TN: 1893329 ILS LENDING REQUEST - - - - - - - - - - - - iiiiiiiiiiiiiii - - - - - Call#: 355.3 G127L Location: Library Storage Facility Special Instructions: Journal Title: A lecture on national defence, by steam power I Volume: Issue: Month/Year: Pages: [35] p. Article Author: Gaines. Edmund Pendleton, 1777-1849. Article Title: A lecture on national defence, by steam power I Imprint: Saint Louis. Church. Harris & Cady. printers., 1841. llJ ILL: 188103677 0., ., OCLC: 191279508 0 ::E Lending String: *IXA,UMS ~ m s: Charge c Maxcost: 35.00IFM en Billing Category: :c )> SHARES A.I m Patron: en - 0 Odyssey: c. '< illiad.library.emory.edu E-Mail: mainill@emory.edu "' CD "' '< A 'r(, <'r '(1 1 ~ ~ I ~ : ~ t' ,{ ( '/(r : ~ ~ ''(I! I l I( f ( { ( ( ( ~ ; ( \ ( rfr,( (' <(r<_ NATIONAL DEFENCE, BY STEAM POWER, DELIVERED BY MAJOR GENERAL GAINES, BEFORE THE . -SAINT· LOUIS MECHANICS' INSTITUTE, November 17th,, 1840. AND ALS01 THE ADDRESS OF MRS. GAINES, .ON DELIVERED ON THE SAlliE OCCASION. PUBLISHED DY PARTJ;CULAR REQUEST, AND P~OFITS OF SALE TO BE APPROPRIATED TO SCIENTIFIC PURPOSES. cSnfnt 11.oufs : CHURCHILL, HARRIS & CADY, PRINTERS. 1841. LECTURE. IT was the observation of one who knew human nature well, ·that " nothing great or glorious was ever achieved, which wo~ man did not act in, advise, or consent to," and it is wodhy of '.remark, that our country was not discovered until ~oman, lovely woman! smiled upon the undertaking, and extended her patronage to the celebrated projector of the great en~er· prize. Court parasites, of that dark and dismal period of 'the ·despotic reign .of ~he evil spirit of Party, employed all t~eir malign· artifice to convince their weak or wicked rulers · that the envied, the persecut~d Columbus, was a fit subject for. the state prison, and that hiS grand project was "a: .visionaty scheme." · :·•: '· · : . The mind of Isab~lla of Spain was, how~ver, proof against the Qourt Combination-Columbus. obtained. through·: her'pa~ 'tronage· his ·outfit, with full powers to sail to the far West, and tiu~· country was discovered. ' . . Is . t.he.re among us, the sovereign people of the land of .Co~ lumbus,. no accomplished, Isabella disposed to patronize the projec.t of rendering the country impregnab~e in ~ar-~md'by means that.will tend to. enlighten and enrich everyind1:1strfous, .sober-!llinded citizen in peace and in wart The ·presence pfso many of the patriotic ladies of St: Louis here th~s evening, assures me of an affirmative answer. The blind vot.aries, and chief tacticians of the evil'~pir!t. of party, or rather the most weak and vindict~ve of t~~m~ sp~ak 6f my system of Natfonal Defence as ~'.a visionary sdietrie~ a doubtful experiment." . · · · · .) :To .speak of my system of National. Defence as: a visioI,Iary scheme,. or a doubtful 'expedment, ~s as unphilosophical~noi to ·s~y ab,surd-as it ,would have been in t4~ ye.ar.18~4, 'whil~ the then. newly invented steam.boats were in succe~sful ' -.. '~ In Januaq, 181~~, I. :reqei.v~d from Robert Fulton himself a propositio·n·'io place .11pon·tfie.: Mi,ssis~i~·:fii :as many steamboats as would be suffici~nt for ali. publi6 purpdses, upon condition that th.e Gove~nment should aid him ~ith a loan, equal, I think, to half the cost of each boat, to be refunded within a reasonable time. Though there were then some few of the late enemies of Fulton, who had long opposed his grand project, and characterized it as "a visionary sch.eme," (while secretly endeavor~ ·ing to appropriate to their.own benefit and glorythe self-same invention,) they still affected to doubt whether the hitherto unconquered current of this . mighty dver ··would ever yield to the. towering genius ,of a Fulton. --... :I ·could no.t but concur with him in the opinion that the. samedescriptioD: ~f steamboats which we knew to. have been prope1le~ up arid down 'the North river,. could.in like manner be propelled up and d~wn the Mississippi by steam power, and as effectual.ly as that a common wagon, .or a gun-~arriage, pro":" pelled on the turnpike ,roads of the State of New York by porse power, could wit~ equal celerity be driven ·upon the t;urnpike roads of Pennsylvania by horse po-\.)'er. : I pledged myself that, in the eve,nt of a.prospect of a longer continuance of the war, I would e,xert my best efforts ~nd)n , _fluence to prevail, upon the Government to afford the. desired assistance-:-by which we should have been prepared in the year 1815with all_,the steamboat,s required for t,herapi'd transportation of,,.01.~r, ~rpo~~ and p~ilitary s.tores:and, of wielding larg~ £loatirig .Batteries, such as. I hcid,in: a letter of-J)ecember, -~~1_4,:_urg_ed. upoli, t~e)),~payt~~µt.._qf}¥a~~-,the p~opr,iety of our constructing, to compl~t~:the.; wqrlw ofdefence, then.sug ·g,es.~~d:hy;;~,.e f()~ t.~,e.p~oteptiqn:o~: ~e.w;Qrl~~~s·.: .. 'r,h~·.sud4en, pr~µ:iatvr.e ap,~ ~e~ply :larn~nt~ble. death .of that g:r~a~ public, ~e.nef9-c!pJ.:, tlob';}rt· Fµlton, :ad.ded to the ~ermina~ tion of the war, contributed to put an'.~nd, t~ Jhe correspondenc~, an~ to .put .the subj_ect ..of. n_ati.on~l defenc~. by ,steam power to sleep~not, su~ely; not~Jh.~,sleep of qea,th !: · , : No-n~doubt :i;tQt:, fears not I . ·The railroads of. Oliver ' ' ' :, ' t . : : . ' '. .-, , ~ ' ' ' ' ' ~ . ./ ' .~v.an,~, aided-bY, t4e.~!~~m{>9ats of. Robert Fultori, .have long ~fi"ordeci afar.mpre ,coplpi~eh~n~ive system ofmiliia.:i;y q.nd naval instructio!l t~an th,i~ m1.tiqni or France, .9r;. England, ha~ ever ' ; ' : • .I ·beiore; prescribed' or;krtown..:..:.....a. system of:inil'itai-y:and :naval instruction· \vhich "peryades every ·forest;: efory 'mining . establishment, e'very furnace and tih-harrim~r, 'every· work.:shop,·and every 'fa1;m;· every· tnill,·'.and every railroad depot,·' and every steti:mboadh our 'country, c6nnected.' with (01• hioved by stearb. power-where the steady discharge :of 'every duty, though oil .private account,and: noti only unprotected by .the Federal Gov..: ernment, but· absolutely oppose(fby·soine ·of the high public .functionaries ofthat Government, .jvm not-fail• to )c0Iitribt1te· a ·thousand times.more to prepare us.in peace to repel the invad:. ing foe in. war, than aff the whiskey.and smoldng "drills, which our hitherto 'miseraple , systems of · insfruction could.· possibly effect-,..even if our military a:nd naval !establishments were· in:. creased.to. 200,000 officers and· ·i:nen. ·: . · · · .. My system of national defence ·includes, if it is not mainly based upon, the maxim, .that "the Republic, 1 to be invulnerable in.war; and.prosperousand happy in'. peace,. expects every man to do his d\lty, honestly and faithfully.'~ ·"Honor and: sh~me·from n~ condition rise, · · · Act well your p~rt, there all the honor· IiesY . . I ·stand pledged to show you that inf system. of natfonal defence by Floating Batteries, to protect our inl~ts and seaports :._with railroads to: hasten the movement. oftroops and· mi.mi~ tions ·~r war from· the great ceniraland western States to the principal seaports and other exposed sections of the frontier, constitutes the first and only system or'national d~fen~e kno,~n to ancient or modern· history; whereby the'tnostessen'tial ·ele:. ments and.costly structutes· for; repelling; the invading foe: ·irl war, m.ay be daily converted' into ·sure ·meanh:>f 'individual profit, commercial prosperity,.and public revenue; 'in: peace arid in war. A system of.national defence all.;iffipotiariho tne'pr~:. 'servation of our uniori and independehce.:-:1-a: system.: ofnatfon3:1 defence rendered indispensable by the unprdcedented re~oluti~n in the art of war, which steam power has produced. : t The· subject is'not likely to: be· drugged into the sleep.of.death by the evil spirit ofparty ; : among ..whose 'blind: ~ota1;ies':a.16ne have I yet found a tongue or a pert, so 'Xv~ak or: so· \vicked 'as t3 ascribe to. me the folly:of embracirig in :'myisystem''topic~'i~ot strictly professional, or of making my memorial·to Cobgress:the vehicle of groundless pe1;sonal ·anim'ositttowards :thosia· ·pti1md 6 functionaries whose duty it was to attend to my reports,.and, J distinctly to reject or approve them-or, if misunderstood, to afford me an opportunity of vindicating, them before a com:.. mittee of Congress, or any other body of publiC or private indi, viduals, honest and capable of giving me an impartial hearing; as I had a vowed my willingness to suffer capital punishmen.t .if I do not convince, any twelve of the .most learned meri ·of' this· nation, uUra party tacticians excepted, that my System· of National Defence is the only system ever presented to the pub. lie, particularly, or in any wise, applicable to .the effective de·~ fence of ·this or. any other nation, against fleets propelled by steam power. And, moreover, that my system is the first and .~rtly system of national defence kn~wri to ancient or. modern history manifestly calculated to· render the nation impregnable -in _war-and·, on ·the· return of · peace, when,.· accordi:r:i.g ·td all -Other systems of· defence, the , nation, even when· victorious!, has eyer been ,impoverished by vastly expensive," dilapidated and utterly useless. work~ of defonce-:-:-applicabl~ to no useful purpose of peace~then,-my Floating Batteries and.Railroads, turned to commercial purposes, will demonstrate· the all im;:: ;portan~ and; hithe.rfo u:q.di.scovered principle~that the fiery ge11ius of war~ hithert,0 savage and unknown to any of the use. f1;l.l oqcupations ofpeace, has at length been civilized, emancipated .all~ d.isenthrall~dfrom the yoke of barbarism. by the magic .and ,rpighty pow,er ofsteam; and that, in place ofexhausting as ·many µiillions in ,the work of repairs, as they had ,originally ·exhausted in the w6rk .ofconstruction, as did most of the works of: the .old:·. system, those ~f the· new,one, which I. propose, will produce a' revenue,.a;nd a saving of money sufficient i~ seven years of p~ac~, o!:tw~ Y<:lars of war, to repay every. dollar expended.-i~ _t~~ir c~:m~truction; a11d in doing so, convert milli~ns of. unhap; .py yp~ng;me~, a?xious to b~. useful, but without. u~eful·:means pf:employ~ent, 'into talente,d and noble.hearted engineers, 'at.: tificers, sea~en, and: soldiers, capable of conquering the: Rocky mountains and · the 'boisterous waters .of ·our :lakes,~ wit.ff !the ' j~~t~~~cts" an4 tu~bid streams of our._ rivers, 'in peace;' and,fhm;it ,co~quering ;w;~t.hequal ease,jn a state of war, the in·va.dipg· foe; \, Th,e v:o.lunt~ry testimony ·of talented members of your "fo.; ~titute,"· that no '.other sys~em, hitherto .known/is\Capa,bfo» 6£ loc~in,g.up the qutlets ·.of the Mississipp_i, arid hastep.ing· t~;.the 7 rescue, with the worited celerity of exasperated eagles, the minute men arid sharp shooters of the South-West, and:of concen· frating uponeach of the invaders' steam-ships of war; a double cross fire :of ·our improved cannon, and red hqt sh:ot~is calculated soon·· to ·silence all the opposition which dhe :Lilliputian votaries of. party have contrived to array againsthi'e:and my system ·Of national defence. Some· of them hate my' system, becaus,rit is indisputably 'my system; and because· I have not blindly approved the· measures that have gradu.ally contrived, for twenty-five years past; to render our sea-ports ·more de• fenceless than they had ever.been since the setting of the bright sun of American 'patriotism, ill the retirement of George Washington- the' President of the United States_:....never a Preside.nt of a party. ' Yes,. my friends, my system is opposed by. some of my most vindictive, most envious adversaries, because 'ii is indeed my system; and because! received my milita1;y education in a]og cabin, without French books, and without French or other European professors. I notice this pitiful objection simply io 'add, that if any one of my opposers or calumniators . can adduce re.: spectable proof that he has served the country with more fideli .. ty) industry .or success than I have, and will present to the pub~ lie ·a system of national, defence which any twelve honest, taleh ted ·men will, after. hearing me patiently'. proilo:unce to be better than. ·mine-I wm then, but not until.·then, publicly. ackn_owledge my.presumption in· offering. to the.Gov.ernment, my system of national.defence. But without seeing a better, it would, in my judgment, be a crime equal to treason for me to. be silent. . ; My system is opposed, mainly, because it is deemed, to be vastly expensive .. I answer that it will, in ten years after its completion~ prove to have been less expensive than ~my other system of national defence hitherto known. But in the 31st . article. of my memorial to Congress, I propose,-by way of experiment, to superintend the construction of one Railroad and three Floating ·Batteries. To this proposition, I .shall add the following : · I shall propose· the immediate construction of three • Floating Batteries of 300. feet long and 120 feet wide, to carry 160 -ht~avy guns each, for the defence of ·,the harbor of New :Orleans; and the same number, size, and weight of metal, 8 fqr,the defence.of the harbor' of..New York, together with sueh Railroads ;as,· when :added to those already. in· operation; will. enable· us· to.place _:in the harbor of New York the disposable force of Kentucky, within three days after their departure from LexingtOn; -and .that of Tennessee in the harbor of N e:w Orl~ arn( within;two days after:their' departure from Nashville • . . By this.measure we can with certainty effectthe two great objects: 'First~of making an e.xperiment that will carry con· viction to·every intelligent citizen of America; and, secondlyof securing in the event of a sudden outbreak of war, the two most important' sea-ports iri Ame_rica. . . . -: In'.(effecting this great work, but· little additional expense will· be· required. to put Philadelphia, Boston, -Baltimore and Washington City i~ a state of defence, 'as well as Mobile an4 Pensaqola~and th.en; wit.h one. other Railroad and .six other Flmiting .Batteries~ the Carolinas and Georgia may be sustained by forces' and supplies : taken . from Memphis, Tennessee, the centte of the Valley ofthe· Mississippi. . : The· t~o first ·mentioned Railroads, with .the six :Floating Batteries for ..'.New 01:leans and ;New York, would not cost.the United States ·mo:re· th~n the' amount Of improvements which the ·three . States ;_immediately.· interested, namely, Peimsylvania,'.• N ew York, and Louisiana,· have afready expended in the' magnificent· (Railroads and Canals :.constructed in the two first mentioned States, with those :that: have been . projected and chartered ·in Louisiana:· . Thus,:my friends_..:.;.if we are foo poor to nieet'the expense ·of. constructing seven ,Railroads-·froxp the Central and Western:; Btates ·~to~· the· sea-bbai,d . and ·Northern· and Western frontiers, at an expense of sixty-fom: :millions of, dollars,:with six ;Ffoating, Batteries at 'an expense of Jess· .than two ·hundred and fifty thousand dollars each-and the exp.ense will :riot exceed these estimates,, provided· the work is dorie., as· I suggested, by the army;· arid by \the volunteers~the splendid estimates of rriy,:opposerslar Washington to the c9.ntrary:not•: withstandfog,:._:._if we are: too ·poor: to meet :this expense at thff rate of an approprfation· oftei1: millions 0£ dollars a· :year, then surely we are nott~o mu6h-impoverished by .the evil spirit of pa}:t)-7'to 1incur' th~ iexpens·e;of eighteen millions Of dollars, by an ·appropriation of three ;,ffiilliohs '.of1 dollars '.a year· for. six· years; to save Jrorri: the. invading ·foe. the two great cities of ,9 A.m'erfoa,·.New Orleans and New1¥ork-:+the JQ:ntre:r in ,a :mil.h · tary !poiht :of view.th~ ~osLimpo:rtant: city.·in.. ;AII1erica,Jhe capture and: destruction ·of. which, :by ·~my two.· of .th~ ·stroµg ·, Powers.of .Europe,: would, bea greater .calamity .to.· eigh~,mih lions of people nf t~e United· States; (embra.cimg·. the~g.rea~·,vali" . ley., and more than ~the great :valley.of; the :Mississippi,) :tP.a11 · the loss of, tw'O Hund.red millions 'of: dollars.w-0r.th of::property. ·months\notice ·'Rf :an approaching,war~ and provided .we :go ..to. Wor~,:._the,~igh~ tiyay~ with .our· troops and volunteers,·witho:ufwait\n.gf9r p,l.~_l}s ;and:speci~l· orders: fa;om; me~ who ;have' never. se~n;:'pr J tri~.d ,tp. see, the flash of an enemy's gun.. But to Il1ake ~ssur,an.c.e:$.~7;"e, ·we should not rest li· day~ without' .ex~i:ting ·cmr, be.sfyRq~sible :efforts ·to canYintu effect a s.afo system .of:defenoe.;h: Lr:::!·ii ' .To. make assnran~e ·doubly:·,sure?· We, :must, take· <;a:ry,---;::-~'J~i 11eace ttJ prepareJor '.war"~as with ste~m ,power, .t4e: .~ne~).'i; ships of wa.r mriy, ·and dot~btles~L ,will(yisit:;US, cis;;un~xpycte.~Jy as ;we iare, how: daily visited. by @r; ·own_ and)~~D:glls,h :;~.team pack~ts. : In this ·way,;war,,will. prob~.bly ~e.i g9mm~9~cr,.A~:-,.,,. -cording to :·the ;0.openlwgen pkln1 without. ,mµc~: :pre:y:i,o~S,· nqiice~ payi:pe.rhaps.,·.without .a mom.en~'~ previol1s no~~c!3, 1 ,; rThr ·hostile:tle~ts. may~:,and will, q.t. any _time j~ _th~i:I1ight, ~r ;d~y, ~ttack :us,. and whilst'.:we, .ai:e jri ,t,he· midst ~f;0uzr delightful dreams: of perfect peace :and comfort, hw·I int~ ;our,habi~a,tion~ their :d~clarations;:of war, .with their .~ed"-hot ~!wt,jr~~~~fr~~. tl~~ .anouths£ ef tkeir irppr9ved;cq1?non~ " · ·,, ! " ,· . •,.;:; .. ; • • ;:~·,~ :d The, blind: or:;the unprin~ipleg.;vota~·y of,,tl.ie:;ey~l .~pii~iLRf 'party:may,.Jor atime,r.relie:V€1)um~~IX: frOlp, cep~µ~~ ~Y:s,f):ri~g,, General Gaines ·is .an alarmist~ > 1!.; ·; .. f:· , ., , , . . ·:,. 1, 1 ...·I hav:e· only to •reply~ ,t4a.t,if.~he people,Jf.zf.. r.~ally respon;sible peopli, ·who possess the i·igl.it q(~.e,lf'."go.v:~~i;irrent!';w,Hl ,tak~)4~ trouble to reflect for .themselv~s, and, take. the ..subject h1to. theiio. wn.~hands; ;they :"WiH fincL:it:v~ry'.~simpl~ {: ~l1~,.~·~~;1pr«JReii! · 4ecide· whether I am right. or ".Vrong. . ... • , . '. ... ·, "' 11 ·The history of.our. immediate ancestori.,, '.as well as,. .ancient ' . . 2 . ' . . . " .. ' .·'···. ''· 10 hi~fory, ·Will,infdr.tni therh' •that·,"\varlike · monai~chs/witli their 'ehtei•ptiziritfcorhnianders,' have• always deemed it· :to :be ~ <;lie:.. tate pf prudence ·never to be neglected.in the 0path of; military. gioty/to attempt in war,.whatever' enterprize has'·been proven t~"be attainable~ by. the genius:·:and 'bra\·ery of m,an-:-judging froril. experirhents tried in ;:i. 'state of peace or. war~ . ·:Packet steamers have1long bee1i in the habit of approaching ou~ seapoi'ts in:' fifteen days from England; ~nd t_herefore who . ·curi 1dou:bt that a thousand steam ships .of w~r may approach tis aS'qztietly'tilid as certainly in'fifteen,days. from Europe, as a.' sin;.· gHr~teampackev?;ii,.--\t . ·:,, >r,:.' , ..... ,r 1:. .,<}'Cre~m~:8aid, neady·'twcr thousand::years·ago, that _where one ·lRomitni soldzer could-pass a defile;:over amount~in, one hunilred TJloYndn) :zegiorts could ~pass. ; ·Napoleo'rr 'said, in substance, -the 'sihle ·t1iii1g; 1when 'he: resolved: on, crossing ,the Alps :in'to Haly, 1tb rescue'the'honor of hi~r Bleeding country from the combined ~tyyanfs''<>f'!~utope.•·.: . .c • • '.!ll-~have!gobdauthodty· therefore; for 1saying, that 'vhere one friendly steam boat;"of great capacity,' is found' to 1pass O'ur :r6rts with to6 ri:uiehposed Floating· Batteries; :a soJemrn•flCt of,Gongress ,sho'uld :be passed;· forbidding a~y officer ;from· -renioving them:~beyond 1the immediate' vicinity ofithdmrbor~to·,whiCh tliey maynb'ehis-. signed; as it must be obvious 1that. 6u~sell;'.ponts ·cannot -be pro-· tect,ed .without every requisite ·means ;~f:iptoteetion ~re,iheld ready, for.action within our harbors,' respectively.'! ·The·· .Flbat~ ng; Batteries, it is· believed; wilLcost :butllittle more thawJthe .timber, irori, copper,; and other rriateririls for; their construction, ·;ir; they are bui,lt,' as they: should· be;· by< the-troops intended: •to .defend them·, a~ded1by sdme"ship: carpenters~to give<'.themaftack which ·.cha:ra~terized!thos.e::chivafricnaval ({Ommari:ders. '·But' the: con• ·.:tact:thus ·produced would· ens.tire to us ·the mo:ral and ::Physical :e:ffeci· 9fi oul.•. eff'o11ts.: being:.jn. •self-defence; witli' ithe. superi~r .strength of our;batt~ries; bulwarkS:a'nd weigltt .ofmetalc_advah ··fages which we: should erijoy ..fromthe moment the.invading fo.e; ·corries within the ~arigeofou:r. long and. heav.y can~on, tintil h.e ·finds' himself entangled in; ·~uid·arrested; by, om..chevau·x.dej'rise ;.!..;..where the contact would be so Close as to·enable us to thi·ow \in·to his. ships·• lt'and: 'gre~ooes a11d: :incendiary .. skells, ,vith ·,an .occasional .supply Of ·heate~·,sieam ;·'Whilst our OWil batter'ies ·would he ipresei,:ved from 'a similar anl).oyance by their suphlor .:width, .strength, .and :peculiar struc'ture of their upp~r:works, '.whi~h are.proposed to be secured1 by·sheet-iron. of immen~/e ~thickn~ss;; ~description :Of Work.which, ·it is, believed; Could /·.not !be ;so. effectually. arplied :fo vessels of any thing like the Jordinary model :of ships oLw~r designed for sea ·~erviCe..: : · . , ;"·FlOating ·Ba~teries, such as are .here. proposed, : constitute the .only;, effective means: df: defon'ce against. :fleets. propelled· by ,steam· power,: iri .i a·nation: ~sitvated as' the; United. .States· are, ;covering:a large: ext~nt, of co tin try, bordered,. by.asea board.of 'near 4;000 miles ! in extli:lnt,. iJ;idented ''.bx !many: fine sea; p6ris, " .with great cities filled with the wealth of a lucrative commetc~, !with !every:qliarter:ofl'the· globe; ~og'ether with our :own 'agri ·cultural .produds,: follyJcap'able ·of: sustaining: ·.our;·expansive icommerce; untiLit surpasses',that ofany·othet 'part: of the glohe ,~prov~ded.we~ take care t9' rhaintain_.an, atti.tude· ufihoriesv de ·,fiance.;towards ;the. licensed, .as well< as Jhe ·unlicensed. pirates ;t'lf ·ever.y: quarter,of the :world-'-:-by::whi~frthey·.will clea;rly 1urider. stand, th:at we desire to :.be'. aLpeace; fo: do equal and-impartial ,1justice to altnations, and ~o engage1in'1 entangling .alliances witi1 ··none;:. and .above all; ifwe are attacked;we' should be prepared .speedily~ to:concehtrate ar the paint.: of: attack sufficient. force .;and supplies: )tC~110.venyhelrri the ·invader '\vith ii.retrievable ,de. feat, before: heIwilt have it:in his .power t~t d'est,roy..any of; our inea'.rls of'defence or. our sea -port :towns~ i :Our lawless 'neigh 13 ·hors will :thus be taught,".that: if they at~ack ·,us,~ they,doiLa:t their peril,''and at the risk ofleaving their armies .t(r enrich. our fplantations: · 1 • '" , '.. So much· for their uses in ·a state· of war~then on the return · of peace, when the mos't extensive fixed fortifications ate;q.bsolutely usele~s, hnd moreover, a heavy ,blirden tO the'comitryfo keep them in repair, Floating Batteries will be usefully employ'~ ed as iBarracks· and:·Hos'pitals, and ..in deepening, the channels, 'liable to be filled up by clay, and loam, and sand, as those at the mouth tofthe,.Mississippi .river. are ofte.n filled rip.. : As: Floating Barracks and Hospitals, the proposed Batteries would be< or es' sential benefit to the service·every\vher~, ina~much·as 'the outlets of the rivers and 'sea ports are. geiierally healthyiposit'iori~r; and they will form the most appropriate ayslums for:our 1conva:' lescent'<)r slightly disabled soldieis or! seiunen·; most ·of. whom 'will . ren'der ~essentl.al ser~i,ce. 'in·. preparing' fixed.:ainrrtlinitioli, . and in the iustruction of· the: young and inexpe1~ienced;'and·;fo. ·holding:'.the"m ready for action ;:iab'ove all, 'in· a state of. peace ...the . propos'ed .Floating :natte'rieswill·be of. im'mense utility' tb the service for all purposes of military schools; to which .the .'as' piring youth' of·our country: of the'. C{)mffit.mity wilfgladly re-. · pair, for the .ait~in'.ment of military knowledge~ -where it Ean :oe ,acquired bOth in tli~ory rind in practice/and· ;where its 1#udy and practice will be rendered most ·delightful ·al1d (prais'ewortliy by· the ·'s1.mple ;process ·ofthe students rendefing itrfmediate'·and ·important' public: serviC'e in·'fetur1z for' TIIE ,PunLr~ ~LNs..rRucTroN received by tllem. The military education of our youth:'shoold :comr:Denc~:at the age· of siXteell', and' be.completed' at-'the~age of ! twenty-on'e or twenty~two•. · ff our· youth· are~ educated! ·upon Floatirtg· Batte'ries at· the·· entrance• of our ·hafbors;:'near the •Balize~ Sandy Hook,: or the Narrows~:C>~herwise;ilf; the:1.yduth ·of each:Atlarrtic or·Southern State are. educated at:the·entfance of the principal sea port of each State, the graduate; aftef.finisfi. ing his eUucation(wduld have the proud:Satisfactioll'.'ofexhibit. ing ·to his· parerits_ or guaidia:n; Hn his return. horn~~ .the, gratify'. ing evidence· of· hi~·ha:ving ·perform·ed five years. :Honorable· se~ · vice; ·while: acq'uiring attainments·quhlifying him:for~;a .high-r-:" p~rlwps'tlie higllest_::command ·in· tile' Army.~ attaihments,;too, ten'ding t9 qualify him'in: ho:· small .degree for: the: highest'. sta. tions recognized . by the'. free: institutions. 'of our' c·ou~try,~ ·and exonerating him forever. after: froni: any other ;than, meie ;volun: ·tari service.' ' . , ,i , ' ' So much for Floating Batteries and their uses 'in peace .and war. , L'et us now proceed to consider the. all-iinportant kindred .suoject ..of Railroads, for co-operating: with·' the JH'Oposed .Floating Batteries, and p~rfecting the_ promised system f .Tennessee·and K ei~tticky;· to the s~ven grand diyisions ;of the .national :frontier,· viz:. . ·First-One.:.principal .RD;ilroad, from Lexington, :Ky,, t to :Buffalo or Plattsburg, N. °X·i with b!anches: to Detroit,~Albany ~and Boston.; ' :· · · . , 1;: :Second-:-One: principal .,Railroad,.. from Kno.xville, -Te;nn., .to :Norfolk,-Va., or::Baltirnore,: Md.,. with. branches-to: Richm()p.d, .Ya·.,. and Newbern,. North Caroli~ia.;" : ,: . ,. ·r · .. :: . .;:Third-:;-;-One'. principal-,Railroad,, from Jl\1ernphis, Te1m.; to (Cha~leston, S. C., or Savannah, Ga·., with. branches to.~:filledge. ville; .Ga.;-and East Florida. · , . . ~ :·: Faui:tk~.One· principal Railoa~,. from ;Lo(!isville, ,KY~~;:tp ':.Mobile, Ala., :with a pranch to Peneacola,:Florida. : :, : \\ \.·Fiftlt~One..principal··Rail~oai;l; fro~: Lexington~ Ky~,_,via. ·Nashville, to New Orleans. ' · · · · .Sixtli-:-:--:-O~e principal . Railroad, from .Me~phis,, Tenn., ·'.~o the Sabine Ridge, with,branGhes tp_fort Towson and.FortOil?_ son, Ark.-, · ,, , · . . . , ;Seventli~~ne principal Railroad, from .Louisville,, Ky.,. or :Albany, Ind., to. Sain~ ·~o.uis 'Mo~, and· ~hence·to the. l\:'.[issouri ,rlver,.no1~th ofthe mouth of. the<8ig,Platte, with branches fr()m ;;Albap.y,·Indi{tna;.to Chicago;; ~nd 'from the North-West angle :_oLthe· State of Missomi.to ;the :upper:, crossing of 'the river -Des Moines .. ~ ,,, : ·:, j . These seven great .arteries or: principal: Railroads 'here, enu-. ~ tjlerated, will each· be from 500. to· 700 miles in· length' ( avera · ging 600 miles) making altogether a distand~ ·of 4,200. miles, ·and 'the average cost of lo~ating·and constructing, them ,i$ esti~ (mated at $15,000. per mile; amounting.altogether to the sum of ~ $~4,000,000;;;; provided· 'they ·are.:located:, and· constructed· by . 1the Army of the United States;· the. R,ailroads to be of the most. 15 ~t,Ibstantial kind, each having a double track. · The whole work !o .~e--co~pleted by :the authority and at the· expense of th~ );Jnit~d, ~tates; provided that, on its final completion, i.t sha),l ·r~v;er~ to the.States in their sovereign and individual capadty:e~ ch·State:toretain, forever, the right .of property in and to ~11 of such section or sections of such Railroads, with all their ?-Ppurten~nces, lying or .being within. the territoriaJ. Hmits of ~uch States., respectively-up~m the .single· conditio~, that aJl tr.oops,. whether. regulars or· volunteers, in the service of the ·United States, with th~ir munitions of war, together. with. the !Jl:;til, shall be transported forever upon th~se.Railroad·~ free '?f expen~e to the .United St~tes. · ; .. :The principal advantages, .to be derived from. tlie prpp~s~d ]Jailroa.ds in a military point of view.. . . ,, . , 11 ~ ·Ina state.of war they will enable u.s, to transport the~milit.ary men and munitions of war of the two central States of the . Union, and of all the i~terior districts of the ~t~enty-four bo~d~ rStates, to. the seven grand· division~ ~f the.rn1ti~nal.fronti~r, .:w.~thout, ~nimal: power, in on'e-tenth part of the ,time .and ·at'161ie-hmth pai~t 9fthe expense, t~~lt the movement wouldrco:st . ~~Uh.e pres~nt8-tate of"our bad ~·oads. The proposed Rail~o.adl? .w.ould thus enable mi to· obtain more useful service in ~arfro.m .t~.n th~~~mdmen, by th~ increased r~pidity a~d·s~fotyr.of !~~fr rµovement to :the po!nt of attack ch9sen by the inv.adi1~g foe, -tl.~an.without. Railroads ·we could obtain. from an ar.my of o~e ' hundred thousand.men, ,rn.arched ~p01~,ou~ co'mmo:n ro~ds ;'as, in ;;idditio:n to the s.aving oftime, which is power,.~nd' ltealtlt, and' .~if.e, and money, we 'shall :save our citizen-.soltli~rs' from .'Yh~t .they ~sually _deem .the most i~ks.ome ·a1;1-d i~supportable ~ffli~ ·.tions and pdvations .attending .their tours of military servic~:. .~e:shall save thei:n: from long and tedious ,·marches, and from the still-more trying' scenes of a' long .continued delay: in. camp, ~nd the consequent painful separation from wife;r·childr~n, fri_ends, an(l business. On' the· contr~ry; after being. assembied and prepared for action, we shal1 fly to meet the invading foe at.the rate of250 'to· 300 miles in 24. hours~taking with.us . .every desirable necessary of life for the .preservation of·heahh:, · activity, and personal prowess; so that when ·We ·meet .the enemy, we shall enjoy every desirable.. advantage iii every co·n~ flict, in . most of which we cannot. but be succ~ssful; and in .. p1n,ce of 'the us·s~1 crim'paign o( thre~,· six ·ortwel~e 1fuC>ilths\'>f Wstressing. service, vye may reasona~Iy calculate on: beii:ig ~0~1~ veyed; with every· de~irable .supply from the central states t6 ' the.ffontier, in the short space of ·50 or 60 hours time; and' of ~e~tipf(tlnd beating the invading foe, and ,returning 'tb opt .homes in a· few:days, or, at. most a few weeks· more ..: Hehc~ tne :gr~~tl ~tilitY, of the 'proposed ·Railroa~s ·i~ a stafo ·or war:; arid '.ih~n;,'on th~ return of :peace~: when1 our 'sixty rriilli~ns of f'~llthe:State Goveri:uh.ents, arid' to-pay· 'for the ·~dilcation oC ':ivery:otphan ehild ·in~~merica~ · !h~'pr6posed Railroads:-\vili i~o ffipre·1 '. 'the'fwill 'f.o~rr\ ligament~ Of ·u¥on m?m powerfol iihaH buhvarks or adam':int,' or :chains ofi iron of" gold, 'tc» bind {t:li~ St~ies. fogether ,·in, pe/p~tual·, ~nidn.1'>Jn.· designating. the lliilit#y·meli of the. cenfral States· of Tennessee and Kentucky ~J the disposable fo1:ce' 'of 'the 'nation~ we have refer~n~e t~dhe faqt:r~that :th!~ }orce is .rendered dispo'sapie by t'lie centr~l1posi-' iio'rt'.ofthese.two· $t;;ries~tlieihav'ing no frontier to defend, :\v:i\h~t the forces :of ~ll-ihe·.. o~he~ ~wenty-four Stat.Js are ·re·~~ . ;tl~r'edJoc~l fo_rces, and not'd,isposabl~';' by reason' o"f their' beirig .~ll'B01~d~r ·s~ates~t4~ boundarf~f ~ach extending to. ih~: fron:. '<11er:r ''.and t.~erefore,hiivipg frQriiie~ ~ftheir own, to defend~ they ~r~i~thus'rei:id¢red local, ifot disposable:: · ·.:· ·..; 1 r '.;Bui·. am.· 'l sure that· th~: el~ction: of Gene~al ~Harriso11 will 'coh~.1~ibut,~'.to s~pply o~t 'c~urifr~y vyitfr tliis~; or any other effec~ ti\r~ m~ari~ or' defence ? · · 't 'answer~Nb ! ' otherwise ·than from , ' ~ ; ~ ' • ' : ; ' : • : ... ~: • ' _, ' • 'w ~ • ' -' : • • : , • ' .• -• ' ll¥ somid~ess"of his' juµgment~ ·and the purity of"hkpatrioti'siii, 'itnd' the. fidelity witli -~h~cfr he has hitherto discha1~ged 'the ·JUt!es assign'ed to;hiµi b)rhiS''confiding Go~Brnin~nt·and coun:. :try. .I ~have, Indeed, for\varded to him copies of rriy Repcih. 1'7 and my. Memorial, embraeing my system· ofNational Deferice .; ye~ T have neve·r heard from , him: a word, or a line upon the subject for many ye~rs past, eith{fr directly or inditectly>·!But I ·am, nevertheless, conyinced, that inasmuch 'as he wm,.·if elected, .. take ~he oath pre~cribed by the Cortstitution of the United States to sqpport that saci:ed instr'ument-:-tlzat peifect cltarter ef our beloved Union·; and inasmuch as he will there fore .be in honor and in duty bound to command the· Army:and Navy, and in time·of war .the Militia' of the .United:,Stat~s; and with them repel invasions and suppress insurrections, I .am sure he will exert all the lawful meahs in .his.power;" in peace to prepare for war ;"_ and as a skilfo.l commander .in .chief; put the frontiers assigned-to his· com.m·and,, in. the· most. effective· state ofdefence that Congress will by their;appropriations alk>wi· ·1 am equally surethe.c~1mtry .cannot;be putin a sfate:of de fence,.so as to enable any·man·; nor·ahy Administrati?n tcfrepel~ invasion, ag?inst fleet~ ofsteam-.ships ·of.war; w.ithout Floating. Batteries and.1.~ailroads,· such 'as I recommend. ." ~ ,,\ . •If means of this description are 'not resorted' to,. I, for ·One;; hereby declare that, :much. as :I have·had reason .to Jeel· the .ffia'."· lignant power .of :three ·inexperienced:· Secr~tar'ies,: · l · cannot;, but .continue to ..differ ,with: them, in opinion, and ·'to 'stan~ ~up: . alone.· in support· of my: System Of.:National1Jefence fis,lo~g·as l~have life.·· Butl apprehend;theJtime:is not far·.distantwheD: every intelligent farmer and mechanic in Amerfoa ;will: be, .con.:: vinced.·by:dear-bought experience,·which;a' wa1~::6f; si:x::rno:uths' duration would. demonstrate,. thar no natioR'.destit.ute1 ~fo.the: means of defence, such as I propose,.can,1 in the present. state ,0£ the. arts;· and st~am· improvei:nen ts,: possibly proteGt :its sea-pons1 agail,lst a British, French or: Russi.an'. naval .and· land: ,a~tabk~1 aided' by steam -povver-=---'nor· maintain ·~ts independence~tnex;.f 'vise than ~he ~eminole Indians· have,. for; flearly five yeai'tf past; mainfai'ned their independence~ .. l". . .; ..,.;:.;;.ii; d Let our farmers an'd.mechanics'inake thisaiscoyery;.and bt1r statesmen will no l~mger f~lter.und.er .the feai·.ofparty.di.sciplip:e~ nor party management-but•tftey will all unite.for the protection 'i of th.e Union·. ·· ' . ,. · · · . . . . , . Let the farmers: and . mechanics. unite, arid the· work will; be; accomplished with less ~xpense 'Of reputation,:time,'.arid. money,· than· thepm;ty·tacticians, sappers_;;and miners,. have expended, . 3 18 in their 'reckless war again~t. Canals,; Railroads;· manufacturing establis4ments, and 0'the uniform_: currency. of a. Bank' of the United" :States;: measures·.· witliouL :which American. lndepen .. 'denb3 .can nev:er be any thirig more· than the mere shade of a shadow~liable to be obliterated· by the 'vapor of Nulli.ftcationt or :t~e smoke -of Abolitionism;· :. · · , · · . :-!. have..been· abu'sed for expressing: opinions in favor of pro.. tectiv.e duties on. such foreign articles as \Ve find our own coun..; try and' people capable' of manufacturing~ and such as .. are essential to our n'ational existence. in asfate. ofwar ; and. in favor,_ of high .duties· on all articles of ·luxury; imported from foreign countries: All parties now see ·and feel the want of that revenue which a high tariff upon these articles would produce, without· taking. from the honest, temperate citizen a dollar~ -I ·haYe been denounced as an ~nemy to the Democratic. Whig . principles of my aricestOrs for having. exp;essed the opinion that a National Bank, embracing all the good properties, and reject-· ing the bad;~of the old Bank, would·be as stric'tly constitutional as would be a law authorizing the use of steam power in navigating our vessels and Flo'ating. Batteries in C!Onfiicts against an 'invading foe propelle·d by .steam. power; and as necessary and pr~_per for the purpose of facilitating commerce, securing the public reve~ue, and establishing a uniform c_urren'cy, as powder mills and ball cartridges are for preparing the country for war to repel invasion. But I am asked what changes are necessary in .the charter fo· make a new Bank of the United States a national blessing, or even a harmless institution, I answer-let us for once in forty .. four years have a Congress and a President unfettered by the evil spirit of party..;_and, my life upon it, these honorable public functionaries, aided by the experience of the past, will. not fail to enact a charter for a future Bank, in every way calculated to ensure the desired benefits of an unexceptionable institution. One of the principal amendments should be to suffer no man to be a resident Director, ·or other officer of the Bank longer tha·n for one term of 5 to 7 years; another provision should exclude foreign stock and foreign stockholders, directly and indi"'. rectly, 'upon pain of forfeiture-one half to the informer, and the other half to the United States; and, in order that the benefits of the Bank should be diffused among as many citizens of 19 the JJnited States.. asJ possible,· no o11e ,should~ b.e .allowed; to hold more .than a· limited number .of .shares,;. nor should,·,_ any, be allowed Bank accomm~dations :beyond the probable amount.of their annual income, . ,,:, '. . !'.·· i ._ !· .. • , .. • ~. ·'rhese provisions would. save,the Republic, from· the· .reproaclt and,the 'great losses of credit .and· money, .resulting from failures to the frightful amount. of a million, or·~ quarter, of a million, by ,a single mercantile house; followed) :as ·such· ·failures have often bee4. followed, ·by .the scornful reproach: of ·'mercantile gambling and overtrading. ·; • ·. · · .., . . , . , .Restrict ALL ·PRESIDE~Ts and' money lenders!:to"one ·single term-and aU will be well. . But allow them the' privilege of a re-election, and you. place before: them an · almosl, ..irresistible temptation to: waste, in. intrigue, .'bargain. and management, many.of the precious business hours ·of thefirst term of office, to secure a• re-election of.the next ter.m. · .. · Bu_t what-:-you may ·ask~what has ·a Bank :of the United States to do with the subject under. consideration? · I answer-Without a paper currency OUR NATioNAL INnE l'ENDENCE ... COULD NEVER HAVE. BEEN ACHIEVED.. But as that paper'. currency was, it was emitted in accordance with the tried wisdom ·of a Washington, a. Franklin, a Hanc·ock; and a Pendleton; and, although that · currency. become valueless, when brought in competition with British gold~that abused currency c0ntributed to feed and half clothe our suffering citi %en soMiery, and thus· enabled them to beat the invading'Joe, and force from them the glory of our National Independence! We have subsequently had a more perfect currency-a cur rency which, .though perfected by the genius, and .sustained by the high moral courage of a Biddle, whose ancestry_ and breth· ren had been nobly indentified with the chivalry of America, by signaLtriumphs over the invading foe upon 1 the ·sea and land-it was ferociously. assailed by, and soon became the vic tim of the evil spirit of party; leaving the Republic defenceless, and its pecuniary interests at the mercy of a million of merci less Shylocks, Brokers, and Stockjobbers. We are told that the use of steam power in our military and . naval movements up or down our great rivers, is unconstitu tional, because this new fashioned word steam power is not to be found in that sacred instrument. 20 !'would ·reply, 'that our noble-hearted ancestors who won for us our:Jndependence, and who· framed the· Federal Constitution for enablin~rus"to :pe1petuate that Independence, had no knowledge of' th:it development of steam power applieable to ships, boats,. or railroa'ds2otherwise, • · they :would. doubtless have made some·allusfon to a discovery· so .admirably calculated to secure to us· the countless benefits ofthiS transcendant element of national defence and national· wealt)t~a discovery en.suring to us all the glory of a long succession of unbroken triumplls in the favorite theory of our Fathers, of giving sanction to no other description of war than that· which is-purely DEFENSIVE. '. Let us 'all unite, in approaching that ·charter~ of our UNION, with 'patriotic reverence, ahd view the Government which it Has ·created as our own FEDERAL GovERNl\IENT-and at the same· tim~ view the .Government cre.ated :·by our STATE CoN.;. sTITUTION as our own STATE GbvERNMENT.:.....:...repudiating the. Party aniagonistical fashion of.speech: for exarr:iple; ·ill' speaking of the Government at 1Jejferson, let us· designate -it as our own· State Government; .and;· in like m~nner,·designate the· Government at Wasltington as our own FEDERAL GOVERNMENT~ Thus~ when aroused by the: invading foe, ·all parties· will cordially unite ih' the· defen-Ce of all that is· dear' to us as:citizens oftheseStates·andofthisFederat;·Union.:.': '·1 ·:: 'i ' I:t:i' conclusion;·I would say,'Thope' the. time is:notfar·distant, "vhen: every: member.'of th~National L~gislattire·, who loves his· colintry;·and he1~ institutions,·\vill.use his be·st. efforts' in pre-' paring· for her asystem.of•defenc·e \v.orthy of: :their' Fathers of the·Revolution,:wo!'.thy of ~the· Union, :arid• of· :the: Constitution which we a1Lstand:'pledged·to· support;· and mayAhe· benefits and blessing$· of tha:t System ofNational Defence1which l have been· recorlimenditig ;this:everi.ing, be tere long' felt alike throughout ·every State and .Territory of tbi·s ·.gr.eat RepublicJ:'. . ;{f;ireat chertfng and applause.] . , '' ·7.'., ·'.;. / AN. ADDRESS OM THE DELIVERED Bl' MRS. GENERAL GAINES. ST. Loms, Nov. 18th, 1840. Dear Sir: Understanding that you had written the Address delivered at Concert Hall, by Mns. GEN. GAINES, in short hand, and that it will be speedily published, we, as a Board of Directors ·· of the St. Louis Mechanics' Institute, avail ourselves of this opportunity to place at your disposal, our heartfelt testimony of the high regard which we entertain, for the distinguished individual, GENERAL GAINES, and his lovely Lady, for the very great ·intere3t which they manifested, in the welfare and prosperity of the Institute. The means of defence which Gen. Gaines proposed, in the able papers which he read, to large and crowded audiences, before the Institute, will, if carried into effect, in our humble opinion, place him high, as a benefactor to his country, and unquestionably rank him-amongst military men of the greatest distinction. By his plan, our seaboard and harbors will be protected from the incursions of an enemy, or combination of enemies; and we give it as our opinion, that the General's plan of Military Defence, displays greaL professional skill, and is worthy the notice and consideration of the Government, under which we enjoy so many blessings. Our best wishes will ever follow General Gaines, and his amiable and accomplished Lady. S. A. M. SHIPP, Chairman of the B'd of Manager THORNTON GRIMSLEY, D. WOODMAN, J. W PAULDING, H. B. BASCOM, I. w. CHADWICK, J. G. BARRY, JOHN FORD, R. E. BOLTON, C. KEEMLE, GEO. W. WEST, T. DRESSER, J. G. GIBSON, . W. A. LYNCH, P. BROOKS, W. GOODYEAR, T. H. WEST, J. E. BLOUNT, WM. H. HARSHAW, GEO. TRASK, STUART MATTHEWS, J. H. FERGUSON, JOHN M'NEIL, D. B. HILL, :rtOBERT BOYD, D. WESTON, B. B. BROWN, M. D. WM. H. POCOCK, L. M. CLARK, REV. Dx. MAcAtrllAY. ADDRESS. . . THE fact·of a lady addres~.ing .a large audience,.i~ a :hig~ly respectable and, enlightened communi.ty, is, it must be. admit".' ted, a novel and uncommon sc_ene; and to those who kno:w me, it is scarcely necessary to say,-that I am-qu_ite inexperienced .in th~ art of public speaking; a_nd that .m·y fi:i--st atte~pt i~ that way, was made last week, in the H_all pf the Mechanics'. Institute, of this city~ . To some, i~ .may appear ~t~·aHge, ~hat a lady should come forward in public, and. address a :mixed ~udience, a~d give. her. sentiments o~ .~ ·~ubject~ 'in l~hich;.fr cannot be suppos~d,'she: has had any e~perienc.e. Som~,' )( ~~·t many. of my o~n·s~~'. ~ay fan~y thaU a{u ·rather tr3:nsgre~~~ ing the boundaries of strict. female r.eservedness,. and that it is wrong in a lady to speak in a ·p~blic.assembly. ! We'~~ I al~ne; and unprotected, it ~ould scarcely comport·with tqat delicacy . which.a female .ought 3:lways. to· cultivate· and .main tam; b~i ~hen I do it in the presen~e of my liege lo~d,.'to: :who~ I. am accountable for all my actio;ns-and .when ids on War,' asubject in which he has all his )ife. been interested an~ con~ern~d, . (and what wife can be blamed in _taking a deep interest in the affairs of her. husband?) I should, think that, were a. ju'ry sel.~.~:t~ ed from. this highly. respectable -3:udience, and some, of th'e~ composed of ev~m the most f~stidious of my qwn 'sex, to try ~e for t.he act in :\\'.'hich I am now engaged,Iarri confident the yer~ ~ict :Wo~ld come in --. acqujtted. [Che.ers,· .. ?hee:rs.] . . . . .·· L~mnot ignorant of the truth, that woman's.provip.ce is the d~~~stic Circle;·. pr, ,in the 'Words of the im~qrt.al Milt.