. Thin coatings of sulphur on gypsite or alluvial gypsum were noticed in two places in the Virginia Draw, just north of the Dot. Drillings near here are reported to have encountereJ good showings of sulphur. Near here, in the same draw, there is what appears to be three sides of the remains of a dome composed of dolomitic limestone and some flint; dolomitic secondary conglomerate, with the thin layer noticed at the Dot, possibly representing the fourth side of the dome. The rock composing this dome -consists largely of gray brown, much-pitted or cavernous lime­stone and dolomitic limestone, in places showing a network of apparently secondary material in the cavities. This appear­ance may have resulted from the partial dolomitization of the limestone or from the acid waters, as all of the drainage from the old Virginia runs this way; or probably from both these agencies. A similar material, less altered, shows what are ap­parently small cavities or cracks; due, perhaps, to the contrac­tion incident to the dolomitization of the limestone. Some of the very cavernous rock is evidently secondary, as many quartz and flint pebbles are contained in it. Small green streaks are also noticeable. These appear to be due to algae as the color­ing material floats off when the underlying calcium carbonate is dissolved out by dilute acid. Minute growing mossy bands were also noted, clearly of vegetable origin. These may have influenced the deposition of the calcium carbonate over them. A short distance to the west these beds become quite thin­bedded and flaggy and soon plunge under the overlying forma­tion. In places the limestone is crossed by small, nearly parallel -fissures filled with banded gypsum, their strike being about N. 30° W. The gypsum beds in the draw north of here are dipping to the northwest. · On the east the sides of Virginia Draw consist of steep cliffs, especially on the north side, com­posed of cavernous broken down gypsum layers, and alluvial gypsum or gypsite. About one mile east of the Dot, red beds make their appearance on both sides of the Draw. The Rustler Springs Siilphur Deposits In the area under consideration there ·are many small cav­-erns or sink holes in the gypsum, caused by solution. The Spann-Felch Holdings. The east half, eighty acres, of the old Virginia (Cedars of Virginia) property is owned by Dallas people. It adjoins the Michigan Sulphur and Oil Company's property and lies in the northeast part of Section 16, Block 111. Ther.e are no outcrops here, the surface being quite level and entirely covered with a mantle of gypsiferous soil. The property is a half mile long by a quarter of a mile wide, and prospecting has been done by means of pits, seven to thirty feet deep, which are fairly well spaced. Their distances from the west line vary from one hun­dred to seven hundred and ~hirty feet, and from the north line, from three hundred to sixteen hundred and forty feet. All measurements were furnished by Mr. F. W. Felch. There are fourteen of these pits, and sulphur is reported to have been found in all, except one which was not very deep. A fair sul­phur showing was also struck at a depth of about 31/2 feet in digging a camp cellar. Several of these pits were examined and may be described as follows: Pit No. 6, 119% feet from the west line and 521 feet from • the north line, is 14 feet deep and shows brown friable gypsite -containing small selenite crystals. Most of it is conglomeratic, containing flint pebbles and altered pebbles and boulders. Some disseminated sulphur occurs in a two-foot band near the bot­tom. It occurs in an altered, porous, conglomeratic material, .containing much crystallized gypsum. Pit No. 7~ 210 feet from the west-line, and 520 feet from the north line, is 10 feet deep. The first three feet from the top -consist of gray brown gypsiferous earth and very porous grav­elly gypsum. Below this is gray br·own conglomeratic material -containing flint pebbles and pebbles and boulders of limestone altered to soft gypsite, up to several inches in diameter. This conglomerate is similar to that seen in Pit No. 6, except that the conglomerate becomes dolomitic about two feet above the bot­tom of the pit. At the bottom there is a black material con­taining altered conglomerate in places, and this shows some University of Texas Bulletin good sulphur. Sulphur also occurs in the gypsum just above, which is porous and altered, containing much crystallized gypsum. Pit No. 14, 695 feet from the north line, is 7% feet deep. The distance from the west line was not ascertained. Sulphur was struck at a depth of four feet and continued to the bottom. The top foot and a half consists of brown gypsiferous soil with white-gray patches, containing some pebbles. From h~re down, there was brown gray, altered gypsiferous material, conglom­eratic with altered pebbles and fl.int, and containing consider­able crystallized gypsum. The sulphur occurs as incrustations and crystals in cavities and crevices, and sometimes around t.he altered pebbles. Pit No. 5, 100 feet from the west line, and 770 feet from the north line, is 30 feet deep. This pit sh'owed the following from above downward: Top 8 feet, gypsiferous soil; from 8 to 13 feet below the surface, sulphur carrying rock, containing in­crustations and crystals of greenish-yellow sulphur, the lower part of which is quite dark, probably due to the presence of organic matter, and also containing many altered pebbles and considerable crystallized gypsum; from 13 to 16 feet, conglom­erate; 19 to 20 feet, conglomerate; 20 to 23 feet, earthy clay­like material; 25 to 30 feet, da~ gray dolomitic conglomerate, containing pebbles varying in size from 1~ inch to 6 inches in diameter. Pit No. 3, 355 feet from the west line, and 752 feet from the north line, is 30 feet deep. Work was stopped when the hard dolomitic conglomerate was encountered. An examination of the dump of this pit showed the sulphur as yellow ,crystals and incrustations, occurring in gray, altered, gypsiferous material, containing small fl.int pebbles; and in a very dark altered ma­terial, apparently largely reworked. According to Mr. F. ·w. Felch, there are several feet of each of these sulphur-bearing rocks. A flow of natural gas was encountered near the bottom of this pit (hydrogen sulphide was found in several of the other pits), in sufficient quantity to explode and burn a man as he. was lighting fuses for blasting. This gas issues from a small crevice, and is now walled off and conducted through an open The R11stler Springs Sillphur Deposits ·pipe to the surface. Sometimes the gas, when lighted, burns with a flame several feet high, while at other times air is drawn into the pipe fast enough to emit a faint whistling sound. In the table helow are given certain observations on the flow of gas in this crevice. These were taken in the hope of securing some definite information on the relation of th~ gas pressure to barometric conditions in the atmosphere. OBSERVATIO'iS O'i FF.LCH"S (jAS WELL, PI'l' NO. 3. Violet blue with or.casir,nnJ tinges of red. 7:10 p. m. 25.50S. W.W. stronit.. About 4 It. long. Extinguished. 25.55S. W. W. strong. n:10 p. m. 25.90N. W. medium. SuC'ks in with a whistling noise. 9:00 a. m. 29; 4:00 p. m. 25.90 N. mild. Sucked in. 29' 6:30 p. m. 25.90 Practically none. Sucked in. 25.00 Practically none. ?.9 1 9:30 p. m. Sur.keel in . 25.84W. very slight. Sucked in. :Osits SUMMARY OF LOG OF HOLE NO. 1, DALLAS CLAIM NO. 2 Depth From 'ro Gray gypsum_______________________________________--------___________________ o 61 4' Brown gypsum_______ ------___________________________________________---------4' 6' 15 7Gray gypsum____________ ------____ --------___________________________________ 15 7 16 1 Fine graveL________________________----------_______ ·-------------------------16 1 18 gLight yellow gypsum___________________------· _______ --------___------__ ------18 9 19 7 Dark yellow gypsum_______________________ ------------------------------------19 7 20 8 Light yellow gypsum_________________ ------____________________________________ ~O 8 ~6 1 Gray hard gypsum_______________________________ -----·--____ --------__ -------26 1 33 8 Yellow gypsum(?)_------______ __________________________________________ ______ :J3 8 38 6 Hard strata, one foot to ~9'------------------------------------------------38 6 40 4 Soft brown gypsum_____________________________ ------__ ------------------____ 40 4 41 3 Brown gypsum(?) ________________ -------____________________--------__ ----____ 41 3-44 6 Sandy g·ypsum, smell of gas_____ _______ ___________________________________ __ 44 6 45 10 Gray sandstone___________________________ ---'------------_____________________ 45 10 48 Yellow sandy gypsum(?), showing sulphur_________________________________ 48 50 6 Light yellow gray gypsum(?J------------------------------------------------50 6 51 4 Gray gypsum(?) __________________________________________----------------_____ 51 4 56 Ligqt yellow gypsum(?) containing sulphur_________________________________ 56 . 57 'l'he b•.ilings were run into a shallow pit, and allowed to settle and harden . A piece was then broken out and examined. The IIoldings and 1¥orks of the 1tlichigan Sulphur and Oil Company. This company owns the west half of the old Virginia prop­erty, 80 acres located in the north.east part of Section 16, Block 111. The holdings lie just east of the main Rustler Hills, and are situated in an indentation formed by the foothills of the Rustler and ·the main hills mentioned above; a considerable part of the foothills to the southeast being present only as isolated remnants of the ridge. The property is drained by the Virginia Draw, which ;runs to the northeast, uniting with the Salt Draw between the Dot and the Kyle properties. A considerable amount of development work has been ~one, and sulphur is exposed in many places. Most of the work has been done in and around a depression in the central and south­ern part of the north forty acres. Development has been by means of open cuts, pits and shafts. It is reported that drilling.~ on this property have encountered sulphur at greater depths than have been reached by the shafts. With th exception of several shafts, one of which attained a depth of 43 feet, and many shallow pits, the work has been concentrated in two areas. An open cnt has been made in the northern part of the sunken area a_nd several open cuts and drifts have been exca­ University of Texas Bulletin N 2.6 40 ACRE.S SKETCH MAP OF THE MltHIGAN S ULPHUR ANO OIL . 'coMPANY''.;) PROPERTY 5CALE.-1 1NCH =37~ FEET (APPROXIMAT E L Y) LE.GENQ • SHAFT 0 P 1T (p ~ z z ,, [Tl r n I I 0 r 0 2 Cl !:E. Figure 1 .. .....Sketch ·map of the Michigan Sulphur and Oil Com­pany's property. I The Rustler Springs Snlphttr Deposits vated in the southern and southwestern part of the same sunken area. This sunken area covers about 12· acres and drains to the northwest. Its surface is from 4 to 10 feet below the level of the surrounding country. It is covered with light gray gypsiferous soil containing many flint pebbles and it is barren of any plant life; whereas the surrounding area supports a scanty growth of yeso grass and a few junipers. Ip.flammable gas has been encountered in several of the workings. The sulphur-bearing rock, as mined, is hauled to a loading platform, where it is loaded into special double-compartment, cast-iron cars having perforated si.des and bottoms. Four of these cars at a time are run into the retort, which is then filled with steam at sixty pounds pressure. The retort consists of a horizontal iron cylinder, 30 feet long by 6 feet in diameter. One end of the cylinder is hinged, and the bottom slopes to a drain at the other end. The steam melts the sulphur from the rock and it drops through the perforations in the cars, flows down the inclined bottom to the drain, arid out through the drain into a vat where it is allowed to harden. This steaming process takes some two and a half hours or more, depending upon the porosity of the sulphur-bearing rock. After a vat has become filled, the sulphur is broken into blocks. These have been stacked back of·the retort house, and in December the pile was estimated to contain about twg hundred and fifty tons of sulp,hur. Since then, forty tons of this has been shipped. It is reported that a second retort has been recently installed. The accompanying sketch map shows the locations of the various cuts, pits and shafts. Explanation of Numbers on Map. (1) Pit about twenty-five feet deep, dump consists of gray gypsiferous earth containing no sulphur. (2) Sulphur pile. ( 3) Retort house, containing retort and two boilers. ( 4) Dump for the steamed roc.k from the retort. (5) Charging platform where cars are loaded before going into the retort. University of Texas Bulletin (6) The deepest working on the property, and in faet, in tne whole district; shaft about 18 by 12 feet, and 43 feet deep. From the bottom of the shaft shown in this sketch there are four drifts running approximately north 20 feet, east about 10 feet, south 50 feet, and to the west about 15 feet. The sulphur showing is con­tinuous on various parts of the walls from top to bottom. The sulphur occurs as masses, incrustations, and dis­seminated crystals in the typical brown, porous, earthy material and altered black material. The black bands included in the brown material make many irregular bindings. The black material containing the most sul­phur commences at about 20 feet below the surface. It is very cavernous and includes within itself small lenses of limestone or limy dolomite. The black-banded condition extends to the eud of the south drift, the sulphur content becoming ~ess as the distance from the shaft increases. It extends also to the end of the north drift for a_ distance of at least twenty feet. The black-banded material pitches to the west under a mass of limestorie or limy dolomite that appea,rs just within the west drift. It continues also into the east drift. In places this black material is conglom­eratic, and in other places is clay-like, some of it being quite white and plastic while moist; having an acid taste; but hardening after being exposed to the air for a few hours. The dump from this shaft contains much altered dark conglomeratic material. (7) Dump for the steamed rock from the retort. (8) Open cut, running east and west, and having a maximum depth of about. 12 feet near the foot of a bench at the extreme western end of the cut, the bench being about six feet higher than the remainder of the cut. Two drifts, \.vorking to the north, had just been started from the north side of the cut at the time of my visit, and the sulphur showing on both sides may be consid­ered as commencing at the easternmost of these drifts, which was in only about 4 feet, and as continuing to ·the west end of the cut. Here the lower one and a half The Ru.stler Springs Sulphur Deposits :rn feet consisted of a black and white mottled mattirial, hard in places, in other places clay-like, cavernous, con­taining loose material in the seams, and also black sec­ondary selenite. Sulphur occurs as incrustations in the cavities. The line of contact between this black ma­terial and the brown material occurring above is sharply marked, but is irregular. The brown layer persists upward for about four feet and then gradually merges into a gray gypsiferous earth, which persists to the sur­face. The brown material is conglomeratic, containing rounded pebbles of flint and black quartz. What was once pebbles and small boulders of dolomite.or limestone is now altered, wholly or in part, to gypsite and gypsum. The physical characteristics of the brown layer are much the satne as those of the darker layer below, for it con­tains inclusions of the dark material. The sulphur occurs in the same manner and much black gypsum is present; but it is not quite so cavernous. ' The second drift, a few feet west of the one just de­scjribed, shows similar .conditions to exist, the main difference being that the line of demarcation between the black and brown layers is not so distinct, due to the fact that the brown material contains many more altered boulders and much more altered ma­terial, is more cavernous and 'fissured, and contains more sulphur than it did in the first· drift. Incrus­tations of sulphur were noted occurring with clay­likc material and in an altered pebble, probably once limestone. Between this drift and the bench; starting at the bottom of the cut, there is one foot of black ma­terial exposed. This contains considerable sulphur, both as disseminated crystals and as incrustations. The layer is i:;omewhat conglomeratic, containing flint pebbles, and was apparently at one time mnch more conglomeratic, as the ontlines of former limestone pebblei:; are still visible, now altered to a gray or black gypsiferous ma­terial. This layer can be traced around the face of the bench into the opposite south side at the bottom of the cut, where it is overlain hy brown, por0trn, yet quite University of Texas Bulletin hard, earthy and somewhat conglomeratic mah.rial, containing 8mall quartz and flint pebbles, and', es­pecially near the bottom of the cut, patches ~nd small layers of very dark conglomerate, most of which is altered. Some of the pebbles have sulphur deposited within them. Both the dark altered conglomerate and the brown earthy material contain considerable sulphur, both crystalline and massive, generally disseminated throughout. Some of the crystalline sulphur is greenish­yellow, On the north side of the cut the line of contact between the layer of dark altered conglomerate and the layer of dolomitic conglomerate above it, which is ab­sent on the south side of the cut just described, is quite irregular, and the sulphur content seems to increase near this contact. This conglomerate varies in thickness from two to four feet, and consists of fairly well-rounded pebbles and boulders of brown, dark gray, and almost black dolom­ite, sometimes iron-stained, varying from one-eighth inch to five inches in diameter. The cementing material is very frequently calcareous. The conglomerate bec9mes thinner as the bench at the west end of the open cut is approached and contains very little sulphur. Above this there are two or three feet of black decomposed ma­terial, now more or less weathered and generally soft The contact between this layer and the dolomitic con­glomerate below is fairly well marked, but is very irreg­ular. It is very cavernous, and contains considerable sulphur in leached out parts and cavities. The line of demarcation between this layer, which lies about five feet below the surface, and the top, light brown, gypsiferous soil is also fairly well marked, but irregular. Portions of the black material extend up several inches into the soil. The exposed face of the overlying soil shows here and there a thin incrustation of badly weathered sul­ phur, in places extending up to the surface. It also contains some sulphur near the contact with the black material. It is difficult to say just what is the chief cause or causes of the well defined yet wav~ or irregular The Rustler Springs Sulphur Deposits contacts so characteristically shown in these excavations. They are evidently not due to folding. They are prob­ably due to several causes combined. They may repre~ sent the upper limit of the strongest action of ascending waters, or the lower limit of surface leaching. The darker, more altered part of the ground may have had a higher lime or dolomite content, and may have been, therefore, more subjected to alteration by gases and water solutions. Much lime is present over all of tliis district, not only in limestones and dolomites, but also in altered pebbles. 'l'his is true also of the cementing ma­terial in certain dolomite conglomerates and also of some calcareous tufa. The dolomite pebbles and bould­ers appear. to have resisted alteration by hydrogen sul­phide and sulphuric acid much more than those com­posed of limestone. Some parts of the conglomerate contain sulphur. In the parts where dolomite is the most persistent material, the sulphur content is smallest, in . some cases not appearing at all. Yet in others, appar­ently (to the eye) just as closely cemented, the pebbles ~f the conglomerate have been considerably altered to dark gypsiferous material, and much sulphur may be present, generally between the pebbles and in joints. Sometimes in the outer edges of the pebbles themselves wh~re much leaching has taken place, and even where sulphur is present in or around dolomitic parts, it dis­plays a selective relation towards materials that have lent themselves more readily to some alteration. The dark organic material present may be the organic detritus from the altered limestone. On the north side above the bench, the line of contact between the brown soil and the dark layer lying beneath it is not so well marked as some of the other contacts, the brown and black ma­terials grading up and down slightly. 'rhis condition continues until the end of the bench is reached. The dark layer in this distance is slightly rolling, rises about two feet, is cavernous and in some places has quite a rich sulphur content. There is a seven-foot pit at the western . end of the University of Texas Bitlletin bench and the conglomerate below the upper dark layer shows up for about two feet in the side of this pit. Here the dolomitic part was either altered, or has changed its character, for it contains altered pebbles and boulders. In fact, it seems to be identical in some respects to the dark altered conglomerate underlying the dolomite con-· glomerate at the foot of the bench. The conglomerate in the pit also carries considerable sulphur. Opposite this pit, on the south side, this same conglomerate ap­ proaches closer to the surface, and near its top is more or less mixed with the brown earthy material. This mixed material contains considerable sulphur in places, and also some very hard boulders or nuclei, which on being broken show much sulphur and metallic sulphides, probably pyrite. (9) Shallow open cut. The lower three feet consist of brown earthy, hard conglomerate containing some disst>minated sulphur. The upper three feet consist of lighter brown gypsiferous earth and appear to contain no sulphur. (10) and (11). Seven-foot pits, exposing gray-brown, gypsifer­ous, conglomeratic earth from the surface down to near the bottom, where there commences a black-gray, altered conglomerate carrying some sulphur, both crystallized and kaolin-like, and selenite. (12) Seven-foot pit. Dumps show gray white, gypsifcrons ma­terial, and some much altered conglomerate. It is badly weathered and was probably much darker when fresh. A little sulphur was noticed in the conglomcratic ma­terial. (13) Herc occurs by far the best sulphur exposure to be seen in this cut or in the three large irregular cuts i1mnedi­a tely south of here, and this may be taken as a ty pe for the rest. The one exception noted was the occurrence in one of the other three cuts referred to, of some sulphur in a more friable, white gray, decomposed gypsiferons earth. ' Starting at the bottom of the cut there is from one to two feet of very rich sulphur-bearing material exposed, similar to the deposits occurring at 16. 'l'hc1·c is also UNIVEHSl'l'Y OF TEXAS PLATF: 1 a. J~ntrance to tne nort11ea.-:.t drnt at lt:i in S1\.etcn map. Showing contact between the dark, gypsiferous ma­terial, and the brown, earthy material above. There is a grea t deal of kaolin-like sulphur in the dark material. A picked sample from the opposite side of this drift contained 54.4 per cent of free sulphur.Michigan Sulphur and Oil Co. b. Part of the workings of the Michigan Sulphur and Oil Co. Lookingnorth from the center of the south line of the north forty acres, near the south edge of the depressed area. Extraction plant in tl e left b;tckground. Photograph furnished by Mr. J. G. Townes. The Rustler Springs Sulphiir Deposits 4B disseminated crystallized sulphur, both in hard brc,wn, gray, and black material, which is conglomeratic as at 8. The brown and black material is more mixed than usual, black masses occurring in the brown material. In fact, this deposit displays the characteristics of both 8 and 16. Some sulphur of a silvery lustre was also noticed from near here. There are a number of pits, varying in depth from three to ten feet, scattered around these four cuts. :Jfost of the deeper ones show a little sulphur in their dnmps, ·. which aro badly weathered. (14) Gray brown, gypsiferous earth, and a darker brown ma­terial are seen at this point. Three feet of the bottom ground contains considerable sulphur, disseminated and in seams, some of the seams being three-fourths of an inch thick. ) (15) On the north side of this open cut, the upper five feet of the section exposed consist of brown, black-spotted, com­pact, earthy, gypsiferous material containing some sul­phur quite generally disseminated, but sometimes more concentrated in places, and there are many crystals of selenite. The lower three feet consist of a mixed dark brown and black, gypsiferous material, apparently con­taining more sulphur than the brown material above, the general occurrence being much the same in both places. The brown material is conglomeratic in places, con­taining pebbles of flint and quartz, and altered pebbles, which were probably once limestone. On the south side of this cut there is· exposed much the same general con­dition of the brown and black material, although it is more altered ·than the material above. It contains many acicular crystals of selenite, and sulphur as dissemiuated crystals, in small masses, and some fibrous banded laycr8 llp to an inch and a half in thickness. 'I'he fibrons ~:cams of the sulphur are at right angles to the· general dire<'­tion of the crevices or solution channels. 'I'hese appear to pitch toward the south at about a sixty degree angle. 'l'his general condition persists on both sides of the cut ·west to the track, except that on the south side the hlaek University of T,exas Bulletin material comes closer to the surface, . .about four feet. of it being exposed. Here it has a banded and rolling ap­ pearance, and is cavernous. (16) There are three drifts here under about an 8-foot capping. At the entrance of the one nearest to 15 there is exposed a 4-foot layer of the black material with a well marked, although irregular, contact with the hard, brown, por­ous material above. At the back of the drift this thick­ness decreases to about two feet. Considerable selenite is scattered throughout the ground. Much of the suL. phur in the lower part of the black material is like kaolin in texture. It is present in well-defined! irregular or wavy, bands or layers. In places, some of th.ese bands have a fracture at right angles to their longitudinal ex­tent. Some bands are two or more inches in thickness. In the upper part of the black material, and in the lower two or three feet of the brown material, there are many cavities or open spaces, and many of these are lined with beautifully crystallized sulphur. Some of the crystal­lized sulphur is greenish-yellow. The upper part of the dark material is lighter than the lower part, and the sul­phur in the brown material seems to show a preference for the browner, more altered, and more porous parts. The conditions outlined above hold true for the other two drifts. A white efflorescence of salt was noted on the brown and to a lesser extent on the black material at the back of the drift. This is most likely caused by surface seepage and evaporation. (17) The physical conditions exposed here are much the same as those described under 16, except that the sulphur showing, which is quite rich there, gradually diminishes in this direction until very little is present here. (18) A three-foot exposure of the black material is exposed here, the sulphur showing up well again. Otherwise, the ground is similar to that at 16 and 17. This continues around wherever the cut is exposed all the way to 19 and 20. The drift at 21 is on the contact between the black and brown material, which is almost directly over­ The R1tstler Springs Sulphur Deposits head practically up to 22, where the black contlilion either stops or Rwings ont of the drift. The brown material here displays the usual character­istics, but it has here much disseminated sulphur, and considerable banded sulphur, especfally near the contact, where it is quite rich. Some distance before 22 is reached, she~ts of the most beautifully crystallized em­erald green sulphur start in and persist to 22. (23) The brown material; with apparently a decreasing sulphur content, persistr. to here. (24) Shallow pit. The dump shows a little sulphur in a dark, altered, gypsife~ous deposit, containing selenite. (25) Like 24. (26) Shaft about 30 feet deep, containing several feet of water. Material on the dump shows sulphur occurring as layers, incrustations and seam fillings in white or gray friable material, and in the cavernous darker rock. The darker parts contain the greater part of the sulphur. Some of the eavities in the darker portions contain a thin lining that looks like wad. (27) 'l'wo 10-foot pits, in white or gray friable, gypsiferous earth, containing a very little sulphur, apparently from near the surface. (28) A low knoll or elevation, covered with fragments of Rustler dolomite. The Georgetown Prospect. This deposit is located on a hill in Section 10, Block 42, some two and a half miles southwest of Rustler Springs, and about one-half mile west of the main body of the Rustler Hills: Rustler dolomite or dolomitic limestone evidently once entirely covered this hill, as broken pieces are at present scattered all ar6und. There are many small hills in this vicinity, at varying distanceR from the main Rustler Hills. Practically all of these hills exhibit the rounded appearance due to the presence of the limestone or dolomite. Evidently this has once been present and has been recently removed by erosion. Some of the gypsum in the hill may have originally been limestone, later altered by 46 C11ivrrsity of Texas Bulletin sulphuric acid. The odor of hydrogen sulphide is cp1ite per­·Ceptible. The showing here is good, and six shallow pits and cuts con­tain sulphur, sorne of it quite rich. The pits are somewhat scattered, some of them being as much as 150 feet apart. The occurrence of sulphur here is quite typical, Qccurring in white to gray decomposed gypsum, which has the usual leached ap­pearance. There is one showing near the top of the hill, the sulplmr l.ving just under a ledge of harder material. The ledge in this case may have acted as a capping against which the' sulplrnr was retained. A test of a recent Julus, incrusted with snlphur, was picked up in this immediate vicinity. The Cooksey Prospect. This property is ·west of the R.ustler Hills and is located in Sections 10 and 15, Bloc~ 114. By automobile road to the 11ichigan it is distant from that property about 7 miles; and from Orla, about 25 miles. Hills capped with the Rustler formation extend to within a short distance of this place, and small hills covered with rem­ nants of this rock -extend some distance beyond. This, taken in connection with the abundance of dolomitic limestone or dolomitic pebbles present in the local conglomerates, shows that the Rustler dolomite or dolomitic limestone once covered this area, and has been removed by erosion. This vicinity shows the same monotony of exposu.r.:es as the area just east of the Rustler Hills, except that red bed materials are lacking. The surface around here is covered with alluvial gypsum or gypsite, with more or less frequent exposures of massive Castile gypsum and the patches of fragmental Rustler mentioned above. Flint pebbles are abundant and widespread. Gypsiferous conglomerates are quite abundant, the pebbles con­ sisting chiefly of flint and dolomite or dolomitic limestone.• A little sandstone is present at times. Considerable work has been done here and an old retort is still standing, minus the lower part used for extracting the sul~hur from the rock with super-heated steam. It is said that about 75 tons of very pure sulphur were produced. l\fost of UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS' PLATE 5 a. Rustler Hills. looking south from about the center of the MichiganSulphur and Oil Company's property. Gypsite covering in the fore­ground. b. Best showing of sulphur on the Oooksey Prospect. Brown earthy sili­ceous material overlain by a thin capping of gypsite. A picked sample from here contained 41.8 per cent of free sulphur. a. Furnace on the Cooksey Prospect.S·2id to have produced 75 tons of s ulphur; built about 1900. The foun­dation of the furnace rests on Cas­tile gypsum. Rustler Hills in the distance. b. Stinking S'eep. Looking to the northwest. A rusty brown incrustation now being deposited here on the gypsite contained 3.2 per cent of free sulphur. Typical Castile gypsum outcrops in the vicinity. UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS PLAT'E 6 The R ustlcr S JYrings Siilphur Deposits . the work was done in an open cut, quite irregular in outlin·~s, and running almost north and south; its greatest dimensions being approximately 200 feet in length, 80 feet in width, and 6 feet in depth. In this open cut there are several pits, cuts, and trenches. The best exposure of sulphur-bearing rock is in the extreme northeastern part of the workings and consists of a bank about 25 feet long and 5 or 6 feet high. The sulphur begins to show beneath about three feet of gypsiferous earth. Itis brown, porous and earthy, but quite hard, highly siliceous material. In some places it shows a conglomeratic nature, flint pebbles predominating. 'l'he sulphur carrying rock has a max­imum thickness of about 5 feet; the mineralization is not uni­form, ho>vever, the upper two feet appearing to be the richest. Sulphur is present as a variety having a silvery or metallic lustre, filling small cracks and fissures. It is in part banded. Yellow sulphur, exhibiting all shades from lemon to greenish yellow, is generally crystalline here, but also massive. It oc­curs along seams or in somewhat porous places, and very fre­quently crystallizes oil the silvery sulphur, showing th~t it is a later deposit. A nearby pit exhibited a gray gypsiferous and sandy conglomerate, containing pebbles of flint up to ~inch in diameter, and crystals of selenite. Towards the center of the open cut there are several pits. The greatest depth reached by these pits beneath the original surface is not much more than twelve feet. The section exposed by these pits consists chiefly of brown earthy material, quite hard in places, except in the lowest parts, where there is some irregularly black-banded, partly crystallized gypsiferous material, and conglomerate. Flint pebbles are plentiful in the conglomerate and it contains considerable sand. Some crystallized yellow and greenish yel-­low sulphur was present in the black-banded material. About 200 feet southeast of here there is an exposure of what is apparently a vein of secondary gypsum, containing a little crystallized sulphur in crevices. The Stinking Seep Prospect. Stinking Seep, sometimes called Chemical Springs, is prob­ably located on Section 44, Block 60, about 3 miles northwest University of Tex.as Bulletin of the Cooksey. It is a small spring highly charged with salts and hydrogen sulphide, and probably some sulphuric acid. Al­though the quantity of water that flows here to the southeast is not large, yet a considerable area is inflnenced hy it, judging from the lack of vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the springs. Considerable fine 'sand was noticed just east of the spring. An outcrop of white mas.<>ive Castile gypsum occurs at the east end of the spring, the waters passing over it. Yellow incrusta­tions occur in abundance over the whole area that has been worked over by the spring waters. Just north of the spring heavy beds of massive Castile gypsum outcrop in the form of low hills, capped with white to brown granular limestone, prob­ably of secondary origin. Four shallow pits in this vicinity show a little sulphur. The sulphur occurs as crystals and in­crustations in fri·able decomposed gypsum, in small white areas that have apparently been leached by water. Deposits Near Walker's Ranch. A six~foot pit located in the southeast corner of 8ection 4, Block 109, shows decomposed white grayish gypsum, at the surface, then typical brown, earthy, siliceous material_ to the bottom. Some small vertical seams of snlphur were noticed in the sides of the pit. . In the southern part of Section 4, Block 109, there is a six­foot pit situated in the midst of a large white, leached area, some hundred feet in diameter. This pit exposes in the order named typical gypsite at the surface, white to gray decomposed gypsum, then brown earthy material in one side, and more or less of the fine-banded gypsum,. The handed gypsum contains in places fragments of thin-bedded, brown, bituminous lime­stone, smaller fr;p.gments of which are also scattered through­out the decomposed gypsum. A little sulphur was noticed in one corner of the pit. Considerable yellow sulphur, both crystallized and massive, is present throughout the small dump, from this pit, S\:Jme fragments being quite rich. This is also the only place noted where sulphur occurs as a coating on the bituminous limestone. The limestone does not exhjbit any The Rustler Springs Suiphur Deposits marked alternation and probably effected no selective action on the sulphur emanations, other than that it was the most conven­ient area for deposition. There is a five foot pit about 150 feet northeast of the pit described ahove. The section exposed here is similar to the section exposed there, except that the thin-bedded bituminous limestone is lacking. Sulphur occurs in the banding in the badly decomposed white gypsiferous earth and in a brown earthy material. Besides the yellow sulphur, both crystalline and massive, a little silver sulphur was also noticed. A fine showing of sulphur was noted in a three foot pit, which is probably in the southwest corner of Section 4, Block 109. The sulphur at this place occurs in gray brown gypsum, some of it apparently once banded, and also in brown, compact, earthy material. Massive banded sulphur, crystalline yellow sulphur, and massive silver sulphur are all present. There is more of the silver sulphur here than at any other place noticed. A somewhat concentric structure is developed in places in the banded yellow sulphur. A two foot assessment pit located fif­teen feet northeast of here, shows the effects of water action, but no sulphur. Fifteen feet west of the three foot pit, good sulphur is present just below the surface. On the southwest quarter of Section 9, Block 109, there is a good showing of sulphur on the south side, where some stripping has been done, and also on the top of one of the low gyp!;um hills, capped with limestone. These are characteristic of the west­ern belt covered by the Castile gypsum. The limestone is quite similar to the capping at the Grant, a brown minutely banded, somewhat bituminous limestone, with layers, sometimes several inches thick, of hard, massive, dark ·brown and highly bitum­inous limestone. The hill is badly broken down, and small blocks of the lami­nated rock are tilted at all angles to their original position. Both.the yellow and silvery varieties of sulphur were noticed. The yellow sulphur occurs as incrustations or :fillings, both crystalline and massive. A very little silvery sulphur occurs in small seams. In this hill the occurrence of the sulphur is invariably associated with white, decomposed patches of gypsif­erous material appearing on the surface of the ground, which University of Texas Bulletin look as if they might be leached by seepage. These patebe:~ vary from 20 to 50 feet in diameter, although they are not al­ways circular in outline. The original banded layers can be traced grading into the white-gray, decomposed material. In some places harder layers have resisted erosion and form very small cliffs, from beneath which the water seems to have come, the hard layers perhaps preventing it from rising to the surface. In the northeast corner of Section 10, Block 109, there is a seven foot pit showing a foot of white gray gypsite at the surface, and below this brown earthy material to the bottom. The lower two feet contain yellow sulphur, and yellowish green crystallized sulphur occurs in seams and open places. There are also streaks of silvery sulphur. The dump consists of white gray gypsite containing selenite and considerable weathered yellow sulphur is present, some of it being more than an inch in thickness. This sulphur on the dump probably came from the very top of the pit. Gas was noticeable at all of the sulphur exposures in this vicinity, both H2S and S02• At all of these exposures there was a bare leached area around the sulphur, with the ground white to gray in color and slightly sunken, apparently due to the action of circulating or stagnant water. These shallow depressions are more or less circular or oval, from 20 to 100 feet in diameter, and are characterized by a lack of vegetation. Some of these depressions were no­ticed where there was, apparently, no sulphur at the surface. Prospects On an<], Near the University Lands. In the northeast part of Section 1, Block 46, and in Section 7, Block 115, there are sulphur occurrences located on the west side of a hill whose longer axis runs approximately from north to south. The hill is largely composed of fine-handed gypsum, covered in many places with white to gray gypsiferous earth. Selenite is abundant in the gypsum. One mass of selenite was several feet across. This was seen on the western edge of the hill. Several ravines have cut their trenches into the hill, their courses varying from northwest to southwest. The capping of The Rustler Springs Sulphur Deposits the hill consists of an altered limestone, quite cavernous and the crevices containing much stalactitic material. 'The sulphur occurs around the western edge of the hill in white, more or less circular or oval, areas, sometimes seen to, be depressed below the general surface of the land. These have perhaps been formed by the action of moving acid waters, either descending or ascending, which have decomposed anJ worked over the gypsum and limestone, in the immediate vicin­. ity. The worked-over areas in this vicinity are small, gen­ erally not over 30 feet in diameter. · The sulphur occurs as thin incrustations in the banding of thin-bedded gypsum, and in cracks in the same rock. It is also present as a closely granular form in white or gray gypsiferous earth, which contains iri places much selenite. In places, sul­ phur is present as massive incrustations on broken or exposed bedding planes and other surfaces. Straight bands of sulphur, slightly elevated above the surface of the more massive incrusta­ tions in some places tend to enclose diamond shaped cavities. These may have been formed hy the solution of the gypsum, which wa~ partly inclosed by the cracks filled with sulphur. Five claims have been filed on this land, covering all of the known sulphur exposures. There are five shallow cuts, two pits, and one pit and cut combined. No sulphur was noticed in any of the pits below the upper two feet. Hydrogen sulphide was perceptible at all of the open­ ings. Two of the pits contain standing water. On the edge of the pit in the· combined pit and cut: in the inside wall of which a gypsum vein is discernible, there is a timber, probably placed in position during the progress of the work. This has been so completely attacked by acid fumes, that it is completely charred. The Grant Mines Property and Vicinity. There are three hills, all possibly the remains of a former hill, on the eastern section line of Section 18, Block 61, Tow:llship 2.' These hills are interesting, not alone from the fact that there is a sulphur occurrence here, hut also because of the structural relations shown. The three hills may be more properly re­ University of Texas Bulletin garded as two, and may be conveniently referred to as the east hill and the west hill, the west hill having two peaks with a saddle between them. The lower part of the west hill is composed of thinly banded gray gypsum, the bands being from one-fifteenth of an inch to a half inch in thickness. Between the bands there is a thin layer or parting composed of dark brown bituminous calcareouse of the west hill, but here the resemblance ends. The UNIVERS·ITY OF TEXAS' PLATE 7 The Rustler Springs Sulphur Deposits work that has been done on both the east and west sides of this hill tends to show that the hill has a limestone core and that solutions have been active in and around the outer layer of this core. An open cut starting at the west base of this hill and extending eastward, p,asses through the solid finely-banded gypsum, and into ahout five feet of gray brown, cavernous, crystallized gypsum. The contact between these two is vertical and is clearly defined. Next to the brown and cavernous crys­talline gypsum, eastward, are about four feet of very fine, fri­able, white, siliceous material, containing some gypsum. Then there is about 15 feet of white, brown, and black-banded gyp­sum, and limestone containing patches of selenite. This gyp­sum is evidently altered limestone, for in places the two merge and it is impossible to see where the limestone stops and the gypsum begins. This grades into more solid black gray lime­stone, cavernous and decomposed in places. Small fillings and incrustations of sulphur were noted in places, and some sulphur dust (small fragments) was taken from a small cavity in the working face. In thin section this limestone is seen to be composed of inter­locking grains of calcite. It has the appearance of being con­siderably altered. It also contains bituminous material. From the top of this open cut, the rock has been stripped toward the summit for some distance. The limestone exposed here is very finely banded, minutely folded; it is gray brown from the bitu: men it contains. Many minute cracks and fissures, especially along the bedding planes, were noted, quite a few of them being wholly or in part filled with secondary gypsum. A little sul­phur was also frequently seen to be deposited on the secondary gypsum. These fissures and small caverns were possibly caused by the same solutions that were active in forming the altered material in the open cut below, for they become less pronounced as the distance from the outer edge increases. About two-thirds of the way up the hill and a short distance north of the open cut, there is an exposure of sulphur occurring in decomposed friable, hrown gray or white, gypsiferous material. At this point considerable hydrogen sulphide is given off at times. At about the same . elevation and just south of the line of the open cut, there is a natural shaft-like opening, said _to be 100 University of Tex.as Bulletin feet deep and to have been lined in places with sulphur, which has been removed during some work done several ycai·s a.go. An incrustation of sulphur was noticed on the wall just above the mouth of the shaft. There was also a vertical gyp­sum vein, about four inches thick, in the south wall. It con­sists of decomposed earthy material. Sometimes the hydrogen sulphide issuing from this shaft -is perceptible at a distance of fifty feet or more. On the east side of this hill and about two-thirds up its side, stripping has uncovered a good showing of sulphur-bearing rock, for a distance of about 40 feet. This deposit, where ex­posed, has a thickness of about four feet, and certain parts of it are very rich. Directly in contact with the sulphur, the con­taining rock is white and altered, but a short distance away, where it has evidently not been altered, by the hydrogen sul­phide, the limestone is practically identical with that occurring in the open cut on the west side. A few feet below this sulphur exposure an open cut has gone in far enough to show that the limestone is very similar to that in the other open cut. But the mineralizing action has been less intense around the outer edge. A lump of sulphur was noticed from this cut, and in places the cavities in the rock were lined with petroliferous material. Open Cut on Section 8, Block 61. The thin-banded condition of the gypsum persists northwest­erly from the Grant, and a little white massive gypsum appears here and there on the surface. This becomes more calcareous as the base of the gypsum is approached. There are several hills northeast of the Grant that have a similar capping of weathered limestone. In fact, between the north and south limits covered, this capping seems to be quite typical for the western edge of the gypsum. About one mile norith of the Grant, and probably on the extreme western edge of Section 8, is a shallow pit, showing some yellow sulphur in loose, decomposed, white to gray gypsite or gypsiferous earth. The odor of hydrogen sulphide is read­ily perceptible at this locality. The Rustle1· Springs Suiphur Depomts Other Sulphur Lo,cations Reported. A number of other reported locations of sulphur were ob­tained from authentic sources. These are on Sections 9, 10, 11, 13 and 14, Block 111; Sections 5 and 24, Block 109; Sections 10, 11, 18, 19, 22, and 23, in Block 115; Sections 15 and 16,. !Block 60, Tsp. 2; Sections 16 and 17, Block 61, Tsp. 2; Sections: 48, Block 62, Tsp. 1. University of Texas Bulletin· TYPES OF SULPHUR. From the descriptions of the local deposits of sulphur occur­ring in this field, it will be seen that some distinctions can be mad~ of different forms the sulphur deposits have assumed. We may group these into a few general types, which cannot, how­ever, be said to be distinguishable in every case, but which merge very frequently into each other. A study of these types and their relation to the different kinds of matrix, or containing rock, is quite instructive and suggestive of the conditions under which mineralization has taken place. The most readily dis­tinguishable types are as follows: 1. ..Yellow crystallized sulphur is very common; especially when, it occurs in association with brown, porous, siliceous ma­terial, in which it is usually well disseminated. The common size of the crystals is from a pin point up to about one-eighth inch in diameter. Some of the crystals in the massive gypsum may become much larger than this size. The color varies from resin-yellow to greenish-yellow. Occurrences of this type of sulphur were noted in the follow­ing locations: On Section 34, Block 70; Johnson; Kyle; Section 14, Block 113: Section 1, Block 111; Spann-Felch; Michigan; Georgetown; Cooksey; Stinking Seep; Section 4, Block 109; Section 9, Block 109; Grant. 2...Yellow massive sulphur is the most common variety of sulphur, forming the bulk of the deposits. It occurs in seams, layers and masses, ranging in thickness from that of a knife blade edge up to a foot or more. It sometimes exhibits banded or concentric layered structures, as if the layers had been de­posited around a common center. The color varies from drab yellow and greenish yellow to very light yellow. Occurrences were noted at the Johnson; Kyle; Dot; Spann­Felch; Michigan; Georgetown; Cooksey; Stinking Seep; Section 4, Block 109; Section 9, Block 109; Section 10, Block 109; Grant; Section 8, Block 61; University Lands. 3...Green crystallized sulphur occurs rather sparingly, the The Rustler Springs Sitlphur Deposits Michigan being the only property where' it was noted as occur­ring in any abundance. The size of the crystals noted rang·ed from almost microscopic size to about one-quarter of an inch in diameter. The color ranges from emerald green to yellowish green. This variety of sulphur has probably been deposited both from gase8 and gases in solution in water. The green color is probably due to contained impurities, although it is possible that physical properties also affect the optical qualities of the sulphur. Occurrences of this type of sulphur were noted at the Spann­Felch; Michigan; Cooksey; and Section 10, Block 109. . 4 ...There is also a green massive variety of sulphur. Occur­rences of this type are very rare, and form no appreciable por­tion of the deposits I have found. It occurs in thin layers, and is of a yellowish green color. This was noted at the Cooksey; Kyle; and Spann-Felch properties. 5...One variety of sulphur is silvery white and massive. This occurs frequently, but in small quantities. It occurs in some abundance near Walker's Ranch on Section 4, Block 109. It usually is found in minute seams, although in places masses several inches thick were noted. It was seen at the Johnson; Kyle; Michigan; Cooksey; Section 4, Block 109; Section 9, 'Block 109; Section 10, Block 109. 6...Last we can distinguish a cream-colored massive or kaolin­like sulphur. This occurs only rarely, but is present in some quantity at the Michigan. It there forms masses or layers up to several inches in thickness. This type was seen only at the Michigan and the Grant properties. Kinds of Matrix Containing Sulphur. The surface of this district may be said to be almost every­where covered with gypsite or gypsiferous earth. This surface material in part represents the weathered remnant of the orig­inal sediments of gypsum, limestone, and dolomite or conglom­erate, constituting the mantle rock and the bed rock of the region. In fact, in various places it can be traced, grading into University of Texas Bulletin pure gypsum and limestone, and into brown earthy, siliceous material, evidently ·derived from the bedrock. Gypsite consists of gray brown to dirty gray soil, usually unconsolidated at the surface, but fairly compact at a shallow depth. Flint pebbles are spread over practically the entire area, and locally there .are layers of conglomerate consisting of flint or dolomite pebbles, or of the two combined. In places, consid­erable quantities of sulphur are contained in this superficial mate:i;ial, but it usually is not as rich in sulphur as the under· lying materials to which it gives way when followed down­ward. Over the entire district, with the possible exceptions of the extreme northwest and southeast extensions of the field, we find a brown, siliceous .material underlying the gypsite veneer. By analysis this has been found to consist almost entirely of silica, but in places it contains also much selenite. It grades downward into a dark gypsiferous, cavernous and porous ground In places, these two materials are very much intermixed. This deeper-lying brown material is conglomeratic in places, with usually flint pebbles or pebbles which probably were originally limestone, but now consist of gypsum or even of siliceous ma­terial. This soft ground contains much sulphur, both massive and crystalline, the crystallized sulphur being usually well dis­seminated in all cavities. A dark groitnd is present all over the district usually under­lying the brown material. It possesses many characteristics in common with the brown ground, but it contains much more gypsum than the brown ground and it is less porous. It is typically a dark gray to black, compact earth, quite frequently porous, and even cavernous; containing an abundance of gyp­sum; both in the form of gypsite and selenite. It is very fre­quently conglomeratic, and cont.a.ins beds or patches of · dol­omite and altered conglomerate, the altered pebbles probably having been limestone, now altered to gypsite. Much sulphur is present in this material, both massive and crystalline. More sulphur of massive texture occurs in this material than is .found in the overlying brown ground. Crystallized sulphur is, as a rule, not so generally distributed in this ground. The Rustler Springs Sulphur Deposits Where the gypsum of the bed rock outcrops and has not been badly weathered, it consists of massive white alabaster. 'l'his holds true everywhere with the exception of the extreme western belt, where the gypsum is divided into thin layers by limy, bitu­minous partings. Both crystallized and massive sulphur occurs in this alabaster, but where seen, the occurrences were of no importance. The accompanying table has been prepared to more clearly elucidate the relations noted in the distribution of different forms of sulphur to different types of rock anil ground in which the sulphur is lodged. TABLE SHOWING, IN NUMllF.R OF T!MFS OBSERVFD TN THE FIF.LD, THll FREQUENCY OF ASSOOIATIO"< OF DIFFF.RF.\IT TYPES OF SULPHUR WITH Dl.FFF.RE"T KI'<'DS OF MATRIX IN WHICH THE SULPHUR OCCURS. Types of sulphur Yellow, crystallized sulphur______ _ Yellow, massive sulphur__________ Green, crystallized sulphur________ Green, massive sulphur___________ Slivery white, massive sulphur___ _ Cream white, massive sulphur____ _ Kinds of Matrix Gypsite Brown siliceous material 1 Dark gyp­slferous, por­ous material Massive gypsum-----------1-----1----­8 16 2 7 4 2 7 4 3 4 l 3 2 1 Chemical Composition of the Sulphur and of Its Matrices. Sulphur Analyses. The amount of time available for field work in this district did not permit of a thorough sampling of the deposits. How­ever, a number of samples were taken in order to obtain a general idea of how much sulphqr the better grades of the material carried. The analyses of these samples for sulphur are given below. Three of the samples were tested qualitatively, for arsenic, with negative results. 'fhese analyses show variations between wide limits, and it is to be exp~ted that the individual deposits will vary in the same manner. It seems that all of the localities contain some rich pockets. University of 1.'exas Bulletin ANALYSES 01!' SAMPLES OF MEDIUM AND HIGH GRADE SULPHUR ORE, l!'ROM '.l.'HE RUSTLER SPRINGS SULPHUR FIELD. Analyses by J. E. Stullken. Samplenumber ---- Sulphur* content in per cent Arsenic (Qualitative test) 1 5Ul0 Not tested 2 40.50 Not tested 3 74.90 Not tested 4 15.80 Not tested 5 14.00 Not tested 6 43.70 Not tested 7 20.70 None 8 12.70 Not tested 9 54 .40 None 10 10.10 Not tested 11 41.40 Not tested 12 36.80 Not tested 13 41.80 Not tested 14 30.10 Not tested 15 3.20 Not tested 16 90.40 Not tested 17 79.20 None 18 20.40 Not tested ·~ulpbur extracted with carbon bisulpbide. LIST OF SAMPLES. 1. Picked sample of drab brown, Irregularly tbln·banded, clay-like sulphur from the Johnson Prospect. 2. Picked sample of brown, earthy material from the main exposure at the KyleProspect. 3. Picked sample of yellow congJomeratic material from the main exposure at th• Kyle Prospect. 4. Black gypslferous material from the dump at pit No. 5 on the Spann-Felch Holdings. 6. Dark gylJSiferous conglomeratic material from beneath the bard conglomerate layer on the north side of 8 (see sketch map) Michigan Sulphur and Oil Company. 6. Picked sample of dark gypsiferous material from above the bard conglomeratelayer mentioned under sample No. 5. 7. Mixed brown and t;lack conglc>uieratic material from the southwest corner of 8 (see sketch map). Some of the black material contains metallic sulphides. From the Michigan Sulphur 11nd Oil Company. 8. Altered conglomerate from the north side of locality 8, marked on sketch map of the Michigan Sulphur and OU Company property. 9. Picked sample of black gypslferous material from locality 16, marked on sketch map of Michigan Sulphur and Oil Company property. Contains cream-colored or kaolin-like and greenish yellow crystallized sulphur. 10. Brown earthy material overlying the material of sample No. 9. 11. Picked sample of brown earthy and black conglomeratic material from localitymarked 13 on sketch map of Michigan Sulphur and OU Company property. 12. Picked sample of gypsite from the Georgetown Prospect. 13. Picked sample of brown earthy siliceous material from the main exposure at the Cooksey Prospect. 14. Black banded gypslferous material from the Cooksey Prospect. 15. Yellow incrustation now being deposited at Stinking Seep. 16. Picked sample of sulphur from near Walker's Ranch, probably In the southwest corner of Section 4, Block 109. 17. Sample of massive sulphur from the east side of the east hill, Grant Minis Property. · 18. t;ample of eypslte from the University lands. Analyses were also made of several of the typical materials, with which the sulphur is associated. In the table below these analyses are brought together to facilitate comparison. These analyses show that the various deposits exerting, possibly, a se­ The Rustler Springs Sulphur Deposits lective action on the deposition of sulphur, may be roughly di­vided into three classes; siliceous deposits, gypsiferous deposits, and deposits containing much bauxite. However, no hard and fast line can be drawn between the three classes. They grade one into the other. This is to be expected, as their composition depends both upon the nature of the original sediments and the degree of alteration to which they have been subjected by the processes resulting in deposition of the sulphur. l41NERAL ANALYSES OF SULPHUR-BEARING DEPOSI'.l'S FROM THE RUSTLER SPRINGS SULPHUR FIELD. J. E . Stullken, Analyst. a b c d e f Silica ------------------------------------------------2.34 10.66 34.M 87.20 8.60 49.3' Ferric oxide-------------------------------------0.15 0.08 11.44 0.27 0.32 0.16 Alumina --------------------------------------------1.95 83.48 16.69 1.63 11.28 0.18 Titanic oxide---------------------------------------6.67 -------------­Phosphorus pentoxlde----------------------------------------Trace Trace ---------­Lime -----------------------------------------------31.72 2.50 6.76 19.76 5.72 1.35 · K&&'llesla ---------------------------------------0.36 0.34 1.01 0.51 0.30 0.32 Sulphur trioxide..--------------------------------28.87 -----6.08 30.59 19.23 -----­Sulphur, free----------------------------------------3.16 13.36 1.70 1.00 22.00 46.00 Sodium oxide------------------------------------4.89 6.14 0.70 0.34 1.24 -----· Potassium oxide--------~--------------------------0.08 0.19 l.lfi 0.34 1.32 ----· )[olsture -----------------------------------------10.10 2.00 9.28 7.64 10.06 2.30 Lou on lgnltlon...--------------------------------16.04 31.25 10.60 1.40 20.14 O.ll6 Total ------------··------·-------------99.00 99.99 99.53 100.68 100.21 100.61 .:1.23 None 7.65 None Bauxite present----------------------------------­ (a) Drab-eolored porous rock containing much selenite. From the center of Section 34, Block 70. Sample taken by Dr. J. A. Udden. (b) Pure white clay:Uke material containing considerable gypsum. From the south­east corner of Section 13, Block 70. Sample taken by Dr. J . A. Udden. (c) Clay from the southeast corner of Section 13, Block 70. Sample taken by J. A. Martin, Jr., '.l'oyah, Texas. (d) Siliceous gypsite. Typical rock from the Johnson Prospect. ( e) Dark gypslferous and conglomeratlc material from beneath the hara conglomeratelayer on the north side of locality marked 8 on the sketch map of the Michigan Sulphur and 011 Company property. • ( f) Typical brown earthy material from the main exposure at the Cooksey Prospect. University of Texas Bulletin PROBABLE ORIGIN OF THE SULPHUR. The facts that hydrogen sulphide gas is encountered all over this area, that sulphur is being deposited at the present time from the oxidation of this gas in solution or otherwise, and that much of the crystallized sulphur, judging by its location, must have been deposited by gases; lead one to believe that this mode of deposition was of considerable, if not of primary, im­portance in forming this deposit. The deposition of sulphur from this source seems to have depended largely upon the poros­ity of the inclosing material. It has been· proved by Winograd­sky that there are bacteria possessing the power to oxidize hydrogen sulphide to form sulphur.• Some of the sulphur, notably the light yellow kaolin-like variety, may be due to the deposition of colloidal sulphur from solution, since it 'has been proved that this can take place. 0 It is not a very easy .matter, however, to say just what is the ultimate source of the hydrogen sulphide. There are no evi­dences of volcanic disturbances in this district, and the nearest volcanic rocks are some forty miles distant, so it is not believed that the gases are due to dying vulcanism. Some of the sulphur may be formed by the action of hydrogen sulphide on calcium carbonate, which also produces gypsum. Some of the conglom­erate beds, .the pebbles in which were undoubtedly once carbon­ates, now altered to gypsum and containing sulphur, in places perhaps as replacements, lend some force to this view. From the close association here of sulphur, gypsum, oil or bituminous material, it would seem possible, as advocated by most authors, that the sulphur has been formed from the reduc­tion of gypsum by organic acids, but for the fact that this reac­tion, with one exception, has never been satisfactorily demon­strated in the laboratory under conditions approximating those obtaining in the field. The one exception noted was an experi­ment made by Hoppe-Seyler in 1886, using methane as the •The Origin ot Sulphur Deposits, by 0 . Stutzer, translated by W. c. Phalen, Economic Geology, Vol. 7, No. 8, p. 742 . ..U. S. Geo!. Surv., Bull. 530 : "Two Sulphur Deposits In Mineral County, Colorado", by Esper S. Larsen and J. Fred Hunter; pp. 363-369. UXlVETISI'l'Y OF TEXAS PLATE S a. Cliff on Delaware Creek, about one mile east of Delaware Springs. May representthe transition beds between the Delaware and the Castile Formation. Alternatinglimy and shaly beds down to yellow sandstone at the water's edge. There are some 20 feet of finely banded limestone at the top. b. Typical plain of the Delaware Formation. Looking east from the top of a lime­stone-capped sand:>to!H> :rne;;;q, :i;;ctge of mes!l show13 in the foreground. ~""'Y 'P.x~ -!'<"" ';::,. ~­ i4''-' "" ,,_ ,~,.... ~..,~~, ~ .. ~f~~at•c•/.-:r".1•~4 • The Rustler Springs Sulphur Deposits reducing agent. However, it has been shown that this reducing action readily takes place under bacterial influence.• It wo11ld be practically impossible, without extensive researches, to say just what part the reduction of gypsum, either with or without bacterial influence, has played in the formation of the sulphur. A study of the log of the Troxel well shows that pyrite is abundant almost from the top to the bottom, while bituminous material is present quite frequently from 680 feet to the bottom of the well. Now, hydrogen sulphide may be formed both from the oxidation of pyrite and the decomposition of organic ma~ terial. Judging from the Troxel well section, there must be considerable quantities of both materials in the Castile Gypsum and in the upper part of the Delaware Mountain formation, and the hydrogen sulphide may have been derived from either one or both of these sources. Judging, however, from the fact that the pyrite is usually unaltered, and that the organic ma­terial has been altered, either in situ or at greater depths, as the presence of oil indicates, it seems more reasonable to suppose that at least the greater part of the hydrogen sulphide has been and is being derived from organic material. The physical nature of the beds, through which the hydrogen sulphide had to pass, certainly exerted considerable influence on the deposition of the sulphur. It is possible that those beds lending themselves most readily to alteration now contain the bulk of the sulphur. The sulphur dioxide noticeable in a num­ber of places is probably due to the oxidation of the sulphur. There are other ways in which sulphur may be formed, but it is not believed that they were of sufficient importance to be con­sidered here. •The Origin of Sulphur Deposits. 0. Stutzer, translated by W . C. Phalen. E,lconomlc Geology, Vol. 7, No. 8, p. 738. University of Texas Bulletin DEVELOPMENT. · It is not known at exactly what date work started in this dis­trict, but considerable prospecting had been done prior to Dr. Smith's trip there in 1896. Much of the work spoken of in the . older reports is inaccessible now, due to caving of the ground; and the sulphur piles, formerly present around some of the pits, have either been washed away or have been oxidized to the gaseous state. Considerable work has been done in this district in the last two years. This later work has l:reen more extensive and deeper than anything done in the past. Many considerations enter into a discussion of the commercial possibilities of these deposits. The district is still in the pros­pect stage, but what has been shown up is sufficient to ,justify further investigation and development. Just how deep the de­posits extend it is at present impossible to say. The deepest workings in the district extend down about 43 feet. There is good sulphur at the bottom of this deepest excavation and it probably continues for some distance further down. The only way to ascertain to what depth the deposits extend is to deepen the workings or to drill. It may be of some interest in this connection to mention the fact that two wells drilled in the spring of 1916 by the Calumet and Arizona Mining Company on their property about 12 miles northeast of Fort Stockton in Pecos County, showed much dis­ seminated sulphur in gypsum down to a depth of 550 feet. Cut­ tings from these borings have been examined by Prof. C. L. Baker from whom the information has been obtained. These two borings are close together at a point where some fourteen years ago another boring was made to the depth of 1200 feet. In this boring considerable sulphur was encountered at depths between 200 and 600 feet below the surface.• These borings were made at a point 90 miles southeast from the sulphur fields in Culberson County. The finding of deep sulphur at this dis­ tance has, of course, no direct bea:ring on the depth to which •University Mineral Survey Bulletin 9, November, 1904, p. 65. "Recon· nalssance In Trans-Pecos Texas", by G. B. Richardson. The Rustler Springs Sulphur Deposits aulphur may extend in Culberson County, but the circum­stances of accumulation of sulphur in both of these places are probably related. We have at Fort Stockton, underlying the Comanchean, Pe~mian rocks which are not far from being .of the same age as the underlying formations in Culberson Comity. The source of the sulphur is probably some deeper underlying beds in both localities, as in many cases there is nothing on the surface to indicate the presence of the sulphur below. Sulphur is such a low priced commodity that a considerable tonnage should be blocked out before any attempt is made to extract and market the product. This does not mean that a great deal of experimenting should not also be done in order to try to improve the present method of steam extraction. This process probably does not extract more than two-thirds of the contained sulphur.• As the deposits lie quite close to the sur­face, the mining of the sulphur-bearing rock can be done very cheaply. Good water .is very scarce in this region. A limited supply of water rather highly charged with mineral salts can be obtained by drilling in various places, mostly in the beds of gypsum in the draws. There is no permanent fuel supply in the country. Local groves of juniper would furnish fuel for a limited period. Coal will sooner or later have to be imported. The cost of this coal at any of the properties east of the Rustler Hills would range from about $4.50 to $7.00 a ton, depending upon the quality. Up to date, only limited quantitielil of oil have been found in this region and it cannot be counted upon for fuel. The distance from the nearest railroad is considerable, and it would not be feasible to build a branch line to the deposits, unless production on a very large scale was contemplated, be­ cause the sulphur would constitute practically all of the out­ going freight. With some work, the wagon roads can be kept in fair condi­ tion, except when it rains, and motor trucks and trailers may be profitably used. After the war, the price of sulphur will probably drop to •E. G. Woodrutt, U. S. Geo!. Surv. Bull. 380, pp. 373-380. University of Texas Bulletin somewhere near that point which it occupied before the war, and this fact should be remembered in considering future devel­opment. It is hardly possible that the Culberson County sulphur can compete in the eastern market with the Louisiana-Texas coastal deposits, and thus it appears probable that a western market will have to be found for any sulphur produced in West Texas. If one company could acquire control of several of the properties on which some development has been done, their chances of suc­cess would be much better than the chances of smaller companies operating independently. In conclusion, I may say that in my judgment it will take the most economical and intelligent working and it will also require considerable capital to place any of these properties on .a paying basis. The Hitstler Springs S1llphnr Deposits WATER RESOURCES. Water is scarce in the entire field, and little has as yet been done to develop what water resources there may be in existence. 'Natural underground waters are to be expected to be highly mineralized. Even surface waters, except after heavy rains, are high in solvent solids. For dscussion of earlier observations on this subject, the reader is referred to G. B. Richardson's Report of a Reconnaissance in Trans-Pecos Texas, Bulletin of the University of Texas No. 23. The following analyses show the quality of some samples of water collected in that region recently. The ground· waters contain more than twice the amount of solids found in the already highly concentrated sur­face waters in these analyses. (Determinations given in parts per million) Ions determined 1 2 3 Calcium --------------------------------------------------978 974 1263 1148 1384 Magnesium -------------------------------------------------259 168 303 604 38C' Sodium and potassium (calculated as Sodium)__________ 20'25 2530 5990 8540 8538­Sulphate radicle--------------------------------------------2645 2563 3039 ssoo 3886' Bicarbonate radicle----------------------------------------106 117 451 398 sor Chloride radicle--------------------------------------------3590 4150 IJ825 13780 13651'. Su!l>hur as Hydrogen Sulphide---------------------------3Z None 92 65 None· Total dissolved solids (Dried 1 hr. at 180° Cl------------i 10054 10538 21182 27813 . 2800!ii l ..From head of draw east of Lindsey's property. (Anal. 3137). . 2..Bunnlng water In creek northwest of Maverick Spring, Culberson County, collected by W. B. Phillips , Oct. 16, 1916. (Anal. 3138). 3..Water from a big deep pool in draw near road to W. B. Hicks' house, collected by W. B. Phillips, Nov. 17, 1916. (Anal. 3134). 4..Water from seep below Maverick Spring; collected by W. B. Phillips, Nov. 17, 1916. (Anal. 3135). 5..Water from a well In northwest part of Sec. 1, Block 111, Culberson County, at depth of 23 ft. Collected by W. B . Phillips, Dec. 1, 1916. (An1a. 3143). INDEX. Page .Albritton, Vergil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Analyses of sulphur.... ............. .. .... ............. 59 Analys-es of sulphur matrix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Analysni of sulphur ore...............................60, 61 Analyses of water.•..........................,........ . . 67 .Arsenic •..................... : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 9 Association of sulphur with matrices.. . ... .. . . ........... 5!l Baker, C. L. . . .............. . ...... : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Barometric pressure . .. .... . . .. . .. . .................. . 33 ' Blackburn, M. S. . .................................... . 12 Blake, Wm. P............. ........ ................... . 10 Block, 112· ......... . . .. .............................. . 29 Bose, Emil . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . 7 Brown siliceous matrix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 8 Caliche . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Calumet and Arizona Mining Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Castile formation .............. .. .. . . ........ ... .13, 19, 20 Cavoerns in the Pe·rmian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Chemical composition of sulphur and its matrix....... . . . . . 59 Chimneys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Oomanchean .. .. . . ......... .. .......................13, 14 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • 66 Cooksey Prospect, the. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • 4 6 Cream-colored massive sulphur. . .... . ... ... . .. ..... .. .... 57 Cretaceous ..... .. ...... . ........... ..... ...... ... ..13, 22 Cummins, W. F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • 10 Dark ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Deep borings ... ....... . . . .... ..... .. .............. . . 14, 18 Delaware Creoek ... .. .... . ... ... .. . .......... , . . . . . . . . . l!l Delaware formation .......... .. ....... . . .. ... ... . . ... 13, 19 Delaware Mountains . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .•. . . . . . . . 19 Deposits near Walker's ranch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Development .• ................. .. · · .·. · . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Dot Prospect, the . .. . .... ... .... .. .. ..... ............ .. 29 Doyloe, W . .A.....•.............. · .. ·. · ·. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Felch, F. W.......... .. .......................12, 31, 32, 34 F·elch Gas Well, observations on.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • 33 Flint pebbles ................ · .. · · · · · · . ·. · . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Foreword ........... · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·... 7 Fort Stockton ........... · · · .. · . · · · . · · . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Fuel ....... · .... · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·............... 65 Gas well .... · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ....... •. 33 70 University of Texas Bulletin P•tge Georgetown Prospect, the............... .. ............... 45 Grant Mines property, and vicinity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 · Green crystallized sulphur. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 6 Green massive sulphur. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Grossman, Gustav . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Guadaloupian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18. Gypsite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Hicks, W. B ................ ·.· ................. ....... ·. 67' Huling-Ross well . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . 18: Hunter, J. Fred. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62· Introduction . . ... .... .... ...... . ....... . .......... .". . . 10­Johnson Prospect, the. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 Kinds of matrix containing sulphur....... .........•.·... . . 57 Kyle Prospect, the. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2'5 Larsen, Esper S................... . ....... . ........·. . . . 62' Log of hole on Dallas Claim ......... ........... , . . . . . . . . 35 Manufacturers Record. .... . ........ . . . ............ ; . . . . . 1.1 Martin, J. A ....... ....... .............. .............12, 61. Matrix containing sulphur, kinds of....................57, 59 Michigan Sulphur and Oil Co . ... .. .. .. ............. .. ... 35 Observations on Felch gas well. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3 Open Cut on Section 8, Block 61. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5·1 Open Cut on Sec. 1.4, Bl. 113. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Origin of the Sulphur. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Orla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Pecos County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 64 Permian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Permo-carboniferous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Phalen, W. C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........62, 63 Phillips, Wm. B ...................................11, 12, 67 Pit in Ceuter of Sec. 34, Bl. 70 .......................... . 24 Pit in S. E. Cor. of Sec. 13, Bl. 70 ...................... . 24 Pleistocene 13 Pope, John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Porch, Jr., E. L ... ..... .. ............ . ............... 1 Price of Sulphur. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Prospecting on Sec. 13, Bl. 113.......... . ........ .. ..... 28 Pr.ospects on and near the University lands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Quaternary ..... . ...... .. .... . ........ ... ... .. ......1.3, 22 · Railroad facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Recent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13· Red beds .... . ...... .. ... .. .... .. ......•.............14, 22 Reported sulphur locations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Richardson, G. B...................................11, 64, 67 Roads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .•. . . . . . . . . .. 65· Rothwell, John E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Index 71 Page Rustler formation .. . .. . . ... . .......... . .. . . .. . .. ....13, 21 Rustler Hills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Sec. 8, Block 61, open cut on... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Shumard, Geo. G...... ....... ..................... ... . 10 Silvery white massive sulphur. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Skeats, E. M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Smith, Eugene A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Spann-Felch holdings .. . .. . . .. . . ..... . ... . ... .. .......31, 36 Steeruwitz, W. von. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Stinking Seep prospect, the. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 7 Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Stullken, J. E ..... ... .. ... ........................ ..60, 61 Stulzer, 0 ........... ... . . .. .............. ... ...... . . 62, 63 Sulphur analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Sulphur and Oil Co., the Michigan.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Sulphur deposits, description of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Sulphur, from the gulf coast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Sulphur locations reported . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Sulphur ore, analyses of.· . ........ ..................... 60, 61 S'ulphur, origin of the. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Sulphur, price of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . 65 Sulphur, types of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Troxel, C. R.... .. .. . ... . ... . ... . . ..... ... ....... . .. .. 12 Troxel Well No. 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Types of sulphur. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Udden, J. A...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 12, 14, 18, 24, 61 University lands, prospects on and near. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Virginia property, the old. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Walker's Ranch, deposits near .......................... . 48 Water analyses .................. ......... ........... . 67 Water resources . . .... ............. . ..........•...... 65, 67 West Texas Sulphur Co .. . ............ ; ......... . .... . . 27 Yellow crystallized sulphur .. ..... ... .................. . . 56 Yellow massive sulphur .. .... .... .... ... . ..... . ........ . 56 UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS, BULLETIN 1722. PLATE 9 -r:.t---:.t-~.,~1,,1'1':.t--;-.t-~.~~--l-~,t--.~.+--..+--.,.. ~ •• i •• .. 48 4• 41 48 4• 44 48 48 47 48 41 44 45 46 41 : 1--,+--,~ 12 9 10 11 t:t 11 14 . ·• SCHOOL :: ·:. ·:. ~~ >c~: o~: :: ::.__,:+~,,~1-~,:,.J--::+--,.::+--,.::,.f-O:;:;i~=,,•,+--;,,.:t--::-;l:f--:'.::t-~:;;;:~.,. ::.~·1::~:::::;~l''-1~~~ ~~~·~~" ,-·:+-1n1 · · ·._----,~:~~~:~·~~~.:~~~~::~..:-._-·:....-:-..-::+-­ ' l e o 4 a ' ' lt " i1 ta ta u '° u u ta .:.!IC'~·O~~~,..l--,-,.1--,-,._,,A.E..''1-.-,.+-,,-+--,-,+--,-,+--,-,1--,+--,-1,~,-,+--,-,+--1--1 14 14 '--,-,L--,o:.,S~C~H~,­ ,, 11 ,. ,.~_.)__ ll.'.:o'.::c'.::k80• l:.::O:;L~-;;f--;;;I l~Iock lSlS -Bock 59 Block lS8 "~1--,-,1--,,+~ I _"j_~'.:'...:~-~-t--;;;J-tt'iS:.::C:;H;it'f 9 10 " It n tl ie u ao 2t: lo'c'·k 51~ " " 181---:,.;;;f~ ,H--.,.;;i--;.,lt---:,ii•:J--;,;s,i-••;o,j-;,:g,f-7.,ilf-12'n;f-~,;;,:j-;,;;,1-;,;o,j-;,-,,1;;,.;t--,;;,:;--;,;.-.t~;l.-4-~+-l SC HOOL ~ J SCHOOL S' HOOL .. ., " +--,-,-1--:,~.. r-.. ••t--:,~.. .. .. -.+--,-.1--+-,.+--,--1. ~,-,+--,-,<-­l~-,+--,-,+~=1~0.~.c~b=-=,,9~'1~'7-.. ,-1-~,~.>-B~~~drc-k~~,~6~:t--,;;;,:r-~ ,l---l---l----1---+---t-ac;t--;;.,;j-~.;;.t-~Mj--.,,.;t--,N;;l-,,+-~.~.. ,.-+--M-+--,.+--,-.----.-,..--,-,t-,-,-+--,,-+--,-,+••~--+---+-t 1,.,.-1--_.,."i=::..:;.:.....F-c:.:+:....,:=+-;::-f-:::+-;;±-~;t-,,.r-;;r-,;t.iil " T~p.i • . " " ' b 9 lO 11 SOHOOL a n 1ti 15J ,. Bloc1< 100 ' 9 20 " 22 ,. 8 If 4 • t '1 • .. 10 ,, SCHOOL Map Showing Locations of the Rustler Springs Sulphur Deposits Properties visited. 12-15.. Deposits near Walker's Rancl~. : (12) Section 4, Block 109 ; 1. .. . Pit in center of Section 34, Block 70. (13) Section 4, Block 1o9 ; (14) Section 9, Block 109; 2 .. ..Pit in southeast corner of Section 13, B],pck 70. (15) Section 10, Block 109. 3 . .. .The Johnson Prospect. 16 . .. .Deposits on and near the University Land. 4 . . ..'Fhe Kyle Prospects. 17 .. ..The Grant Mines Property and Vicinity. 5 .. ..Open cut on Section 14, Block 113. 18 . ...Open Cut on Section 8, Block 61. 6. .. .The Dot Prospect. Properties not visited. 7... .The Spann-Felch Holdings. A. The Luckett Property. 8. .The Holdings and Works of the Michigan Sulphur and Oil B. The Wildcat Prospect. Company. C. The Pat, Lone Wolf, and Golson Prospects. 9 . .The Georgetown Prospeet. D. The Edwards Property. 1o... .The Stinking Seep Prospect. E. The Maracopa Prospect. F. The Toyah Sulphur Company of Louisiana.