Publications of The University of Texas Publications Committees: GENERAL: FREDERIC DUNCALF A. SCHAFFER J. L. HENDERSON C.H. SLOVER J. T. PATTERSON G. W. STUMBERG F. A. PERRY A. P. WINSTON OFFICIAL: E. J. MATHEWS L. L. CLICK C. F. ARROWOOD C. D. SIMMONS E. C. H. BANTEL B. SMITH The University publishes bulletins four times a month, so numbered that the first two digits of the number show the year of issue and the last two the position in the yearly series. (For example, No. 3301 is the first bulletin of the year 1933.) These bulletins comprise the official publica­tions of the University, publications on humanistic and scientific subjects, and bulletins issued from time to time by various divisions of the University. The following bureaus and divisions distribute bulletins issued by them; communications concerning bulletins in these fields should be addressed to The University of Texas, Austin, Texas, care of the bureau or division issuing the bulletin: Bureau of Business Research, Bureau of Economic Geology, Bureau of Engineering Research, Interscholastic League Bureau, and Division of Extension. Communications concerning all other publications of the University should be addressed to University Publications, The University of Texas, Austin. Additional copies of this publication may be procured from the Bureau of Economic Geology, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS PaiiE.~• ~ THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS BULLETIN No. 3301: January 1, 1933 THE MIDWAY GROUP OF TEXAS By JULIA GARDNER Including a chapter on the coral fauna by T. Wayland Vaughan and Willis Parkison Popenoe Bureau of Economic Geology E. H. Sellard&, Director Prepared in cooperation with the United State& Geological Survey Published from the Johan August Udden Publication and Research Fund of The University of Texas PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY FOUR TIMES A MONTH AND ENTERED AS SECOND-CLASS MATTER AT THE POSTOFFICE AT AUSTIN, TEXAS, UNDER THE ACT OF AUGUST 24, 1912 The benefits of education and of useful knowledge, generally diffused through a community, are euential to the preservation of a free govern­ment. Sam Houston Cultivated mind is the guardian genius of Democracy,and while guided and controlled by virtue, the noblest attribute of man. Itis theonly dictator that freemen acknowledge, and the only security which freemen desire. Mirabeau B. Lamar CONTENTS Page The Midway Group of Texas, by Julia Gardner________________________________ ______________ 5 Introduction -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5 Acknowledgments ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5 Historical background of the Midway group____________________________________ _____ ____ 6 Bibliography -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------16 Stratigraphic background.------------------------------------------------------------------------21 Kincaid formation__________________________________________________________________________ _ ________ 23 Wills Point formation ____________________________________________________________________________ 26 Topography ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------28 Areal distribution ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------29 Bowie County ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------29 Titus County ----------------------------------------------------------------------------31 Franklin County -------------------------------------------------------------------------33 Hopkins and Hunt Counties____________________________________________________________ 35 Rains and Van Zandt Counties_________________________________________________________ 3B Kaufman County -----------------------------------------------------------------------38 Henderson County ---------------------------------------------------------------------4-0 Navarro County -----------------------------------------------------------------------------4-0 Freestone County ---------------------------------------------------------------------------42 Anderson County -----------------------------------------------------------------------------44 Limestone County ---------------------------------------------------------------------------44 Falls County --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4B Brazos River Section_________________________________________________________________ _ ________ 50 Robertson County ---------------------------------------------------------------------------55 Milam County -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------55 Williamson County ------------------------------------------------------------------------58 Travis and Bastrop Counties______________________________________________________________ 63 Caldwell County ------------------------------------------------------------------------------68 Guadalupe County ---------------------------------------------------------------------------73 Bexar County ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------74 Medina County -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------75 Uvalde County -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------77 Maverick County -----------------------------------------------------------------------------82 Tentative correlation of Midway fauna of Texas and other regions 87 Distribution of species----------------------------~--------------·----------------------------88 General character of the Midway fauna and correlation within the Gulf region ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------89 The relation of the Midway fauna of Texas to the foreign faunas _ ________ 92 Systematic paleontology ---------------------------------------------------------------------------99 Fossil localities --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------99 Description of species------------------------------------------------------------------------------------109 Echinodermata ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------109 Molluscoidea -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------111 Mollusca ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------115 The Coral Fauna of the Midway Eocene of Texas, by T. Wayland Vaughan and Willis Parkison Popenoe_______________________________________________________________________ 325 Explanation of plates_____________________________________________________________________________________________ 345 Index _________________ ______ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------397 ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURES PAGE 1. Type locality of the Kincaid formation, Frio River, Uvalde County 24 2. Key map to Plate 2.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------:n 3. Sketch map of Brazos River showing location of Midway exposures ------51 4. Upper Midway (Wills Point formation) and basal Wilcox section, Rio Grande about 3 miles above the Webb-Maverick County line______ __ ___ ___ 83 PLATES 1. Las lsletas, falls of Presidio de Rio Grande ________ _ _________________ _____ Frontispiece 2. Airplane photograph showing small mounds _ ___________________ _____ _ Facing page 31 3-28. Midway fossils -------------------------------------------------------------------------------346-3915 The University ofTexaa Bulletin 3301 Plate I Las laletaa, falls of Presidio de Rio Grande, about 7 miles above the Webb-Maverick county line. Reproduced from steel en11:ravin11:, Report of the United States and Mexican Boundary Survey, Senate Executive Document No. IOS (House Executive Document No. 136), Vol. I, Pt. I, p, liS, 1867 THE MIDWAY GROUP OF TEXAS JULIA GARDNER INTRODUCTION The purpose of this paper is to assemble the information upon the larger fossils of the Midway group of Texas and to present it against an historical and stratigraphic background. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The difficulty of adequate acknowledgment in a paper such as this is very great. There is in it comparatively little taken directly from an outside source. There is also little which does not carry the impress of the generosity of my fellow workers-of information gained in maps, in records and reports, in correspondence and conversation. In the pattern of the composite fabric it is impossible to trace the threads from which it is woven. I hold in grateful memory Dr. J. A. Udden, former Director of the Bureau of Economic Geology, for his interest and for the broader outlook which he gave to tqe entire problem. I particularly wish to thank those who have made the work possible and who have awaited the results so patiently-Dr. E. H. Sellards, Director of the Bureau of Economic Geology, and Dr. L. W. Stephenson, in charge of the Section of Coastal Plain Investigations of the U. S. Geological Survey. Without their constant encouragement and advice this investi­gation would have been neither begun nor finished. To practically all of the petroleum companies operating in Texas I am indebted for information either in reports or on maps. I take pleasure in acknowledging an especial obligation to Messrs. Sidney Powers, Frederick B. Plummer, and Albert E. Oldham, formerly with the Amerada Petroleum Corporation; Messrs. Wallace E. Pratt, L. T. Barrow, and F. M. Getzendaner, of the Humble Oil and Refin­ing Company; Mr. Alexander Deussen, formerly of the Marland Oil Company; Messrs. Theron Wasson, Floyd Imbt, Paul Seashore, and E. B. Stiles, all previously associated with the Pure Oil Company; Messrs. Donald C. Barton, Karl Young, and James Gould with the Rycade Oil Corporation; Messrs. Charles Row and A. L. Jones of the Sun Oil Company; and Mr. Robin Willis, formerly with The Although bearina' the date 1933 on the title page, this publication, owing to delays in printing and other causes, was not issued and distributed until May, 1935. [Editor.] The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 Texas Company. The companies to which these geologists are re­ferred are those with which they were connected at the time the in­formation was given. Most heartily do I wish to thank those who have worked with me in the field. I recall with keen pleasure my field experience gained with Prof. F. L. Whitney and his class in The University of Texas, on the "Basal Greensands" north and west of Elgin; that with Dr. Gayle Scott of Texas Christian University, in Navarro County; that with Messrs. Karl Young and James Gould in Maverick and Guadalupe counties; that with Mr. E. Manuel Hawtof, formerly with the Bureau of Economic Geology, in Maverick County; with Mr. Hugh Duval of Bastrop, Texas, in Bastrop County; with Mr. Robin Willis in northern Caldwell and southern Bastrop counties; with Mr. Robert Lee Cannon, formerly with the Humble Oil & Refining Company, in Medina and Bexar counties; and with Mr. Carroll E. Cook, formerly with the United North and South Development Company, in Caldwell and Bastrop counties. I am happy to express my sincere appreciation not only for field work and for detailed maps covering the field work, but also for the most generous and complete interpretation of the facts observed and recorded. The indoor photographs were made by Mr. W. 0. Hazard and were retouched by Miss Frances Wieser, both of the U. S. Geological Survey. Mr. Hazard and Miss Wieser merit the sincere appreciation of all of us who have occasion to use these illustrations. I wish to thank Mr. E. A. Shuster, of the Topographic Branch of the Survey, for his interest and cooperation in giving the remarkable air photo­ graphs taken in northeast Texas. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE MIDWAY GROUP The early confusions and colorful theories that attended the development of the investigations of the Eastern Gulf and Atlantic Tertiaries had been largely dissipated before scientific interest in the Texas Tertiaries was awakened. During the period dominated by William Maclure all of the formations of the Coastal Plain of the Atlantic seaboard and Gulf, both Mesozoic and Cenozoic, were included under "Alluvial rocks" (2)*. John Finch (3), professor of *The numbers refer to the bib1iographic references. geology and mineralogy in Birmingham, England, struck the first modern note in 1824, both in his conclusions and the methods by which he arrived. He writes in the American Journal ot Science and Arts for 1824: In America an immense tract of country, extending from Long Island to the sea of Mexico, and from 30 to 200 miles in width, is called an alluvial formation .. . . From an examination of fossils brought from that quarter of the United States, from a personal inspection of some of its strata, and the perusal of most of the publications which bear a reference to it, I wish to suggest that what is termed the alluvial formation in the geological maps of Messrs. Maclure and Cleaveland is identical and contemporaneous with the newer secondary and tertiary formations of France, England, Spain, Germany, Italy, Hungary, Poland, Iceland, Egypt, and Hindostan. This was certainly a brave attempt to correlate the deposits of the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North America with those of most of the rest of the known world, and was adopted by Van Rensselaer though the scientific circles were at that time more occupied with mineralogy than with Coastal Plain stratigraphy. Though Cuvier and Brong­niart (1) had successfully demonstrated in 1808 the value of fossils in establishing the geologic succession, the significance of the work was not recognized in this country for 20 years. The year 1829 marked the publication of the first paper of the Philadelphia coterie of paleontologists, Morton ( 4), Conrad, Say, and Isaac and Henry Lea, a group that laid the sure foundations of Coastal Plain conchology. Morton's concern was primarily with the Cretaceous fauna and that of Conrad, Say and the Leas with the later Eocene and post-Eocene faunas, but interests were more general in those days and many of the descriptions of the more abundant and widely distributed Midway species were first published in the Journal and Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences. In fact, a really comprehensive study of the historical background of the Midway involves on the one hand the review of the work of the earlier paleontologists on the entire Coastal Plain and, on the other hand, of the generalized reports of the early travellers and naturalists on the more restricted area of Texas ( 6). We are fortunate in having two adequate summaries of these two lines of early investigations. Harris (28) in his "Midway stage" covers all of the work done upon the Midway Mollusca of the Atlantic Coast and Gulf down to 1896. 8 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 Robert T. Hill (14) in "The present condition of knowledge of the geology of Texas," published in 1887, has recovered an obscure past. The succession of scientific explorations from the early Spanish, French and Mexican reconnaissances to the established State and Federal surveys is traced and the paper filled with valuable biblio­graphic references and pertinent comments upon the conclusions of the investigator in question. According to Harris, G. W. Featherstonhaugh (5, p. 60), a federal geologist, was the first to cite specifically a fossiliferous locality carrying Midway fossils. In relating his Arkansas reconnaissance, Featherstonhaugh notes that "at a very limited locality on the bank (of the Arkansas River) I found a calcareous deposit containing marine fossil shells belonging to the tertiary beds. (Ostrea, turritella, calyptrea, cerithium, etc.) Three miles west from Little Rock, this deposit reappears in considerable quantities, and is quarried for the purpose of making lime." The locality cited is doubtless the lime­stone of the lower Midway which outcrops in the vicinity of Little Rock. The name Midway was not, however, introduced into the literature until more than fifty years later. Though Roemer's (6a-8) major concern was with the Cretaceous and its contained fauna, no resume of the early investigations on the Coastal Plain of Texas is complete without a reference to his work. The German colonization of Texas in the early 40's was organized by the Mainz-verein under the patronage of the German nobility with Prince Carl Solms-Braunfels as the resident agent, and the inducements offered in the hope of stimulating emigration were addressed primarily to the intelligentzia. In order to obtain information which might be of use in meeting the needs of the new German agricultural settlement, a geologist was sent over to make a reconnaissance survey of the new state. Ferdinand Roemer, a student of Leopold von Buch's, only 27 years of age but already a geologist and paleontologist of established reputation, arrived in the United States in 1845 armed with letters of introduction from Alexander von Humboldt. His Texas field work is said to have begun in December, 1845, and to have continued till April, 1847. Two short papers of a general nature were published in the American Journal of Science and others in Germany. The two most pretentious publications and the only reports that touch even indirectly upon the Midway are "Texas," 1849 (7), and "Die Kreidebildungen von Texas und ihre organischen Einschliisse," 1852 (8). In his "Texas" map Roemer makes, so far as I know, the first attempt to fix the upper limit of the Cretaceous. He does not, however, recognize the overlying strata as Tertiary hut as "Diluvium u. Alluvium" and he limits the Tertiaries to an area including the Wheelock and Cald­well Claiborne outcrops and to that of which Nacogdoches is the center. His contact upon the Rio Grande was placed only a little over a mile above that indicated upon the present map. The United States and Mexican Boundary Survey (11) doubtless touched upon the Midway outcrop and fauna hut the localities are greatly confused and consequently no reliance can he placed upon the deductions based upon the fossils. However, Emory's account of the topographic features of the Lower Rio Bravo del Norte, the Rio Grande of the present day literature, is of great interest and the Cretaceous-Eocene contact at the Border in the map compiled by James Hall, assisted by J. P. Lesley, from the surveys of W. H. Emory and from the Pacific Railroad and other sources, is sur­prisingly correct even when judged by present day standards. Not only does the Cretaceous-Eocene line coincide almost exactly with that now accepted, hut the northward strike of the contact away from the Rio Grande is indicated. In the second part of the same volume there is a chapter by Arthur Schott (10), the Assistant Surveyor, on the "Substance of the sketch of the geology of the Lower Rio Bravo del Norte." This was written, apparently, quite independently of the map in the same volume. Schott assumed that the lignites occurring north of Eagle Pass and those south of Palafox were of the same age and char­acterized the "upper belt of green sand." He accordingly placed his contact near the mouth of Las Moras Creek in the northwestern corner of Maverick County and over 50 miles north in an air line of the contact indicated on the Emory map. As a matter of fact, the lignites north of Eagle Pass are now referred to the Upper Cretaceous and those south of Palafox to the Mount Selman forma­tion of the Claiborne group. The Loughridge (12) report is primarily agricultural and on the small map included in the report the line is drawn between the Central Black Prairie Region ( Cre­taceous) and the Southern and Coast Prairies (Calcareous) which includes not only the Eocene hut some of the Upper Cretaceous as well. However, he indicates the contact in the text (pp. 676, 679): 10 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 The line marking the eastern limit of the formation passes from Clarksville, Red River County, southwestward to Terrell, where in the railroad cut I observed an outcrop of a hard fossiliferous limestone, resembling in character that of the Ripley group of Mississippi, and with blackened fossil fragments as in the Cretaceous beds north of Lumpkin, in Stewart County, Georgia. Among the fossils recognized were Turritella, Exogyra, Belemnites, and Cardium Riplerensis. Farther southward the most easterly Cretaceous outcrops are four miles west of Corsicana, in Navarro County, a few miles east and south of Marlin, in Falls County, at Cameron in Milam County, a mile or two west of Elgin or near the western line of Bastrop County, at Seguin, in Guadalupe, and thence the line passes through the northwest corner of Atascosa, and westward south of the mouth of the Pecos River, on the Rio Grande.•.. On the Rio Grande the glauconitic sandstones, mentioned by Mr. Schott as occurring along the river from the Cretaceous rocks at the mouth of Las Moras creek, north of Eagle Pass, southward to Roma, near Rio Grande City, are doubtless of Tertiary age. The following observations (p. 679) are included under the head­ing Tertiary, probably the first recognition of the Midway beds both as a topographic feature and as a stratigraphic group. The line of low hills at the eastern edge of the black Cretaceous prame region in Limestone and Falls counties, known as the Tehuacana hills and Blue ridge, are composed of Tertiary rocks, with a few fossils, Venericardia planicosta, etc.; while northward, at Corsicana and Wills' point (in Van Zandt County) , as well as on the southwest, near Bremond, are soft sandstones, with Tertiary fossil casts overlying lignite beds at 40 feet or more below the surface. The error in the Cretaceous-Eocene contact on the Rio Grande was further perpetuated by Heilprin (13), who had no first-hand infor­mation and accepted the conclusions of Loughridge. In 1887 Hill (14) brought the "Knowledge of the geology of Texas" up to date and a great forward stride was made by the recognition in Alabama of the Midway "series," by Smith of the Alabama Survey and Johnson of the Federal Survey (15, p. 62). The original description of the type locality may well be repeated: The bluff at Midway is half a mile or more in length, the dip of the strata quite variable, but very considerable, in places as much as one in thirty, and in some places the beds are nearly horizontal. At the lower end of the bluff appear black clays similar to those at Matthews Landing or Black Bluff a few feet only showing, and these apparently without fossils. These clay~ overlie about IO feet of light colored argillaceous limestone, with projecting hard ledges. This limestone contains the large Nautilus (Enclimatoceras) which characterizes the lowermost Tertiary beds about Pine Barren Creek below mentioned and it is no doubt identical with the Nautilus rock of eastern Wilcox (county) . This Nautilus rock has been recognized in that part of Wilcox County lying west of the Alabama River, and it has been traced thence across Marengo County to Moscow, on the Tombigbee River. Southward of the localities where it forms the surface appears always a strip of black prairie soils, derived from the disintegration of the calcareous clays (of Black Bluff group), which immediately overlie the Nautilus limestone, and southward still of this prairie belt lies the belt of Post Oak Flatwoods, the soils tif which come from the disintegration of the non·calcareous clays of the Black Bluff group. The Flatwoods belt, as has already been intimated, does not appear to extend beyond the Alabama River towards the east, while the prairie belt attains to greater and greater importance in that direction. Midway is some 4 miles down the river from Prairie Bluff, where occurs the first outcrop of Cretaceous rocks on the Alabama. The Midway was not given formational rank but was placed at the base of the "Lignitic" underlying the Black Bluff section, which in turn underlay the Naheola and Matthews Landing sections. Due recognition was given to Alexander Winchell, who in 1857 (9) had referred the Midway beds near Allenton, Wilcox County, Ala­bama, to the Eocene. The work initiated by Smith and Johnson culminated in the "Report on the geology of the Coastal Plain of Alabama," published by the Alabama Survey under Eugene A. Smith and ably assisted by Lawrence Johnson and Daniel W. Lang­don, Truman H. Aldrich, and K. M. Cunningham (26), 1894. A Tertiary section was thus established in Alabama which has served as the standard check section for the rest of the Gulf Coastal Plain. Some Midway was possibly included in Hill's (16) glauconitic beds at the top of the Upper Cretaceous, though his major correla­tions were sound and based upon a good Upper Cretaceous fauna. It is interesting to note the influence of the European section on the early interpretations of the Atlantic and Gulf Upper Cretaceous and lower Midway sections. The abundance of glauconite in the Upper Cretaceous section in England was doubtless a consideration in the correlation of the sparsely fossiliferous Rancocas and Manasquan marls of New Jersey with the Upper Cretaceous, rather than with the Eocene, an error which was not corrected in print until 1928 (73), though a paper was read by Cooke and Stephenson both before the American Association and the Geological Society in December, 1927. Hill and Petrose suggested that the term "Glauconitic" be app1ied to this uppermost division of the Upper Cretaceous of the eastern (Atlantic and Gulf) slopes of the United States, including the Eagle Pass and Anderson County beds of Texas, the "Arenaceous" division of the Arkansas section, the Ripley, "Rotten limestone," and Tom­bigbee (in part) divisions of the Mississippi-Alabama section, and the "Glauconitic beds" of the New Jersey region below the "Upper Marl beds." The pendulum has of later years perhaps swung too far in the other direction, for there has been too strong a tendency to consider all debatable material carrying a few grains of glau­conite as Midway while as a matter of fact glauconite is far from rare in the Upper Cretaceous near the Mexican Border and locally much farther north. The first attempt to work out the stratigraphy of the Texas Tertiaries is that of Penrose (17) in his "Preliminary report on the geology of the Gulf Tertiary of Texas from Red River to the Rio Grande." The Penrose paper is frankly a reconnaissance report and very incoherent, but it contains the earliest effort to set off the beds now included under the Midway from those above and below. Penrose thus defines his "Basal or Wills Point clays" (17, pp. 19, 20): At the base of the Tertiary and immediately overlying the eroded surface of the uppermost Cretaceous strata in East Texas is a great bed of stratified clay, which, on account of its position as the lowermost bed of the Eocene in this region, has been provisionally called the Basal Clays .... They consist of a stiff laminated clay, yellow, gray, blue, or bluish·green in color, fre­quently interbedded with seams and laminae of sand, containing many con­cretionary masses of gray non.fossiliferous limestone, the latter much cut up by veins of brown crystalline calcite, and varying in size from a few inches to six feet in diameter. They are generally of a fiat elliptical shape, and of a gray color. Large quantities of gypsum are also found in places in the clay . . . . Such deposits are found well developed at Wills Point, in Van Zandt County. Going east from this place, they are traceable for two and a half miles, when they finally dip under the overlying sandy strata. West of Wills Point similar strata are seen until we reach Rocky Cedar Creek, a distance of five miles. Here is seen a deposit of shell limestone, composed almost entirely of shells of Lower Eocene fossils. It is traceable up and down Rock~· Cedar Creek for seven miles, and underlies the divide between Rocky CedaI and Muddy Cedar Creeks, a distance of four miles. . . . The shell limestc>ne bed is probably of limited extent, occupying no very important strat'.graphical position, and appearing at the base of, and as a component par> of, the Basal Clays. It is of great importance, however, as showing thr geological pq,ition of the lowermost Tertiary strata in Northern Texas. The "Basal clays" were recognized at a number of localities north of the Colorado and the observation was made that they probably become much more sandy south of the Colorado since "the first Tertiary beds found going down the Rio Grande are very sandy, be­ing composed mostly of silicious grains and of glauconite." No at­tempt at correlation with the Alabama section was made. The thick­ness of the "Basal clays" was estimated by Penrose to be about 250 to 300 feet. A very marked advance was made in the development of the East Coast and Gulf stratigraphy in the early 90's, not only in Texas but throughout the Gulf. Mention may well be made of the work of Truman H. Aldrich, who by his excellent determinations and accurate descriptions did great service in the development of the Tertiary section. Kennedy in 1892 ( 20) , Dumb le in 1892 ( 21) , and Dumb le in 1894 (24), followed Penrose and added only a few details of outcrop without great significance. The second volume of the annual report of the Geological Survey of Arkansas for 1892, but not published till 1894 (25), contained what was for that era a mono­graphic report of the Tertiary geology of southern Arkansas, by Gilbert D. Harris. In that report Harris made the first attempt, so far as I know, at a correlation of the East Coast and Gulf Midway and recognized for the first time the significance and wide distribu­tion of these beds: The term "Midway series" was Ufted by Smith and Johnson in 1887 to designate a calcareous formation lying at the base of the Eocene of Alabama, and was classified by them as a subdivision of the "Lignitic." ... Owing, how­ever, to its persistent nature, occurring, interruptedly to be sure, from Georgia to western Texas, and to its generally marked lithological and paleontological differences from the remainder of "Lignitic" deposits, it seems advisable to make the terms of coordinate rank (p. 8). Harris also cites several Texas localities from which collections have been made and gives the fossil lists of those collections. One of the most distinguished contributions of its time or, for that matter, for many years later, was William Kennedy's "The Eocene Tertiary east of the Brazos River" (27). Kennedy considered the "Basal or Wills Point clays" as a sub-stage under the Midway "stage" and correlated them with the Matthews Landing, Black Bluff and Midway sections of Alabama. The greater part of Kennedy's paper was occupied with the lower Claiborne, but he gave sections with lists of the contained fossils from the Brazos River bluffs and from Tehuacana. The publications of the next two decades that touched upon the lower Eocene of Texas were mainly those of the State and Federal Surveys and the main advance was along the line of the accumulation of detail and the refinement of correlation. The most comprehensive are Veatch's "Geology and underground water resources of northern Louisiana and southern Arkansas," 1906 ( 30), which includes a plate of characteristic Midway fossils, all of which occur in Texas; Deussen's "Geology and underground waters of the southeastern part of the Texas Coastal Plain," 1914 (33), with good correlations; and Stephenson's "Cretaceous-Eocene contact in the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain," 1915 (34). The most significant stratigraphic reports published between 1915 and 1920 were those of the Bureau of Economic Geology of The University of Texas-Dumble's "Geology of East Texas," 1918 ( 42), a compendium of information on the East Texas Tertiaries; and two county reports, Liddle's "Geology and mineral resources of Medina County," 1918 (43), and Sellards' "Geology and mineral resources of Bexar County," 1919 (44). Dumble had continued his investigations on the Texas Coastal Plain since the early 90's but his major interests were to the east of the Midway outcrop in the later sands. Practically all of the published work upon the Midway had been done by the personnel of the Federal and State Surveys, and dealt with the local stratigraphy, organic contents, areal distribution, correlations within and without the State, but with the exception of the Matson-Hopkins report, which attracted surprisingly little intelligent attention, very little with the structure. Though shallow oil had been produced near Corsicana since 1895, the occurrence had not aroused any marked geological interest nor had it seriously influenced the course of geologic study. But the opening of the Mexia field, the first to be associated with a fault zone, due possibly in part to the stimulus of war activity and in part to the more intelligent methods and better trained personnel of the commercial world, basically altered the trend of field and laboratory investigations which were dominated during the suc­ceeding years by the search for oil. An immense amount of information on the structure and general tectonics of the Midway, particularly in East Texas, was brought to light and papers of varying degrees of value filled the newly established commercial publications. Among the more significant of these may be mentioned that of Lahee (49), 1923, on the Currie Field; Julius Fobs and Heath Robinson on the "Structural and stratigraphic data of North­east Texas petroleum area" (52) and the "Origin of the structure," 1923 (53); Pratt and Lahee (56), 1923, on the "Faulting and petroleum accumulation at Mexia, Texas"; Lahee ( 65), 1926, "Fur­ther notes on the origin and nature of the Currie structure"; Lydon Foley's "Mechanics of the Balcones and Mexia faulting," 1926 (68); and E. W. Bruck's "Geology of the San Marcos quadrangle, Texas" (70) 1927. In the meantime, Deussen's "Geology of the Coastal Plain of Texas west of Brazos River" (62) was published. This was a dis­tinguished contribution to the geology of the time in which it was written, but the delay in publication of almost a decade of rapidly accumulating geologic knowledge had lent an historic interest to a paper distinctly in advance of its time. Trowbridge's "Geologic reconnaissance in the Gulf Coastal Plain of Texas near the Rio Grande," (50) begun much later than Deussen's work, was published a year earlier, and completed the areal reconnaissance studies of the Coastal Plain. The need for a rational interpretation of sub-surface materials stimulated the study of micro-faunas, particularly the foraminifera, and led to a most amazing development in the knowledge of groups which had heretofore aroused only an academic curiosity. The publication of Mrs. Plummer's "The Foraminifera of the Midway formation in Texas," 1926 (69), covers the past history of the foraminiferal researches and establishes a firm foundation on which all future studies must be based. Another line of investigation less directly concerned with the Midway than with formations of more obscure outcrop is the geophysical, a research so comparatively new and so rapidly developing that a new literature will doubtless be produced during the length of time necessary for the publication of this report. One of the most comprehensive articles yet published, Donald C. Barton's (71) "Applied geophysical methods in America," was the direct result of the adoption of geophysical methods of study of the salt domes. The knowledge of the East Texas domes received its greatest advance from Sidney Powers' "Interior salt domes of Texas," 1926 (64). The present trend of all lines of geologic investigations of the Midway is toward the interpretation and coordination of the great mass of scattered incoherent data that has so rapidly accumulated during the past ten years. The achievement of this difficult end has been epitomized by F. B. Plummer (76). Not only has the published material been coordi· nated and rationalized but much new material, assembled with modern methods of accuracy and close observation, has been added. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. 1808. Cuvier, Georges, and Brongniart, Alexandre, Essai sur la Geographie mineralogique des environs de Paris, vol. 1, pp. 20~203. 2. 1809. Maclure, William, Observations on the geology of the United States, explanatory of a geological map: Am. Philos. Soc., Trans., old ser., vol. 6, pp. 411-428. 3. 1824. Finch, John, Geological Essay on the Tertiary formations in America: Am. Jour. Sci., 1st ser., vol. 7, pp. 31-43. 4. 1829. Morton, S. G., Geological observations on the Secondary, Tertiary, and Alluvial formations of the Atlantic Coast of the United States of America: Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Jour., 1st ser., vol. 6, pp. 59-71. 5. 1835. Featherstonhaugh, G. 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Deussen, Alexander, Geology and underground waters of the southeastern part of the Texas Coastal Plain: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 335, 365 pp., 9 pis. Stephenson. L. W., The Cretaceous-Eocene contact in the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 90-J pp. i-iv, 155-182, pis. 11-19, figs. 13-20. ' Dumble, E. T., Some events in the Eogene history of the present Coastal area of the Gulf of Mexico in Texas and Mexico: Jour. Geo!., vol. 23, No. 6, pp. 481-498, map. Oppenheim, Paul, Die eociine lnvertebraten Fauna des Kalksteins in Togo: Beitriige fiir geologischen Erforschung der deutschen Schutzgebiete, vol. 12, 126 pp., 5 pis. Dumble, E. T., The geology of Texas: Rice Institute Pamphlet, vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 125-204. Shaw, E. W., and Matson, G. C., Natural gas resources of parts of North Texas: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 629, pp. 1-119, 7 pis., 13 text figs. 38. 1916. Udden, J. A., Baker, C. L., and Bose, E., Review of the geology of Texas: Univ. Texas Bull. 44, pp. xi, 1-164, 1 map, 1 correla· tion table, 10 text figs. 39. 1916. Udden, J. A., and Bybee, H. P., The Thrall oil field: Univ. Texas Bull. 66, pp. vi, 1-78, 7 pls., 7 figs. 40. 1916. Dumble, E. T., Problem of the Texas Tertiary sands: Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., vol. 26, pp. 447-476, pls. 25-27. 41. 1917. Matson, G. C., and Hopkins, 0 . B., The Corsicana oil and gas field, Texas : U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 661.F, iii-iv, pp. 211-252, pls. 17-21, figs. 30-32. 42. 1918. Dumble, E. T., The geology of East Texas: Univ. Texas Bull. 1869, 388 pp., 12 pls. 43. 1918. Liddle, R. A., The geology and mineral resources of Medina County: Univ. Texas Bull. 1860, pp. 1-177, 9 pls., 8 figs. 43a. 1919. Cooke, C. W ., Contributions to the geology and paleontology of the West Indies: Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. No. 291, p. 152, pl. 16, figs. 5a-c. 44. 1919. Sellards, E. H., Geology and mineral resources of Bexar County : Univ. Texas Bull. 1932, pp. 1-202, 1 map, 1 pl., 6 figs. 45. 1919. ---, --, Structural conditions in the oil fields of Bexar County, Texas: Bull. Am. Assoc. Petr. Geol., vol. 3, pp. 299-309. 45a. 1920. Brantley, J. E., Petroleum possibiilities of Alabama: Geol. Survey Alabama, Bull. 22, pt. 2, p. 149. 45b. 1920. Powers, Sidney, The Butler salt dome, Freestone County, Texas: Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 49, pp. 127-142, figs. 1, 2. 46. 1921. Wrather, W. E., The Mexia pool, Mexia, Texas: Bull. Am. Assoc. Petr. Geol., vol. 5, pp. 419-421. 46a. 1922. Sellards, E. H., Well records in Panola County including structural contour map: Univ. Texas Bull. 2232, pp. 1-33, 2 figs. 47. 1922. Heald, K. G., Salt domes of northeastern Texas (review of paper by Chas. A. Cheney) : Bull. Am. Assoc. Petr. Geol., vol. 6, pp. 58-59. 48. 1922. Thompson, W. C., The Midway limestone of Northeast Texas: Bull. Am. Assoc. Petr. Geol., vol. 6, p. 323-332. 48a. 1922. Vaughan, T. W., Corals from Eocene deposits of Peru: Geology and palaeontology of northwest Peru, Section D, p. 130: Mac­Millan & Co., Ltd., London, 1922. (Henry Woods and J. A. Cushman, co-authors.) 49. 1923. Lahee, F. H., The Currie field, Navarro County, Texas: Bull. Am. Assoc. Petr. Geol., vol. 7, pp. 25-36. 50. 1923. Trowbridge, A. C., A geologic reconnaissance in the Gulf Coastal Plain of Texas near the Rio Grande: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 131-D, pp. i, ii, 85-107, 1 map. 51. 1923. Gardner, Julia, New species of Mollusca from the Eocene deposits of southwestern Texas: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 131-D, pp. 109-115, pls. 29-33. 52. 1923. Fohs, F. J., Structural and stratigraphic data of Northeast Texas petroleum area : Econ. Geo!., vol. 18, pp. 709-721, 3 pls., 1 fig. 53. 1923. Robinson, H. M., The origin of the structure (of the northeast Texas petroleum area): Econ. Geol., vol. 18, pp. 722-731. 54. 1923. Jones, J. C., Suggestive evidence on the origin of petroleum and oil shale: Bull. Am. Assoc. Petr. Geol., vol. 7, pp. 67-72. 55. 1923. Huntley, L. G., The Sabine uplift: Bull. Am. Assoc. Petr. Geol., vol. 7, pp. 179-181. 56. 1923. Pratt, W. E., and Lahee, F. H., Faulting and petroleum accumula· tion at Mexia, Texas: Bull. Am. Assoc. Petr. Geo!., vol. 7, pp. 226-236. Brantley, J. E., Resume of the geology of the Gulf Coastal Plain: Bull. Am. Assoc. Petr. Geo!., vol. 8, pp. 21-28. . Hager, D. S., and Brown, I. 0., The Minerva oil field, M1 am County, Texas: Bull. Am. Assoc. Petr. Geo!., vol. 8, pp. 632-640. Lahee, F. H., Structural and stratigraphic data of northeast Texas: Econ. Geo!., vol. 19, pp. 563-565. Sellards, E. H., The Luling oil field in Caldwell County, Texas: Bull. Am. Assoc. Petr. Geo!., vol. 8, pp. 775-788. Berry, E. W., An early Eocene florule from Central Texas: U. S. Geo!. Survey Prof. Paper 132-E, pp. 87-92, pl. 23, text fig. 8. Deussen, Aleunder, Geology of the Coastal Plain of Texas west of Brazos River: U. S. Geo!. Survey Prof. Paper 126, pp. 1-139, 36 pis., 38 figs. Lahee, F. H., Comparative study of well logs on the Mexia type of structure (with discussion): Trans. Amer. Inst. of Mining and Metallurgical Eng., vol. 71, pp. 1329-1350. Gardner, J ulia, A new Midway brachiopod, Butler salt dome, Texas: Amer. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 10, pp. 134-138, figs. 1-8. Brucks, E. W., The Luling field, Caldwell and Guadalupe counties, Texas: Bull. Am. Assoc. Petr. Geo!., vol. 9, pp. 632-654. Powers, Sidney, Interior salt domes of Texas: Bull. Am. Assoc. Petr. Geo!., vol. 10, pp. 1-60, 1 pl., 14 figs. Lahee, F. H., Further notes on the origin and nature of the Currie structure, Navarro County, Texas: Bull. Am. Assoc. Petr. Geo!., vol. 10, pp. 61-71. Hull, J. P. D., Discovery of Nigger Creek oil pool, Limestone County, Texas: Bull. Am. Assoc. Petr. Geo!., vol. 10, pp. 997-998. Collingwood, D. M., and Rettger, R. E., The Lytton Springs oil Field, Caldwell County, Texas: Bull. Am. Assoc. Petr. Geo!., vol. 10, pp. 953-975. Stewart, Ralph, Gabb's California fossil type gastropods: Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Proc., vol. 78, pp. 287-447, pls. 20-32. Foley, L. L., Mechanics of the Balcones and Mexia faulting: Bull. Am. Assoc. Petr. Geo!., vol. 10, pp. 1261-1269. Plummer, Helen Jeanne, Foraminifera of the Midway formation in Texas: Univ. Texas Bull. 2644, pp. 1-206, 15 pis., 13 figs., 1 distribution table. Brucks, E. W., The geology of the San Marcos quadrangle, Texas: Bull. Am. Assoc. Petr. Geo!., vol. 11, pp. 825-851, 6 figs. Barton, D. G., Applied geophysical methods in America : Econ. Geo!,. vol. 22, pp. 649-668. Bose, Emil, and Cavins, 0. A., The Cretaecous and Tertiary of southern Texas and northern Mexico: Univ. Texas Bull. 2748, pp. 1-142, 1 map. Cooke, C. W., and Stephenson, L. W., The Eocene age of the sup· posed late Upper Cretaceous greensand marls of New Jersey: Jour. Geo!., vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 139-148, Feb.-Mar. Morley Davies, A., Fauna! migrations since the Cretaceous period: Proc. Geo!. Assoc., vol. 40, pp. 307-327, figs. 35, 36. Stewart, Ralph, Gabb's California Cretaceous and Tertiary lamelli­branchs: Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Spec. Pub. No. 3 314 17 pis. ' pp., Carter, W. T., Beck, M. W., Templin, L. H., and Hawker H W Soil survey of Milam County, Texas, 1925: U. S. De~t A ." culture, Bur. Chemistry and Soils, No. 25, Series 1925. · gn-Cox, L. R., The fossil fauna of the Samana Range and some neigh boring areas: Pt. 8, The Mollusca of the Hangu Shales, Mem: 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 62a. 62b. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 67a. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 73a. 73b. 1924. 1924. 1924. 1924. 1924. 1924. 1925. 1925. 1925. 1926. 1926. 1926. 1926. 1926. 1926. 1926. 1927. 1927. 1927. 1928. 1929. 1930. 73bb.1930. 73c. 1930. Geol. Survey of India, Paleontologia lndica, new ser., vol. 15, pp. 129-222; pis. 17-22. 73d. 1930. Getzendaner, F. M., Geologic section of Rio Grande embayment, Texas, and implied history: Bull. Am. Assoc. Petr. Geo!., vol. 14, pp. 1425-1437, map. 73e. 1932. Trowbridge, A. C., Tertiary and Quaternary geology of the lower Rio Grande region, Texas: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 837, 260 pp., 45 pis., 76 figs. 74. 1933. Plummer, Helen Jeanne, Foraminiferal evidence of the Midway­Wilcox contact in Texas: Univ. Texas Bull. 3201, pp. 51-68, 1 pl., 1932 (not distributed till 1933). 75. 1933. Claypool, C. B., The Wilcox of Central Texas: Abstract of thesis (Univ. Illinois), 12 pp., Urbana, Ill., May, 1933. 76. 1933. Sellards, E. H., Adkins, W. S., and Plummer, F. B., The geology of Texas, Vol. I, Stratigraphy: Univ. Texas Bull. 3232, 5 pts., pp. 1-819, bibliography (pp. 819-965), 11 pis. (including State geol. map), 54 figs., 1932 (not distributed till July, 1933). 77. 1933. Miller, A. K., and Thompson, M. L., The nautiloid cephalopods of the Midway group: Jour. Paleontology, vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 298­324, pis. 34--38, 4 text figs., September, 1933. 78. 1933. Gardnt~, Julia, Kincaid formation, name proposed for lower Mid­way of Texas: Bull. Am. Assoc. Petr. Geo!., vol. 17, pp. 744--747. 79. 1934. Morley Davies, A., Tertiary faunas, vol. 2, 252 pp., 1 pl., 28 figs. STRATIGRAPHIC BACKGROUND In the early Tertiary, as in the Recent epoch, eastern Texas was the western outpost of the Gulf Province. Texas shares with the other states of the deep South its early Eocene history and the major divisions of the lower Tertiary section have a common nomenclature throughout the Gulf Province. The name Midway, first used. by Smith and Johnson (15, p. 62) was taken from Midway Landing on the Alabama River, where the lower Eocene is well exposed. Synchronous deposits were laid down across Alabama into Georgia, while to the west the ocean overflowed northeast Mississippi into K•mtucky and Tennessee down through central Arkansas and in a great sigmoidal curve across east and south Texas into Mexico. The nomenclature adopted in this paper is essentially that pro­posed by Claypool in May, 1933, and adequately defined and interpreted by Plummer in the Geology of Texas published in July of the same year. Two major divisions of the Midway group are recognized: the lower or Kincaid formation and, above it, the Wills Point formation. It seemed expedient to give member status to the sandy limestone lentils and associated strata in the upper part of the Kincaid although the lenticular nature of the limestone lentils is granted. The Mexia and Kerens members in the Wills Point have been recognized but the Wortham aragonite lentil of Plummer has been interpreted as an unusually well characterized concretionary bed at the base of the Kerens. The modifications in the nomenclature may be thus charted: Plummer (76) This report c = Kerens member Kerens member ·-0 1--------------1~ ~ ·-s Wortham aragonite lentil \ Aragonite bed ~ E1--------------11------'--------I ~ J2 Mexia member Mexia member Pisgah member including Teh- Tehuacana member uacana, Rocky Cedar Creek '."S .§ and Lone Oak limestone !en- Pisgah member ~ ~ tils .5 E , --------------1~----------1 ~ 8 ·- Littig glauconite member Littig glauconitic - member The probable relationship of the Midway section in Texas to the standard Alabama section is expressed in the following table: Although the formations and members of the Midway are fairly constant in general character, through several hundred linear miles of outcrop in the State of Texas, the lithologic and faunal variations are sufficiently great to preclude the possibility of an unbroken shore line, especially during the lower Midway. The major streams of the present day were perhaps existent during the Tertiary and formed barriers, possibly of less saline water between the faunal provinces. Throughout the Tertiary a marked change in the sedi­ments and in the contained fauna is coincident with the change in strike south of San Antonio, and is doubtless inherited from the old Central Mineral region which persisted as a positive element while sediments were being deposited to the south and east. The same general conditions of sedimentation probably obtained in South Texas and in Limestone County but there was no direct com­munication between the embayments. The common species are pelagic forms such as the Bryozoa or those which pass through a pelagic larval stage or they are widely distributed types. None of the heavy­shelled inshore species such as the large V enericardia of the Rio Grande fauna have been recognized north of Bexar County. For their nearest kin we must look to the south. Possibly the South Texas that had been land since the retreat of the Cretaceous sea was near the head of the Rio Grande embayment and was covered only by a tardy invasion from the south and east. Certainly the Midway section on the Mexican side is enormously thickened and includes Midway both lower and higher than any recognized in South Texas. Although the Rio Grande section may be thinned by overlap, the wells on the Farias ranch near the Dimmit-Maverick County line reported about 300 feet of Midway and those drilled along the same structure farther east less than 200 feet, while the Midway of northern Mexico probably exceeds 1500 feet in thickness. KINCAID :FORMATION The name Kincaid formation was proposed by me in June, 1933, to include the beds in Texas unconformably overlying the Cretaceous and overlain, for the most part unconformably, by the Wills Point. This name was chosen in lieu of the old "Myrick" of Vaughan, which was unfortunately too comprehensive to be acceptable but was of historic interest and a name associated with one of the finest sections of the lower Midway exposed in the State of Texas. It seemed unfortunate that this fine outcrop, which typifies to an unusual degree the development of the lower Midway in South Texas, should not be more widely recognized. The greater part of the commercial exploration in Texas has been north of San Antonio and for that reason the sections, many of them undistinguished, exposed in North and Central Texas are much better known. The "Myrick" was so called from Myrick's (now Mr. Bob Evans') apiary which stands with a commanding view on the west bank of the Frio River. The exposure from the Cretaceous contact, three-fourths of a mile above the apiary, to the Wills Point contact one-fourth of a mile below it, is almost continuous. The Brazos and the Colorado Rivers offer finer sections of certain horizons but only the Frio offers a scarcely interrupted outcrop of the entire lower Midway from the Escondido to the Wills Point. Fig. 1. Type locality of the Kincaid formation, Frio River, Uvalde County. Three members of the Kincaid formation have been recognized: Littig glauconitic member.-The basal member, the Littig glau­conite member of Plummer (76, p. 536) was thus delimited and defined: The Littig glauconite consists of a bed of glauconitic sand from 8 inches to 15 feet or more thick at the base of the Kincaid formation. It is named for the town of Littig in the eastern edge of Travis County. The type locality i~ the exposure of the sand in the road Ph miles by road south-southwest of Littig on the south side of Wilbarger Creek. The bed consists of greenish­black calcareous glauconite weathering to yellowish-green or buff color and containing phosphate nodules, small pebbles, shark's teeth, casts of fossils, and spherical, calcareous concretions. Pisgah member.-The middle member, the Pisgah, was also first used by Plummer (76, p. 536), though with a wider meaning than in the present report. The name Pisgah member is here applied to the series of glauconitic and fossiliferous sands and clays between the Littig glauconitic member and the Tehuacana member. The name is adopted from Pisgah Ridge in Navarro County on the road between Richland and Wortham, 6 miles north of the Limestone County line. The Pisgah member as restricted consists of clay, glauconitic clay, and sandy calcareous clay underlain conformably by the Littig glauconitic member and overlain conformably by the Tehuacana. The glauconite and sands are not interbedded but occur in pockets and stringers in the clay. The associated concretions are large, with rough surfaces and little structure and are not abundant. The Tehuacana member was included by Plummer under the Pisgah, but although its lenticular nature is recognized, its prom­inence both topographically and historically seems to justify its acceptance in the stratigraphic nomenclature of the Midway. Tehuacana member.-The Tehuacana member, a name here used in a strictly stratigraphic sense, includes the calcareous, glauconitic sands, characteristically indurated with a calcareous cement, the heavy glauconitic, highly fossiliferous, loosely indurated sands with or without phosphatic nodules, and all other equivalent deposits between the top of the Pisgah member and the base of the Wills Point formation. As explained in the chapter on Limestone County, the name Tehuacana "limestone" commonly applied to this unit is largely a misnomer, although it does contain intercalated sandy limestone lenses. The lower part of the Tehuacana is typically exposed along the western face of the scarp on which the town of Tehuacana stands. The higher horizons are best represented in the quarry one-half mile east of the town. About 72 feet of section are included in the Tehuacana outcrops. Near the base are two oyster beds, the lower about 20 feet above the contact and the equivalent of the oyster bed outcropping on Pisgah Ridge. The second oyster bed is about 10 feet higher than the first and about 10 feet below the horizon rich in turritellas. The venericardias so abundant in central Limestone County are at the top of the Tehuacana. The densely indurated fossiliferous beds are separated by coarse quartz sands of varying thicknesses, some of them loose, some loosely indurated. The resistant, indurated beds of this member produce a prominent topographic feature along an interrupted line of outcrop from Kauf­man County to the Rio Grande. The maximum thickness in the outcrop is less than 100 feet but the indicated thickness in the logs approximates 200 feet. Plummer (76, p. 544) has noted that the limestones of the Tehuacana disappear a few miles down dip. WILLS POINT FORMATION The name "Basal or Wills Point clays" was introduced by Penrose (17, pp. 19-22) in 1890 to cover the entire Midway section. Harris (28, pp. 15, 41) , the first to circumscribe the name, con­sidered Wills Point not as a stratigraphic but as a geographic term, analogous to his Rocky Cedar Creek limestone. However, he correlat­ed it quite properly with the upper Midway, and the formation as it is here used is contained within the stratigraphic limits which he imposed upon it. The Wills Point formation thus restricted is a series of bedded sandy clays and clayey sands approximating 600 feet in maximum thickness overlying the Tehuacana member of the Kincaid formation and underlying the sands and laminated clays of the Wilcox. The fauna both micro-and macroscopic is rather meager but the formation is exceptionally well characterized by the abundant concretions which vary in size, color, texture and chemical content with the horizon in which they occur. The formation includes two distinctive members, the Mexia member and the Kerens member. The terms Mexia member and Kerens member first appeared in print in the abstract of a thesis upon the Wilcox of Central Texas, by Chester Burns Claypool, in May, 1933. He defined the Mexia member (75, p. 5) as "Dark clays, only slightly fossiliferous except for foraminifera." The following description is given by Plummer (76, p. 559): "The Mexia member consists of dark, thinly laminated or compact fossiliferous clays 50 to 75 feet or more thick, of a fairly deep-water, marine facies and having a thin, glauconitic sand layer at its base ( V enericardia bulla zone) . The member is limited at the base by the Kincaid formation and bounded at the top by the Wortham aragonite layer. The type locality is the clay pit at the brick yard in the west edge of the town of Mexia, Limestone County." The aragonite bed, a thin, concretionary limestone very rarely seen in place, was given member status by Plummer (76, p. 559), but it is considered in this report as a basal precipitate of the Kerens member. The Kerens member was characterized by Claypool (75, p. 5), as "Silts and clays, light gray to blue gray. Some laro-e concretions locally. Much glauconite. Marine with many mollusca and foraminifera." Plummer (76, p. 559) thus characterized the Kerens member: "The Kerens member consists of dark gray, silty or sandy clay. It occupies the upper two-thirds of the Wills Point formation and is overlain by the basal beds of the Wilcox group. The member is of variable thickness. In Brazos River valley it is about 300 feet thick. In Trinity River valley it is estimated to have a maximum thickness of 450 or possibly 500 feet. The type locality comprises the exposures along Trinity River north of the St. Louis and South­western Railroad east of the town of Kerens in Navarro County. An especially good exposure is at the old Humble Oil and Refining Company pumping plant on Trinity River about one mile north of the new highway east from Kerens." The Wills Point formation has been interpreted as deposits laid down in a slowly shallowing sea. The lower Midway (Kincaid formation) was apparently a period of rather marked diastrophic movement. The streams were rejuvenated and cut rapidly into the Cretaceous sands, possibly to the Woodbine. At the opening of the Wills Point there was a fairly abrupt change in the character of sedimentation. The streams were restricted largely in their activities to formations such as the Navarro and the Taylor. Not only was the source of the coarse sands apparently cut off but also the source of the abundant lime. It is possible that the Wills Point may have been sandy up dip but no record of such a deposit is known. It seems more probable that the Wills Point muds and silts were transported by old sluggish streams meandering through a low hinterland of Navarro and Taylor and were laid down in quiet waters of no considerable depth. The Wills Point probably represents an appreciable time interval, much more than half of the entire Midway, a period, according to the latest estimates, believed to be in the order of six million years. At the close of the Wills Point the sea was for the most part with­drawn though marine sedimentation was probably continued in the Brazos River embayment, north of the Colorado River in Bastrop County, along the Guadalupe and Medina River basins and in the Rio Grande embayment. The clays of the Mexia member of the Wills Point are the probable equivalents of the lower fossiliferous part of the Naheola of Ala­bama and the Kerens member of the barren concretionary sands and clays of the Naheola. The debatable "Coal Bluff beds" of Alabama ( 45a, p. 149), a series of 60 to 90 feet of nonmarine sands and clays, with a basal lignite bed of 2 to 7 feet, now referred to the basal Wilcox may be the equivalents of the sands near New Hope and some of the Solomon Branch section south of Elgin. TOPOGRAPHY The topography of the Midway group is an expression of the character of the Midway deposits and of the forces of nature acting upon them. Only a single member, the Tehuacana member of the Kincaid formation, is sufficiently thick and sufficiently resis:ant to be a scenery maker. Along an interrupted line of outcrop from Kaufman County to the Rio Grande this sandy limestone or cal­careous sandstone stands out conspicuously between the underlying clays, sandy clays, and greensands of the Pisgah member and the overlying sandy clays and clayey sands of the Wills Point forma­tion. Though the surface outcrops are not comparable in thickness to those recorded in well logs, the scarps in Limestone and Falls counties and in Maverick County dominate the landscape and affect the minor drainage. The climate in Limestone and Falls counties is less arid than in Maverick and the area of outcrop is largely under cultivation. Maverick County, on the other hand, is still a ranching country and the resistant Tehuacana ridge, bare or covered only with sparse chaparral, can be followed from Comanche Creek to the Rio Grande. In north Texas the Tehuacana member is underlain by a varying thickness of greensands, clays and clayey sands. Only the Littig glauconitic member, rarely more than a few inches in thickness, has any resistance. It is relatively harder than the under­lying Cretaceous, and this character emphasized by the greenish cast of the soil traces faintly the contact line from Hunt County to Guadalupe. South of Bexar County the Tehuacana member directly overlies the Cretaceous or is separated from it by thin, soft glau­conitic sands. The Cretaceous of the Mexican Border is more sandv than that north of Bexar County and carries hard beds which weathe~ into rather high relief, so that on topography alone the Tehuacana and the Escondido are not readily separable. In the extreme north­eastern part of the State also, in Franklin, Titus, and Bowie counties where the Wills Point clays are in contact with Navarro clays: the separation is often difficult, for there is no break in the topography and very little in the soil. The remarkable flat "prairies" of Bowie, Titus, and Franklin counties are, for the most part, Wills Point, though DeKalb and Wyatt Prairies in Bowie County are of Upper Cretaceous age. The Wills Point is typically an open prairie country with a dark gray fine sandy or loamy soil. The vegetation is for the most part short grasses and mesquite. The Wilcox topography is much more broken, the soil is coarser and redder, and the buffalo grass and mesquite of the Midway give place abruptly to black jack and an occasional live oak. In the soil and in the vegetation the Wilcox of East and Northeast Texas very closely resembles some of the river terrace deposits. The curious mounds of Northeast Texas which have been discussed under Titus County give little evidence of being raised by natural forces. AREAL DISTRIBUTION The areal distribution of the Midway group is briefly considered in its outcrop from northeast to southwest across the State. A uniform treatment is not attempted. Many of the counties, particularly in Northeast Texas, are already adequately covered by reports in readily accessible publications. "The Cenozoic Systems in Texas," pt. 3 of The University of Texas Bulletin 3232, not only sketches clearly the broad outlines but in Northeast Texas has filled in many of the significant details. The Midway of South Texas is not so well known and the discussion of that area in this paper is more ambitious. BOWIE COUNTY Only the upper part of the Wills Point, the Kerens member, is exposed in Bowie County. A very dense yellow gray clay carrying little or no mica and fretted along the outer surfaces and cleavage faces with ferro-magnesian dendrites outcrops in an east-west belt between the marine and lithologically very fine clays of the Cre­taceous and the nonmarine more sandy and often laminated clays and shales of the Wilcox. The Midway clays are, as a rule, obscurely bedded and break with a conchoidal fracture into biscuit-shaped objects. The little mica that is present is biotite and in very small flakes. The clay is reduced by washing to a small residue of rounded The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 quartz grains and iron pellets and -crusts. Fossils are absent or extremely rare. Thin discoidal limonite concretions and cone-in-cone are commonly associated with the clays. The exposure of the Midway in the faulted section at Buzzards Bluff on the Arkansas side of the Red River is much finer than anything observed in Bowie County. A Midway-Wilcox contact has also been observed in the clay pits of the Texarkana Pipe Works north of Texarkana, secs. 4 and 9, T. 15 S., R. 28 W., Miller County, Arkansas. Leaves determined as Wilcox by E. W. Berry were recovered from the southern pit, while 16 feet of clay similar to that exposed in the Midway section of Buzzards Bluff was exposed in the northern pit in 1924. The Midway-Wilcox contact was established 3Yz miles north of Texarkana by the outcropping of Midway clays in a low cut of the Kansas City Southern Railway to the north of a conspicuous Wilcox outcrop. The clays are unusually sandy, but the sand occurs in pockets rather than in layers and large limonite concretions are associated with the clays. On the north side of the Texarkana-New Boston highway, one-half mile east of Hooks, very dense nonmicaceous clays outcrop. These are probably of Midway age, though there is scant evidence in the way of fossils and no associated concretions. Beds lithologically similar to those north of Texarkana outcrop 4 miles east of Antioch School, 2% miles south of Hooks. Clays with small discoidal ferruginous con­cretions are exposed at low water on either side of the bridge over McGee Creek, lYz miles east of Godley's Prairie Church, 2Yz miles west by south of Boston, and concretionary clays on Rice Creek, 1 mile south of Godley's Prairie Church. The shales outcropping to the south along a small north branch of Ande!son Creek, between Rice Creek and McGee Creek, are of Wilcox age. Sandy Midway days and shales with associated limonite concretions and cone­in-cone are well exposed in the roadside ditch, one-half m;le west of Pine Lake, 8 miles west of Boston and near Anderson Creek. The contact probably falls between Pine Lake and the sandy shales out­cropping 2 miles north of Siloam Church. The shales near the Siloam Church are slightly carbonaceous. Midway clays with associated limonite cores are exposed in dry seasons in the bed of Ward Creek, 4 miles northeast of Dalby Springs. The Midway and Cretaceous outcrops are largely obscured by terrace materials hut The Univeralty ofTexaa Bulletin 3301 Plate 2 Airplane photoaraph (acale approximately 2~In. • I ml.) of a part of the area between Dalby 8prlnca and the Bowle-Red River county line In Bowle Oounty, ahowlnc •mall mounda. fossiliferous clays of uppermost Cretaceous age are excellently exposed in Anderson Creek, one-fourth of a mile southeast of the bridge on the road from Oak Grove southwest to Bigwoods School, Bowie County. Well cores indicate a Midway section much thicker than that established by surface outcrops. The area indicated in Figure 2 is that covered by the airplane photograph reproduced on Plate 2. The key map is cut from the Bassett quadrangle west of Dalby Springs. The scale of the quad­rangle map is l inch to the mile, that of the air map about 2% inches to the mile. The curious mounds, so remarkable a topographic feature in the lower Mississippi Valley drainage, stipple much of the surface. Fig. 2. Key map to Plate 2. The area covered by the photograph is outlined by the black rectangular line. TITUS COUNTY In Titus County, as in Bowie County, probably only the Kerens member of the Wills Point is present. The trend of the Midway across southeastern Red River and northwestern Titus counties is very much obscured by the terrace deposits along Sulphur River, and in western Titus the outcrop is widened by the repetition of beds due to faulting. The Wills Point is probably the surface formation in the cotton fields of the Blalocks, about 6 miles east of Talco ( Goolesboro) but no good outcrops were observed. The Browne wells in the extreme northeastern comer show Wilcox at the surface. The arroyos to the south and east of Daphne offer some very remark­able outcrops of uppermost Wills Point, or possibly basal Wilcox. A trench 9 feet deep extending for probably half a mile cuts laminated shales dipping west at a low angle. The sandy layers are very thin, the clays much less so. The associated concretions are rather small, and discoidal, with hollow centers and show no marked regularity of arrangement. Cone-in-cone and fossil wood are rare. Daphne Prairie in western Titus and eastern Franklin counties is conspicuously flat, suggesting some of the country between Hagans­port and Talco. It does not show, however, the curious circular mounds (see pl. 2 and fig. 2) observed in northern Titus, Franklin, and Bowie counties. These mounds, which have been discussed by Stephenson, Veatch and others,1 have never been adequately explained. An explanation must cover the following remarkable features: (1) Their distribution over wide areas in Oklahoma, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas; (2) approximate uniformity of size; (3) symmetry; (4) uniformity in spacing; (5) absence of any remains of former animal habitation; ( 6) absence of any human artifacts or bones. They stipple entire counties, are 10 to 100 feet in diameter and 2 to 6 feet in altitude, uniformly and rather closely spaced but only lBuckley, S. B., Mounds formed by the cutting ant, Myrmica texana : Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila· delphia, Proc., vol. 13, p. 9, 1861. Lockett, S. H., First Ann. Rept. Topographic Survey, La., for 1869, pp. 66-67, 1870. Foster, I. W., Prehistoric races of the United States, 2d ed., Chicago, pp. 121-122, 1873. Marquis de Nadaillac, Prehistoric America, translated by N. d'Anvers, p. 182, 1895. Bushnell, D. I., Jr., American Anthropolog:st, pp. 294--298, pl. 12, 1904. Veatch, A. C., The question of the origin of the natural mounds of Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas: Science, n.s., vol. 21, p. 310, 1905. Branner, J, C., Natural mounds or hog wallows : Science, n.s., vol. 21, pp. 514-516, 1905. Purdue, A. H., Concerning natural mounds : Science, n.s., vol. 21, pp. 823-824, 190S. Bushnell, D. I., Jr., The small mounds of th«! United States : Science, n.s., vol. 22, pp, 712_ 714, 1905. Veatch, A. C., On the human origin of the small mounds of the lower Mississippi Valley and Texas : Science, n.s., vol. 23, pp. 34-36, 1906. --, -, Geology and underground water resources of northern Louisiana and southern Arkansas : U. S. Geo!. Survey Prof. Paper 46, pp. 55-59, 1906. Stephenson, L. W., and Crider, A. F., Geology and ground waters of northeastern Arkansas: U. S. Geo!. Survey Water-Supply Paper 399, pp. 30-31, 1916. rarely iir·contact. It is not credible that any force of degradation, such as gullying, could have so dotted hundreds of square miles. The force, whatever it was, built up the mounds rather than wore down the intervening areas. Similar mounds are produced in small numbers around the "suck-holes" of the salines, hut the mounds in question are independent of the surface formation and there is no reason to suppose that they are associated with any accumulation of gas. The soil is fairly loose and is essentially like that in the inter­vening areas between the mounds. The mounds are not limited to a single formation or soil so that wind action could not have been the potent factor. Organisms have been suggested, both vertebrate and invertebrate. It is hard to understand how any vertebrate, either a mound-building rodent or a mound-building man, could have colonized to such an extent without leaving some other trace of its former existence. Against the origin by some lower form of life such as the social ants, there is the argument that some trace of the underground passages might reasonably be expected to persist. Nothing of that nature has been observed in those mounds which have been sectioned by the highways. Dr. Robert T. Hill has sug­gested in conversation, the explanation that seems the most plausible, that the lands stippled by the mounds are the old early American cornfields and that the soil was banked about the roots of the corn to hold the moisture. Whatever the agent, it operated in recent years, geologically speaking, for mounds such as these would not retain their uniformity of size and spacing for any long period of time. In cultivated fields the mounds are being rapidly reduced to the general level of the intervening areas. FRANKLIN COUNTY The Midway is the dominant formation in the northern half of Franklin County although the outcrop is greatly obscured by the heavy terrace deposits along White Oak Creek and Sulphur River. West of Mount Vernon the Midway-Wilcox contact runs south of the Cotton Belt Railroad (St. Louis & Southwestern), but east of Mount Vernon it bends rather sharply to the north. As in Titus and Bowie Counties, only the Wills Point formation is certainly present, hut the Mexia member of the Wills Point has been recognized in western Franklin County. Faulting, probably en echelon, accounts for the repetition of the beds north of White Oak Creek and for the occurrence of Wills Point along the Sulphur Bluff-Hagansport-Talco ( Goolesboro) road. No Midway-Cretaceous contact was observed, but the Cretaceous is well exposed about 2 miles north of Needmore in the extreme northwest corner of Franklin County. In this vicinity a quite highly fossiliferous resistant limestone forms a high wooded hill descend­ing abruptly to Sulphur Bottom. The limestone weathers to a red soil contrasting strongly with the black lands of the bottom less than half a mile below. About a mile and a half north of Hagansport, the topography suggests that north of Needmore. No limestone boulders were observed, and large "oyster shells" similar to those north of Sulphur Bluff were reported by hunters. In the eastern half of the county no trace of the Cretaceous was found, and it is proba~le that it disappears beneath the alluvium in South Sulphur Bottom, about 1 mile east of the road leading north from Hagansport. The full thickness of the Midway section is apparently present in some of the wells, hut neither the Littig glauconitic member nor the Pisgah member of the Kincaid formation has been recognized in surface outcrops. The very fine sandy, yellow shaly clays out­cropping 2 miles southeast of Needmore are referred to the lower part of the Wills Point formation. Associated with them are calcare­ous nodules, argillaceous concretions and curious flattened concre­tions of the same yellow sand that makes up the matrix. The inner layer of the flattened concretions is cellular and stained black with limonite, and the center is commonly raised to form a boss. Some of these concretions run as large as dinner plates but they are more commonly 4 inches or 5 inches in diameter. A similar assemblage with a small associated fauna is well exposed in Hopkins County, 11/z to 2 miles north of Mahoney on the Dike road. Similar calcareous nodules are present in great abundance along the roadside half a mile north of the intersection of the highway and the St. Louis & Southwestern Railroad 2 miles west of Mount Vernon. Fossils have been reported from some of these nodules. The western half of Franklin County is more closely associated structurally with Hopkins County, the eastern half with Titus County. The faulting which brings to the surface the yellow shales southeast of Needmore is probably the broken continuation of the Sulphur Bluff fault. The manganese clays of the Kerens member of the Wills Point, which outcrop at intervals from Hagansport east to Lavada and the Titus County line, doubtless owe their position to the same faulting which has dropped down the Wills Point and Wil­cox near Talco. The absence of the Kincaid north of Hagansport may be due to overlap. The surface trace of the Talco faulting is uncertain, for the contact of the Wilcox north of White Oak Creek is obscured by the terrace deposits. All of the Midway outcrops are included on those areas mapped on the soil maps of the Department of Agriculture under the Houston clay, the Wilson loam and the Lufkin fine sandy loam. Some Wilcox and some terrace materials are also included under these captions. HOPKINS AND HUNT COUNTIES In eastern Hunt and northwestern Hopkins counties, the strike of the Midway swerves from a general east-west direction to a north­northeast and south-southwest trend. The angle of the change of strike was a zone of stress and weakness and is now, in consequence, a zone of faulting. To the eastward the Kincaid formation is rarely recognized; to the southward it outcrops in a narrow but for the most part continuous band to the Guadalupe County line, and from Medina County to the Rio Grande. The Kincaid in eastern Hunt and western Hopkins counties includes a few inches of the Littig glauconitic member frequently with phosphatic nodules and the Pisgah member, a yellow brown foraminiferal clay or clayey sand, a gray foraminiferal sand and sandy clay and either a thin yel­low impure limestone or its equivalent. A molluscan fauna, possibly lower than any of which we have adequate knowledge, is indicated in the coarsely glauconitic greensand reported from South Sulphur River (U.S.G.S. Sta. 13352), 5 miles north of Cumby.2 A meager fauna was also collected from Pisgah foraminiferal sands 2 miles north of Cumby. The most characteristic species is a high, rounded­trigonal V enericardia about 1 inch in diameter and with numerous ribs. The species is related to V. moa but it is known only from molds and can not be determined with assurance. The Kincaid formation has been reported from south and west of Tira, 4 miles north of Birthright, but east of Tira it has not been recognized. Good outcrops of the faulted Kincaid beds in Hunt County have been recorded by 2Thia coll~tion was made by Russ in 1907 from a vaguely cited locality which has not since been recognized and in an area which is mapped as Cretaceous. The collection has been retained, however> and mention is here made of it because of its unusual character. 36 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 Mrs. Plummer (69, p. 45), and adequate though not very striking outcrops occur on the northern edge of Commerce in a roadside ditch along the Paris highway. South and west of Campbell the faulted Kincaid has been traced almost to Cowleech Fork of the Sabine River. A small collection sent in by Mrs. D. A. Saunders of Greenville, from 14 miles southeast of Greenville on the Lone Oak pike, was doubtless made from the same very low Kincaid horizon as that recorded from 5 miles north of Cumby. The species includ:! Ostrea pulaskensis, a rather broad and compressed Venericardia allied to V. moa of South Texas, and a high inflated species of the same genus with 15 to 20 ribs. The belt of Kincaid thus exposed is only a fraction of a mile in width. The Quinlan fault lets down a sliver of basal Kincaid 7 to 10 miles west of the normal belt of outcrop. This has been traced for about a mile southwest of Quinlan and with some interruptions for several miles to the northeast. The fault doubtless extends for some distance beyond the limits of the Midway. The Lone Oak lent] is represented by a sandy yellow limestone exposed in Lone Oak Quarry. Highly fossiliferous Kincaid sands were collected by Stephenson and Cook, about 11/z miles west of Lone Oak and 140 feet above the base. The Wills Point occupies the greater part of the northern half of Hopkins County and the southeastern corner of Hunt. The Kerens member of the Wills Point, so well developed in Bowie, Titus, and Franklin counties, is also present in Hopkins, but it occupies a position of much lesser importance in the section. The Mexia member of the Wills Point, on the contrary, is very well developed. The best observed exposure of this member is in north­central Hopkins in a ditch on the west side of the Dike-Mahoney road a little more than one mile north of Mahoney, 7 miles north­west of Sulphur Springs. Harsh, sandy clays or shales, dark gray when wet, yellow grayish brown when dry, are exposed with some interruptions along the north slope of Caney Creek. The relatively sandy layers oxidize more rapidly than the gray clays, giving to the materials a streaky gray and yellow brown aspect. Mica is common but the flakes are small. The associated concretions are numerous and of several types. Large dark blue argillaceous concretions with crackled Lmonitic centers are common. More characteristic how . . . . , ever, are the sandy d1sco1dal or flattened elliptical concretions aver · • agmg 4 to 5 inches in diameter, though some of them a'.·e much la rger, frequently elevated in the center, and cellular within. The interior is commonly stained with a black oxide of iron, and it is probably the iron that is present that makes them very noticeably heavy. Tests for strontium and barite were negative. Calcareous nodules which exhibit the same texture are similar in chemical composition. Compressed calcareous tubes are also present, and a meager fauna which includes Balanophyllia ponderosa texana Vaughan and Popenoe, an undetermined Leda and Modiolaria and a scrap of a nautiloid. The same horizon is probably represented on the Sulphur Springs-Birthright road on the south slope of White Oak Bayou and also about 4% miles south of Birthright and repeated by faulting about 3 miles south of Sulphur Bluff. The aragonite bed at the base of the Kerens, indicated by the "rosette concretions," is traceable almost to the Franklin County line and has been, all in all, the most dependable criterion in working the faults in the Wills Point of central and eastern Hopkins County. From Birthright northeast, almost to the Cretaceous contact, large angular quartzite boulders, many of them highly glazed and showing a peculiar pitted surface, which may result from the decomposition of a former constituent, occur at significantly frequent intervals. They are apparently of Wilcox age and similar to those in place at Rock Hill, 5 miles east of Sulphur Springs. Their present distribu­tion cannot be explained by stream action for the drainage is to the east and not the north. The shales outcropping on the western edge of Brashear are remarkably well bedded and thinly laminated for the Kerens member of the Wills Point. The sand is whiter and finer and better sorted than is usual for even the sandy clays of the Daphne Prairie section. In the course of road construction a IO to 12-inch layer of indurated sandy shale carrying a few shell fragments and macerated plant remains was exposed half a mile west of Brashear. Boulders, prob­ably derived in large measure from the indurated shales, were associated with them and like them carry a few molluscan and plant remains. It is possible that the Midway fossils reported from the branches of Big Creek 4 miles and more east of Miller Grove are referable to this same horizon. An anomalous outcrop 1 mile north of Peerless on the Cooper road may also be related. A roadside gully leading down to Sulphur Bottom exposes 8 feet of thinly laminated shales with fine sandy layers carrying an unusual amount of mica and macerated plant remains. No associated concretions were observed. The nearby soil is reddish, and silicio'us boulders and fossil wood are scattered about. These may, however, have been distributed by South Sulphur, and although suggestive of the Wilcox, too much importance should not be attached to the evidence. The , outcrop is very close to the Campbell fault which brings the apex of the faulted Cretaceous wedge east to Peerless. RAINS AND VAN ZANDT COUNTIES The contact lines from southern Hunt County to the Brazos River are based largely on data generously furnished by the commercial companies, and from southern Hunt through Limestone County there is little to be added to the already published material. The western third of Rains County is included within the area of the Midway outcrop, but the Kincaid formation is restricted to a strip for the most part little more than a mile wide, which follows the Hunt-Rains County line and borders the trigonal area of faulted Cretaceous in southeastern Hunt County. The Midway occupies the northwestern and extreme western part of Van Zandt County. The core drills made in the Sabine River valley indicate a swing in the strike south of the river, in line with the outcrop of the faulted Cretaceous in extreme southern Hunt County. The type locality of the Wills Point was happily chosen for the town of Wills Point is on the strike of the aragonite bed at the base of the Kerens member, and good outcrops of the Mexia member are to be found to the west and, of the Kerens member, to the north­east and the south-southwest of the village. KAUFMAN COUNTY In Kaufman County the general trend of the Cretaceous-Midway contact is almost due north and south from a point less than a mile east of the Texas Midland railroad on the Hunt County line to the Henderson County line, south of Kemp, where the exact contact is obscured by the wash from the tributaries of the Trinity River. The greater part of this area is occupied by the Kincai·d fo t• rma ion, though the Wills Point overlaps the Van Zandt County li· th ne nor and south of Cobb and occupies the southeast corner. The Cret aceous contact is fringed by a series of northeast-southwest faults approxi­mately parallel. The McCoy fault, which brings up a southwest trend­ing tongue of Cretaceous in the extreme northeast corner, is continued from Hunt County. The others, with the possible exception of the Elmo fault, have not been traced for more than 10 miles. The surface geology has been mapped largely on the Tehuacana member and the repetition of the beds in this well marked horizon. The prevalence of Cedar in the place names of northern Kaufman County -Cedar Grove, Cedar Creek, Rocky Cedar Creek-is indicative of Tehuacana outcrops. Good exposures of the Tehuacana carrying an abundant hut poorly preserved fauna, and locally known as the "old sea floor," are to he found below the dam on Rocky Cedar midway between Elmo and Wills Point. Above the dam the water is ponded as far as the Texas & Pacific Railway bridge about half a mile upstream. The limestone in this section, unlike that of Lime­stone County, weathers black, like the Buda, and exposes the fossils only on the fresh surfaces. In Limestone County, on the contrary, the Turritellas and Venericardias are, as a rule, more resistant than the matrix that contains them, and stand out in high relief upon the weathered surfaces while all attempts to break them out from fresh surfaces result in failure. A low Midway fauna is recorded on the upthrow side of the Ola fault. Collections including a number of well preserved individuals of common species and a few fine rare forms have been made by Stanton, Stephenson, C. E. Cook, and other members of the Federal Survey from the ledge-forming glauconitic sandy limestone which outcrops at a number of localities in the vicinity of Water Hill northeast of Kemp. Cucullaea is the most prolific form, but Callocardia, Venericardia and Turritella are conspicuous members of the fine assemblage. The relatively large number of corals is also worthy of note. This is the most northern molluscan fauna in the Texas Midway sufficiently abundant and sufficiently well preserved to serve as a satisfactory basis for comparison. Many of the species are new, hut the major characters of the fauna are similar to those of the Tehuacana member in Limestone County and south of San Antonio. The minor differences, recognized in many cases by subspecies, are sufficiently marked to make it improbable that the fauna if con­temporaneous lived along a common shore line with the fauna of the Tehuacana of Limestone County. It is quite possible that the break in the Tehuacana at the Trinity River valley represents an old barrier effective at the close of Kincaid time. There is very little recorded information on the area southeast of Kemp. The silt is very heavy south of Kings Creek, and no outcrops have been reported south of the Texas & Pacific Railroad. The Riley No. 1, on the Gregorio Ybarbo Survey, 4 miles south­east of Kemp about a mile north of the railroad, did not reach the Cretaceous at 242 feet. HENDERSON COUNTY The areal geology of western Henderson County is so obscured by the thick silts and other terrace deposits from the Trinity River that neither contacts nor fault lines can be traced across from Kauf­man to Navarro County. The Tehuacana member has not been detected in either the well logs or in surface outcrops, and there is no certain outcrop of the Kincaid recorded. It is possible that it is faulted out as it is in Navarro County. The Plummers have made classic an excellent section of the Wills Point extending for at least half a mile along the Trinity River at Burton's Bluff, l1/2 miles above the Trinity Valley store on the Kerens-Athens road. Discoidal ferruginous concretions are present but at no well defined horizon. The Miller No. 1 well, less than a mile northeast of Tarkenton Ford on the Trinity River, went into the Upper Cre­taceous between 152 and 192 feet. No Tehuacana was recorded in the well. NAVARRO COUNTY The greatest oil production in the Mexia fault zone is that of southern Navarro and northern Limestone counties. The Midway bibliography during the five years from 1922 to 1927 includes a long list of important papers on the structure of this belt. The Cretaceous-Midway contact north of Angus is a faulted con­ tact which cuts out the Kincaid formation. One m]e northwest of Angus the thin edge of the faulted Kincaid touches the Te.xas Central Railroad, and from this point the Kincaid strikes almost due south to Tehuacana, in a belt averaging less than 2 miles in width and in.eluding such notable . outcrops as Richland Quarry and Pisgah Ridge. A small collect10n from the scarp, 7 miles northwest of Wortham, was submitted by Deussen. The material is highly fos­siliferous hut the fossils are very poorly preserved and most of them determinable only generically. As in the so-called limestone at the Richland Quarry, there is a high percentage of sand and a very appreciable amount of glauconite present. An uncommonly interesting phase of the Tehuacana is exposed in Richland Quarry. The sands which in northeastern Kaufman County underlie the limestone and are more than a hundred feet thick are absent and the limestone rests directly upon the Cretaceous. Lithologically the Richland Quarry outcrop has much in common with the basal greensand as it is developed in Caldwell County. Glauconite is present in very appreciable quantities though it is by no means uniform in its distribution. Rolled phosphatic pebbles, fish teeth, and reworked Cretaceous fossils such as Baculites are common. The abundance of calcite, some of it in veins almost 2 inches in width, is, however, peculiar to this area and is related, possibly, to the proximity to a fault zone. The soft marly layers, yellowish brown in color, intercalated between the ledges of resistant limestone, are similar to those in other outcrops at this horizon, and the fauna with the abundant Conopeum damicornis and the crab claws is typical of the Tehuacana. The western margin of the Kincaid belt is the normal Cretaceous­Midway contact; the Tehuacana fault defines the eastern margin. The Corsicana grahen, perhaps the most important structural feature of the Midway of Navarro County, is surficially a belt of Wills Point beds striking north-northeast. The Corsicana fault which has brought Wills Point clay down against the Cretaceous on the west, has been traced from the Trinity River almost to Richland Creek. South of Angus the Corsicana fault is offset by the Tehuacana fault, the western boundary of the Corsicana grahen through southern Navarro and northern Limestone counties. The eastern and southern margin of the grahen in Navarro County is delimited by the East Bazette, the Powell, the Richland, the Currie and the Wortham faults en echelon. The Wills Point-Wilcox contact bends downstream on the Trinity almost to Trinidad; on Rush Creek, to within 2 or 3 miles of the county line and on Richland Creek almost to the Freestone County line. South of Richland Creek it gradually narrows, and at Street· man, which is very close to the contact, the Wills Point is less than 42 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 10 miles in width. The Wilcox has not been recognized in Navarro County west of the Trinity and Brazos Valley Railroad, excepting that brought down by the Wortham fault which may touch and overpass the Freestone-Navarro County line. FREESTONE COUNTY Although the area occupied by the Midway deposits is restricted to the extreme western corner and a salt dome near the Trinity River, Freestone County offers a few very interesting outcrops. No Kincaid has been recognized. The normal Midway-Wilcox contact crosses the Navarro County line on the edge of Streetman and the Limestone County line almost due east of Mexia. A narrow belt of Wilcox is dropped down along the Wortham fault and there is a small isolated Wilcox area on the Navarro County line. The excellent outcrops in the vicinity of New Hope on one of the head branches of Tehuacana Creek have served as check sections for the Midway­Wilcox border line ( 69, pp. 52-54, fig. 11). Thin-bedded selenitic shales dusted with sulphur-yellow grains, probably copiapite, becom­ing increasingly carbonaceous and decreasingly fossiliferous toward the upper part of the section are exposed to a maximum thickness of 10 feet in both the east and the west branches near the New Hope settlement. Ferruginous concretions staining reddish brown, com­monly reaching 3 feet in diameter, and usually broader than they are high, occur throughout the section though they are more uniform in occurrence and in arrangement in the lower half. The fossils include fragile and not very well preserved individuals of Leda, Callocardia, and V olutocorbis. An equivalent section is probably offered in the Daphne Prairie succession of Franklin and Titus counties, and on the Solomon farm, 6 miles south of Elgin in Bastrop county. The structural relations of the Butler salt dome, the surface geology and the topographic features have been adequately treated by Sidney Powers (45b, pp. 127-142, figs. 1, 2) and certain observations have been made upon the fauna (62b). The outcrop at the salt dome has been thus described by Powers ( 45b pp. 134 135). ' ' The most readily traced horizon on the southwest side of the d · f d . ome is oun on the east side of the Hollow. Rows of sideritic concretions di.pp· mg 70 d egrees west are exposed above beds of plastic blue clay at the south side of the north road to Butler. The larger concretions are about 1 foot wide and 4 feet long. They consist of an outer layer of cone-in-cone structure from 1 inch to 6 inches in thickness with a center 3 to 8 inches thick composed of calcareous, sandy siderite. Small balls 1h inch to 1 inch in diameter also occur in the center and represent small siderite concretions. Fossils, especially small corals, are found throughout the larger concretions, but they are practically destroyed in the cone-in-cone rims. They are not found in the smaller concretions, which are almost wholly limonite replacing siderite without cone-in-cone structure. The shales exposed at the side of the road contain a few flat limonite con­cretions less than a foot in diameter and the shales are occasionally streaked with yellow. Selenite crystals of small size are also present. The shale breaks up into tiny angular fragments. It is a very pure clay, is very different from the typical sandy shales of the Wilcox and is believed to be of Midway age. Large unfossiliferous concretions similar to some of those associated with the fossils, are exlJOsed north of the Hollow near the bridge and also south of the fossil locality in three places. The latter outcrops show argillaceous sands of white to yellow color . . . . Another locality where fossils were collected is on the Oakwood road at the top of the hill north of the saline. Other similar concretions, but without fossils, were found between the Bonner's Ferry road and the saline as indicated on the map. Medium-sized grains of glauconite are locally present in ap­preciable numbers. This bed of concretionary limestone carries a fauna quite distinct from that of the Tehuacana member. Although the most abundant species are peculiar to the locality, some of the rarer forms have decided Wilcox affinities and if it were not for a few such presumably diagnostic species as Volutocorbis limopsis, there would not be sufficient justification for referring the fauna to the Midway. Both in the character of the matrix and of the contained fauna the Butler Dome material recalls the border line bed at Jett Crossing (U.S.G.S. Sta. 6153), at the Palo Alto road crossing on the Medina River in Bexar County and (U.S.G.S.Sta. 6283} on the Guadalupe River near the ferry 3 miles east of Seguin and 2% miles above the power house south of Seguin, in Guadalupe County. Although the field relations have not been established, these mottled red and green ferruginous and argillaceous concretionary limestones are possibly the time equivalents of the sand near New Hope and a part of the section exposed in the branch of Wilbarger Creek on the Solomon farm south of Elgin. ANDERSON COUNTY Wills Point clays, probably the Kerens member, are exposed in Anderson County on the northeastern and southwestern flanks of Keechi salt dome (64, pp. 35---45), 7% miles northwest of Palestine on the Athens road. At the former locality dark grayish brown sandy clays with associated limonite boulders and cone-in-cone out­crop in a roadside gully. The sand in the clays tends to segregate in layers and small flakes of mica are present. The conchoidal cleavage is very marked and the cleavage faces are commonly chased with manganese dendrites. No macrofossils were observed but an upper Midway foraminiferal fauna has been reported. LIMESTONE COUNTY The Mexia field in the area of the Midway outcrop was the first in the State to develop oil production along a fault plane and for that reason the Midway of Limestone County has probably inspired a longer bibliography than that of any other county in Texas. The major features of the structure are widely known. The Corsicana graben is continued from Navarro County through northern and central Limestone County, limited on the west by the Tehuacana fault, on the east by the Mexia and Groesbeck faults. Extensive outcrops of the Tehuacana member of the Kincaid formation are offered on the upthrow side of both the Tehuacana fault and the Mexia-Groesbeck fault. South of McKinzie Creek the Kincaid out· crops on the west side of the graben, and is exposed on the east side in and directly south of the creek, and in one other small area about midway between Thornton and Kosse. The downthrow in the trough involves the Wilcox. The Mexia and Groesbeck producing fields are on the west side of the Mexia and Groesbeck faults; the Nigger Creek and Cedar Creek are small fields on back line faults of the Tehua­ cana. Aside from the economic significance, Limestone County offers some of the finest and the most interesting outcrops to be found in the Texas Midway. The Tehuacana member of the Kincaid, first and best known from Limestone County, is sufficiently resistant to gi;e rise to su~h place. names as Honest Ridge, Horn Hill, and Big Hill. Beneath 1t the Pisgah sand and Littig glauconitic member of the Kincaid are typically developed. The outcrop of the Kincaid formation is extremely irregular, due in part to extensive faulting and in part to the high resistance of the Tehuacana relative to the overlying clays and sandy clays of the Wills Point formation. The outcrops in the northern half of the county are much more extensive than tliose in the southern. Roughly, there is a narrow and very irregular outcrop of more or less marked cuesta type along the western margin of the Corsicana graben and even more irregular out::rops on the east side of the graben between McKinzie Creek and Mexia. In the valley of the Navasota River southwest of Mexia and northwest of Groesbeck, the erosion of the Wills Point clays has been locally sufficient to expose the underlying Tehuacana. South of the outcrop on McKinzie Creek a single small exposure of Tehuacana has been recognized on the east side of the graben. Mrs. Plummer ( 69, p. 54, fi,g. 11) reported on a section of the Kincaid clays within half a mile of the Navarro County line, but there is no good exposure of the Tehuacana member north of Tehuacana. The Tehuacana section has long been classic, and none in the Kincaid formation of Texas is more complete or more arresting. The crest of the scarp overlooks a monotonous exposure of Navarro black land. Below the Tehuacana, which in the Richland Quarry, some 15 miles in an air line to the north, rests perhaps directly upon the Cretaceous and carries reworked Baculites, fish teeth and phosphatic pebbles, the Tehuacana section exposes, with some interruptions due to slump, over 100 feet of sands and clays belonging to the lower members of the Kincaid formation. The Mexia-Waco highway descending the steep western face of the scarp traverses the section. The contact with the Navarro is best observed along a small branch north of the highway ( 69, p. 54, fig. 11). However, the Littig glauconitic member, a coarse trashy greensand with phosphatic pebbles 2 inches in diameter, was uncovered in a roadside gully at the base of the scarp. The Navarro flags which outcrop nearby probably support the low hills beyond. Though as old at least as the name of the county, the current Tehuacana "limestone" is largely a misnomer, for at this type section the "lime­ stone" is little more than a coarse quartz sand with a calcareous cement. The contact between the "limestone" and the underlying sand is not sharp, for near the base the "limestone" is only locally indurated and takes the form of fossiliferous masses in a sandy matrix. Ostrea crenulimarginata is abundant at this horizon, and probably records an old reef fauna living in clear but shallow water in which quartz sands were rapidly being laid down. A certain amount of glauconite is present throughout the Tehuacana member but it is increasingly common toward the base. The grains, however, are much smaller than those of the Littig glauconitic member. The higher horizons of the Tehuacana are best represented in the quarry one-half mile east of the town on the Mexia road where a maximum thickness of about 40 feet is exposed. The quarry "limestone" is heavy-bedded, weathering red and in smooth rounded surfaces cross sectioning the abundant fossils. Some of the "limestone" is almost a coquina, so abundant are the organic remains. The eastern rim of the quarry commands an exceptionally fine view of the Mexia fault traceable by the long narrow line of derricks. The V enericardia and Turritella-bearing beds are well exposed at Comanche Crossing on the Navasota River about 6 miles southwest of Mexia. Honest Ridge, a conspicuous example of the "limestone cuesta," overlooks the Navasota valley from the southwest. Horn Hill, between the southern extension of the Tehuacana fault and the northern extension of the Big Hill fault is the southernmost of the notable limestone outcrops in the graben. Roadside and hillside outcrops of the limestone are common west of Mexia and Groesbeck. The fine exposure on the Confederate Reunion grounds, 2% miles southwest of Mexia, has frequently been described and figured. Good outcrops are to be seen on the road from Horn Hill through Thelma to Mexia and all of the roads leading west and northwest from Groesbeck cross the limestone brought up on the eastern margin of the graben. One of the best collections from the Turritella zone was made from a tank on the south side of the Parker School road on the tract known as the Continental State Bank 69A., 2 miles northwest of Groesbeck. The Littig glauconitic clays carrying an appreciable amount of sand outcrop on the Waco road one-half mile east of Lavendar, a small settlement 2% miles southwest of Horn Hill. The "limestone" out­cropping on the tract known as the Lillian Dustin 140A., 3% miles southwest of Thornton on the Fairview School road, is an excellent e~posure of the narrow lenticular area of Tehuacana on the upthrow side of the Groesbeck fault. The Wills Point is the usual surface formation in the n th or eastern part of the county. The Wilcox is dropped down on th "d e west s1 e of the Wortham fault almost to the latitude of Mexia, although the Wills Point is exposed in the valley of Tehuacana Creek. Wills Point outcrops have been studied by Mrs. Plummer (69, pp. 54-57, fig. 11) on the east side of the fault, in the clay pit of the Mexia Brick Works, 1 mile west of Mexia, the type locality of the Mexia member, and in the clay pit at the Groesbeck brick yard. A small mol­luscan fauna including Cucullaea macrodonta was collected by Stephenson and Cook (U.S.G.S. Sta. 10846), 1 mile southwest of the crossing of the Houston & Texas Central Railroad over Tehuacana Creek, presumably 160 to 170 feet above the base of the Midway. A narrow lens of Wills Point outcrops along the west side of the Tehuacana fault south of the Navasota River. It is exposed with some interruptions due to faulting and to erosion throughout the Corsicana graben. Only the Wills Point is involved in the Nigger Creek and Cedar Creek structures, on the western edge of the graben between Thelma and the Navasota. Good exposures of this formation also occur on the Groesbeck-Waco road between the Groesbeck and the Big Hill faults. Dense brownish gray shales breaking w:th a strong conchoidal cleavage outcrop on the northern margin of the Hearn­stadt 33A., 4 miles southwest of Groesbeck. The cleavage faces are chased with manganese dendrites and associated with the shales are discoidal concretions several inches in diameter of sandy calcareous clay with an internal structure suggesting cone-in-cone and a much roughened external surface. A good foraminiferal fauna has been recovered from the shales and Volutocorbis, possibly V. limopsis, was noted in one of the concretions. Apparently the Mexia member of the Wills Point is represented. Samples from a well drilled on the Moody farm one-half mile northwest of the Thornton railroad station yielded a good Wills Point fauna at 250 to 320 feet. Big Hill, though commanding the rolling black lands of the Navarro, offers no such striking outcrop of the Tehuacana as might be anticipated from the name. Small exposures occur within a mile to the south, but at the settlement of Big Hill, which on most of the maps is placed too far west by a mile, the surface formation is a sand of the Mexia member of the Wills Point formation splotched with lime and locally indurated. The normal Midway-Wilcox contact falls a little more than a mile to the northwest of Kosse, but due west of Kosse it intersects the Groesbeck fault and the Wilcox replaces the Wills Point along the strike. The Midway area of outcrop on the Falls County line is thus reduced to less than half its average width in Limestone County. FALLS COUNTY The Midway of Falls County is restricted to a belt 3 to 5 miles wide striking almost due north and south across the eastern corner of the county between Reagan and the Houston & Texas Central Railroad. In the northern part of the outcrop the structure though less involved is similar to that of southern Limestone County and the sections are strikingly alike. South of the railroad which runs from Bremond to Marlin, the beds are apparently normal, hut the Tehuacana member of the Kincaid formation has disappeared, nor is it seen again north of Medina County. It is possible that the absence of the "limestones" in the major stream valleys such as the Trinity and the Brazos may he indicative of former deltaic conditions which prevented the deposition of the coarse calcareous sandstones of the Tehuacana. The Wills Point outcrop follows roughly the Little Brazos River valley. The Tehuacana cuesta is a prominent topographic feature from the county line to the Stranger School, a small commun ty 7 miles west of Kosse, and from the Stranger School the Tehuacana continues, though less prominent topographically, to within about 3 miles of Reagan. One-quarter of a mile north of the Stranger School house, a southwest road descends the 75 or 80-foot hill and offers good exposures along the side gullies. Pisgah clays below the Tehuacana are grayish brown with pockets and stringers of gray, highly fossiliferous sand. The fossils include large numbers of small bivalves and some univalves, preserved for the most part in the form of molds and impressions. About halfway down the hill, a highly calcareous and partially indurated layer with abundant hut poorly preserved molluscan remains outcrops as a ledge. The sands below the indurated layer are more harsh than those above it and more glauconitic. The fauna is similar hut less varied. The "limestone" that forms the scarp is perhaps a little more dense than that commonly seen at Tehuacana and the brown calcite more rarely developed hut otherwise no litholcgic differences were observed and none in the contained faunas. The best collection made in the Tehua­cana of Falls County was from a roadside outcrop in the th nor west corner of the A. Whitaker Survey on the P. Kendall line 6 "l , mi es northeast of Kosse. Cucullaea kaufmanensis, an Ostrea, possibly 0. pulaskensis, V enericardia and Callocardia are the most common forms. The matrix at this locality is a fine-grained gray calcareous sandstone. The most southerly Tehuacana outcrop of importance is probably that on Salt Branch of the Little Brazos at Rocky Crossing on the Bremond-Reagan road. Salt Branch cuts at a low angle across the s~rike and up the dip, exposing the indurated beds of the Kincaid format:on along the banks and, at low water, in the bed of the stream for almost a mile. South of the Bremond.Reagan highway the surface geology is obscured by the terrace deposits from the Brazos and the Little Brazos. The Kincaid sands were, however, observed in a gully along the road to Eloise, 21h miles northeast of the Eloise-High Bank railroad, and separated from it by a wide stretch of bottom land planted in cotton. There is an elevation of 10 to 15 feet along High Bank Creek, but nothing comparable apparently to the scarp from which the town, High Bank, took its name many years ago. The maps of the Reclamation Department of the State of Texas of the Brazos River, published in 1926, indicate that north of the Josiah Hogan Headright, the Brazos is swinging hard against its eastern bank and that the lower courses of Big Creek, High Bank Creek, and Mussel Run Creek are probably utilizing in large measure the old meanders of the Brazos. The Peacock No. 1 well, drilled l~ miles north of High Bank station on the Texas & Gulf Railway, encountered the following section:3 Thickness Feet Surface clay and water sand -------------------------------___ -------------------------0-40 Mucky gumbo carrying an abundance of fine shells ---------------------40-75 Hard lime rock with sandy streaks -------------------------------------------------75-97 Water sand and bed of preserved cottonwood logs----------------------97-105 Gumbo --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------105-380 Sandy shale; showing gas·------------------------------------------------------------------380-420 Gumbo ------------------------------------------------------------------------------420-550 Mucky shale -------------------------------------------------------------------550-700 Chalk (upper chalk or Taylor marl) ___________________________________________700-900 et cetera to 3052 ft. In Comanche at 2850 ft. The Navarro-Midway contact has been recognized upon the Brazos River since the days of Kennedy and Harris. It crosses the Houston & 8By courtesy of the Bureau of Economic Geology. The ugumbo" at 105 feet is doubtless Upper Cretaceous. Texas Central Railroad, little less than a mile north of Eloise and cuts diagonally along the river to the Milam County line. The shoals between the Milam County line and Eloise are due to Navarro sand­stone, and there is a perceptible narrowing of the river channel along the strike of these resistant beds. The Brazos River section of the Midway will be considered as a whole in the observations on the areal distribution. An interesting section is exposed along a lane leading north from the Bremond-Reagan road about 31/z miles northwest of Bremond. The sandy shales of the uppermost Wills Point are directly overlain by a basal Wilcox greensand, not so coarsely glauconitic, to he sure, as that of the basal Kincaid, hut with sufficient glauconite to lend a greenish cast to the gray sand. Three feet above the contact the more usual sandy thin-bedded shales of the lower Wilcox outcrop. Thinly laminated sandy shales more pockety than the usual Wilcox shale with associated concretions of very large size are well exposed a little to the northwest of the Bologna School, 21/z miles northwest of Bremond. THE BRAZOS RIVER SECTION The Brazos River offers one of the finest series of exposures to he found in the Midway of Texas, and one of the first to he recognized by the geologist and paleontologist. (See fig. 3.) In the First Annual Report of the Geological Survey of Texas the area of outcrop for the "Basal clays" along the Brazos was indicated by Penrose (17, pp. 25--26), "Descending the Brazos River from Waco, we pass over strata of Upper Cretaceous epoch until we reach the northeast corner of Milam County, where the Basal Clays of the Tertiary period, already described, are met and extend thence for some seven miles to within two miles of Pond Creek." The Cretaceous-Eocene contact has been properly placed for more than 40 years. Kennedy (22, p. 69) wrote in 1893: Going still further north into Falls County, the base of these beds is seen in contact with the underlying Cretaceous deposits in section No. 111, on the southeast corner of Josiah Hogan* league: *The Josiah Hogan league ia the league to the north of the Westly Fi1her league. .I WALTERS Fig. 3. Sketch map of Brazos River showing location of Midway exposure Scale: 11/16 inch equals 1 mile approximately. 52 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 River alluvium ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------4 feet Gravel --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 foot Blue clay and sand breaking into nodules and conchoidal pieces, weathering to a grayish yellow, and containing in the upper half Calytrophorus velatus, Conrad, Cucullaea macro­ donta, Whitfield, Ostrea pulaskiensis, Harris, and others; and Cardita alticostata, Conrad, Pleurotoma, sp., Y oldia, sp., and Crassatella, sp., in l()wer two and half feet______________________ 5 feet Transiti()nal blue claY---------------------------------------------------------1 foot Massive blue clay, with baculites and other fossils_______________________ l4 feet This section is 11/z miles (air line) upstream from the Milam-Falls County line. Harris (28, pp. 1-125, pis. 1-15) reports a similar fauna with the addition of EnclimaJ,oceras from one-half mile below, doubtless from the section which now goes by the name of Blue Shoals. Lower fossiliferous Kincaid clays are well exposed on the west bank of the Brazos about half a mile above the Milam County line and also, on the west bank, is an excellent section beginning about half a mile below the Milam County line and extending for almost a mile downstream. There seems to be some confusion in the local usage of the names of the conspicuous bluffs and it is difficult to place sections referred to them. Black Bluff has been used both for the section on the Josiah Hogan Headright, in which the Cretaceous-Eocene contact is so well exposed, and for that just above the county line. Milam Bluff has been used both for the section a little above the county line and for that a little below it. The lower bluff has also been called Cribbs Bluff, although it is not on the Cribbs League but on the Samuel Frost League. The following section was made on the west side of the Brazos River on the Westly Fisher League in Falls County: Thickness Ft. In. Kincaid formation: 4. Harsh sandy clay showing jointing but very little trace of lamination; dull blue gray when fresh, weathering yel­ lowish brown; abundantly fossiliferous; Cucullaea macrodonta, Ostrea pulaskensis, Crassatellites sp. cf. c_ gab bi, Venericardia sp. cf. V. moa, Bittium estellensis, and Calyptraphorus sp. abundant_________________________ _________ 6 6 3. Very dense blue clay, deeper in color and not so sandy as No. 4, breaking with a conchoidal fracture and sparsely fossiliferous -----------------------------------------------------------------------------3 6 Thickness F.;. In. 2. Thinly laminated yellowish brown sand with an inconstant layer of partially indurated marl with sandy fossiliferous stringers above it; marl often as thick or thicker than the sand bed ---------------------------------------------------------------------------I 6 Upper Cretaceous: 1. Dense dark blue gray shale breaking with a conchoidal fracture, fossiliferous throughout, and, direct!y below the top, abundantly so; ammonites present and a Baculites observed at the extreme top; a 2-inch gypsum seam about midway from the base to the contact___________________________________lO The repetition of the Cretaceous-Midway contact in the down­·stream section is not due to faulting but to the northeast-southwest strike both of the Midway and the Brazos. The following section was made at the bluff which extends from about half a mile below the Falls County line along almost the entire frontage of the Samuel Frost League: Thickness Ft. In. Wills Point formation (Mexia member)?: 6. Glauconitic sandy marl, medium gray in color, locally with a slight greenish tinge; sparsely fossiliferous; forami­ nifera, a solitary coral, bivalves, univalves, Hercoglossa. Thickness concealed by cover. Kincaid formation: 5. Calcareous, densely packed, fine sand, grayish to yellowish brown and stained with iron; a bed of fossiliferous cal­ careous boulders about 2 ft. from the top; fossils rela­ tively rare i~ the matrix and preserved, for the most part, in the form of impressions._____ ______________________________ 4 4. Clay, dense blue when wet, dark dull gray when thoroughly dry, breaking with a conchoidal fracture, selenitic, chippy and less distinctly bedded than No. l, evenly hut not abundantly fossiliferous; Leda (Ledina) smirna, Ostrea pul,askensis, Periploma sp., Corbul,a (Caryo­ corbul,a) kennedyi, Volutocorbis sp. cf. V. texana, Turri­ tella sp. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------25 3. Highly calcareous sandy marl, light gray in color, breaking readily into angular fragments with pockets of dark greenish black marl disseminated in the form of cylindri­cal oolites; fossils rare and indeterminate.______ _ _______________ 6 2. Heavily bedded dense bluish gray clay, more resistant than the overlying bed and tending to form a ledge; pockets 54 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 Thickn.~ss Ft. In. and stringers of very fine dark gray sand carrying many foraminifera, ostracods, and small Mollusca; the same fauna sparsely represented in the shale; Flabellum conoideum, Leda (Ledina) smirna, Amusium (Parvamus· sium) alabamense, Corbula (Caryocorbula) sp.. ..-----------1 1. Dense bluish gray clay, very chippy and inclined to break along iron-stained joint planes; fossiliferous throughout but with layers one-fourth inch to one-half inch thick packed with fossils in a more or less crumbled state; foraminifera exceedingly abundant especially Robulus; Flabellum conoideum matthewsense, echinoid spines in abundance, Leda (Ledina) smirna, Cucullaea macro­ donta, Ostrea pulaskensis, Crassatellites sp. cf. C. ioannes, Corbula kennedyi, Falsi/usus sp., Turritella sp., Dentalium sp. cf. D. mediaviense, a reworked Baculites, a crab finger, otoliths, fish teeth, and vertebrae___ ___l6 The greensand at the top of this Midway section may mark the base of the Wills Point formation. No satisfactory outcrops of the non-resistant Wills Point were observed for a distance of about 4 miles by river from the lower end of the bluff. The upper part of the Wills Point outcrops, however, on the west bank of the Brazos from one-half mile to a mile above Bufkin and the mouth of Hardin Slough on the east bank. The intermediate banks over a considerable part of the distance are 15 to 20 feet high, but are entirely of terrace material. The abundance of the land gastropods throughout some of these sections is remarkable. The Wilcox contact is probably close at hand, for the classic Smileys Bluff section, 2 miles above the mouth of Pond Creek, formerly referred to the Midway, occurs a short distance below, on the property of Mrs. Carey Woodhull. The sands and clays in the Smileys Bluff section are thinly laminated and beautifully cross· bedded and carry in the upper third of the section enormous con­cretions as large as mill stones and similar to them in outline. The indurated fossiliferous sandstone is identical with that outcropping in the branch_ on Mr. Solomon's land, 6 miles below Elgin in Bastrop County. Sm1leys Bluff serves as the type locality for many of the species described and figured by Harris in "New and otherwise interesting Tertiary Mollusca from Texas" (26a). These include Leda milamensis, Fusus ostrarupis, Pseudoliva ostrarupis, and Cerahium penrosei. The specific name ostrarupis so commonly used was doubtless suggested by the old name Oyster Bluff so called he· cause of the abundance of Ostrea multilirata at this locality. The same reef outcrops about half a mile north of the Baileyville­Cameron road, and about one mile south of Mr. Carey Woodhull's ranch house near Baileyville. ROBERTSON COUNTY Although the Midway is presumably the surface formation in the southwestern corner of Robertson County, neither the Kincaid nor the Wills Point has been observed through the ubiquitous terrace deposits of the Brazos and Little Brazos. In Kennedy's day the wash was not so heavy or the geologist more discerning (22, pp. 67, 68). The following excerpt is from the report upon Robertson County: "BASAL BEDS.-The deposits assigned to this division occupy but a very small areal extent in the northwestern portion of the county. The territory is generally level, and so covered with surface deposits of gray sand and river alluvium that few exposures of the underlying beds can he seen anywhere .... The basal beds as repre­sented in Robertson County comprise a series of thinly stratified yellowish gray sands, and grayish blue laminated clays and sands, with broken strata of grayish blue fossiliferous siliceous limestone, and occasional rounded and flattened boulders of gray calcareous sandstone." It is possible that the description was drawn from the outcrops upon the west hank of the Brazos in Milam County. The lower Wilcox oyster, Ostrea multilirala Conrad, was, however, col­lected in abundance from 3¥2 miles southwest of Hammond, by H.J. Weeks. :MILAM COUNTY The remarkably regular area of outcrop of the Midway in Milam County, as mapped, may he due to the simplicity of the structure but probably in part to the rarity of the outcrops and our incomplete knowledge of the areal geology. This is particularly true of the Cretaceous-Midway contact and that between the Kincaid and Wills Point formations. The change in the color and texture of the soils is relatively marked in passing from the Wills Point to the Wilcox. This is well shown in the Soil Survey map ( 73hh) , particularly in the area south of Little River. Between the Brazos and the Little River there is not much to be seen excepting stream wash. Both the Kincaid and the Wills Point are subnormally sandy in Milam County and it is possible that there is a slight overlap of the Wills Point to account for the restricted width of outcrop of the Kincaid, particularly near Tracy. No exposures of note were observed between the Brazos and the sharp bend to the east in Little River. Two miles northwest of Cameron, near the bridge crossing a branch of Elm Creek on the property of Mr. Wiffiy, there is an outcrop of bluish-gray to brown, dense and rather greasy joint clay carrying a large amount of amorphous calcite, fragments of small indeterminate bivalves and a rather meager foraminiferal fauna, probably of Kincaid age. Outcrops along the San Gabriel, Little River, and Brushy Creek are exceptionally rare. The delta between the San Gabriel River and Brushy Creek offers no good outcrops. At a few localities near the mouth of Alligator Creek the dense yellow sandstone so characteristic of the Upper Cretaceous in this part of the country has been used as paving stone around the farm houses, but the source could in every instance be traced to outcrops at some distance up the creek and well within the known Cretaceous limits. This same sandstone was found in a small draw directly north of Turkey Creek, 3 miles north of Thorn­dale. A meager Cretaceous foraminiferal fauna was washed from the underlying clay. The development of secondary material along the streams is locally remarkable. Three miles west of the mouth of Brushy Creek and about 1 mile north of the mouth of San Gabriel an indurated gravel conglomerate, apparently a stream deposit, is filled with Exogyra arietina Roemer and Gryphaea mucronata Roemer reworked from the Comanche deposits. By far the best exposure of the Wills Point in Milam County is on the south bank of Brushy Creek about 100 feet above the mouth. At this point, the bluff rises to a height of 25 feet and is made up, for the most part, of a dense blue-gray clay broken by layers and pockets of glauconitic sand and weathering yellowish brown above. Four or five ledges of large flattened limonite concretions, fairly regular in arrangement, outcrop along the bank. The jointing in the clay becomes increasingly pronounced toward the western limit where the outcrop is concealed by slump. The beds are rather sparsely fossiliferous but contain several characteristic upper Mid­way forms, including echinoid fragments, Leda (Ledi'na) smirna Dall, Volutocorbis limo psis (Conrad), Triton (Ranularia) n.sp. aff. T. (Ranularia) eocense (Aldrich), Pyrula sp. ind., Turritella sp. cf. T. alabamiensis Whitfield, and Natica sp. cf. N. reversa Whitfield. A greensand at the base of the Wilcox similar to that exposed in southern Falls County was recovered from beneath the highway bridge over Little River on the Cameron-Rockdale road, 2 miles east of Cameron. The trend of the Midway-Wilcox contact southward coincides with that of the major drainage channels. In fact, over the greater part of the distance from the Limestone County line to the Williamson County line the Wills Point is occupied by a stream flowing along the strike. In Falls and Robertson counties the Little Brazos found this the easiest way. In Milam County the abrupt change in direction where Little River meets the Wills Point is very conspicuous. San Gabriel River and Brushy Creek are strike tribu­taries from the southwest. It is noteworthy that all of the major tributaries of Little River and San Gabriel River come from the west. An elaborate drainage system has developed in western Milam County, but east and south of the Wilcox contact, the drainage is restricted to a few branches and to the headwaters of the tributaries of the Y egua. The Wilcox contact has for the most part been sketched in from the lithology alone. The northeast-southwest line of Little River from Cameron to the mouth of the San Gabriel, of the San Gabriel to the mouth of Brushy Creek, and Brushy Creek to the rather sharp bend to the west follows closely upon the Midway-Wilcox contact. South of the Brushy the Wilcox crosses the Thorndale-Rockdale road about 6 miles east of Thorndale near the head of the eastern branch of the arroyo flowing north into Brushy. There is an abrupt change at this point to a more sandy, redder soil which probably marks the beginning of the Wilcox. Some very good exposures of the Wilcox occur farther along the Thorndale-Rockdale road toward Rockdale. The beds are sandy and closely laminated, with some intercalated clays and iron crusts and, more rarely, concretions of limonite. Mesquite and cactus are uncommon, while the post oak, the char­acteristic growth of the Wilcox soil, is conspicuously abundant along the roadsides. The strike of the Midway after crossing the Thorndale­Rockdale road apparently trends more sharply to the west. At the Milam-Williamson County line the area of outcrop is relatively narrow. WILLIAMSON COUNTY In Williamson County, as in Milam County, the area of outcrop of the Midway is a northeast-southwest band from 3 to 5 miles wide. In Williamson County this band forms a broad diagonal of the rectangle made by the Lee and Milam County lines and the two rail­roads which intersect at Taylor. Notwithstanding the proximity of the igneous mass associated with the Thrall oil field, only minor irregularities in the structure of the Midway formations have been observed. The basal beds of the Midway are soft and have only rarely left a permanent record within the county limits. The underlying upper Navarro beds, on the contrary, include a resistant flaggy sandstone and above it concretionary shales, so that the contact may be closely approximated. The best of the Midway sections are to be seen in the Dry Brushy and Little Dry Brushy drainage.4 The Cretaceous-Midway contact was not observed in the Brushy Creek valley below the mouth of Little Dry Brushy Creek, the western of the two branches entering Brushy Creek from the south. These names, together with Boggy Creek, reflect the general character of the topography in this section. The Taylor-Beaukiss road probably intersects the contact near Little Dry Brushy Creek. At the base of the southern slope leading down to Little Dry Brushy there is an excellent exposure of the Littig glauconitic member of the Kincaid formation. The very coarse, structureless, highly calcareous sand carries well rounded quartz pebbles, glauconite grains sufficiently coarse to be held in the 30 and 50 meshes, and a prolific foraminiferal fauna. The Navarro flags outcrop half a mile to the north. To the southwest the contact follows along the south slope of Little Dry Brushy. Five or six miles down the strike the Littig greensand was exposed in the year 1925 in a new road cut at the jog in the Coupland-Elgin road, I mile east and 114 miles south of Coupland. Only a foot or so of •The rather muddled nomenclature of the streams in the southeastern corner of the county is assumed to be correct on the Bastrop quadrangle of the U. S. Geological Survey. the marl was exposed and this will soon he concealed by weathering and vegetation. The large residue remaining after washing is made up, for the most part, of glauconite, hut fish teeth and foraminifera are common. Reworked Navarro fossils are also present. The contact crosses the county line near the Missouri, Kansas, and Topeka Railroad and the eastern margin of Travis County. The Littig greensand has been observed on the secondary road leading northeast from Lund and on the northern margin of the town of Lund, l 1h miles southwest of the Missouri, Kansas, and Topeka Railroad at the Travis County line. The most striking and characteristic feature of the Midway group in Williamson County is the amazing amount of glauconite that is present throughout the section. This is clearly indicated in the following log from the water well on the Harvey Hanson place, adapted with slight modifications from the copy of the log on file in the Bureau of Economic Geology. Thickness Feet Wills Point formation: Soft and very sticky yellow clay with boulders and fragments of limonite scattered about, in, and on the surface -------------------0-5 Bluish, dark yellow clay with thin vertical and slanting seams of crystalline lime, gypsum, and small lumps of barite -----------------5-40 Bluish dark joint clay; ironstone layer_ ___ _________ __________ __ 40-70 Exact boundary uncertain. Kincaid formation: Layer of volcanic dust, white and soft with many angular grains of glauconite in it_ _ __________________________________ 70-72 Bed of glauconitic greensand, fairly soft with odor and trace of oil --------------------------------------------------------------------72-108 Layer of clay ironstone, same as very tough and hard layer found in dug well at «l feet, in valley between hills, l lf.i miles farther north ------------------------------------------------108-110 Dark and dark green marl with softer seams of a sandy material. "Glauconitic marl containing considerable sand. Fragments of pelecypod, echinoid spine, fish teeth and other remains, ostra­ cods, Cristellaria sp., Nodosaria sp. cf. N. vertebra/,is, Nodosaria sp., and AnomaUna; Eocene Midway"_________________________ U0-160 Dark green and gray marl with harder ledges between; quite tough and hard -----------------------------------------160-200 Dark green marl; ledges of slate and softer seams of sandy material; small showing of oil --------------------------------200-230 60 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 Thicknesg Feet Dark bluish slate, thin seams of blue sand between joints; fairly soft ledges of material; wet but no free water-------------------------------230-249 Dark green rock, very hard and tough; veins of glauconite ----------249-249% Dark green slate, grains of phosphate; glauconitic material lam­ inated; bottom of well ------------------------------------------------------------·----------249%-252 The line between the Kincaid and the Wills Point formations may be placed too high in the preceding section. Description of samples from Harvey Hanson's water well, by J. A. Udden and Paul T. Seashore. Thickness Feet Dark greenish gray glauconitic clay or marl. Washed material consists mainly of sand, calcite, and glauconite. Foraminifera abundant-Triloculina, Cristellaria, Anomalina, Lagena, Nodo­saria, Spirillina, Globigerina, Polymorphina, Rotalia, ostracods, gastropods, pelecypods, fish scales and teeth ----------------------------------200 Gray, slightly calcareous silty clay containing some sand. Washed material consists mainly of sand, calcareous fragments of glau­ conite, Nodosaria, Lagena, Anomalina, ostracods and fragments of larger shells_________________________ ________________________________________ 245-24S Dark greenish gray· glauconitic calcareous clay or marl, the glauconite making up about one-half of the material. Some calcite and sand present. Many minute nodules of black phos­ phate occur with the greensand. Nodosaria, Lagena, Pulvi­ nulina, ostracods, and several fragments of shells._________ ______________ 250 Like preceding sample except that a fish tooth was noted -------···-----252 The following section was measured in Dry Brushy Creek, the eastern of the two branches entering Brushy Creek from the south, above the bridge on the Taylor-Beaukiss road, 9 miles southeast of Taylor: Thickness Feet Midway group: Wills Point formation: I. Glauconitic pockety sandy clays, fossiliferous and concre­ tionary; Balanophyllum, foraminifera, a sparse mollnscan fauna, crab claws and fish remains; associated concretions ferruginous, highly colored, some of them flattened, ellip­ tical, showing a strong septarian structure and calcite seaming, others discoidal or irregularly elongated, shat­ tering readily, and dusty-yellow within ------------·--·-------------·-·----­ Thickness Feet 2. Very dark grayish black tough sandy clays cross-seamed with sand at an angle of about 60° and with stringers and pockets of greensand; both micro-and macro-fossils but few of them well preserved; associated concretions discoidal, grayish within, with an amorphous calcite coating ··-··---·----------------------3-4 The section is repeated in part in the first road west of the Taylor­Beaukiss road. An interesting variation, however, is the intercalation on the south slope of the branch of a thin bed of almost pure bentonite heavily flecked with large plates of biotite. This is similar to and doubtless of the same origin as the bentonite bed on the Harvey Hanson farm, 5 miles southeast of Coupland. The finest exposure of the bentonite was observed on the Harvey Hanson farm a little more than one-half mile upstream from the bridge over Dry Brushy, in a 15-foot bluff on the south side of the stream. The bentonitP occurs in a well delimited bed and within this bed in pockets 12 inches to 18 inches in thickness. It is exceed­ingly fine and dense, ringing under the hammer, shelling like an onion, dark jade green in the mass but almost transparent in thin slivers, and flecked with indigenous biotite. There is a large amount of minor faulting and slipping in the section, due probably to the reaction of the bentonite to water. Practically no residue remains after washing. The bentonitic bed is underlain by a coarse, fossilifer­ous glauconitic clay, the coarse greensand segregated in pockets and stringers in the dark gray clay. The only observed concretion was very dense, light gray in color, coated and seamed with calcite. The micro-fauna is large and Leda, Amusium, Cucullaea macrodonta, Ringicula, Cadulus, and possibly Hercoglossa are included among the Mollusca. This section is about 15 feet below a well marked cone-in-cone horizon. The following Wills Point section is exposed on the long hillside of Dry Brushy from 9.5 to 8.9 miles southeast of Taylor on the Beauki5s road: Thickness Ft. In. I. Calcareous ferruginous sandstone -----------------------------------_______ 8 2. Non-calcareous mottled gray and brown, slightly glauco­ nitic quartz sands with stringers of clay, more argil­laceous toward the base_ ________________ _ ____________________________ ____3-4 62 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 Thickness Ft. In. 3. Well bedded sandy clays, light gray splotched with reddish brown, with large calcareous concretions, and at the base flattened ferruginous concretions -----------------------------------------6 4. Very fine sandy micaceous clays, gray with yellowish brown iron stains, sparsely fossiliferous; associated concretions very large, very dense, irregularly elliptical, meagerly fossiliferous, occasionally showing septarian structure on the outer surface, concentrically banded, blue within, brown toward the exterior; Leda smirna? observed ______ 7 5. Very fine sandy iron-stained clays, micaceous and well bedded; associated concretions brownish and banded toward the surface; blue within, veined with calcite. Both the clays and concretions fossiliferous; echinoid test, Leda sp., Corbula sp.; a large log with Teredo borings ----------------------------------------------------------------------·12 6. Bedded gray, fine sandy micaceous, iron-stained clays; associated concretions very large, rounded, bright col­ored, with calcite ___ __ -----------------------------------------------------18 7. Heavily bedded clays with discoidal ferruginous concre­ tions about the size of supper plates, vermilion within and veined with calcite, the outer layers reddish to yellowish brown and not reacting to acid._____________________ 8 8. Heavily bedded gray sandy micaceous clays stained brown along bedding planes; associated concretions not so large as those higher in the section, highly colored, discoidal or elongated, often suggesting a ham bone in outline with yellow dusty centers; no organic remains observed _______15 Concealed to the open banks of Dry Brushy.______________________.50± The selenite so abundantly present throughout the surface out­crops of the Midway is probably of secondary origin. The Midway-Wilcox contact can be closely approximated along the entire line of strike in Williamson County but its sharp definition is rare. The top of the Midway one-fourth mile south of Structure Gin, 9 miles southeast of Taylor, is marked by yellow-brown calcareous concretions seamed with calcite. Other good outcrops of the upper­most Wills Point may be seen 2 miles in an air line northeast of Lawrence Chapel. Very sandy well-bedded micaceous clays, brown­ish gray in color, are associated with large calcareous concretions. The overlying sands carry a little glauconite in small grains and may represent the basal Wilcox. TRAVIS AND BASTROP COUNTIES The Travis-Bastrop County line roughly bisects the Kincaid out­crop north of the Colorado River. South of the Colorado the outcrop lies almost entirely to the east of the county line. The area of the normal outcrop is narrow, rarely more than 2 miles in width, but in the southwest corner of Bastrop County the beds are repeated by faulting. A long thin half lens of the Kincaid formation parallels the Travis County line from near Mayhard Creek, almost to the Caldwell County line a mile or more to the west of the main out­crop while a lens of Wills Point is faulted into the Wilcox south of Mayhard. The village of Cedar Creek is north and east of the faulted block. The best exposures of the Kincaid formation are to be found in Bastrop County on Wilbarger Creek and its tributaries and upon the Colorado River; and of the Kincaid and Wills Point formations on Cedar Creek and the draws leading into it. The uppermost Wills Point and basal Wilcox outcrop in a remarkable manner on the Solomon farm, 6 miles south of Elgin. Excepting for the outcrops of the Littig glauconitic member on the northern margin of Lund and in road cuts to the south of Lund, no exposures of fossiliferous strata of Midway age were observed between the Williamson County line and the forks of Elm Creek in Bastrop County. The actual Cretaceous-Midway contact was observed by L. W. Stephenson in a gully 0.3 mile due north of Lund in Travis County. The Cretaceous­M;dway contact, though not observed, can be closely approximated to the west of Elgin. The Cretaceous is exposed by faulting in the northwestern branch of Elm Creek about a quarter of a mile down­stream from the bridge on the Elgin-Manda road, about two miles west of Elgin. Exceptionally fine Cretaceous-Midway contacts may be observed along the scarp which parallels Wilbarger Creek about half a mile to the south of it, a scarp which owes its origin to the resistance of the indurated Littig glauconitic member. The following section was measured at the ford on Mr. Frank Goerick's farm 11;2 miles south of Littig in Travis County. 64 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 Thickness Ft. In. 6. Cover ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3 Midway group: Kincaid formation: Littig glauconitic member: 5. Soft, conglomeratic sandy clay carrying glauconite in appreciable quantities, numerous small phosphatic pebbles, casts of small mollusca (Leda, Arca, Ostrea pulaskensis, Venericardia, Baculites), crab claws, shark teeth, etc. (U.S.G.S.Sta. 11676) ------------------------------------1 8 4. lndurated sandy marl with pockets of coarse glauconitic sand; molds and phosphatic pebbles fairly common --------1 8 Navarro group (Upper Cretaceous) : 3. Stiff blue clay drying with a shaly cleavage, obscurely bedded, sparsely fossiliferous; a sandstone dike cutting diagonally across the lower five feet________________ ___ ---------10 2. Stiff blue clay drying with a shaly cleavage, not bedded, containing fossils in considerable abundance but usually crushed and very fragile -----------------------------------------------------5 L Covered by slump to water's edge -------------------------------------------5 Ostrea pulaskensis and Venericardia cf. V. moa are the most significant of the indigenous species in bed No. 5 (U.S.G.S.Sta. 11676). The Littig glauconitic member of the Kincaid formation outcrops in the scarp above Manor's store. The usual Navarro flags are found a little to the west. Another much less usual phase of Upper Cretaceous may be observed in the conglomeratic and glau­conitic boulders with sandy seams and dense calcareous outer coverings which outcrop in a ravine below this scarp. These have much in common with the glauconitic Cretaceous conglomerate outcropping 2 miles southeast of Mendoza and 6 miles north of Lockhart. An unsuccessful attempt was made to relocate an exposure of basal greensand on the scarp back of Webberville (U.S.G.S.Sta. 2439) from which a collection was made by T. W. Stanton in 1890. This is the only basal Midway that has been recorded on the banks of the Colorado. An excellent Cretaceous-Midway contact is that exposed at the now classic locality on the Austin-Bastrop road, one­half mile east of the Travis County line (U.S.G.S.Stas. 11680 and 11679). In the roadcut, the section does not go below the Navarro flags-which are separated from the fossiliferous basal greensand by about 2 feet of nonfossiliferous, nonglauconitic yellowish-brown Cretaceous sand. Float of a conglomerate of broken oyster shells, rounded phosphatic pebbles, and small, angular fragments of Cretaceous sandstone with some sharks' teeth and some glauconite were found by Hugh Duval, of Bastrop, in a nearby field, but their origin could not be traced. They are probably similar to those found in place southeast of Mendoza, 15 miles distant in an air line. This is the only outcrop of importance between the Colorado River and Mayhard and Cedar Creeks. The barren interval apparently con· stituted in some way a buffer against the V enericardia bulla fauna ubiquitous in the lower part of the Wills Point formation in north and west-central Bastrop County. The Midway outcrops in south­western Bastrop County share the involved structure of the Lytton Springs area and yield a similar fauna. V enericardia bulla is peculiarly restricted both vertically and horizontally. In the lower part of the Wills Point formation from Wilbarger Creek to the Colorado it is extraordinarily abundant. It dominates, to the exclusion of almost all other species, the fauna which it characterizes, but it is restricted to a strip less than 10 miles long and less than 2 miles in width. Excellent outcrops of the V enericardia bulla zone can be observed at a number of localities along Wilbarger Creek and Dry Creek and the draws leading into them. Good outcrops, too, can be seen on almost every one of the numerous west-northwest roads leading into the county line from the Elgin-Bastrop road. A particularly interesting series of outcrops occur in a branch of Wilbarger Creek, on the properties of Mr. Lawrence Solomon and Mr. Rivers, about 6 miles southwest of Elgin. The section of the Midway along the Colorado River, though incomplete, is an exceptionally fine collecting ground. The out· crop of the Upper Cretaceous at Webberville has long been classic. Between Webberville and the first recognizable Midway the bank has slumped, concealing the section and the Cretaceous-Midway contact. The Midway is first exposed on the south bank of the Colorado around the big bend downstream from Webberville and 1% to 2 miles beyond the Travis-Bastrop County line. The following is a generalized section at fairly low water: 66 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 Thickness Ft. In. Wilcox group: 7. Red sand well bedded, separated from the underlying bed by a faulted contact___________________ _____ ____ _ __________ _ Midway group : Wills Point formation : 6. Chippy shales, iron-stained along the bedding planes, for the most part barren_ __________ __ _ ______ _______________________________ ___ 4± 5. Glauconitic sandy clay, fossiliferous, becoming increasingly less glauconitic toward the top. Foraminifera, corals, Mollusca, especially gastropods, Hercoglossa fragments (U.S.G.S.Stas. 10,527, 11,890, 12,113) _ _ ______ __ ________ ______ ___25-30 4. Venericardia bulla zone-locally indurated and ledge­forming, glauconitic. Fossils other than V. bulla rare (U.S.G.S.Sta. 5281) -----------------------------------------------------------------2 6 Kincaid formation: 3. Dark gray, brownish, sandy micaceous clays, more argil­ laceous toward the base and somewhat greasy, resistant and ledge-forming; glauconite present in considerable quantities but very irregularly distributed. Calyptra­ phorus, Turritella, Natica, Hercoglossa (U.S.G.S.Stas. 10,526, 11,696, 11,914, and 12,112) ··--··--------------------------------12 2. Ferruginous and calcareous concretions, rather evenly spaced -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 1. Dark gray chippy clays (U.S.G.S.Sta. 11,915) _____________ __ ___ _12-15 Species mostly of small size. The dip is low, but a series of limonitic concretions about one foot in the greatest diameter and elliptical in outline cuts across at an angle of 3° 30'. The rather abundant fossils in No. 3 weather out of the marl and rest in an almost perfect state of preservation upon the top of the bed, which extends as a ledge 15 feet above the base for a distance of 80 to 100 feet. The most conspicuously abundant forms are perhaps Crassatellites, Calyptraphorus, and Turritella. The overlying bed is packed with Venericardia bulla Dall to the exclusion of nearly all other organisms. The shells have been par­tially dissolved and redeposited as a cementing material, so that the stratum is firmly indurated and persists as a well defined ledge for a distance of more than half a mile. Above the bed bearing Venericardia bulla is a loose, dark gray, sandy, glauconitic clay carrying a diversified fauna. The barren chippy sandy shales at the top may be synchronous with the sand at New Hope in Freestone County. The throw involved in the contact fault is doubtless very slight. The Wilcox sandstone at Miller Riffies, the next bend down­stream in the Colorado ( 5 miles by the river below the Travis County line) was referred by Deussen to the basal Wilcox. The Midway has not been successfully followed between the Colorado River and Cedar Creek. Dall's type locality of Veneri­cardia bulla is "Brown sandstone of the Midway horizon, east of the first small creek on the road to Bastrop, Texas, from old Garfield in the Austin quadrangle." The creek in question must have been Dry Creek. Mr. Duval reports a poor exposure about 2 miles from the county line, and L. W. Stephenson collected Venericardia bulla from the hill slope near old Garfield, possibly Dall's original locality. In the southwestern part of Bastrop County, south of Mayhard Creek, excellent outcrops are offered by Cedar Creek and its tribu­taries. Only the Kincaid formation and the basal part of the overlying Wills Point are exposed along the unfaulted line of contact. The Navarro-Kincaid contact in a small gully head near Half-Mile Creek, one-half to three-fourths mile above Cedar Creek road (U.S. G.S.Sta. 11678) is exceptionally good. The indurated ledge of the Littig glauconitic member carries not only reworked Cretaceous fossils, but also clays and angular blocks of Cretaceous sandstone. Ostrea pulaskensis and V enericardia sp. cf. V. moa are the most characteristic species of the indigenous fauna. The well known out­crop at the bridge over Cedar Creek on the Austin-Red River road is very close to the base of the Wills Point formation. The sliver of Midway which parallels the Travis County line, at a distance of little more than a mile from it, outcrops rather poorly in a tank just northwest of Williams' store on the Austin quadrangle. By a confusing error in the Austin quadrangle map, Williams' store is placed at the crossroads, one-half mile northwest of Cedar Creek instead of the next crossroads to the northwest, a little over a mile from the point where Mayhard Creek crosses the Travis County line. As a matter of fact the name is now known only to the oldest inhabitant. Wills Point sands and clays outcrop to the east of a northeast trending fault which extends from Cedar Creek southwestward far beyond the Caldwell County line. A good fauna was recovered from the gully below a tank on the Cedar Creek-Lytton Springs road (U.S.G.S. Sta. 11908) . It is older than the faunas from a tank on 68 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 the Austin-Red Rock road, 1% miles southwest of Cedar Creek bridge and from a gully, one-half mile to the east. There are pearl­gray tenacious clays, carrying echinoid impressions, a small Leda (Sacella) and Ringicula. Though none of the species is determinable, they form an association which is remarkably characterist2c of the high Wills Point. Clays outcropping in a branch one-fourth mile east of the Lytton Springs-Cedar Creek road at Cedar Creek Crossing carry echinoid impressions and a few shell fragments. Nothing can be determined even generically, but the lithology and the ·~chinoid impressions speak for an upper Wills Point age. CALDWELL COUNTY My hearty thanks are due to Carroll E. Cook of Austin, Texas, for his most cordial cooperation during my work in Caldwell County. He not only acted as a guide to the most significant outcrops, but he gave most generously of the results of his investigation and careful study of a rather involved area. The section is one of unusual interest for the beds are well characterized both lithologically and faunally and can be followed, for the most part with confidence, over a badly faulted area. The following is a generalized section of the Kincaid formation in the vicinity of Lockhart. All of the thicknesses are measured from field outcrops and run conspicuously lower than they do in wells. Generalized section in the vicinity of Lockhart, Texas. Thickness Ft. In. Midway group: Kincaid formation: 8. Brownish gray sandy joint clays usually fossiliferous.________ 5-15 7. Highly fossiliferous glauconitic sand with yellow cone-in­ cone concretions, Hercoglossa, Ostrea pulaskensis, Crassatellites sp. ----------------------------------------------------------1-4 6. Light yellow calcareous sands·---------------------------------------------25-30 5. Mottled brownish yellow and bluish gray sandy clays with splashes of white·---------------------------------------------------------------5-12 4. Light gray calcareous marl often specked with glauconite__ 6 8 3. Basal greensand ----------------------·--·-------------------------------4 Navarro group (Upper Cretaceous) : 2. Very fine sands and slick clays __ ____________________________________ 4 1. Flaggy sandstone usually very fine and homogeneous, barren; rarely conglomeratic, fossiliferous and glau­conitic -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------10-12 The Midway occupies roughly the north-central portion of Cald­well County and roughly parallels the northwestern boundary. A wedge of down-faulted Wilcox is driven into the Midway north of Lockhart, and southwest of Lockhart the Kincaid forks to receive a wedge of upthrown Cretaceous. There are also two small half lenses of Midway downthrown near the Hays County line between Mendoza and Maxwell, and Midway fossils were recovered from a shallow well 2 miles southwest of Joliet, 7% miles due south of Lockhart, probably on the upthrow side of the Luling fault. The basal Midway is sharply defined but the upper boundary is more difficult to follow. The geology of Caldwell County is common knowledge and mention is made only of the more notable outcrops. Faulted Kincaid shale is exposed in an arroyo to the east and much better to the west of the Austin-Lockhart road, 11h-2 miles south of Mendoza (U.S.G.S. Sta. 11681) and half a mile to a mile northwest of the normal line of outcrop. Ostrea pulaskensis, Veneri­cardia sp. cf. V. moa, molds of small species of Leda, Turritella, and other gastropods together with fish teeth and reworked Baculites characterize the outcrop. A conglomeratic-glauconitic phase of the underlying Upper Cretaceous is remarkably well displayed. Another interesting outcrop of Upper Cretaceous is that at the normal contact in an air line about a mile to the south of the preceding in a draw, 6 miles due north of Lockhart and about half a mile west of the Austin-Lockhart road (U.S.G.S.Sta. 11682). Very fine dense sand­stone Navarro flags are locally filled with pebbles and other shore­line trash, a little greensand, and, in one locality, a 4-inch seam of Micrabacia, probably the most characteristic Upper Cretaceous coral. A curious weathering phase was observed in some of the Navarro flags, a blue gray medial band with oxidized portions of equal width on the upper and lower surfaces. These flags are probably less than 25 feet below the top of the Cretaceous. The characteristic basal greensand fauna of the Kincaid formation includes Ostrea pulaskensis, molds of small transversely produced species of Leda (possibly reworked), Turritella, and numerous molds of a Cerithium-like form also possibly reworked, together with fish teeth and reworked Baculites. A basal greensand suggesting the greensand near Leon Creek, north of the San Antonio-Castroville road in Bexar County, but much more usual both in the character of the glauconite grains and of the binder, occurs just south of the Bastrop County line, 21/2 miles southeast of Travis County (U.S.G.S. Sta. 11690). The glauconite does not occur in polished oolites as in Bexar County, nor is the matrix such a pure crystalline calcite, but there is a tendency toward an oolitic structure, and a yellow crystalline calcite makes up the greater part of the impure matrix. This greensand carries reworked Gryplweostrea vomer and Baculites in very considerable numbers, and phosphatic pebbles are commonly associated. An interesting outcrop (U.S.G.S.Sta. 11684), which includes the basal greensand, occurs below a farmhouse on the hill overlooking Elm Creek, 4 miles northwest of Lockhart near the intersection of Elm Creek and the Rogers Ranch School-Lockhart road. The creek probably cuts into the Cretaceous. The lower part of a rounded hill nearby is Kincaid. Yellow and red concretions may be observed on the side slope and Wilcox caps the top, its presence revealed in part by an abrupt change in the character of the vegetation. The greensand on the bank above Elm Creek is unusually coarse and the matrix highly calcareous. Two miles north of Lockhart, on the C. W. Cardwell farm, W. C. Williams Survey (U.S.G.S.Stas. 11685 and 11686) an arroyo offers an excellent exposure of the contact. Thickness Ft. In. Midway group: Kincaid formation : 6. Mottled gray and blue sandy marl, carrying an abundance of micro-fossils and a small number of Mollusca: Leda, Ostrea pulaskensis, Volutocorbis sp. (U.S.G.S.Sta. 11,688) to top ________ _ _ -----------------------------------------------------------­ 5. A soft but not crumbly, dense, dirty, gray chalk, peppered with glauconite carrying a micro-fauna and a few mol­luscan impressions (U.S.G.S.Sta. 11,687) __________________________ 6 8 4. Greensand similar to that below but less glauconitic and less fossiliferous; comparatively few reworked fossils, Volutocorbis sp., Tubulostium sp. (U.S.G.S.Sta. 11,685) _ 2 3. Ledge-forming, coarse, highly calcareous greensand, the glauconite making up the greater part of the marl; Ostrea pulaskensis, Cucullaea, and a large number of reworked fossils (U.S.G.S.Sta. 11,686) -------·--·--·--·---..--·-----2 Navarro group (Upper Cretaceous) : 2. Fine, densely compacted, yellowish noncalcareous sand ·---· 3 I. Flaggy sandstone ---------·--------------........._.._ ,,____,,______________________,,_l-1% The chalk overlying the Littig glauconitic member is fairly per­sistent in the Kincaid section in Caldwell County and indicates a return to quiet waters aher the troublous period of the basal green­sand when the old Cretaceous beach was being pounded by the invading Midway sea. Fine, loosely compacted, marly, clayey sands, mottled yellowish brown and bluish gray in color, succeed the chalk (U.S.G.S.Sta. 11688). They carry a rich microfauna but com­paratively few Mollusca, among them Ostrea pulaskensis molds and impressions of V olutocorbis. The average thickness of the marly sands and sandy clays is about 8 feet. They grade upward into a light yellow sand, which is richly fossiliferous. On the Martindale farm, 4 miles southwest of Lockhart (U.S.G.S.Sta. 11689), the Littig glauconitic member is repeated by faulting. The crystalline and yellowish brown calcite so characteristic a feature of the facies that has been called the "Squirrel Creek formation" is common at this locality. The Littig glauconitic member outcrops along the north tongue of Kincaid which crosses the San Marcos near Staples and persists possibly to York Creek. Exogyras have been found, presumably in place, in a small branch on the southern edge of Staples. On the bank above the San Marcos, at the end of the first secondary road about 1 mile north of Staples (U.S.G.S.Sta. 11695), a coarse green­sand with a highly calcareous matrix outcrops rather widely but not conspicuously. The calcite in the matrix is finely crystalline and of the same color as that in the more coarsely crystalline facies of the so-called "Squirrel Creek formation." The micro-fauna includes foraminifera and ostracods. The Mollusca are reworked or not specifically determinable. No exposures of Littig were observed along the normal line of contact north of Fentress. The upper Kincaid in Caldwell County is well characterized and carries a richer molluscan fauna than the basal greensand. One of the finest outcrops observed in the county is in a draw, one-half mile northwest of the Simms Oil Company's derrick on the G. A. Moser farm, Isaac Jackson Survey, 51h miles due north of Lockhart (U.S.G.S.Sta. 11707). The highly glauconitic matrix carries Ostrea pulaskensis and, among the characteristic fossils of the upper part of the Kincaid formation, V enericardia smithii, V olutocorbis texana, Turritella alabami.ensis, and abundant Hercoglossa. The greensand below the Hercoglossa-bearing ledge carries Ostrea pulaskensis but 72 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 no other common fosssils excepting foraminifera. The 8 to 10 feet of sandy clay above the Hercoglossa zone carried smaller foramini­fera but no Mollusca were observed. Red concretions, probably a disintegrating ledge, cap the hill. The same fauna, even to Turritella nerinexa, restricted in its known Caldwell County distribution to these two localities, outcrops on the Martindale farm, 51h miles southwest of Lockhart (U.S.G.S.Sta. 11706). Yellow cone-in-cone concretions are commonly associated with the Hercoglossa-bearing greensand. One of the best horizon markers in Caldwell County is that of the so-called "red concretions," the oxidized and calcareous cobbles, dirty yellowish brown in color and specked with polished dark brown, noncrystalline grains which are probably altered glauconite. A concretionary structure may be detected but is by no means marked and it is highly probable that these "concretions" are remnants of a continuous resistant stratum rather than a discontinuous series, indicating apparently the base of the Wills Point formation. The relation between the "red concretions" and the yellow cone-in-cone concretions commonly associated with the upper fossiliferous green· sand and the clays directly above them is established locally by an outcrop on the south side of the J. L. Pruitt farm about 6 miles northeast of Lockhart. Red and yellow concretions separated by 5 to 8 feet of slightly glauconitic marl outcrop conspicuously along a deep cut, probably made by an old road. The intervening distance between the two series of concretions is usually much greater-about 25 or 30 feet. Clays of the Mexia member of the Wills Point formation bearing Volutocorbis limopsis were collected from Town Branch on the Dale road on the western margin of Lockhart in 1925 but the locality is no longer accessible. Similar clays are exceptionally well exposed on the Austin· Lockhart road along the south side of Plum Creek and 4.6 miles northwest of Lockhart at a jog in the secondary road leading north from the road to Maxwell. The dome of the Lytton Springs structure is encircled by red "concretions" and before the development of the field, yellow cone· in-cone concretions and Hercoglossa were found within the circle. GUADALUPE COUNTY Excepting for a slender faulted tongue of the Kincaid southwest of Staples, the Wills Point occupies by far the greater part of the section in the narrow strip which extends across the north-central part of Guadalupe County roughly parallel to the northern boundary. No Kincaid has been recognized in surface outcrops between Geronimo Creek and the Bexar County line. On the San Marcos River, the eastern boundary of Guadalupe County, the outcrop of both the Kincaid and Wills Point is about l 1h miles wide. Kincaid clays, fossiliferous, glauconitic, slightly phosphatic, and brownish rather than gray in color, are well exposed in a small break of the San Marcos, l 1h miles southwest of Fentress. A few inches of shale outcrop beneath the greensand, and both the field relations and the fauna indicate the higher glauconitic sand and not the Littig glauconitic member. In fact, excepting in the faulted tongue south­west of Staples, no outcrop of the Littig glauconitic member has been observed in Guadalupe County. The southern extension of the Staples fault is indicated by fossils recovered from a gully exposure 2.8 miles southwest of Staples by L. W. Stephenson. No good outcrops of Wills Point were noted near the San Marcos hut the lower Wilcox outcrops a little to the south of the crossroads, 2 miles southwest of Fentress, and the oyster bed within a mile of the crossroads. Fossiliferous Kincaid shale with associated brownish septarian concretions seamed with calcite were thrown out in digging a tank, 3% miles southwest of Fentress. Geodic concretions filled with selenite crystals and often brilliantly colored are associated with the Wills Point clays exposed in a roadside ditch 9 miles or more southwest of Seguin, on both the north and east sides of the R. E. Brown 300 acres. In the northeast corner of the adjoining Martinez Survey basal Kincaid has been reported from a depth of 190 feet. The flood plain of Cibolo Creek is very wide and offers no outcrops hut the clays and associated concretions exposed in the west hank of Cibolo are probably all of Wills Point age. Cucullaea macrodonta? was collected by Deussen at Zuehl. The lithology is that of the Wills Point, and the associated concretions are handed in shades of red and brown with yellow centers. It is possible that the Midway is brought to the surface in the faulted 74 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 area southwest of New Berlin, but the width of the normal outcrop on Cibolo Creek does not exceed 4 miles. A very high Wills Point horizon, the probable equivalent of that represented at Jett Crossing on Medina River, is indicated by a ferruginous and fossiliferous glauconitic sandstone outcropping on the Guadalupe River near the ferry 3 miles west of Seguin and also 21h miles above the power house south of Seguin. An oxidized calcareous sandstone riddled with Teredo tubes, col­lected by Stephenson, from the north-facing slope of the San Marcos, 11h miles west of Fentress, is probably of Midway age and lower than the sandstone at Jett Crossing. Guadalupe and Bexar counties must have been synclinal during the early Eocene, for marine condi­tions apparently persisted, at least intermittently, well into Wilcox time. The waters were, for the most part, shallow, for Ostrea and Cerithium are the most common species at many of the outcrops but they record the continuance of the general marine conditions that attended the close of the Midway, and indicate a nearby retreat for the very considerable number of Midway species which persisted into the Wilcox. BEXAR COUNTY The surface geology of Bexar County is adequately covered by Nelson A. Sayre in a report soon to be published by the Division of Ground Water of the U. S. Geological Survey. The Kincaid, which makes up practically the entire Midway section in Medina and Uvalde counties and by far the greater part of it in Maverick County, has not been certainly recognized in surface outcrops in Bexar County. As in Guadalupe County, the Kincaid formation is for the most part absent and east of San Antonio probably concealed by overlap. Greensands referred questionably to the basal Wills Point outcrop, however, at a number of localities along the Cretaceous-Midway contact. The most striking of these are along the scarp on the west side of Leon Creek and particularly in a small west branch of Leon Creek on the north side of the San Antonio-Castroville road. The greensand is oolitic, the grains are small and polished, elliptical, averaging about 2 millimeters in length and 1 in breadth, and the brittle matrix is a yellow, highly crystalline calcite. No fossils were recovered except possibly fruit of a species of Chara. The basal greensand of the Kincaid formation is much coarser as a rule, not oolitic and not homogeneous and usually carries some trace of organ­ic remains. Calcareous boulders which may carry a little glauconite and which suggest in texture the matrix of the greensand north of the Castroville road were observed in a small draw, 1% miles north of Martinez. The Cibolo Creek section has been described by Deussen ( 62, pp. 43-44). The greater part of the section at Zuehl, including that which carries Cucullrrea macrodonta, is of Wills Point age. The clays are micaceous and vermilion concretions are associated with them. The Midway-Indio contact is obscured on Cibolo Creek by flood plain deposits but it probably crosses the stream a little less than a mile below the mouth of Santa Clara Creek on the Guadalupe County side. The jointed clays of the Wills Point formation are well exposed in the Missouri, Kansas & Topeka Railroad cut in southeastern San Antonio and in Salado Creek and are reported from time to time in gravel and brick pits in the vicinity of southern San Antonio. The San Antonio River valley offers very few good outcrops but there are some excellent cuts made by the Medina River. A few hundred feet upstream from the north bank of Garza Crossing, 3 miles above Jett Crossing, there is an exceptional section of the Wills Point concretionary clays. The clays are bedded, chippy, and stained with manganese. The included concretions are of boulder dimensions, gray and argillaceous, and are giving rise to large numbers of smaller banded, highly colored concretions, all with a strong tendency toward septarian structure. A collection was made by Deussen from the ferruginous sandstone concretions at Jett Crossing on the Palo Alto road. The fauna is on the border line between the Midway and the Wilcox. No Midway is known from surface outcrops in Bexar County west of Medina River, excepting for a small area near the mouth of Elm Creek. MEDINA COUNTY East of the big bend in the Southern Pacific Railroad, south of Castroville in Medina County, the Midway seems to be cut out entirely. Between Dunlay and Noonan and the Hondo River the 76 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 areal geology indicates a series of parallel faults trending east­northeast· the northernmost and southernmost of these faults are downthro~n to the south, and the other three to the north. The southeast dips on the first north-south road east of the Hondo River near the farmhouse on the Tom Neuman 213 acres run as high as 45°. Both to the east and west of the Els tone structure, which brings the Cretaceous to the surface in the Hondo River valley, the Midway scarp is a conspicuous topographic feature. The Cretaceous at Elstone is best exposed in the bend of the Hondo to the east near the power house of the Central Power and Light Company. The Ostrea cortex reef forms the bed rock for some little distance and extends at some points entirely across the river. Sphenodiscus is associated with 0. cortex but is much less abundant. The Midway exposures below the Elstone Crossing are mostly in the form of large, fossiliierous, calcareous sandstone boulders derived from a section some 8 feet in thickness outcropping in the bed of the Hondo about 1 mile below the Graff farmhouse and about half a mile above the crossing. Some 3 feet of very massive sandy limestone weathering smooth with slight smooth depressions overlies about 5 feet of sandy limestone with brown calcite. tiddle's formational terms "Squirrel Creek" and "Elstone" describe lithologic facies which do not apparently maintain a uniform stratigraphic position. The "Squirrel Creek" facies, which is characterized by the abundance of large crystals of brown calcite, can be followed to the Rio Grande, where it caps the Cretaceous at White Bluff. Thick-bedded Indio sandstone fills the bed of the stream about halfway between the Midway out­crops in the Hondo and the Graff farmhouse. No Midway was observed in the Hondo River section between this Wilcox and the Cretaceous to the north. It is present, however, in the hill south of the bend in the railroad between Dunlay and the Hondo. Midway boulders of the facies that has been called "Elstone formation" by Liddle were observed on the south side of Live Oak Creek to the west of the road running due south from the eastern edge of Hondo. Cannon reports 153 feet of Wilcox from a well on the south line of the H. Castro Survey and lignite at 100 feet. This is less than a ~ile in an air line to the northwest of the Midway and less than a mile to the southwest from a roadside outcrop of Cre­taceous flags. The Butts Gin-Hondo road follows roughly the Midway-Wilcox contact between Live Oak and Butts Gin, 4.3 miles (air line) northwest of Yancey. Rounded boulders of fossiliferous Midway of the "Elstone" facies, with V enericardia and Turritella, too large to be transported in any usual manner, are strewn about the abandoned gin yard. The fact that smaller boulders of Wilcox sandstone are associated with them casts some doubt upon their origin. The Indio caps the hills between Butts Gin and the Seco. From Live Oak to the Seco the northern boundary of the Midway is marked by a conspicuous scarp with Fohn Hill as probably the highest point. The contact described by Stephenson in his "Cre­taceous-Eocene contact in the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain," U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 90-J, from 7% miles southeast of D'Hanis on the Yancey road, is along this front. The limestone at this locality, which is not far from Liddle's type "Squirrel Creek formation," contains small balls of clay about half an inch in diameter. These are similar to those in the basal limestone at White Bluff on the Rio Grande. The trend of the Cretaceous boundary is strongly to the south, that of the Midway-Wilcox to the west, so that along the Seco the areal extent of the Midway is reduced to a little more than a mile. North of the Southern Pacific Railroad there are two, possibly three, notable areas of outcrop of the limestone, one along the scarp overlooking Quihi on the Castroville road, the other in the bed of Verde Creek, 1 mile northwest of New Fountain. The third is reported by Cannon from the stream bed about 3% miles north of Quihi. Membranipora, crab claws, and the tubes of either worms or gastropods are the most characteristic fossils of the "Elstone" facies, whereas the "Squirrel Creek" facies carries V enericardia crenaea, Limopsis quihi, CaUocardia pteleina, and other relatively large bivalves in considerable abundance. No outcrops of Wills Point age have been definitely recognized in surface deposits in Medina County. UVALDE COUNTY Excepting for a single obscure locality on the eastern terrace above the Nueces River, about 1 mile north of the Zavala County line, the Midway outcrops in Uvalde County are restricted to isolated exposures along the major streams in the southeastern part of the county. The University of Texa.s Bulletin No. 3301 One and one-half miles north of the Pulliam ranch house, which is about 300 yards southeast of the San Antonio, Uvalde & Gulf Railroad bridge over the Nueces River, on the road to the Widow Cook ranch, 0.8 mile due east of the Nueces River, along the face of the west-facing mesa, L. W. Stephenson made the following sec­tion: Thickness Feet Indio formation: Gray, soft, cross-bedded sandstone with some interbedded clay lenses. Glauconitic at base.·------------------·-···-····-------·-··-10-15 Kincaid formation : Dark clay, somewhat shaly..·-·-··------------------------------------4 Gray argillaceous sand.·---------------·---······---·--·-········-·-····-----····-2 Light gray, calcareous glauconitic sandstone becoming con­ glomeratic in the lower 1 or 2 feet. Contains some phosphatic nodules and casts, fragments of oysters, and Sphenodiscus, gastropod casts, some of which are reworked from the underlying Escondido. Also Ostrea pulaskensis?______ 2-3 Unconformity. Escondido formation (Upper Cretaceous) : Argillaceous sand and sandy clay with one indurated layer; contains Cretaceous fossils___________________ _____________________ 20 The Frio River above and below Evans' (Myrick's) apiary, 4 miles east of the Englemann ranch, has furnished the classic section of the lower Midway in Uvalde County. The downstream outcrops are on the well known Kincaid ranch and for that reason the lower formation of the Midway group was named the Kincaid formation. The section was first described in 1900 in U. S. Geological Survey Uvalde Folio No. 64, by T. Wayland Vaughan (29b). Excellent outcrops of the Kincaid formation occur with inter­ruptions and irregularities from about three-fourths of a mile above the Evans' apiary to about a mile above the old Kincaid ranch house some 5 to 6 miles below. The contact between the Midway and Cretaceous is exposed on the northeast bank of the Frio. Fucoidal sandstone forms the bed of the stream and the base of the bank. The section directly above the fucoidal sandstone is concealed, hut about 21h feet above is another 21h feet of partially indurated yellow sand stained with manganese and packed with Ostrea cortex. Above this are fossiliferous glauconitic boulders, irregular in size and shape, apparently a disintegrating ledge of Kincaid conglomerate. The conglomerate grades upward into a yellow sand with little glauconite and very few fossils. The contact on the west bank slightly downstream from that on the east is not so obvious, but 30 to 35 feet of alternating sands and limestones are exposed above it. The sands are for the most part fine and yellowish brown and carry a few disseminated grains of glauconite. The greater part of the relatively thin Midway section on the Frio is occupied by the fine yellow calcareous sands in which glauconite is a more or less constant but rarely abundant constituent and occasional beds of arenaceous limestone, also glauconitic and fossiliferous, at some localities abundantly so. Three limestone beds, each of them about 5 feet in thickness and separated by approximately equal intervals of less calcareous and less indurated sands, the lowest of the three usually 10 to 15 feet above the basal limestone, can be followed for very considerable distances both above and below the apiary. The sand is very fine, fairly homogeneous, slightly calcareous and carries small fragments of shell but nothing which makes even a generic determination possible. Concretions a foot or so long and pointed at either end occur most commonly toward the top of the section and are usually oriented with the long axis vertical. Capping the sandstone on the south bank is a very sandy, light yellowish gray limestone carrying Cucullaea texana, Venericardia and Callocardia pteleina. Just above the trail leading up to the Evans' apiary, a dense gray limestone outcrops as a well defined ledge a foot or more above the bed of the stream. It carries V olutocorbis sp. cf. V. limopsis, hut the general ensemble of the fauna is that of the Tehuacana member. The ledge can he followed downstream for an eighth to a quarter of a mile where it forms the base of a bluff of about 50 feet at its highest. In this bluff the limestone is overlain by gray sands and sandy clays carrying rounded concretions, some of them 2 feet in diameter. Fairly well developed ferruginous layers may he traced for short distances and ferruginous concretionary nuclei are quite common. These sands, varying in thickness from 10 to 20 feet, are referable to the Wills Point formation, and are the only beds so determined in Uvalde County. They are overlain with marked unconformity by heavy cross-bedded sands of Indio age. Downstream the section is repeated, and a quarter to a half mile above the mouth of Long Hollow the Navarro is brought to the­surface and persists as a ridge on the east side of the channel for 80 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 8301 a distance of 100 to 150 feet. It is also present in the east bank of the Nueces. The best Cretaceous-Midway contact is that exposed by the upthrow of the Cretaceous and Kincaid formations in the break designated "Long Hollow" on the topographic map, though there is no stream draining through it, and the indentation does not persist for more than an eighth of a mile. I have Mr. Getzendaner's generous interest to thank for information on this excellent exposure. The following section was measured on the southeast bank: Thickness Ft. In. Eocene: Midway group: Kincaid formation: 8. lndurated limestone -------------------------­-----------­----------­ 6 0 7. Yellow sand ------------------------------------4 6 6. Indurated limestone ---------------------------------------­ I 8 5. Fine yellow sand -----­-------­---------------------­---------I 6 4. lndurated highly calcareous sandstone resistant and ledge- forming --­--------------------­-------------------------------­ I 0 3. 21h-3 Fine yellow, slightly glauconitic sand __________________________ 2. Basal conglomerate forming a discontinuous series of boulders, very hard, pebbly, with abundant glauconite. H ercoglossa, 2 feet above the base_________________________________ 2 Upper Cretaceous: Escondido formation: I. Yellow fucoidal sandstone, no Ostrea cortex observed, Sphenodiscus worked out from clays at bottom of hollow ---------------------------------------10 The 6 feet of arenaceous limestone at the top is apparently the most resistant bed in the Frio Midway section. It is the equivalent in part of that designated "Squirrel Creek formation" by Liddle in his Medina County report, and is commonly characterized by the brown calcite of the large but poorly preserved bivalves such as Cucullaea and V enericardia. At the outcrop on the west bank, about half a mile below the Indio outcrop, the limestone beds lose their identity, becoming more arenaceous, less indurated and tending to fuse not only with one another but with the intermediate sands. Farther downstream on the east bank and at the final outcrop about 1 mile above the Kincaid ranch house, there is at least one limestone and usually two or three sufficiently resistant to stand out as a ledge. The irregularity of outcrop is accompanied by irregularity in dip. The following section of the Kincaid formation was taken 1 mile above the old Kincaid ranch house: Thickness Feet Kincaid formation: 5. Glauconitic calcareous sand, with two indurated zones about I to 2 feet thick and 5 feet apart -------------------------------------------15-20 4. Sandy fossiliferous limestone of the "Squirrel Creek" facies, the heavy shells of the large bivalves indicated by strongly crystalline brown calcite -----------------------------------------------5 3. Fine yellow sand with an ill-defined concretionary bed about 4 feet from the toP--------------------------------------------7 2. Very dense limestone suggesting that outcropping near the foot of the apiary trail, made up of two layers, both of them weathering with uneven surfaces__ ________ ________ ____________________ 2 I. Glauconitic sandy clay to water's edge____________ _______ ________ I Thanks to the courtesy of Mr. Frank Getzendaner of Uvalde, an outcrop of highly fossiliferous Midway was observed on Blanco Creek almost due west from the Schuddemagen ranch house. The boulders are scattered across the bed of the creek and along the west bank for perhaps an eighth of a mile. Slabs of Cretaceous sandstone outcrop a quarter of a mile above, and about three-quarters of a mile below there is a change to a reddish sandy soil. The northwest slope of Elm Creek below the Schuddemagen ranch house, 11 miles south of Sabinal, offers a striking outcrop of 10 feet of massive limestone overlying the calcareous sand of the Escondido formation and overlain by sands and sandstone of possibly Wilcox age. The Ostrea collected from the pockets in the upper surface of the limestone is probably a sub-species of the Wilcox oyster, Ostrea multilirata. The brown calcite characteristic of the "Squirrel Creek" facies is abundant in the limestone, and the glauconitic grains are not sufficiently common to tint the rock. Limopsis quihi and Veneri­cardia crenaea, so common around Quihi and New Fountain, are present and crab remains are very common. Sphenodiscus was col­lected from the base of the bluff. Apparently the Midway is reduced, probably hy overlap, to little more than 10 feet. Not only are the Wills Point sands entirely absent, hut the glauconitic conglomerate of the Frio River section and the yellow pack sand between the con­glomerate and the limestone are without representatives on Elm Creek. At Irishman Hill, on the Uvalde and Medina County line, and 82 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 between 9 and 10 miles above the Zavala County line, the Tehuacana can be followed as a discontinuous series of boulders, fossiliferous and sparsely glauconitic, yellowish to dove-gray within, weathering blackish gray. Ostrea cortex is present from 12 to 20 feet below the crest. The capping is of gravel from 5 to 10 feet in thickness. MAVERICK COUNTY Areal mapping in Maverick County is seriously hampered by the lack of adequate base maps. The outcrops are good and the Rio Grande and several of the arroyos traverse the entire Midway section. Confusion in mapping arises much more readily from difficulty in placing the outcrop than in the interpretation of it. The Tehuacana member of the Kincaid formation is one of the most prominent topographic features in Maverick County and is clearly traceable across the southern half of the county, with notable outcrops along Comanche Creek on the Farias ranch, at Bibora tank, all along the scarp on which the Indio wells were drilled, in the arroyo leading from Tobar tank to the river on the road from the Windmill (Jacal) ranch house to Las Isletas, and for several miles along the Rio Grande. A short distance north of Comanche Creek and in northeastern Maverick, northwestern Zavala, and south-central Uvalde counties the Midway is, for the most part, concealed by the overlapping Indio and Carrizo formations. The Mexican Border "limestone," like that in the Tehuacana scarp, is more properly a calcareous sandstone, light gray to creamy white in color and highly fossiliferous. The shells occur, for the most part, firmly embedded in the matrix, and the shell substance, as in the "Squirrel Creek" facies of Medina County, occurs as a brown, highly crystalline calcite. Fossils though common are restricted in the number of species. The fauna is dominantly that of a few groups of rather large bivalves, notably Cucullaea and Venericardia. Cucullaea texana is widely distributed and usually abundant. Several species of V enericardia are present in considerable numbers, notably V. smithii, V. jewelli, of the planicosta group, and V. moa of the V. alticostata group. Callocardia hawtofi is also common and like Venericardia jewelli and V. moa, is characteristic of the basal iime· stone of the Rio Grande embayment. Turritellas of the humerosa and mortoni type are present though they are probably not spe­cifically identical with these common el'stern forms. The estimated thickness of the limestone is 25 feet. Fig. 4. Upper Midway (Wills Point formation) and basal Wilcox section, Rio Grande about 3 miles above the Webb-Maverick County line. The section on the Rio Grande is almost complete. The Midway exposures along the river are most readily accessible by the road leading down from the Windmill (Jacal) ranch house to the old crossing at the deserted Blesse ranch house on the Mexican side, an interesting example of Spanish architecture now falling in ruins but still an excellent landmark. At the northern end of the bluffs which extend from half a mile to a mile upstream from the Blesse ranch on the Texas side is a remarkably fine Cretaceous-Midway contact. At a slightly greater distance downstream from the Blesse ranch on the north side of the sharp bend in the river is an equally fine exposure of the Midway-Wilcox contact. The Midway outcrop is interrupted for only about three-quarters of a mile at the Blesse Crossing. The contact of the Cretaceous and Midway is already classic. The bluff in which it is exposed was formerly known as White Bluff, though the present occupants of the Indio ranch are not familiar with that name. The section has been described by Deussen and, more fully, by Stephenson. White Bluff of the literature is the most northern of the series that extends for half a mile downstream, and its com­manding elevation is due to the Tehuacana member which caps it. West of White Bluff the Cretaceous shales, unprotected by the lime­stone, are readily eroded, and the landscape abruptly flattens. A turn to the west in the strike and the eastward trend of the Rio Grande bring the limestone very close to the river near Las Islas crossing. The following local section was made. 84 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 Thickness Feet 6. Caliche capping ················-···-···­·-···-·---·-------··--··--···-·········-----­··­·-··--··· 1-2 Eocene: Kincaid formation: 5. Yellowish gray (3-21-e),5 sandy but very highly crystalline limestone, resistant under the hammer, very fossiliferous, the calcite glistening white when fresh, weathering brown; casts of Cucullaea texana, Venericardia moa, and Callocardia hawtofi common ----­-------------·------­ 3 4. Yellow gray (2-21-6) noncalcareous sand carrying a few reworked fragments of 0. cortex and a few scattered grains of glauconite --------­----------­-------------------­----------------------------------­ 0-2 3. Grayish tan (2-21-b, but not so green), very sandy massive limestone; the lower 2 or 3 inches packed with glauconite, with occasional sharks' teeth, pebbles, and fragments of Ostrea cortex; the upper 18 inches sparsely glauconitic and fossiliferous, the fossils weathering out on the upper surface and frequently with the shell substance preserved, the most common among them being Cucullaea texana, Limopsis cf. L. quihi, Venericardia moa; a persistent ledge-forming bed of fairly uniform thickness ----------­------------------------------------­ 3 2. Clay conglomerate with layers and pockets of glauconite with irregular and wavy bedding, the clay, apparently reworked from the Cretaceous, the glauconitic pockets with frag­ mentary and reworked Cretaceous fossils, seed cases, and probably with Venericardia ---­------------­-------------­ 0--2 Cretaceous: 1. Very compact greenish gray shale (nearest to 3-21-a but not so dark) with abundant dendritic markings of manganese ; Sphenodiscus very near top, Ostrea cortex about 35 to 40 feet down ···-------------------------------------------------------75-100 The Ostrea cortex horizon of the Cretaceous is a prominent clay bed for a considerable distance downstream. Good outcrops of the fossiliferous Tehuacana member are exposed for a quarter to half a mile downstream. The break through which the road passes to the Blesse Crossing offers nothing but terrace material and river sands and clays with a thin shingle of very coarse dark-colored gravel. An eighth to a quarter of a mile south of the Blesse Crossing the up­per part of the limestone appears interbedded with greenish, yellow­ish gray sands. One arroyo section offers 3 to 4 feet of these sands 5These numbers refer to the Goldman Color Chart, issued under the auspices of the National Research Council, Washington, D. C. overlying a limestone platform and overlain by 15 to 18 inches of massive gray crystalline limestone weathering grayish black. The sands are relatively soft but firmly packed and bedded in layers about 1 inch in thickness and forming a natural bridge between the limestones. At low water a limestone floor extends for some distance into the Rio Grande and great slabs are piled up upon the Mexican bank. Potholes cover the upper surface and the fossils, though numerous, are presented in cross section only. The associated sands carry scattered grains of glauconite and locally abundant Turritella. The calcareous sands become increasingly important downstream and up the section and about a quarter of a mile below the Blesse ranch, though still sparsely glauconitic and fossiliferous, they are concretionary. The concretions are of the argillaceous calcareous ironstone type and run up to two feet or more in diameter. This bed extends across the channel of the river at low water; the uneven upper surface forms a series of stepping stones. The following section was taken along the bluffs extending from three-fourths mile to a mile downstream from the Blesse ranch and forming the strong east-west bend in the Rio Grande. Thickness Feet Indio formation: 6. Fine quartzitic, noncalcareous sand carrying some glauconite at the base, streaked and mottled grayish brown and reddish in color, light gray within 2 feet of the base and spattered with macerated leaf fragments. A conglomerate with ferruginous pebbles up to several inches in diameter derived doubtless from Midway concretions, locally de­veloped within 10 to 15 feet of the base. The 15 to 20 feet of heavy, often cross-bedded indiscriminately massed sands overlain by much darker colored paper-thin and regularly­bedded sands and clays. Composite section_____________________ 40 Midway group: Wills Point formation: 5. Grayish yellow, chippy argillaceous sands and sandy clays and shales, glauconitic and calcareous at the base (rather deeper than 3-18-2), gradually losing the glauconite and most of the lime and altering upward into a gray clay (7-15--0); a thin-bedded shale probably with some copiapite and possibly at the extreme top, nonmarine. No well defined concretionary bed but a few rather small reddish but not vermilion concretions at the tOP----------------------------20 86 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 Thickness Feet 4. Highly calcareous, glauconitic, concretionary sandstone in dull shades of grayish purple and reddish brown, forming a continuous ledge --­------------------------­ 1 Kincaid formation : 3. Dull grayish brown to greenish and purplish (3-18-a to 3-1-2), rather coarse highly glauconitic and calcareous sand, conglomeratic at the base and carrying Venericardia smithii in abundance; in the lower 3 feet, less glauconitic and less fossiliferous than above, weathering reddish, especially toward the base ·--------------­-------------------­------------­ 6-7 2. Dark gray, glauconitic, laminated, sandy shale, cut by joint planes at 60° and with a bed of concretions at the top. Concretions dense, rather thick oval, with gray, sparsely glauconitic rims and reddish centers seamed with calcite, weathering out into purple-red cores --------------------­------­---­ 5 L Brownish yellow, sparsely glauconitic and calcareous sand, very fine, crudely bedded, tending to be concretionary. A well defined series of argillaceous concretions, about 15 inches in diameter and hall as thick, seamed with calcite about 2112 feet above the base of the sands; another series of similar concretions crowning the sands; concretions and numerous joint planes weathering brownish red_______ 8 The section is more uniform in character than the sections farther north and the line between the glauconitic sandy limestone and the glauconitic calcareous sandstone is less sharp than the terminology implies. Glauconite is present in varying amounts throughout almost the entire section of the Rio Grande Midway. It is possible that the base of the Wills Point formation is indicated in the conglomerate at the base of bed No. 3 in the section below the Blesse ranch, though Hercoglossa vaughani and other fossils commonly associated with the upper part of the Kincaid formation are present. The 25 or 30 feet which overlie the conglomerate indicate a single depositional series and the clays at the top may be nonmarine. The break between them and the Indio above, is, however, very sharp. The structure so prominent in the Cretaceous of Maverick County and in the Indio and Carrizo formations in the Winter Garden area is reflected in the swing of the Tehuacana member of the Kincaid formation to the east along Comanche Creek and south of Comanche to the headwaters of Pendencia Creek. The following list includes the determinable Midway species cited and discussed in the taxonomic section: DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES Kincaid Wills Point Kincaid Wills Point formation formation formation formation Linthia maverickensis_ __ x Protocardia quihi -----------x Conopeum damicomis _ x Protocardia actia ------------x Argyrotheca powersi _____ ? Callocardia hawtofi _______ x Leda saffordana ------------x Callocardia pteleina ________ x -Callocardia biboraensis Leda eoa -------------------------x ____ x Leda smirna --------------------x x Callocardia kempae ____ __ x Limopsis quihi ---------------x Tellina quihi --------------------x Cucullaea macrodonta _ __ x x Corhula milium ----------------x x Cucullaea texana ------------x Corbula kennedyi ------------x Cucullaea kaufmanensis_ x Corbula coloradoensis ____ x x Breviarca steamsii ---------x Teredo ringens ----------------x Pteria deusseni -------------x Teredo maverickensis ____ x Gryphaeostrea vomer ____ x Dentalium mediaviense____ x x Ostrea pulaskensis ----------x Cadulus turgidus ------------x ? Ostrea crenulimarginata _ x Cadulus phoenicea ----------x Ostrea kochae -----------------x Cadulus aldrichi --------------x Ostrea multilirata Tornatellaea texana ________ x x sabinalensis ------------------? Acteocina leai ---------------? Amusium alahamense ____ x x Cylichnina emoryL_________ x Modiolus saffordi -----------x Gilbertina texana -----------x x Crassatellites gabbi _______ x Orthosurcula longipersa__ x Crassatellites ioannes ____ x ? Orthosurcula longipersa Corbicula texana ---------x tobar ----------------------------x Venericardia jewelli ________ x Orthosurcula francescae _ x x Venericardia smithii ______ x x Orthosurcula phoenicea __ x Venericardia alticostata _ x Mangelia schotti --------------x Venericardia hulla __________ x Exilia pergracilis -----------x x Venericardia hesperia______ x Levifusus lithae -------------­x Venericardia whitei ________ x Olivella mediavia ------------x x Venericardia crenaea ______ x Volutocorbis rugata --------? Volutocorbis texana ________ x x Venericardia moa -----------x Volutocorbis limopsis __ _ x Venericardia eoa --------------x Phacoides albaripa ----------x Volutocorbis kerensensis x Phacoides mesakta __________ x Latirus? stephensoni ------x Fasciolaria? plummeri __ x Falsifusus _______ ? Kelliella? evansi -------------x Kelliella aldrichi ------------x x ottonis ___ 88 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 Kincaid Wills Point Kincaid Wills Point form&tion form&tion form&tion form&tion Falsifusus tobar -------------x Turritella kincaidensis --­ x Laevibuccinum constric-Turritella mortoni sJ, _ ___ x tum ------------------------------? ? Turritella humerosa s.l... x x Tritaria? emoryi ____________ x Turritella biboraensis ----x Murex mansfieldi ____________ x x Turritella ola -------------------­ x Ranularia hula ---------------­ x Turritella nerinexa ----------x Tritonium cedri -------------x Turritella hilli ----------------x Cypraea estellensis ________ ? Mesalia mavericki -------­x Calyptraphorus com-Architectonica phoenicea x x pressus --------------------x Natica reversa -----------------x x Calyptraphorus aldrichi _ x Natica perspecta ----------x x Calytraphorus popenoe____ x Natica saffordia --------------x Bittium estellensis ---------x x Polinices harrisii ------------x ? Epitonium cookii ------------x Lacunaria lithae -------------­x Epitonium dolosum --------x x Teinostoma eoa ---------------­x Lemintina? gonioides ____ x Solariorbis proius ----··------x Tubulostium tobar ----------x x Hercoglossa ulrichi --------x Turritella alabamiensis Hercoglossa vaughanL___ x x s.l. -----------------x GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE MIDWAY FAUNA AND CORRELATION WITHIN THE GULF REGION At the opening of the Midway, in the Littig glauconitic member of the Kincaid formation, there are included among the significant genera and species Breviarca stearnsii, Cucullaea macrodonta s.l., Ostrea pulaskensis, Crassatellites gabbi, small venericards, Calyp­traphorus velatus, a few small turritellas, and Hercoglossa. It is notable that the bivalves are the more numerous in species and individuals and, with the exception of Hercoglossa, that all of the forms are relatively small for the groups they represent. Cucullaea and Calytraphorus are of world-wide distribution and probably have a certain value in the broader correlations (73a, pp. 308-314). Ostrea pulaskensis is perhaps the closest check with the Eocene of the Gulf for it is the most characteristic species of the Sucarnoochee clay of Alabama, is equally characteristic of the lower Midway of Mississippi, Tennessee, and Arkansas, and has not been recorded from fossiliferous beds of upper Midway age. The common occurrence of this species in the higher greensands of the Texas Midway is the strongest single bit of evidence against their correla­tion with the Naheola of Alabama. Hercoglossa is a group of world­wide distribution which in Texas is abundant only in the lower Midway, not at the base, but within the upper third of the Kincaid. It is present but rare in the upper Midway. The Littig fauna, though sparse, is more cosmopolitan than the later Kincaid faunas. There are relatively few new species and many of the forms, such as the Crassatellites, venericards, and Calyptraphorus, are widely distributed in the Gulf province. Ostrea pulaskensis has an even wider distribution. In the later Kincaid, particularly in the Tehuacana member, the faunas are much more local, indicating apparently a series of embayments in which provincial development was accomplished. The Pisgah macro-fauna is not so well characterized as either the Littig fauna or that of the Tehuacana. Bottom conditions were possibly less favorable to the majority of species as the sediments were finer and not so hard. Burrowing forms such as M odiolus are common locally and the small Ledas and Amusium are rather widely distributed. In the Tehuacana, hard bottom conditions again prevailed and in the clear shallow waters, oysters and other large heavy-shelled bivalves must have been prolific both in species and individuals. A number of faunules, some of them cut off from one another by barriers of land or unfavorable waters, others possibly reflecting only local bottom conditions, may be discriminated. The faunas of Kaufman and Limestone counties, though showing the same general characters, were probably separated by some manner of barrier at the present Trinity River. The fauna developed along the Colorado River in Bastrop County differs conspicuously from the synchronous Caldwell County fauna, 25 miles to the south. In the Border faunas of Medina, Uvalde, and particularly of Maverick County, the majority of the species are peculiar to the province. This diversity of the molluscan faunas of the Tehuacana member can not be entirely due to unusually variable bottom conditions, for the general ecology was probably rather uniform. The bottom was for the most part sandy from Hopkins County to Maverick County and the waters in which the Tehuacana faunas lived were uniformly shallow, but the widely distributed species are gen­eralized or pelagic types. The bryozoan Conopeum damicornis is one of the few forms specifically identical from both the Limestone County and the 90 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 Frio River Tehuacana faunas. In Alabama it has been identified from the Clayton formation, at the base of the Midway. One of the most striking features of the Kincaid faunas is the explosive appearance of Venericardia. Only feebly foreshadowed in the late Cretaceous, the two major groups of probably the dominant genus in the Eocene are represented in the Kincaid by 7 described species and a number of other species too imperfectly represented to describe. Among these, 4 are peculiar to the Tehuacana of the Rio Grande embayment, all of them coarse, heavy-shelled forms suggesting inshore waters. The effiorescence of Callocardia is almost equally remarkable but they are a less striking group and more difficult to use; however, each horizon and many of the fauna! provinces have their own peculiar Callocardia faunas. Cucullaea macrodonta, an abundant Naheola species, presents some interesting variations that can be utilized stratigraphically. Crassatellites is locally common in the Tehuacana but less widely distributed than in the Pisgah and Littig. The gastropods are relatively less numerous than the pelecypods both in the number of species and of individuals. The prominent groups are those peculiarly characteristic of the Eocene-Volutocorbis, Calyptraphorus, and Turritella of the mor­toni and humerosa groups. Though nothing is known of the habits of Calyptraphorus, it is probable that it was unsuited to the coarse sandy bottoms which prevailed during Tehuacana time and for that reason is restricted largely to the finer sands. Turritella mortoni is exceedingly abundant at a horizon between the Ostrea crenuli­marginata and Venericardia zones in Limestone County. The turritellas of the humerosa group are peculiarly characteristic of the Rio Grande embayment. Naticoids are common and ubiquitous but of little value to the stratigrapher. The Wills Point macro-fauna reflects the ecologic change from sandy bottoms and probably disturbed waters to softer bottom conditions and more quiet waters. The V enericardia bulla zone at the base of the Wills Point formation (base of Mexia member) on the Colorado River in Bastrop County is an anomalous bed packed with a single species similar to V enericardia wilcoxensis of the Naheola of Alabama and isolated in some unexplained manner from all its known contemporaries and from those which precede and follow it. The overlying beds of the Mexia member carry a diversified fauna with no conspicuously abundant species. The comparative absence of the larger coarser bivalves which thrived during the Kincaid is notable. Scaphopods and gastropods are relatively much more common than in the Kincaid, particularly the smaller forms such as Cadulus, the turretids and the opisthobranchs. V olutocorbis limopsis was described from the Naheola and its distribution in Texas is restricted exclusively to the Wills Point formation. How­ever, a related but coarser species, Volutocorbis texana, is wide­spread through the Kincaid. The upper beds of the Wills Point are conspicuously barren and in part nonmarine. At the extreme top of the Kerens member, however, at a few localities, notably in Freestone County near Good Hope and in Bastrop County south of Elgin, a meager fauna has been recovered. Because of the presence of Volutocorbis limopsis, these beds have been referred to the Midway rather than to the lower Wilcox, which they strongly resemble lithologically. THE RELATION OF THE MIDWAY FAUNA OF TEXAS TO THE FOREIGN FAUNAS The widespread orogenic movements which marked the close of the Mesozoic raised most of the present land masses above the level of the sea. Marine deposits at the close of the Cretaceous and the beginning of the Tertiary are rare, localized, and, for the most part, thin. In the Eastern Hemisphere, at the close of the Cretaceous, two fauna} provinces were already defined, and continued to exist during most of the Tertiary: (1) a north temperate and boreal province and (2) a warm-water Tethys which included northern India, the Mediterranean region, and northern Africa, and which extended westward in the Cretaceous to Mexico, and in the Eocene apparently to Jamaica. In the northern province the late Cretaceous deposits, the Senonian and Danian, are chiefly calcareous, with bands of dark flint. The base of the Eocene is very generally marked by a con­glomerate of rolled pebbles and fossils from the underlying or nearby chalk. Both the pebbles and the fossils are commonly scarred by the attacks of boring organisms and are stained with glauconite. TENTATIVE CORRELATION OF MIDWAY FAUNA OF TEXAS AND OTHER REGIONS ' Belgium France Germany Russia EgyptDenmark England Persia West Africa Texas Sind Trinidad! Brazil -· Mokattam --·­ Upper Soissons lig-Oldhaven and Fossiliferous Mid- Upper nite andLandenian Glauconitic limestones way Blackheath plastic Upper and ferru­ of basal (Wills UpperWoolwich clay ginous Syzraniar. Eocene Point) Ranikotand Read-age in the sands and ing beds ., marls of Soudan, Pernam- ., I': UpperKjerteminde Bracheux northernLower Kressen· Thanet buco (.) 0 Libyan? clay sands Impure Nigeria,Landenian berg sands beds i:..l Ol ~ ~ Senegal, ~ ~ lime­ ~ ~ Soldado ~ Togo, and stonesLower forma-Seelandian Montian "'.. Well-bores >Q Landana, Mid-ti on i>isolitic Lower Lower and errat· Lower and possi­way (BedSyzranianchalk ics in Ranikot Libyan? bly No.2) (Kin­ north Angola caid) Germany ~ ~ ~ ~ Lithotham-Tuffeau de Hiatus ~WWW ~ ~ nium chalk ~~ ~ Ci ply ~ ~ Deccan trap Hiatus ~~ ~ Cardi ta "' Cardita ~ = .,0 beau-beau­ .. (.)., moil ti monti bedsbeds .... u ~ ~ Danian chalk Hiatus Hiatus .,.... HiatusHiatus ~ "" ~ Hiatus ;:::>"" ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ White chalk Tuffeau de Trimminghan White Mucronaten ArrialoorWhite chalk Saint chalk chalk beds Symphor­ ien The basal Eocene deposits, the Paleocene6 of the European section, in marked contrast to the deposits of the underlying Danian, are chiefly sand and clay. In the Tethys province the lithologic contrast is much less marked, and both the Upper Cretaceous and the basal Eocene are represented by impure limestones. The deposits of recogn:zed Danian age are fewer than those of the basal Eocene, and none of them was deposited during environmental conditions very closely approximating the conditions which prevailed during the deposition of the Midway of Texas. Faunally the only compar­able species in the north European Danian and the Midway sections are H ercoglossa danica and H ercoglossa vaughani and ulrichi. They ~re members of a group of species of very similar aspect, which was widespread at the close of the Cretaceous and the beginning of the Eocene. The Tethyan fauna of Danian age best known and best com­parable with that of the Midway is that from the Cardita beaumonti heds of India, described by Douville and referred by him to the upper Danian. These and equivalent beds have a considerable area of outcrop not only in the Sind, but also across the border in Baluchistan and Afghanistan and westward into Persia and northern Africa. In India they are overlain by the Deccan trap, and their reference to the Cretaceous is unquestioned. The fauna is of uncommon interest, because it seemingly contains several ancestral types of species and genera of importance and wide distribution in the Tertiary, among them a species similar in general aspect to V enericardia bulla. The latest Cretaceous beds in the Gulf Coast area contain none of the conspicuously precursal forms. In the Sind, however, the hiatus between the Cretaceous and the Eocene 8Paleocene was introduced by Schimper in 1874 (Paleontologie vegetale, vol. 3, p. 680), to include the Bracheux sands and the lignitic beds of SoiBSons. It is now generally accepted by European geologists to include all Tertiary deposits in the London-Paris basin below the London clay and the Cuisien and their time equivalents elsewhere. It is generally diatinct litbologically from the later Eocene, and the flora and the fauna, both vertebrate and invertebrate, have their own characters. The lithology records the struggle between the old beaches and the invading sea. The flora indicates on the whole a warm climate, not as dry as that of the later Eocene. The fauna, both the marine and the nonmarine, retains some archaic characteristics which disappear at or before the close of the Paleocene. Many European geologists conaider the differences which separate the Paleocene from the later Eocene as significant as those which separate the Eocene from the Oligocene, and give the Paleocene equal rank with the Eocene and the other divisions of the Tertiary. lo this country it is in common use by tbe vertebrate paleonto1ogiata to cover the beds between the top of the Cretaceous and those in which the earliest remaine of the horse have been found. is much less marked. There are not only the Cardita beaumonti beds, presumably of upper Danian age, but separated from them by an unconformity is a section of Hangu shale, with a maximum thickness of 2300 feet, described by Cox and referred by him to the Paleocene. The faunas of the Midway and the Hangu shale are, however, not closely allied, for the Hangu shale fauna is typically Tethyan, con­taining Campanile and Gisortia, and the Midway sea was evidently open both to the Calyptraphorus fauna of the south and to the Cucullaea fauna of the north, and the facies is not tropical but warm temperate. Furthermore, the Hangu sea and the Midway sea were separated by half the circumference of the earth. On the evidence of the Mollusca alone it seems that the Tertiary fauna originated in the Indian Ocean and migrated westward. Cox (73c, p. 137) has indicated that this thecry is not supported by the distribution of the nummulites. However, the Danian fauna of the Tethyan province contains several ancestral types, descendants of which migrated widely and flourished in the Paleocene of the Tethyan province and in the Midway of the Gulf region of the Western Hemisphere. The so-called Paleocene deposits of the Eastern Hemisphere are classed, as are the Danian, in two distinct faunal provinces: ( 1) the Tethyan, extending westward probably to Jamaica, and (2) a northern Euro-Asiatic province. This north temperate or boreal province was less extensive than the Tethyan and included several isolated basins, which, during their short existence, were filled with deposits of rapidly changing character. The northernmost European early Eocene basin from which a fauna has been recovered and studied is the basin in Denmark. The extent of this early boreal sea is not well known. It certainly invaded Denmark and southern Sweden, possibly northern Germany, and may have been connected for a short period with the Volga Basin. The fauna recovered from the excavations made for the Vestre Gasvaerk in Copenhagen and studied by von Koenen (13c) has served as the check fauna for the boreal province. A thin deposit of glauconitic sand and conglomerate, less than 20 feet thick, containing a fauna similar to that from Copenhagen, was found at a single locality at Klagshamn, Skania (30dd), in south Sweden but ' erratics of similar material are common in south Sweden and north Germany. The fauna of the lower Syzranian (29e) of the Volga Basin has elements in common with that of the Copenhagen fauna and some direct intercommunication has been postulated, though the exact migrational route has not been traced. Inasmuch as it also contains a nautiloid of the Hercoglossa danica group, it was first correlated with the Danian. The lithology of the Seelandian is typical of the north European basal Eocene, namely, a coarse, glauconitic sand, ordinarily with a basal conglomerate of rolled Cretaceous fossils and chalk. Though the Seelandian fauna includes Cucullaea, Admete, Aporrhais, Lunatia, and Beloptera, all northern forms, it includes also several species of Cancellaria and two cf Murex, indicating conditions probably somewhat warmer than con­ditions of the East Sea of today but colder than the Midway waters. The occurrence of Cucullaea, Pseudoliva, and Propeamussium in the Copenhagen fauna is also of interest. The Seelandian may, however, have been deposited in a basin with a very small outlet on the west hut opening on the east into the East Sea of the early Eocene. The general similarity between the V estre Gasvaerk fauna and the fauna of the Midway, though not remarkable, is certainly more marked than the similarity between the present south Atlantic and Gulf Coast faunas and the fauna of the East Sea. The Montian fauna of Belgium, known only from wells, is believed to he the approximate equivalent in time of the Seelandian, possibly a little older. It was deposited in another basin of sedimentation prohably separated by a harrier from the fauna of Copenhagen and occupied the valley of the Haine, a narrow gulf opening near the French border and extending eastward to the vicinity of Mons. East of Mons the deposits are continental, and the Montian fauna itself is less marine than the fauna of Copenhagen or the succeeding Ypresian. It is rich in the smaller gastropods, in brackish water forms such as Hydrobw, in the trochoids and limpets, hut in spite of the warmer water facies it has less in common with the Midway fauna than does the fauna of Copenhagen. The pelecypods, however, Crassatellites of the Scambula type, a Venericardia of the planicosta group, some of the plentiful and diversified lucinoids, and the venerids, suggest the Midway; and Corbis may he cited as evidence tliat the mid-Eocene molluscan fauna of the Paris basin was chiefly derived from the Montian. The most definite connections are Venericardia, V olutocorbis elevata Sowerby, a species c;,;,1the Vo· lutocorbis texana group, and Calyptraphorus, a widesp:·ead and characteristic Eocene genus, presumably excluded from the Copen­hagen basin by the low temperature of the water. A fauna which has much in common with the Montian has been determined from the Garumian of southwest France. It is probable that in early Eocene time the Aquitanian basin and the Pyrenean formed a gulf opening westward. The deposits in the western part of the basin are truly marine; those of the east are nonmarine. Almost no record of the molluscan life of the Mediterranean region has been discovered, though some of the limestones are rich in foraminifera. No deposits so old as the Montian have been observed in England. The Anglo.Franco-Belgian basin in which the Eocene was laid down included all of south England and Belgium and northwestern France. The Landenian, the earliest Eocene of the London basin, includes glauconitic sands unconformably overlying the chalk. The upper Landenian is characterized by a silting-up of the shallow seas, and on the Isle of Thanet is the only locality in which the entire Land­enian is marine. The fauna of the Thanet sands is boreal and, in contrast to the Montian fauna and that from Copenhagen, it includes the larger bivalves in conspicuous number. The predominance of the bivalves over the univalves is cited by Morley Davies (73a, p. 313) as a characteristic of the boreal and temperate faunas from Cretaceous time to the Recent. The differences which distinguish the Thanetian fauna from the Midway are due not only to latitude but also to time. Though the base of the Thanetian is marked by rolled flints stained with glauconite from the chalk beneath, the hiatus is greater than in the Danish and Belgian Cretaceous-Eocene contacts, for in Belgium the Thanetian has been found overlying the Montian. At some time during the early Eocene, probably the Thanetian, the boreal sea transgressed as far as Kressenberg in Bavaria, leaving a deposit of coarse, fossiliferous, and very glauconitic sand. This fauna contains a nautiloid closely allied to Hercoglossa danica. The outcrop is of great interest, inasmuch as in the lowest beds only the boreal fauna occurs, but higher in the section the gradual invasion of the Tethyan fauna can be traced in the increasingly common occurrence of Gisortia gigantia, a typical Tethyan species and ge~, Gisorti.a is, however, not represented in the cooler Mid­ f. way s and the later Kressenberg fauna furnishes no direct informa .m about the fauna of the Midway. The Tethyan fauna lived in the seas of the Indian, north African, and south European provinces, and probably extended as far west as Jamaica. In consideration of the thickness of the formation and of the fauna contained, the most significant outcrop is that of the Hangu shale of the western Sind in north India. The basal Eocene which L. R. Cox of the British Museum has so adequately treated in the "Palaeontologia lndica" far exceeds in thickness any yet observed, and the fauna of his monograph is the most significant yet described. At no locality in the boreal province does the combined Danian­basal Eocene section greatly exceed 600 feet, and though the two series are in every observed occurrence separated by an un­conformity, the significance of the break has been questioned. In India, on the contrary, a maximum thickness of 2300 feet of beds, referred by Cox to the Paleocene, has been determined. These beds unconformably overlie 90 feet of Deccan trap, which in turn covers 300-400 feet of Cardita beaumonti beds of upper Danian age. Most of the fossils, however, are from a very thin layer of shale 2 to 15 feet thick, approximately 500 feet above the trap. Although exact correlation of the Hangu shale with the faunas of the boreal province is not possible, Cox believes that the fauna is of Landenian, or possibly Montian, age. In Persia, Arabia, and northern Africa the basal Eocene is represented chiefly by impure limestones, many of them foraminif­eral. Tethyan Mollusca of early Eocene age have, however, been recovered in Persia and Arabia. The age of the Libyan series of Egypt has not yet been established. The foraminiferal and the molluscan evidence do not seem to be in accord, but a part, at least, of the basal Eocene is probably included in the Libyan. The Landana and Senegalese limestones are foraminiferal and contain a good echinoid fauna. They evidently represent much of the basal Eocene, but the Mollusca are not well known. A fauna from the Belgian Congo which has much in common with the fauna of the Midway of Texas has been described. Among the allied forms are a small Calyptraphorus, Clinuropsis diderrichi, which suggests Levifusus trabeatus, and which is compared 98 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 by Vincent with Pleurotoma ampla from the Montian anai Fusus morchi from Copenhagen, V enericardia landanensis, of tHe group of Cardita bea.umonti, Nautilus landanensis, and Hercoglcf.§sa dider· richi, of the Hercoglossa danica group. A relation between the possibly later Eocene fauna of Togo (35a) dnd that of the Midway of south Texas is indicated by the Togo spe­cies, T urritella adabienensis, V olulithes cumeri, which differs from V olutocorbis limo psis chiefly in the more slender outline and the closer spacing of the stronger spirals, Calytraphorus and small Carditas of the general type of C. beaumonti, but less inflated. A Hercoglossa of the danica group, occurring in the basal Eocene both in Landana and the Sokoto beds of Nigeria, earlier caused confusion in correlation. However, in spite of the lithologic sim­ilarity of the late Cretaceous and early Eocene limestones, in north Africa, wherever detailed work has been done, a hiatus between the Cretaceous and the Eocene has been established. The extension of the Tethyan sea westward to Jamaica during Lutetian time is postulated chiefly because of the reported occurrence of V elates schmideliana Chemnitz, which in the Paris basin char­acterizes the Sables de Cuises, and at Kressenberg and in South Madagascar characterizes the Lutetian horizon. Other significant genera include Campanile, Clavilithes, two species of Gisortia, Carolia, and Corbis. The middle and South American earliest Eocene faunas, however, are more closely allied to those of the North American Gulf faunas than to the north African. The fauna of the Soldado formation of Trinidad, which includes Ostrea pulaskensz'.s, Ostrea crenulimarginata, Cucullaea harttii, Calyptra­phorus compressus, and Turritella nerinexa, is definitely not only of Midway but of lower Midway age. Mesalia pumila nettoana is a link not only with the Midway of Alabama and Texas but also with the Pernambuco beds of Brazil, from which it was first described, and through Mesalia fasciata, a similar species ubiquitous in the Tethyan province, possibly with the basal Eocene of northern Africa and India. The Pernambuco beds of Brazil contain a more pronounced Tethyan element than the Soldado. They are notable as the southern­most limit of Cucullaea, which is commonly associated with the boreal province. The genus is unknown in the Africo-Asiatic province and is not found in Europe south of Kressenberg. The Harpa dechordata of White is a Pseudoliva; Fusus (Serrifusus) mariae is a Levifusus of the trabeatus group; and Calyptraphorus? chelonitis is closely related to C. compressus. "Nerinaea" inaugurata, sagittaria and buarquiana are Campanile, one of the most char­acteristic genera of the Tethyan province. The Turritellas indicate a relation with the Gulf Coast faunas, and the Mesalias are wide­spread in the Tethyan province. There is no evidence of any Pacific element in either the middle or the South American basal Eocene faunas. The Midway fauna of Texas is unmistakably a part of the homogeneous biota which lived on the warm and warm temperate shores of the Gulf of Mexico and as far south as Brazil, and is less definitely a part of the more heterogeneous biota orginating in the inshore waters of the old Tethyan sea. The existence of marine deposits of Danian age in either of the Americas has not been established. SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY FOSSIL LOCALITIES 583. 18 miles southeast of Eagle Pass, Maverick County. C. A. White, col­lector. Kincaid formation. 2061. Noakenny Hills, Limestone County. F. L. Yoakum, collector. Kincaid formation. 2439. 1 mile east of Webberville, Travis County. T. W. Stanton, collector. Kincaid formation. 2440. 4 miles northeast of Kemp, Kaufman County. T. W. Stanton, collector. Kincaid formation. 3178. Three-fourths mile northwest of Bob Evans' (Myrick's) apiary, north of Frio River, Uvalde quadrangle, Uvalde County. T. W. Vaughan, col­lector. Kincaid formation. 3179. Bluff on Frio River, one-half mile northwest of Bob Evans' (Myrick's) apiary, Uvalde County. T. W. Vaughan, collector. Kincaid formation. 3180. Bluff on Frio River, one-half mile below Bob Evans' (Myrick's) apiary, Uvalde County. T. W. Vaughan, collector. Kincaid formation. 3181. Frio River, just above waterhole opposite apiary, below Englemann's ranch, Uvalde County. T. W. Vaughan, collector. Kincaid formation. 3184. About 1 mile above Bob Evans' (l\.t:yrick's) apiary on Frio River, Uvalde County. T. W. Vaughan, collector. Kincaid formation. 3185. Just above Bob Evans' (Myrick'sJ lower apiary, west side of Frio River, Uvalde County. T. W. Vaughan, collector. Kincaid formation. 3186. About 1 mile above Webb-Maverick County line inside of Indio ranch pasture, Maverick County. T. W. Vaughan, collector. Kincaid forma­tion? 3187. East side of the Rio Grande about 31h miles above the mouth of San Ambrosia Creek, Maverick County. T. W. Vaughan, collector. Kincaid formation. 3309. East of first small creek going from old Garfield to Bastrop, Austin quadrangle, Bastrop County. Type locality of Venericardia bulla Dall. T. W. Vaughan, collector. Wills Point formation. 100 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 4398. 18 miles south and east of Eagle Pass, Maverick County. J. A. Udden, collector. Kincaid formation. 4795. 311'? miles north of the mouth of Pond Creek on the Brazos River, Milam County. Alexander Deussen, collector. Kincaid formation. 5280. Fossiliferous shale on right bank of Colorado River, 4 miles below Webberville, Bastrop County. Alexander Deussen, collector. Kincaid formation. 5281. Colorado River, 5 miles below Webberville, Bastrop County. Alexander Deussen, collector. Wills Point formation. 5282. Clay from bluff at Webberville, Travis County. Alexander Deussen, col· lector. Kincaid formation. 6100. From a depth of 2145 feet in well at Sulphur Springs, Hopkins County. Alexander Deussen, collector. Formation? 6136. Dump from well in bottom of Salado Creek, 2 miles north of Dullings well, Bexar County. Alexander Deussen, collector. Wills Point forma­tion. 6153. Jett Crossing, Palo Alto road and Medina River, 3 miles below Garza Crossing, Bexar County. Alexander Deussen, collector. Wills Point formation. 6225. About 2 miles below Merkel, midway between Merkel and New Berlin on Cibolo Creek, Bexar County. Alexander Deussen, collector. Wills Point formation. 6226. Fossils from shale at Merkel on Cibolo Creek, Bexar County. Alexander Deussen, collector. Wills Point formation? 6277. North-facing slope of the San Marcos River valley, l 1h miles west of Fentress, Guadalupe County. L. W. Stephenson, collector. Wills Point formation? 6278. 11 miles south of Sabinal, a few hundred yards south of the junction of Elm Creek with Sabinal Creek. North-facing slope, base of layer No. 5 of section. Uvalde County. L. W. Stephenson, collector. 6279. Same locality as 6278. Layer No. 4 of section. Uvalde County. L. W. Stephenson, collector. Kincaid formation. 6280. Hondo Creek. Loose boulder in bed of creek, one-eighth mile below the road crossing due east of Elstone, Medina County. The boulder came from a ledge of Eocene rock in place one-fourth mile above the same crossing. L. W. Stephenson. Kincaid formation. 6281. Hondo Creek. Left bank of creek, one-fourth mile above the road crossing due east of Elstone, Medina County. L. W. Stephenson, col­lector. Kincaid formation. 6282. Guadalupe River at a ferry 3 miles west of Seguin, Guadalupe County. L. W. Stephenson, collector. Wills Point formation. 6283. Guadalupe River just below small falls, about 21h miles by the river above the power house south of Seguin, and about 2 miles below the ferry which is 3 miles west of Seguin, Guadalupe County. L. W. Stephenson, collector. Wills Point formation. 6558. Limestone forming scarp on the T. H. Plunkett place, 7 miles northwest of Wortham, Navarro County. Alexander Deussen, collector. Kincaid formation. 6559. Comanche Crossing on Navasota Creek about 6 miles west of Mexia Limestone County. Alexander Deussen, collector. Kincaid formation'. 6560. Near Horn Hill, Limestone County. Alexander Deussen collector. Kin· caid formation. ' 6561. On the face of sca.rp about one-fourth mile west of Tehuacana College at Tehuacana, Limestone County. Alexander Deussen collector. Kin­caid formation. ' 6564. About three-fourths mile north of Bob Evans' (Myrick's) lower apiary on Frio River. About 300 yards above so-called Cretaceous-Eocene contact, Uvalde County. Alexander Deussen, collector. Kincaid forma· tion. 6575. White Bluff, 41h miles west of south of Windmill (Jacal) ranch house, on Rio Grande. From Eocene limestone layer No. 3 of section. Land of Indio Cattle Company in southeast pan of Maverick County. L. W. Stephenson, collector. Kincaid formation. 6576. Rio Grande. From Eocene glauconitic sand at water's edge. Land of Indio Cattle Company, 1 %, miles below White Bluff, which is about 41h miles west of south of Windmill (Jacal) ranch house, Maverick County. L. W. Stephenson, collector. Kincaid formation. 6577. Rio Grande. From about 35 feet below top of Eocene gray marine sand. Land of Indio Cattle Company about 2 miles below White Bluff, which is about 41h miles west of south of Windmill (Jacal) ranch house, Maverick County. L. W. Stephenson, collector. Kincaid forma­tion. 6578. Road leading a little west of north from Windmill (Jacal) ranch house. Land of Indio Cattle Company, about 11 miles from the ranch house, Maverick County. L. W. Stephenson, collector. 6583. Bibora Creek, just below Bibora tank about 18 miles southeast of Eagle Pass. From ledges of Eocene sandstone and limestone in valley slopes below dam, Maverick County. L. W. Stephenson, collector. Kincaid formation. 6584. From basal Eocene limestone on Yancey road, about 71h miles east of south of D'Hanis, Medina County. L. W. Stephenson, collector. Kin­caid formation. 8245. Well, left bank Salado Creek, 5.3 miles southeast of San Antonio, Bexar County. L. W. Stephenson, collector. Wills Point formation. 8246. Salado Creek, 1 mile east of San Antonio, Bexar County. L. W. Stephen­son, collector. Wills Point formation. 8656. Smith well, Somerset field, Bexar County, 721 feet to 947 feet. Wills Point formation. 8792. Texas side of Rio Grande, l mile below Cerrito Prieto ranch house on Mexican side, Maverick County. A. C. Trowbridge and A. G. Maddren, collectors. Kincaid formation. 8797. Texas side of Rio Grande, 1 mile below Cerrito Prieto ranch house on Mexican side, Maverick County. A. C. Trowbridge and A. G. Maddren, collectors. Kincaid formation. 9172. Long new cut of Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railway in the southeastern pan of San Antonio, Bexar County. Basal pan of section. L. W. Stephenson, collector. Wills Point formation. 10128. Bed of Verde Creek, 41h miles (air line) northeast of Hondo, I%, miles northwest of New Fountain, Medina County. L. W. Stephenson, col­lector. Kincaid formation. 10264. Some 14 miles southeast of Greenville on the Lone Oak pike, about 50 yards from the pike on the east side of Cowleech Fork just as the road is climbing the hill on the northeast side of the pike. It is easily dis­tinguished at a distance as a small naked white area, Hunt County. Mr. and Mrs. D. A. Saunders, collectors. Kincaid formation. 10277. Rio Grande, about 40 ft. below the Midway-Wilcox contact, Maverick County. L. W. Stephenson, collector. Kincaid formation. 10420. Lower bed on Dry Brushy Creek, 6 miles south of Thrall on Taylor­Beaukiss road, Williamson County. Julia Gardner, collector. Wills Point formation. 10519. Mouth of Brushy Creek at San Gabriel River, Milam County. Julia Gardner, collector. Wills Point formation. 10522. Boulder in place directly below foot bridge, branch of Wilbarger Creek on Mr. Lawrence Solomon's farm, 6 miles southwest of Elgin, Bastrop County. Julia Gardner, collector. Wills Point formation. 102 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 10523. 150 yards above mouth of branch of Wilbarger Creek, on Mr. Lawrence Solomon's farm, 6 miles southwest of Elgin, Bastrop County. Julia Gardner, collector. Wills Point formation. 10526. Colorado River, one-half mile above the mouth of Dry Creek; 3% to 4 miles downstream from Webberville, Bastrop County. Julia Gardner, collretor. Kincaid formation. 10527. Colorado River, one-fourth mile above the mouth of Dry Creek, 414 to 4% miles downstream from W ebherville, above V en.ericardia bulla zone, Bastrop County. Julia Gardner, collector. Wills Point formation. 10718. Butler Dome, one-fourth mile northwest of Gin Lake, 2% miles east of Butler, Freestone County. Julia Gardner, collector. Wills Point forma­tion? 10744. Northeast corner of the J. W. Boyce 120 acres in the W. F. Butler Survey, about 2% miles northeast of Kemp on public road. Just above indurated glauconitic sand, Kaufman County. L. W. Stephenson and C. E. Cook, collectors. Kincaid formation. 10786. 3± miles above bridge over Cedar Creek on Austin-Red Rock road, Bastrop County. Julia Gardner and Paul Seashore, collectors. Kincaid formation. 10790. Main road in center of J. A. F. McCasland Survey, W. H. Ellingston 158-acre tract, 2 miles northeast of Qui11lan, Hunt County. L. W. Stephenson and C. E. Cook, collectors. Kincaid formation. 10791. 15 to 20 feet higher in section than 10790. Main road in center of J. A. F. McCasland Survey, W. H. Ellingston 158-acre tract, 2 miles northeast of Quinlan, Hunt County. L. W. Stephenson and C. E. Cook, collectors. Kincaid formation. 10792. Wilbarger Creek, one-half mile downstream from Travis-Bastrop County line; one-eighth mile west of bridge on road west to county line, Bastrop County. Julia Gardner, collector. Kincaid formation. 10793. Northwest bank of Plum Creek, 1.9 miles north of Lockhart on road to Austin, Caldwell County. Julia Gardner and E. H. Sellards, collectors. Wills Point formation. 10794. 4.6 miles west and a little north of Lockhart in gully at jog in secondary road, Caldwell County. Julia Gardner and E. H. Sellards, collectors. Wills Point formation. 10796. Upper bed on Dry Brushy Creek, 6 miles south of Thrall, on Taylor­Beaukiss road, Williamson County. Julia Gardner, collector. Wills Point formation. 10797. Foraminifera-bearing Midway on the west or downthrow side of fault, 2 miles northwest of Lone Oak, Hunt County. L. W. Stephenson and C. E. Cook, collectors. Kincaid formation. 10799. Butler salt dome, 1200 feet northwest of Lakeport store, Freestone County. L. W. Stephenson, collector. Wills Point formation? 10800. Butler salt dome, 1500 or 1600 feet southeast of Lakeport store, Free· stone County. L. W. Stephenson, collector. Wills Point formation? 10801. Brazos River, just above the Falls County line, Falls County. H. J. Weeks, collector. Kincaid formation. 10845. 2 miles north of Mahoney, roadside cut, Hopkins County. Julia Gardner, collector. Wills Point formation. 10846. From right bank of a small tributary of Tehuacana Creek, a mile south· west of the Houston & Texas Central Railroad crossing and 3% to 4 miles south of Wortham; 160 to 170 feet above base of Midway, Limestone County. L. W. Stephenson and C. E. Cook, collectors. Wills Point formation. 10849. Butler Dome, one-fourth mile northwest of Gin Lake; 2% miles east of Butler, Freestone County. Sidney Powers, collector. Wills Point formation? 11665. Water Hill, 5 miles northeast of Kemp, Kaufman County. Julia Gardner, collector. Kincaid formation. 11674. 1 mile east of Coupland and 114 miles south in roadside cut at jog in road, Williamson County. Julia Gardner, collector. Kincaid forma­tion. 11675. 1 mile north of Littig (air line), Travis County. Julia Gardner, col­lector. Kincaid formation. 11676. Ford over Wilbarger Creek on F. Goerick's farm, 11;2 miles southwest of Littig. E. H. Sellards, Paul Seashore, and Julia Gardner, collectors. Kincaid formation. 11678. One-half to three-fourths mile above Cedar Creek road on Half Mile Creek, Austin quadrangle, Bastrop County. Julia Gardner, collector. Kincaid formation. 11679. lndurated ledge above reworked greensands, half a mile east of Elysium on Bastrop-Austin road, Bastrop County. Julia Gardner, collector. Kincaid formation. 11680. One-half mile east of Elysium on Bastrop-Austin road. Julia Gardner, collector. Kincaid formation. 11681. 11;2 to 2 miles south of Mendoza, Caldwell County. Julia Gardner, col­lector. Kincaid formation. 11682. 6 miles north of Lockhart in draw one-half mile west of Austin-Lockhart road, Caldwell County. Julia Gardner and C. E. Cook, collectors. Kincaid formation. 11683. About 4 miles south of Lytton Springs, to east of Lockhart-Lytton Springs highway, Caldwell County. Julia Gardner and C. E. Cook, collectors. Kincaid formation. 11684. About 4 miles north and a little west of Lockhart, Caldwell County. Julia Gardner and C. E. Cook, collectors. Kincaid formation. 11685. 2 miles (air line) north of Lockhart on G. W. Cardwell farm, W. C. Williams Survey, Caldwell County. C. E. Cook and Julia Gardner, collectors. Upper 2 feet of basal greensand, Kincaid formation. 11686. 2 miles (air line) north of Lockhart on G. W. Cardwell farm, W. C. Williams Survey, Caldwell County. C. E. Cook and Julia Gardner, collectors. Lower 2 feet of basal greensand. Kincaid formation. 11687. Chalk layer above the greensand, 2 miles (air line) north of Lockhart on G. W. Cardwell farm, W. C. Williams Survey, Caldwell County. Julia Gardner and C. E. Cook, collectors. Kincaid formation. 11688. Same locality as 11687. Gray and blue sand overlying the chalk. 11689. 4 miles southwest of Lockhart on the Martindale farm, Caldwell County. Julia Gardner, collector. Kincaid formation. 11690. 5 miles northwest of Lytton Springs, Caldwell County. Julia Gardner and C. E. Cook, collectors. Kincaid formation. 11691. 5 miles northeast of Staples, Caldwell County. Julia Gardner and C. E. Cook, collectors. Kincaid formation. 11692. 3 miles northeast of Staples, Caldwell County. Julia Gardner and C. E. Cook, collectors. Kincaid formation. 11693. 1 mile northeast of Staples, Caldwell County. Julia Gardner and C. E. Cook, collectors. Kincaid formation. 11694. 1 mile northeast of Staples, Caldwell County. Julia Gardner and C. E. Cook, collectors. Kincaid formation. 11695. 1 mile north of Staples, Caldwell County. Julia Gardner and C. E. Cook, collectors. Kincaid formation. 116%. Colorado River, 11;2 miles below the Travis-Bastrop County line, Bastrop County. Julia Gardner, collector. Kincaid formation. 11697. Gully 1 mile south of Cedar Creek and south of Cedar Creek-Lytton Springs road, 3 miles southwest of Cedar Creek PtfSt Office, Bastrop County. Robin Willis and Julia Gardner, collectors. Wills Point formation. 104 The Uni'Versity of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 11698. Deep gully south of Cedar Creek-Lytton Springs road, 1 mile south of Cedar Creek, 3 miles southwest of Cedar Creek Post Office, Bastrop County. Julia Gardner and Robin Willis, collectors. Wills Point forma­tion. 11699. William Mercer well, 2 miles southwest of Joliet; 0-40 ft.; 8 miles (air line) due south of Lockhart, Caldwell County. Collector unknown. Wills Point formation. 11700. 1.9 miles north of Lockhart on the Austin road, Caldwell County. E. H. Sellards and Julia Gardner, collectors. Wills Point formation. 11702. Ph miles southwest of Fentress in small break of Guadalupe River, Guadalupe County. Julia Gardner, collector. Kincaid formation. 11703. 1 mile west and a little south of Fentress, Guadalupe County. Julia Gardner and C. E. Cook, collectors. Wills Point formation? 11704. 3 miles (air line) north of Lytton Springs, Caldwell County. Julia Gardner and C. E. Cook, collectors. Kincaid formation. 11705. 2 to 2% miles north and a little west of Lockhart, Caldwell County. Julia Gardner and C. E. Cook, collectors. Kincaid formation. 11706. 51h miles southwest of Lockhart on the Martindale farm, Caldwell County. Julia Gardner and C. E. Cook, collectors. Kincaid formation. 11707. 51h miles due north of Lockhart on the E. A. Moser farm, Isaac Jackson Survey, about one-half mile northwest of Simms Oil Company derrick, Caldwell County. Julia Gardner and C. E. Cook, collectors. Kincaid formation. 11708. 4 miles north-northeast of Staples, Caldwell County. Julia Gardner and C. E. Cook, collectors. Kincaid formation. 11752. Comanche Creek Crossing on west road to Farias ranch, Maverick County. Julia Gardner and E. M. Hawtof, collectors. Kincaid forma­tion. 11753. Bibora tank, 7 miles (air line) east of new Indio ranch house, Maverick County. Julia Gardner and E. M. Hawtof, collectors. Kincaid forma­tion. 11754. 6 miles below the McFarland sheep pens and 27 miles southeast of Eagle Pass on the Windmill (Jacal) ranch road. Surface shingle of "Red Beds," Maverick County. Julia Gardner and E. M. Hawtof, collectors. Wills Point formation. 11755. 3 miles north of Media tank, Indio ranch, Maverick County. Julia Gardner and E. M. Hawtof, collectors. Kincaid formation. 11756. Media tank, 26 miles southeast of Eagle Pass on Windmill (Jacal) ranch road, Maverick County. Julia Gardner and E. M. Hawtof, collectors. Kincaid formation . 11757. Hillside above a small tank 2 miles west of Lopez tank, about 29 miles southeast of Eagle Pass, Maverick County. Julia Gardner and E. M. Hawtof, collectors. Kincaid formation. 11758. Limestone scarp near the Indio Wells, about 29 miles southeast of Eagle Pass, Maverick County. Julia Gardner and E. M. Hawtof, collectors. Kincaid formation. 11759. West side of Indio Wells scarp about 29 miles southeast of Eagle Pass, Maverick County. Julia Gardner and E. M. Hawtof, collectors. Kincaid formation. 11760. Tobar Arroyo about 21:4 miles southwest of Tobar tank and about 35 miles southeast of Eagle Pass. Directly above the second greensand. Maverick County. Julia Gardner and E. M. Hawtof, collectors. Wills Point formation. 11761. Tobar Arroyo, Maverick County. Same as 11760. Julia Gardner, James Gould, and Karl Young, collectors. Wills Point formation. 11762. Tobar Ar;royo about 31h miles southwest of Tobar tank and about 36 miles southeast of Eagle Pass, Maverick County. Julia Gardner, E. M. Hawtof, James Gould, and Karl Young, collectors. Kinr.aid formation. 11763. 3% to 4 miles southwest of Windmill (Jacal) ranch house on Las Islas Crossing road, Maverick County. Julia Gardner and E. M. Hawtof, collectors. Kincaid formation. 11764. Three-fourths mile upstream from crossing of small branch, 4% miles southwest of Windmill (Jacal) ranch on Las Islas Crossing road, Maverick County. Julia Gardner and E. M. Hawtof, collectors. Kin­caid formation. 11765. Schuddemagen ranch, south bank of Elm Creek, 11 miles south of Sabinal, Uvalde County. Julia Gardner and E. M. Hawtof, collectors. Kincaid formation. 11766. South bank of Elm Creek, about one-fourth mile east of ford on Schudde. magen ranch, Uvalde County. Julia Gardner and E. M. Hawtof, collectors. 11767. Ledge a foot or more above the Frio River bed just above trail leading down from Bob Evans' (Myrick's) apiary, Uvalde County. Julia Gardner, collector. Kincaid formation. 11768. Bed of Frio River, about 4 miles above Kincaid ranch, Uvalde County. Julia Gardner, collector. Kincaid formation. 11769. 5.7 miles northwest of Castroville on the Quihi road, Medina County. Julia Gardner, collector. Kincaid formation. 11770. Bed of Hondo River, 1 mile northwest of New Fountain, Medina County. Julia Gardner, collector. Kincaid formation. 11771. 5 miles southeast of Elstone, on the Pearsall road, Medina County. E. H. Sellards and Julia Gardner, collectors. Kincaid formation. 11772. 3 miles north of Squirrel Creek School House and about 71h miles south of D'Hanis, Medina County. Julia Gardner, collector. Kincaid forma­tion. 11867. Tobar Arroyo, about 2% miles southwest of Tobar tank and about 35 miles southeast of Eagle Pass, one-half mile below "Red Beds" outcrop, Maverick County. Julia Gardner, James Steams, and Karl Young, collectors. Wills Point formation. 11869. Tobar Arroyo, about 31h miles southwest of Tobar tank, Indio ranch, and about 35 miles southeast of Eagle Pass; Tehuacana member, one­eighth of a mile below the greensand, Maverick County. Julia Gardner, James Stearns, and Karl Young, collectors. Kincaid formation. 11871. Railroad cut 5.2 miles southeast of Dunlay on Noonan road, Medina County. Julia Gardner and E. H. Sellards, collectors. Kincaid forma­tion. 11872. 6.6 miles south of Dunlay just south of the Noonan road. Soft glau­conitic marls from the side of a 75-100-foot scarp. Julia Gardner, collector. Kincaid formation. 11873. 4 miles northwest of the Burke ranch house and 3.3 miles southeast of Chilipitin tank, Maverick County. Julia Gardner and E. M. Hawtof, collectors. Wills Point formation? 11874. Frio River, just above Bob Evans' (Myrick's) apiary, Uvalde County. Julia Gardner, collector. Kincaid formation. 11876. South-facing slope on the Saathoff place, 1 mile east of the church at Quihi, Medina County. L. W. Stephenson, collector. Kincaid forma­tion. 11877. One-fourth to one-half mile above Bob Evans' (Myrick's) apiary, south bank .of Frio River, Uvalde County. Julia Gardner, collector. Kincaid formation. 11878. Frio River at foot of trail leading down from Bob Evans' (Myrick's) apiary, Uvalde County. Julia Gardner, collector. Kincaid formation. 11883. 9.5 miles northeast of Seguin, Guadalupe County. Julia Gardner, col­ lector. Kincaid formation. 11884. Town Branch, Dale road, Lockhart, Caldwell County. Julia Gardner and Tom Banks, collectors. Wills Point formation. 106 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 11890. Colorado River, 1 Yz to 2 miles below Travis-Bastrop County line, Bastrop County. Wills Point formation. 11891. 2 miles east of Mendoza, Caldwell County. Julia Gardner and C. E. Cook, collectors. Kincaid formation. 11892. West slope of Plum Creek on Austin-Lockhart road about 2 miles north­west of Lockhart, Caldwell County. C. E. Cook and Julia Gardner, collectors. Wills Point formation. 11893-l 'h miles south of bridge over Cedar Creek on Austin-Red Rock road, Bastrop County. Julia Gardner and Robin Willis, collectors. Wills Point formation. 11894. I% miles southeast of bridge over Cedar Creek on Austin-Red Rock road, Bastrop County. Julia Gardner and Robin Willis, collectors. Wills Point formation. 11895. Hillside above branch, 2 miles southwest of Cedar Creek Post Office (ferruginous concretions), Bastrop County. Julia Gardner and Robin Willis, collectors. Wills Point formation. 11896. About 2% miles southwest of Cedar Creek Post Office. Gully a little less than one-half mile south of the Lytton Springs-Cedar Creek road and about 1 mile south of Cedar Creek, Bastrop County. Julia Gardner and Robin Willis, collectors. Wills Point formation. 11897. Elm Creek, 2% miles west of Elgin, east bank of East Fork, in stream bed, a little more than one-half mile back from road, Bastrop County. Julia Gardner, collector. Kincaid formation. 11898. One-fourth mile east of Lytton Springs-Cedar Creek road at Cedar Creek Crossing, Bastrop County. Julia Gardner and Robin Willis, collectors. Wills Point formation. 11899. 50 to 60 feet west of bridge over Cedar Creek on Austin-Red Rock road, Bastrop County. Hugh Duval, collector. Wills Point formation? 11900. Williams' store. Sandy fossiliferous shales exposed in tank to the west of the store, Bastrop County. Julia Gardner and Robin Willis, col­lectors. Kincaid formation. 11901. North branch, Wilbarger Creek, at first road crossing east of Travis­Bastrop County line, Bastrop County. Julia Gardner and Grady Kirby, collectors. Wills Point formation. 11902. Wilbarger Creek, one-half mile below Travis-Bastrop County line, Bastrop County. Julia Gardner and Grady Kirby, collectors. Wills Point formation. 11903. Dry Brushy Creek on Harvey Hanson farm about 5 miles southeast of Coupland (below and in bentonite bed), Williamson County. Julia Gardner and C. E. Cook, collectors. Kincaid formation. 11904. lndurated ledge below the second greensand on Brazos River, I mile below the Falls County line, Milam County. Julia Gardner, collector. Kincaid formation. 11905. Brazos River (bed No. 5: 4 ft. calcareous marl carrying fossiliferous calcareous boulders and, near the top, some glauconite), I mile below the Falls County line, Milam County. Julia Gardner, collector. Kincaid formation. 11906. Brazos River ~second greensand), I mile below Falls County line, Milam County. Julia Gardner, collector. Kincaid formation. 11908. Cedar Creek, one-half mile northeast of crossing on Austin-Red Rock road, small branch h_elow tank on Cedar Creek-Lytton Springs road, Ba~trop Cou~ty. Juha Gardner and Robin Willis, collectors. Wills Pomt formation. 11909. C~dar Creek, 3± miles (air line) southeast of Williams' store. Upper mdurated ledge. Bastrop County. Julia Gardner and Hugh Duval collectors. Kincaid formation. ' 11910. Cedar Creek, 3± miles (air line) southeast of Williams' store. Loose sandy marl beneath the indurated greensand ledge of 11909. Julia Gardner and Hugh Duval, collectors. Kincaid formation. 11911. One-half mile east of Williams' store, Austin quadrangle, roadside gully, Bastrop County. Julia Gardner and Hugh Duval, collectors. Kincaid formation. 11912. Dry Creek, 7%± miles (air line) southwest of Elgin. Middle bed in bluff about one-half mile above first bridge east of the county line. Bastrop County. Julia Gardner, collector. Wills Point formation. 11913. Colorado River, 2 miles below the Travis-Bastrop County line (above the Venericardia bulla bed), Bastrop County. Wills Point formation. 11914. Colorado River section, Ph miles below Travis-Bastrop County line, Bastrop County. Julia Gardner and E. M. Hawtof, collectors. Kincaid formation. 11915. Colorado River, 1 % miles below the Travis-Bastrop County line (bed No. 7), Bastrop County. Julia Gardner and E. M. Hawtof, collectors. Kincaid formation. 11916. Brazos River (bed No. 1), 1 mile below Falls County line, Milam County. Julia Gardner, collector. Kincaid formation. 11917. Brazos River, 1 mile below the Falls County line (bed No. 2), Milam County. Julia Gardner, collector. Kincaid formation. 11918. Brazos River (bed No. 3), 1 mile below the Falls County line, Milam County. Julia Gardner, collector. Kincaid formation. 11919. Brazos River, 1 mile below the Falls County line (bed No. 4), Milam County. Julia Gardner, collector. Kincaid formation. 11920. Brazos River, one-eighth mile below Milam Bluff (bed No. 5. Volcanic ash?), Milam County. Julia Gardner, collector. Kincaid formation. 11921. Brazos River, 1 mile below the Falls County line, Milam County. Julia Gardner, collector. Kincaid formation. 11922. One-eighth to one-fourth mile below Milam Bluff (uppermost part of bed No. 6), Brazos River, Milam County. Julia Gardner, collector. Kincaid formation. 11923. Brazos River, 1 mile below Falls County (uppermost part of bed No. 6), Milam County. Julia Gardner, collector. Kincaid formation. 11924. Brazos River, 1 mile below Falls County line (directly below the second greensand), Milam County. Julia Gardner, collector. Kincaid forma· ti on. 11925. Black Bluff, Brazos River (bed No. 3), Ph miles above the Milam-Falls County line, Falls County. Julia Gardner, collector. Kincaid formation. 11926. Milam Bluff, Brazos River, 0 to one-fourth mile below the Falls County line (bed No. 4), Milam County. Julia Gardner, collector. Kincaid formation. 11929. Little Brazos (fossiliferous boulders), a little less than one-fourth mile upstream from Rocky Crossing on Kosse road. Julia Gardner, collector. Kincaid formation. 11931. Whitaker Survey, about 6 miles northwest of Kosse (Kosse roadside outcrop), Falls County. Julia Gardner, collector. Kincaid formation. 11932. One-fourth mile northwest of Stranger School. Shales below the Tehuacana member, in roadside gully, Falls County. Julia Gardner, collector. Kincaid formation. 11933. Tehuacana Quarry on Mexia road, Tehuacana, Limestone County. Julia Gardner, collector. Kincaid formation. 11934. Three-fourths of a mile west of Tehuacana on the Waco road. Shales below the Tehuacana, about 15 to 20 feet above the contact, Limestone County. Julia Gardner, collector. Kincaid formation. 11935. 71h miles northwest of Groesbeck on the Thelma road, Limestone County. Julia Gardner, collector. Kincaid formation. 108 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 11936. 21h miles northwest of Groesbeck, Limestone County. Julia Gardner, collector. Kincaid formation. 11937. Rocky Crossing, Little Brazos, just below bridge on Kosse road, Falls County. Julia Gardner, collector. Kincaid formation. 11938. 7 miles northwest of Kosse; roadside outcrop of highly fossiliferous limestone, Limestone County. Julia Gardner and E. H. Sellards, col­lectors. Kincaid formation. 11939. 3 miles southwest of Thornton; limestone boulders in small branch crossing road on Lillian Dustin farm, Limestone County. Julia Gardner, collector. Kincaid formation. 11940. Stranger School, 71h miles northwest of Kosse. Julia Gardner and E. H. Sellards, collectors. Kincaid formation. 11941. One-fourth mile northwest of Stranger School. Shales below the Tehua­cana member and 50 ft. to 75 ft. below 11932, Falls County. Julia Gardner, collector. Kincaid formation. 11942. One-fourth mile south of Big Hill. Roadside ditch exposing fossiliferous shales, Limestone County. Julia Gardner, collector. Kincaid formation. 11943. 2 miles southeast of Big Hill. Micaceous shales with vermilion con­cretions, Limestone County. Julia Gardner, collector. Wills Point formation. 11944. 7 miles northwest of Thornton; shales; Limestone County. Julia Gardner and E. H. Sellards, collectors. Wills Point formation. 11948. Tehuacana horizon, Mexia, Limestone County. E. T. Dumble, collector. Kincaid formation. 12108. Directly above bridge over Cedar Creek on Austin-Red Rock road; Bastrop County. Wills Point formation. 12109. Glauconitic red sand below rock ledge. Directly above bridge over Cedar Creek on Austin-Red Rock road, Bastrop County. Julia Gardner, collector, June 28, 1930. Wills Point formation. 12110. Upper rock ledge. Directly above bridge over Cedar Creek on Austin­Red Rock road, Bastrop County. Julia Gardner, collector. Wills Point formation. 12111. Colorado River, one-eighth to one-fourth mile above the mouth of Dry Creek-Venericardia bulla ledge, Ba.strop County. Julia Gardner, col­lector. Wills Point formation. 12112. Colorado River, one-half to three-fourths mile above mouth of Dry Creek, below V. bulla bed, Bastrop County. Julia Gardner, collector. Kincaid formation. 12113. Same locality as 12112, above V. bulla bed. Julia Gardner, collector. Wills Point formation. 12128. B. K. Smith No. 1 well (Simms Oil Co.), depth 506 ft., A. Lyttor. Survey, Bastrop County. Collector unknown. Kincaid formation. 13244. Small branch, 2.8 miles southwest of Staples, 5 miles east by south of Zorn, Guadalupe County. L. W. Stephenson, collector. Kincaid formation. 13245. 214 miles north, 20 east from Dunlay, Medina County (Gulf Production Co.). Collector unknown. Kincaid formation. 13246. 314 miles N. 25° W. of Dunlay, Medina County. Grady Kirby (Gulf Production Co.), collector. Kincaid formation. 13247. From glauconitic concretions in east-facing slope of San Marcos River valley, one-half mile north of Staples, Guadalupe County. L. W. Stephenson, collector. Kincaid formation. 13248. Northeast corner of sec. 19, E: B. Flowers ranch, 4 miles west by north of the ranch house; 1.7 miles due south of the Eagle Pass-Uvalde road crossin~ over Turkey Cre~k, ~avala County. L. W. Stephenson and E. H. Fmch, collectors. Kmca1d formation. 13249. Gullies in east-facing slope of Leon Creek valley, 1000-2000 feet upstream from the Southern Pacific (Galveston, Harrisburg & San Antonio) Railway bridge, Bexar County, Texas. L. W. Stephenson, collector. 13352. 5 miles north of Cumby, Hopkins County, Russ, collector, June 3, 1907. Kincaid formation. 13353. 2 miles north of Cumby, from hard ledge of sand which underlies prairie. Russ, collector, June 3, 1907. Kincaid formation. DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES Phylum ECHINODERMATA Class ECHINOIDEA Order EXOCYCLOIDA Jackson Suborder SPATANGINA Jackson Family SPATANGIDAE Genus LINTHIA Desor 1853. Linthia Desor, Notice sur !es Echinides du terrain nummulitique des Alpes, avec les diagnoses de plusieurs especes et genres nouveaux, Soc. Helvetique Sci. Naturelles, Actes 38 session, p. 278. Type-Linthia insignis Merian (Eocene of the Alps). Oursins de grande taille a sommet ambulacraire central OU a peu pres. Ambulacres pairs grands et profonds. Ambulacre impair loge dans un large et profond sillon. Un fasciole peripetal entourant les ambulacres de pres comme chez les Brissus, plus un fasciole lateral qui part de l'ambulacre pair posterieur pour se lliriger en arriere sous !'anus comme chez les Schizaster. Granulation tuberculeuse tres-serree. Differe des Schizaster et des Prenaster par ses ambulacres a peu pres egaux et son sommet central, et de tous !es autres genres par Ia disposition de ses fascioles. Ce genre comprend, outre les especes nouvelles que nous allons decrire, plusieurs autres que !'on a rangees jusqu'ici dans les HernW.ster. Dedie aM. A. Escher de la Llnth. (Desor, 1853.) The single well preserved representative of the genus in the Mid­way of Texas is very small for the genus. The characteristics of the genus include relatively long and divergent anterolateral ambulacra, a sunken anterior ambulacrum, and closely granulated and tuberculated interambulacral areas. It is this portion of the test which is most frequently recorded in the Wills Point formation. LINTHIA ALABAMENSIS Clark? 1915. Linthia alabamensis Oark, U. S. Geol. Survey, Mon. 54, p. 153, pl. 71, figs. 1 a-d, 2 a-d. Determinative characters.-Test small, nearly round, except for groove on anterior margin and slight truncation posteriorly, low, somewhat depressed, the upper surface sloping gradually toward the apex. Ambulacra narrow, not deeply sunken, the posterolateral petals much shorter than the anterolateral. Peristome near anterior margin. Periproct relatively high on narrow truncated posterior margin. 110 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 Dimensions.-Large specimen: length, 34 millimeters; width, 35 millimeters; height, 19 millimeters. Small specimen: length, 22 millimeters ; width, 22 millimeters ; height, 14 millimeters. Description.-The test of this species is small, low, somewhat depressed, nearly round in ambital outline, except for the rather shallow groove on the anterior margin and the slight, narrow truncation on the posterior margin. The upper surface slopes gradually from the anterior margin posteriorly. The ambulacra are narrow and not deeply sunken. The single anterior ambulacrum is situated in a narrow, rather shallow groove. The anterolateral paired ambulacra have long, narrow, rather shallow petals, and the postero· lateral pair are short and shallow. The interambulacral plates are covered with small perforate tubercles. The peripetalous and lateral fascioles are not easily traced. The peristome is in a shallow depression near the anterior margin. The periproct is situated relatively high on the narrow truncated posterior margin. Localities.-Prairie Creek, Wilcox County, Ala.; near Grand Glaise, Jackson County, Ark. Geologic horizon.-Midway group (lower Eocene). Collection.-U. S. National Museum (166483, 137371). (Clark, 1915.) Indeterminate impressions of a closely tubercul~ted test are com­mon through the Wills Point formation of Texas. Such impressions can not be separated from Linthia alabamensis and though too im­perfect for certain identification, they form one of the best horizon markers of the upper Midway. LINTHIA MAVERICKENSIS Gardner new species PL 4, figs. 13, 14 Test very small, ovoid, expanded posteriorly, the maximum lati­tude a little behind the median horizontal, the maximum altitude decidedly posterior. Posterior margin broadly rounCied or obscurely truncate, the anterior margin reentrant at the ambulacral groove. Upper surface elevated, obliquely descending toward the anterior extremity, rounding smoothly into the flattened lower surface. Apical disk eccentric. Anterior ambulacrum petaloid, much longer than any of the others, the groove broad and moderately deep and re­flected in the marginal outline; posterolateral grooves much shorter than the anterolateral ; area between the anterior and anterolateral areas narrow and high, between the antero and posterolateral areas relatively broad and little or not at all elevated. Ambulacral plates very narrow, the relation of the pores to the plates obscure. Peristome semi-elliptical, labiate, near the anterior margin. Peri­proct very close to the posterior margin. Dimensions.-Altitude, 7.5 millimeters: latitude, 11.0 millimeters; longitude, 11.0 millimeters. Holotype.-U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 370904. Type locality.-Surface shingle, Wills Point (?) formation, Maverick County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 11754, 6 miles below the McFar­land sheep pens on the Windmill (Jacal) ranch road, Indio ranch. The species is so unlike anything known that it has been described even though the state of preservation of all of the fossils in the area is very imperfect. Linthi.a alabamensis Clark from the Midway group of Alabama and Arkansas is treble the dimensions of the south Texas species. Like L. maverickensis, however, it is apparently associated with V olutocorbis limo psis (Conrad). Occurrence.-Wills Point(?) formation. Maverick County: U.S. G.S. Sta. 11754, Indio ranch, 6 miles below the McFarland sheep pens on the Windmill (Jacal) ranch road. Phylum MOLLUSCOIDEA Class BRYOZOA Subclass ECTOPROCTA Superorder GYMNOLAEMA TA Order CHEILOSTOMAT A Busk Suborder AN ASCA Levinson Division MALACOSTEGA Levinson Group MEMBRANIPORAE Canu and Bassler Genus CONOPEUM Norman 1903. Conopeum Norman, Natural history of East Finmark, Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 11, p. 586 (1848, Gray, J. E., List British Animals, British Museum. Centroniae, pp. 108, 146). 1920. Conopeum Canu and Bassler, U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 106, p. 86. No ovicell, no dietellae, no avicularia. The margins of the mural rim are wholly granulated. A distal multi porous septula; two or three lateral septulae. Triangular, interopesial hollows having special walls. Genotype.-Membranipora lacroixii Auctores. Range.-Cenomanian-Recent. The granulations of the mural rim are often very fine and attenuated on the fossil forms. In these also the distal septulae often unite into a very large pore. The hollows of the surface are not interzooecial, as Levinson has described them, but are only interopesial ; they are not deep and are situated between the mural rims; rarely they contain an avicularium; their purpose is unknown. In living specimens Waters has described two lucid spots on the dorsal side. These are replaced on the fossils by two hollow impressions in 112 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 tht: dorsal olocyst. We are ignorant of their use, for they have no connection with the operculum. The type of this genus is very common on the coasts of France and England, and Osborn has noted its occurrence in American waters. However, no nat­uralist has made a study of its embryology and anatomy. (Canu and Bassler, 1920.) CONOPEUM DAMICORNIS Canu and Bassler Pl. 5, figs. 9-11 1920. Conopeum damicornis Canu and Bassler, North American early Tertiary Bryozoa, U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 106, p. 87, pl. 3, figs. 3-8. The zoarium is free, formed of two lamellae growing back to back, irregularly bifurcated; the fronds are distorted. The zooecia are distinct, irregular, polygonal, or elliptical; the mural rim is very thin, regular, projecting but little, convex. The opesium has the same form as the zooecium. The interopesial cavities are polygonal and of a very great irregularity. Measurements.-0 pes1a. { ho _ =0.32 mm. Zooecia { Lz =0.35 mm. 1o-0.20 mm. lz =0.23 mm. Variations and affinities.-This species has zooecia of a disconcerting irregularity; it is absolutely impossible to discover among them a form the least constant. The same holds true with the interopesial cavities which dis­appear following the irregularities of the zoarium. The structure of the zooecial walls is quite remarkable. In tangential sections (fig. 6) these walls appear normal but in transversal thin sections, they are thickened, crenulated on the inside, and composed of tissue not very dense (fig. 5). In the median thin sections obtained by rubbing away both sides of the fronds, a structure may be noted identical with the zooecial walls; the olocystal elements grouped around the mural rim appear to be chambered (fig. 7). Finally, a section taken perpendicularly to the plane of the fronds (fig. 8) shows that the zoarium is formed of two lamellae placed back to back and separable. The false chambering of the mural rim is not analogous to the formation of dietellae in Periporosella; we find in reality in every species chambered in this way some large, scattered, unoriented olocystal elements (figs. 4, 6). The zoarium itself is quite constant and characteristic; it often assumes, although rather vaguely, among other shapes, the form of the horns of a deer, hence our specific name. As its zoarial dimensions exceed two centimeters, we may consider this species as an easily recognized, characteristic fossil. Unfortunately, the species has not yet been discovered in many of the localities of the Midwayan. Occurrence.-Midway group (Clayton limestone): Owl Creek, 2% miles northeast of Ripley, Mississippi (common) ; Mabelvale, near Little Rock, Arkansas (very rare) . Cotypes.-Cat. No. 63789,U.S.N.M. (Canu and Bassler, 1920.) The specimens were referred to R. S. Bassler, who kindly deter­mined them. The identity of the mode of occurrence in the Tehua­cana member of the Kincaid formation of Limestone and Medina counties is significant. In each locality in both counties in which Conopeum damicornis Canu and Bassler occurs it is for the most part abundant and associated with crab claws. The foraminiferal and molluscan faunas of these localities are meager. Occurrence.-Kincaid formation, Tehuacana member. Limestone County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 11933, Tehuacana Quarry, Tehuacana; U.S. G.S. Sta. 11938, 7 miles northwest of Kosse. Medina County: U.S. G.S. Sta. 6281, left bank of Hondo Creek, one-fourth mile above road crossing due east of Elstone; U.S.G.S. Sta. 11772, 7% miles south of D'Hanis. Uvalde County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 11765, Schudde­magen ranch, 11 miles south of Sabinal. Class BRACHIOPODA Order TELOTREMATA Superfamily TEREBRA TULA CEA Family TEREBRATELLIDAE Subfamily MEGATHYRINAE Genus ARGYROTHECA Dall 1900. Argyrotheca Dall, Nautilus, vol. 14, p. 44. =Cistella Gray, 1853, Catalogue British Museum, p. 114. Not Cistella Gistel, 1848. (lnsecta.) Ty-pe.-Terebratula cuneata Risso (Recent in the Mediterranean). ARGYROTHECA POWERSI Gardner Pl. 5, fig. 1--8 1925. Argyrotheca powersi Gardner, Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 10, p. 134, figs. 1--8. Shell large for the genus, wider than long, rather thick and heavy, strongly punctate, punctae relatively large and widely spaced. Dorsal valve flattened, anteriorly sulcate, postero-lateral margins sulcate; ventral valve moderately convex. Outline varying from semi-ellip­tical to subrectangular; cardinal extremities nearly a right angle; the anterior margin nearly horizontal medially, curving broadly and smoothly posteriorly at the distal extremities. External surface rarely preserved, feebly plicate, concentrically rugose toward the outer margin. Cardinal area rather low. Deltidial opening large, rudely trigonal, much eroded. Deltidial plates small, widely sepa­rated. Median septum in dorsal valve very high, reaching its apex a 114 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 little posterior to the mid-line of the valves. Dental sockets mod­erately deep. Septum in ventral valve low and apparently uniform in elevation from the beak nearly to the anterior margin. Hinge teeth not observed. Dimensions.-Dorsal valve (holotype): length, 4.0 millimeters; width, 6.0 millimeters. Ventral valve of another individual: length, 4.0 millimeters; width, 4.0 millimeters. Fragments of other shells indicate dimensions half as large again as those attained by the type. Holotype.-U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 353083. Type locality.-U. S. G. S. Sta. 10849, Butler Dome, one-fourth mile northwest of Gin Lake, 2¥2 miles east of Butler, Freestone County, Texas. Conglomeratic ferruginous limestone, probably from the Wills Point formation. The species is named in honor of the discoverer, Sidney Powers, formerly of the U. S. Geological Survey, through whose interest and generosity the Federal collections have been greatly enriched. Argyrotheca powersi, though very imperfectly preserved, is abundantly represented in the conglomeratic boulders at the single locality from which it has been collected. The apparently restricted distribution of a form so prolific locally is very difficult to under­stand. The punctate surface of the hrachiopod is quite distinct from anything exhibited by any of the mollusca so that when present it can scarcely he confused with any other form. Evidence of the extraordinarily local distribution of Argyrotheca powersi was advanced by material collected later by L. W. Stephen­son of the U. S. Geological Survey. The collection was made 1500 to 1600 feet southeast of the Lakeport store, approximately half a mile from the type locality of A. powersi. There is no appreciable difference in the matrix nor in the mode and state of preservation of the contained fauna hut not a single trace of the brachiopod could be found in perhaps 15 to 20 pounds of fossiliferous conglomerate. Pteria and V olutocorbis, like Argyrotheca, are apparently absent, while crustacean remains which were not recognized in any of the earlier collections are fairly common in the Stephenson material. Argyrotheca powersi is the fourth of the genus to be cited in the fossil state from the American faunas and the third to he reported from the American Eocene. Argyrotheca schucherti was de­scribed by Dall (29d) in 1903 from the upper Miocene of Jackson Bluff, Florida, Argyrotheca dalli by Aldrich (3la), 1911, from the upper Wilcox of Alabama and Argyrotheca gardneri Cooke, 1934= Argyrotheca dalli Cooke (43a) 1919, from the upper Eocene of Saint Bartholomew. There are four or five Recent species, all of them, with the exception of A. lutea Dall, smaller than A. powersi. They are, for the most part, deep water forms and tropical or sub· tropical in distribution. Only one of them ventures so far north as Hatteras. In Europe, Argyrotheca has been recognized from the Cenomanian to the Recent, and the Recent species are, in the main, Mediterranean. The Floridian Miocene species hears a certain resemblance to some of the Recent forms but the Eocene species are far removed from the later Tertiary and Recent types and from each other. A. dalli and A. aldrichi are closely plicate radially; A. schucherti and most of the Recent species develop a fairly strong and regular fluting, while in A. powersi the radii are irregular and ill-defined. The discovery of a possible progenitor of this small, warm-water group flourishing in the midst of a diversified early Eocene mol­luscan fauna raises some very interesting distributional problems. The character of the matrix and of the associated fauna precludes the possibility of accounting for Argyrotheca by an extreme depth of water. Occurrence.-Wills Point formation(?). Freestone County: U. S. G. S. Sta. 10849, Butler Dome, one-fourth mile northwest of Gin Lake. Phylum MOLLUSCA Class PELECYPODA Order PRIONODESMACEA Section TAXODONTA Superfamily NUCULACEA Family NUCULIDAE Genus NUCULA Lamarck 1799. Nucula Lamarck, Prodrome d'une Nouvelle Classification des Coquilles, Memoires de la Societe d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, p. 87. Type.-Arca nucleus Linnaeus. (Recent off the European coast from the Faroe Islands to the Aegean Sea; Pliocene of England and southern Europe.) Shell nacreous, small, trigonal to subcircular or elliptical; um­bones subcentral or posterior; two series of transverse, numerous and close-set hinge teeth, separated by a triangular chondrophore; surface generally smooth or concentrically striated; margins simple 116 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 or crenulate; adductor impressions subequal, two in number; pal­lial line simple. The genus has survived from the middle Paleozoic, possibly be­cause of its remarkable adaptability. It is found in both shallow and deep water and on both sandy and muddy bottoms. Though characteristic of the boreal and temperate oceans the group has also a meager representation in the tropical seas. Indeterminate fragments of Nucula are not uncommon in the fos­siliferous Midway but determinable individuals are very rare and apparently without stratigraphic significance. NUCULA MEDIAVIA Harris 1896. 1886. Nucula mediavia Harris, Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. 1, No. 4, p. 53, pl. 4, fig. 4. Nucula magni/ica Aldrich, Geo!. Survey Alabama, Bull, 1, p. 60 (name only). Not Nucula magnifica Conrad, 1833, Fossil shells Tertiary formations North America, p. 37. Size and general form about as figured; surface showing besides lines of growth, many radiating striae; lunule large, deeply depressed, and sometimes traversed by a faint radiating ridge; within, strongly crenulate at margin; posterior as well as anterior row of teeth well developed, each tooth angulate in the middle ; angle formed at the junction of the two rows of teeth about 130 degrees. The sharp posterior, deeply sunken and sharply defined lunule, great angle formed by the junction of the two rows of teeth, and coarsely crenulated margin, serve to distinguish the species. (Harris, 1896.) Nucula mediavia may be the forerunner of Nucula magnifica of the Claiborne fauna from which it differs in the higher posterior dorsal margin, the more pronounced lunule and the stronger radial sculpture. The Texas specimens are all young but are probably referable to this species. Nucula ovula Lea described from the Claiborne of Alabama has been reported from the Texas Midway but the occurrence has not been verified. Occurrence.-Kincaid formation. Bastrop County: U.S.G.S. Stas. 11915? and 12112, Colorado River, 1112 miles below the Travis­Bastrop County line. NUCULA species Indeterminate fragments are widespread in both the Kincaid and Wills Point formations, notably at Butler Dome in Freestone County, at Cribbs Bluff on the Brazos River, both above and below the Venericardia bulla zone on the Colorado River, and in the Tehua­cana member of the Kincaid formation in Medina and Maverick counties. They are apparently without stratigraphic significance. Family LEDIDAE Genus LEDA Schumacher 1817. Leda Schumacher, Essai d'un nouveau systeme des habitations des vers testaces, pp. 55, 172. Type.-Arca rostrata Chemnitz =Mya pemula Miiller. (Recent in the North Atlantic.) Shell solid, porcellaneous, transversely elongate, rounded an­teriorly; beaks proximate, commonly tumid, feebly opisthogyrate; exterior surface concentrically sculptured; hinge armature taxodont, the teeth arranged in an anterior and a posterior series; chondro­phore subumbonal, trigonal; pallial line interrupted by a shallow sinus corresponding to the short siphons of the animal; inner ven­tral margins simple. This genus also originated in the Paleozoic but in the Silurian, one period later than Nucula. The more than 80 living species have a wide geographic and bathymetric distribution. Many of the Ledas found in the basal Midway are casts of the gabbana type, probably reworked from the Cretaceous. LEDA SAFFORDANA Harris? 1860. Leda protexta Gabb, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Jour., 2d ser., vol. 4, p. 397, pl. 68, fig. 36. Not Leda protexta Gabb, 1860, ibid., p. 303, pl. 48, fig. 23. 1896. Leda saffordana Harris, Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. 1, No. 4, p. 55, pl. 4, fig. 9. Very wide transversely; beaks small, incurved; posterior end acuminate, curved slightly upwards; anterior and basal margins regularly rounded; surface marked by numerous transverse ribs. Dimensions of the most perfect specimen.-Length, .5 in.; width, .25 in.; diameter, .2 in. Locality.-Hardeman Co., Tenn. (Gabb, 1860.) Harris in 1896, ignoring Whitfield's attempt (13b) to give the name gabbana to the Tennessee spedes, renamed the Tennessee shell which Gabb had confused with that he had formerly described from Burlington County, New Jersey. Whitfield, though he cited Gabb's description and figure of the Hardeman County shell, described at 118 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 some length and figured a cast from the Cretaceous marls of Free­hold, New Jersey, considering it identical with the Tennessee species and renaming it Nuculana Gabbana. Since 1885, the Cretaceous species has commonly appeared in the literature under the name gabbana and in view of the fact that the Cretaceous species was de­scribed and figured by Whitfield, it seems not only highly desirable but legitimate to continue to restrict gabbana to the Cretaceous shell and to adopt Harris's safjordana for the Eocene shell. The species, though fragile, is abundant and well preserved in the micaceous, slightly glauconitic sands of Middleton, Hardeman County, Tennessee. It is characterized by the relatively large and compressed valves and by the abrupt disappearance of the concentric sculpture upon the rostrum. It is quite probable that the Tennessee species is fairly well rep­resented in the lower Midway (Kincaid formation) of Texas but the material is too imperfect for an assured determination. Occurrence.-Kincaid formation. Falls County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 11929, Litle Brazos above Rocky Crossing on Kosse road. LEDA EOA Gardner new species Pl. 6, figs. 1, 2 Shell small, moderately compressed, transversely elongate, much produced posteriorly, and sharply rostrate. Anterior extremity broadly and smoothly rounded, the tip of the produced posterior rostrum unfortunately broken away. Umbones anterior, low, broadly rounded, the tips incurved and turned slightly backward. Lunule sharply defined, little more than linear; escutcheon much wider than the lunule, the outer and posterior portion set off by a faint sec­ondary ray; concentric lineation developed upon it; smooth inner area symmetrically lenticular. Entire surface excepting for the lunule and escutcheon sharply threaded concentrically. Dimensions.-Height, 6.5 millimeters; length (of incomplete specimen), 11.5 millimeters; diameter of double valves, 5.0 milli­meters. Holotype.-V. S. Nat. Mus. No. 138604. Type locality.--V.S.G.S. Sta. 2439, 1 mile east of Webberville, Travis County, Texas. Littig glauconitic member of Kincaid for­mation. The small transversely elongated casts that are found so com­monly in the basal greensand of Bastrop and Caldwell counties are probably referable to this species. They are particularly abundant in the greensand at the Cretaceous-Eocene contact on the Austin­Bastrop road, half a mile east of Elysium, Bastrop County. Both Leda safjordana and Leda eoa represent a horizon fairly low in the Midway hut L. eoa is a smaller, more inflated shell upon which the concentric threading is continuous across the keel to the very margin of the escutcheon. It is also more produced posteriorly than L. safjordana, so much so that molds, probably of this species, suggest Perrisonota. Occurrence.-Kincaid formation, Littig glauconitic member. Travis County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 2439, 1 mile east of Webberville. LEDA new species PI. 6, figs. 3, 4 A Leda, imperfectly preserved, hut retaining unusual and charac­teristic features, was collected from the Tehuacana member in Medi"'a County, 5 miles southeast of Elstone on the Pearsall road. The !t above the trail leading up to the Bob Evans' (Myrick's) apiary, Uvalde County. Kincaid formation, Tehuacana member. This small species is abundant in the hard gray limestone but the specimens can not be removed from the resistant matrix and with­out the hinge it is not possible to separate Kelliella from Lutetia. Both generally occur in the Gulf Eocene but neither of them has been reported from beds so low as the Midway. Occurrence.-Kincaid formation, Tehuacana member. Uvalde County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 11767, about 1 foot above bed of the Frio River just above trail from Bob Evans' (Myrick's) apiary. 178 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 KELLIELLA? ALDRICH! Gardner new species Pl. 16, figs. 7, 8 Shell minute, subcircular, the umbones tumid, prosogyrate and a little in front of the median vertical. Prodissoconch smooth and shining. Conch sharply and evenly lirate concentrically from the lunule to the dorsal margin. Lunule large, cordate, cut out by a sharply impressed groove. Dorsal area slightly flattened but no escutcheon defined. Ligament attachment very obscure, apparently marginal and opisthodetic. Hinge frail; cardinal platform clearly defined, cleft in the middle. Right valve with two minute cardinal lamellae diverging beneath the tips of the umbones; anterior dorsal margin of the hinge plate elevated to form with the opposing cardinal lamella a well defined socket for the reception of the an­terior lamella of the left valve; right posterior cardinal lamella obliquely produced and continuous with the slightly elevated dorsal margin. Anterior car'dinal lamella of left valve minutely arcuate with a tubercle at the distal extremity which is almost cut off from the rest of the lamella; left posterior cardinal lamella very thin and inconspicuous; a very thin laminar posterior ridge developed in the left valve, continuous acrvss the cardinal platform and fusing with the sharp margin of the valve. Muscle scars distinct and large for so small a shell. Pallial line feebly and obtusely indented posteriorly. Dimensions.-Height, 1.8 millimeters; length, 2.0± millimeters. Holotype.-U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 370993. Type locality.-U.S.G.S. Sta. 10420, Dry Brushy Creek, 6 miles south of Thrall, Williamson County. Wills Point formation. The hinge plate is perceptibly wider in the fossil species of Kelliella than in the Recent. Occurrence.-Kincaid formation. Bastrop County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 11914, Colorado River, 4 miles below Webberville. Wills Point formation. Williamson County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 10420, Dry Brushy Creek, 6 miles south of Thrall. Bastrop County: U.S. G.S. Sta. 12109, directly above bridge over Cedar Creek on Austin­Red Rock road. Caldwell County: Bureau of Economic Geology Sta. 12, 4.6 miles northwest of Lockhart; U.S.G.S. Sta. 11700, 1.9' miles north of Lockhart. Superfamily CARDIACEA Family CARDIIDAE Genus CARDIUM Linnaeus 1758. Cardium Linnaeus, Systema naturae, 10th ed., p. 678. Type.-Cardium costatum Linnaeus; designated by Children, 1823. (Recent in the lndo-Pacific.) Shell usually subequilateral, closed or slightly gaping, globose, the united valves subcordate laterally. Umbones prominent, almost straight or with a slight anterior twist. True lunule and escutcheon absent. Sculpture dominantly radial. Ribs commonly granulose, spinose, or imbricated. Ornamentation of lateral areas, particularly of the posterior, commonly differing from that of the disk. Liga­ment external, opisthodetic. Hinge characterized, with a few excep­tions, by two cardinals, of which the ventral is the stronger, and one or two posterior and one or two anterior lateral lamellae in each valve; cardinals more or less twisted. Muscle impressions subequal. Pallial line simple or slightly sinuous posteriorly. Internal basal margins serrate. The genus Cardium forms a conspicuous element in the faunas from the Mesozoic onward. They are generally rather fragile, and not well adapted to preservation. The external sculpture is com­monly formed from a superficial shelly layer, which readily breaks away, leaving no scar upon the polished surface below. For this reason it is difficult to tell a perfectly fresh specimen. The Recent representatives, the so-called cockles, number about 200 species and are most abundant in the warmer waters. CARDIUM species A small individual, less than 5 millimeters in height, a mold with a bit of decorticated shell adhering, shows about 8 ribs on the well defined posterior area and about 21 on the anterior and medial por­tions. This Cardium was collected directly below the second green­sand of the Kincaid formation at the southeastern end of Cribbs Bluff on the Brazos River, a little more than a mile below the Falls County line (U.S.G.S. Sta. 11924). Indeterminate molds are also present in the Kincaid, one-fourth mile west and a little north of the Stranger School, Falls County. 180 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 Genus PROTOCARDIA Beyrich 1845. Protocardia Beyrich, Zeitschrift fiir Malacologie, p. 17. Type.-Cardium hillanum Sowerby. (Cenomanian of Europe.) Shell thin, inflated, orbicular-quadrate; radial sculpture upon the posterior area sharply differentiated from that upon the medial and anterior portions of the shell; a small anterior and larger posterior cardinal in the right valve, a large anterior and smaller posterior cardinal in the left valve; both anterior and posterior laterals de­veloped in each valve; posterior muscle scar prominent; an in­cipient pallial sinus frequently present; inner margin finely fluted, at least upon the posterior area. PROTOCARDIA QUIHI Gardner new species PI. 16, figs. 9, 10 Shell small, orbicular-quadrate, highly inflated. Umbones sub­central, full to their tips. Posterior area flattened, very finely and sharply threaded with radials. Medial and anterior portions of shell more finely but less sharply sculptured, the radials intersected at fairly regular intervals by exceedingly fine concentric threadlets. Characters of interior not accessible. Dimensions of holotype.-Height, 7.2 millimeters; length, 7.5± millimeters. Holotype and paratype.-V. S. Nat. Mus. No. 370916. Type locality.-V.S.G.S. Sta. 11769, 5.7 miles northwest of Castro­ville, on the Quihi road, Medina County. Tehuacana member of Kincaid formation. Occurrence.-Tehuacana member of Kincaid formation. Medina County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 11769, 5. 7 miles northwest of Castroville on the Quihi road; U.S.G.S. Sta. 13245, 214 miles N. 20° E. from Dun· lay; and U.S.G.S. Sta. 6280, bed of Hondo Creek, loose boulder, one-eighth mile below road crossing due east of Elstone. PROTOCARDIA species Molds of a small indeterminate species of Protocardia are abundant in the "red beds," a name given locally to the oxidized shingle of Wills Point in southern Maverick County. Subgenus NEMOCARDIUM Meek 1876. Nemocardium Meek, U. S. Geol. Survey of the Territories, Rept., vol. 9, p. 167. Type.-Cardium semiasperum Deshayes. (Eocene of the Paris Basin.) Shell closely resembling the typical forms of Protocardia, but thinner, with two·thirds to three-fourths of surface in front of the stronger posterior, usually echinate, radiating costae, occupied by fine, crowded, radiating striae, and the free margins crenate within all around; cardinal and lateral teeth generally rather slender; pallial line faintly sinuous, irregularly serrated, or nearly simple behind. (Meek, 1876.) PROTOCARDIA ACTIA Gardner new species Pl. 16, fig. 11 Shell small, very thin and fragile, strongly and smoothly inflated, suhquadrate. Anterior extremity broadly rounded; base line almost horizontal; posterior third of shell flattened and the margin obliquely truncate. Umhones prominent, inflated, an obtuse ridge extending from the tips of the umhones to the posterior ventral mar­gin. Tips of umhones acute, incurved, and feebly prosogyrate. A false lunule indicated by the evanescence of the radial sculpture. Anterior and medial portions of shell closely threaded with sub­cutaneous Nucula-like radials finely reticulated by the growth lines; rostrum and posterior area less finely threaded with about 25 radials which were probably spinose when fresh. Characters of interior not accessible. Dimensions.-Height, 7.5 millimeters; length, 8.5 millimeters. Holotype.-V. S. Nat. Mus. No. 370917. Type locality.-U.S.G.S. Sta. 11913, Colorado River, 2 miles be­low the Travis-Bastrop County line; above the Venericardia bulla zone. Wills Point formation. Fragments of a species closely related hut less strongly convex occur at U.S.G.S. Sta. 10420, Dry Brushy Creek, 6 miles south of Thrall on the Taylor-Beaukiss road, Williamson County. Protocardia actia is quite certainly the precursor of Protocardia nicoletti, so conspicuous in the late Eocene faunas. Occurrence.-Wills Point formation. Bastrop County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 11913, Colorado River, 2 miles below the Travis-Bastrop County line. 182 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 PROTOCARDLA? species indeterminate A cast about 20 millimeters in altitude and 25 millimeters in length, probably of Protocardia, was collected from the second greensand of the Kincaid formation, U.S.G.S. Sta. 11707, 5% miles north of Lockhart, Caldwell County. The genus is also represented by an indeterminate species from the Venericardia bulla zone in the Colorado River section (U.S.G.S. Sta. 12111) . Superfamily VENERACEA Family VENERIDAE Subfamily MERETRICINAE Dall Genus CALLOCARDIA A. Adams 1864. Callocardia A. Adams, Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d ser., vol. 13, p. 307. Type.-Callocardia guttata A. Adams. (Recent in the China Sea.) Shell ovate to subtriangular; umbones anterior, involute; lunule circumscribed by a faintly incised line; escutcheon not delimited; ligament external, lodged in a deep groove; nymphs prominent; ex­terior sculpture concentric; three more or less discrepant cardinals in each valve, commonly bifid or cuspid; two lateral lamellae in right valve which receive between them the anterior lateral tooth of the left valve; pallial sinus varying widely within the limits of the genus, angular and sharply defined to almost obsolete; inner margins of valves entire. The group is first recognized in the Eocene; since that time, it has formed a fairly conspicuous and widely distributed factor in the molluscan faunas of the warmer seas. CALLOCARDIA HAWTOFI Gardner new species Pl. 17, figs. 1, 2 Shell ovate trigonal in outline, moderately inflated, and like most of the other early Eocene representatives, running rather small for the genus. Umbones well rounded, prosogyrate, slightly anterior. Anterior margin strongly bowed in front of the lunule; the posterior dorsal margin obscurely truncate. Lunule small, the characters hid­den by the matrix; outer surface finely and regularly grooved con­centrically from the umbones to the ventral margin. Interior not accessible. Dimensions.-Height, 23.2 millimeters; length, 25.2 millimeters; diameter, 15.0 millimeters. Holotype.-V. S. Nat. Mus. No. 370923. Type locality.-V.S.G.S. Sta. 11758, limestone scarp near the Oil Lease Development Company's Well No. I on the Indio ranch about 29 miles southeast of Eagle Pass, Maverick County. Tehuacana member of Kincaid formation. Callocardia hawtofi is the possible analogue of Callocardia pteleina of Medina County but it differs in the finer and more regu­lar concentric sculpture. In this character it approaches more closely to CaUocardia ripleyana of the basal Midway of Tennessee, but it is a larger, coarser shell with higher and more inflated umbones. The species apparently exhibits great variability in outline, the larger forms, as a rule, running decidedly higher relatively than the smaller. It gives me great pleasure to name this species in honor of E. Manuel Hawtof, formerly of the Texas Bureau of Economic Geology, who was of great assistance to me in the field work in Maverick County. Occurrence.-Kincaid formation, Tehuacana member. Maverick County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 11752, Comanche Creek Crossing on west road to Farias ranch; U.S.G.S. Sta. 4398, 18 miles south and east of Eagle Pass; U.S.G.S. Sta. 6583, Bibora tank, about 18 miles south­east of Eagle Pass; U.S.G.S. Sta. 11753, Bibora tank, 7 miles east of new Indio ranch house; U.S.G.S. Sta. 11758, Indio Wells, about 29 miles southeast of Eagle Pass; and U.S.G.S. Sta. 6575?, White Bluff, Rio Grande, about 41/z miles west of south of Windmill (Jacal) ranch house. CALLOCARDIA PTELEINA Gardner new species Pl. 17, fig. 3; Pl. 19, figs. 1-3 Shell rather small for the genus, obliquely ovate in outline, mod­erately inflated. Umbones well rounded, prosogyrate, a little in front of the median vertical. Lunule small, cordate, deeply impressed, delimited by a linear groove and by the abrupt change in the sculp­ture or its disappearance. Escutcheon obscured by the matrix. 184 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 Surface sculpture restricted to exaggerated growth lines, strongest and most regular near the anterior ventral margin. Hinge not accessible. Dimensions.-Height, 16.0 millimeters; length, 21.5 millimeters; diameter, 13.0 millimeters. Holotype and paratype.-V. S. Nat. Mus. No. 370921. Type locality.-V.S.G.S. Sta. 11765, Schuddemagen ranch, 11 miles south of Sabinal, a few hundred yards south of the junction of Elm Creek with Sabinal Creek (south bank), Uvalde County, Texas. Tehuacana member of Kincaid formation. Callocardia pteleina is possibly the analogue in the south Texas Midway of Callocardia ripleyana (Gabb) of the basal Midway of Tennessee. The species resemble one another in general dimensions and outline but the Texas form is relatively higher and fuller with a less regular and decided concentric wrinkling and with a more deeply impressed lunule. A species similar in general outline but larger by a third is com­mon in the Tehuacana member at Comanche Crossing, 6 miles west of Mexia, Limestone County (U.S.G.S. Sta. 6559). The form is doubtless distinct and probably new but it is known only from molds with a few fragments of adherent shell. Occurrence.-Kincaid formation, Tehuacana member. Medina County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 6280, Hondo Creek, one-eighth mile below Elstone Crossing; U.S.G.S. Sta. 11769, 5.7 miles northwest of Castro· ville on the Quihi road; and U.S.G.S. Sta. 6584, 71h miles southeast of D'Hanis. Uvalde County: U.S.G.S. Stations 6279 and 11765, Schuddemagen ranch, 11 miles south of Sabinal, a few hundred yards south of the junction of Elm Creek with Sabinal Creek (south bank) ; U.S.G.S. Sta. 11877, Frio River, one-fourth to one-half mile above the Evans' (Myrick's) apiary; U.S.G.S. Sta. 11878, Frio River at foot of trail leading down from the Evans' (Myrick's) apiary; and U.S.G.S. Sta. 3180, Frio River, one-half mile below the Evans' (Myrick's) apiary. CALLOCARDIA BIBORAENSIS Gardner new species Pl. 18, figs. 1, 2 Shell large and heavy for the lower Eocene group, inflated, cordate in outline. Umbones prominent, slightly anterior. Lunule fairly large. Anterior extremity strongly bowed in front of the lunule, the posterior obliquely truncate; ventral margin strongly upcurved in front. Outer surface rather finely and regularly grooved con­centrically, the sculpture strongest toward the ventral margin. Interior not accessible. Dimensions.-Height, 38.2 millimeters; length, 44.0 millimeters; diameter, 29.0 millimeters. Holotype.-U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 370967. Type locality.-U.S.G.S. Sta. 6583, Bihora tank on the Indio ranch, 18 miles southeast of Eagle Pass, Maverick County, Texas. Kincaid formation. Callocardia biboraensis is a larger coarser shell than Callocardia hawtofi and not so common. Callocardia kempae from northeast Texas is much more evenly rounded, both in marginal outline and in the tumidity of the valves. Occurrence.-Kincaid formation. Maverick County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 6583, Bihora tank on the Indio ranch, 18 miles southeast of Eagle Pass. CALLOCARDIA KEMP.AE Gardner new species Pl. 17, figs. 4-6; Pl. 18, fig. 3 Shell large for the Gulf Eocene callocardias, suhcircular to rounded trigonal in outline, broadly inflated. The anterior lateral and ventral margins forming a continuous broad, smooth curve, the posterior lateral margin obscurely truncate. Umhones suh­central, not very prominent, the tips proximate and prosogyrate. Lunule indicated by a cordate depression in front of the umhones but not sharply delimited. Escutcheon not defined. Ornamentation restricted to an incremental sculpture which on the ventral half of the shell develops well marked resting stages. Ligament external, the groove deeply cut and produced almost half the length of the posterior lateral margin. Dentition strong and normal for the genus: three cardinals in the right valve, the posterior slender, cuneate and with a shallow medial groove; anterior and medial cardinals with their inner faces flattened and closely proximate; left cardinals worn down and very obscure hut a slender posterior, a more robust medial, and a very slender anterior cardinal indicated; double lateral socket of right valve deep and very close to the anterior cardinal; anterior lateral tooth of left valve not preserved; posterior laterals not developed. Characters of interior concealed by the matrix. Dimensions of smaller cotype.-Height, 26.8 millimeters; length, 30.0± millimeters. Cotypes (2).-V. S. Nat. Mus. No. 370968. Paratype.-U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 370969. Type locality.-V.S.G.S. Sta. 10744, 21h miles northeast of Kemp, Kaufman County, Texas. Kincaid formation. The specific name has a double meaning for this fine Callocardia is called kempae in honor of Mrs. John Kemp of Seymour, Texas, and it was collected from near the town of Kemp, Kaufman County. Callocardia kempae is the largest of any of the described callo­cardias from the Midway of Texas with the exception of C. bibo­raensis, a larger, more ovate trigonal shell, not so uniformly tumid l:lnd with more inflated umbones. Occurrence.-Kincaid formation. Kaufman County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 11665, Water Hill, 5 miles northeast of Kemp; and U.S.G.S. Sta. 10744, 21h miles northeast of Kemp on public road. CALLOCARDIA species indeterminate Molds of a species similar to but apparently smaller than C. haw­tofi are common in the "red beds," the shingle of oxidized Wills Point at U.S.G.S. Sta. 11754, 27 miles southeast of Eagle Pass on the Windmill (Jacal) ranch road. Other indeterminate Callocardia, apparently new, were collected from Comanche Crossing in Limestone County (U.S.G.S. Sta. 6559), from the limestone on the Whitaker Survey, 6± miles northwest of Kosse in Falls County (U.S.G.S. Sta. 11931), from directly below the second greensand of the Kincaid formation at Cribbs Bluff on the Brazos River, a little over a mile below the Falls County line, and at Wilbarger Creek, one-half mile below the Travis-Bastrop line, and above the Venericardia bulla zone on the Colorado River. Superfamily TELLINACEA Family TELLINIDAE Genus TELLINA (Linnaeus) Lamarck 1758. Tellina Linnaeus, Systema naturae, 10th ed., p. 674. 1799. Tellina Lamarck, Prodrome d'une Nouvelle Classification des Coquilles, Memoires de la Societe d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, p. 84. Type.-Tellina radiata Linnaeus. (Recent in the West Indies.) Shell transversely ovate to ovate-trigonal in outline, compressed; usually rostrate and flexed to the right posteriorly and broadly depressed in front of the rostrum. Umbones low, subcentral or posterior, often opisthogyrate. External surface rarely smooth; dominant sculpture concentric, regular, and, as a rule, more or less incremental in character; radial ornamentation commonly suggested by the color pattern and by the reinforcing internal rays, rarely by the sculpture; oblique sculpture developed in one group. Ligament external, opisthodetic. Two cardinals, one of them bifid, developed in each valve, interlocking in the closed valves so that the bifid teeth are flanked on either side by a simple laminar tooth. Anterior and posterior laterals developed in some groups in both valves; in others, reduced to a single right anterior lateral. Sinus free or coalescent ventrally with the pallial line, often discrepant in the two valves, the dorsal margin of the sinus commonly uniting the anterior and posterior adductors. The Tellinas are essentially a modern group, though they have their roots in the Mesozoic. TELLINA QUIHI Gardner new species Pl. 16, fig. 12 Shell thin, flexuous, transversely ovate in outline. Umbones sub­central. Anterior end of shell broadly rounded; the posterior obscurely rostrate. Concentric threading upon the outer surface exceedingly fine and sharp, not quite so fine and more regular toward the ventral margin. Interior of shell not accessible. Dimensions.-Height, 9.0 millimeters; length, 13.5 millimeters. Holotype.-U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 370924. Type locality.-U.S.G.S. Sta. 11769, 5. 7 miles northwest of Castro­ville on the Quihi road, Medina County, Texas. Tehuacana member of Kincaid formation. Occurrence.-Tehuacana member of Kincaid formation. Medina County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 11769, on the Quihi road, 5.7 miles northwest of Castroville. TELLINA species Tellina is represented at U.S.G.S. Sta. 11769, 5.7 miles northwest of Castroville, Medina County, by at least two other species, neither one of them preserved sufficiently well to be described. One of them 188 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 is more than double the size of T. quihi but lacks the fine sharp sculpture, the other is a heavier shell with a fine concentric sculpture and something of the aspect of Callocardia. Other species of T ellina are doubtless present in both the Kincaid formation and the Wills Point formation throughout the extent of outcrop but the shells are fragile and the determinative characters are not retained in molds. TELLINA species A compressed, transversely elliptical bivalve, probably Tellina, occurs in a fragmentary state at U.S.G.S. Sta. 6283, 2llz miles above the power house south of Seguin, Guadalupe County. The beaks are submedial, the anterior extremity symmetrical, the posterior slightly compressed, the height not far from 14.0 millimeters, the length about 32.0 millimeters. The horizon is near the top of the Wills Point formation. Superfamily SOLENACEA Family SOLENIDAE Genus SILIQUA Megerle von Miihlfeldt 1811. Siliqua Megerle von Miihlfeldt, Entwurf eines neuen System's der Schalthiergehause, Magazin der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde, 5 Jahrgang, p. 44. Type.-Solen radiatus Linnaeus. (Recent in the Indo-Pacific.) Shell transversely ovate-elliptical, compressed; hinge line ap­proaching the horizontal; umbones anterior but by no means terminal; two cardinals in the right valve and three in the left; the anterior and medial cardinals vertical, the posterior oblique or nearly horizontal; hinge armature strengthened by a clavicle dropped from the beaks to the ventral margin; pallial sinus deep. The genus has a reputed range from the Cretaceous to the Recent. SILIQUA? species indeterminate An impression of the interior of a transversely elliptical form with a strong rib dropped vertically from the beaks occurs in the Mexia member of the Wills Point formation of Little Dry Brushy Creek on the Taylor-Beaukiss road, 6 miles south of Thrall, William­son County, Texas (U.S.G.S. Sta. 10796). Superfamily MYACEA Family CORBULIDAE Fleming Genus CORBULA (Bruguiere) Lamarck 1798. Corbula Bruguiere, Tableau encyclopedique et methodique des trois regnes de la nature, vol. 1, pl. 230. (Figures only; no names.) 1799. Corbula Lamarck, Prodrome d'une Nouvelle Classification des Coquilles, Memoires de la Societe d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, p. 89. (No species cited.) 1801. Corbula Lamarck, Systeme des animaux sans vertebres, p. 137. Type.-Corbula gibba (Olivi). (Recent off the west coast of Europe and in the Mediterranean; Tertiary of southern Europe.) Shell small, thick, ovate, more or less rostrate; valves unequal, the left usually smaller and flatter; umbones prominent, prosogyrate or erect, the right usually higher than the left; hinge line of right valve fitted with a single prominent tooth in front of the resilial pit; lateral laminae absent; left valve with a chondrophore and a deep cardinal socket; surface sculpture variable, commonly dis­crepant on the two valves of the same individual, usually concentric, never strongly radial; adductor scars distinct; pallial line indistinct; sinus feeble or obsolete. A prominent genus among the small bivalves since the beginning of the Mesozoic. The recent Corbulas include some 70 species of almost universal distribution but more prolific in the warmer waters, particularly of the China seas. CORBULA MILIUM Dall Pl. 19, fig. 4 1898. Corbula ( Aloidis) milium Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci., Trans., vol. 3, pt. 4, p. 845. 1900. Corbula ( Aloidis) milium Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci., Trans., vol. 3, pt. 5, p. 1192, pl. 36, fig. 19 (figure only). Shell minute, rounded, inflated, with prominent beaks a little in advance of the middle line of the valves; right valve larger, sculptured with fine, even, concentric threads separated by narrower inters paces; there is no radial striation, but near the posterior cardinal margin a well-marked sulcus extends from the beak to the upper posterior margin, the surface above it and next to the cardinal margin turgid; in front of the strongly prosocoelous beaks the valve is impressed, though without any defined lunule; left valve smaller, less inflated, nearly smooth or with faint incremental lines; a strong radial rib close to the posterior hinge-margin; interior and internal margins of the valves polished; a small ridge near the hinge reflects the posterior external sulcus of 190 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 the right valve; cardinal tooth small, conical, rather prominent, the chondro­phore hidden under the cardinal margin; left valve with the chondrophore flat, squarish, projecting, and a socket for the point of the right cardinal. Lon., 2.2; alt., 2.3; diam., 1.6 mm. This interesting little species recalls C. laqueata Conrad on a smaller scale and with proportionately finer sculpture. Though so small, there is no reason t'l doubt that it is an adult form. (Dall, 1898.) Type.-U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 107813. Type locality.-U.S.G.S. collection 3100, Thomasville, Clarke County, Alabama. Bashi formation (upper Wilcox). The known distribution of this small species is remarkable. It was first described from the "Woods Bluff" (Bashi) formation of the Wilcox. In Alabama it is "extremely common," according to Aldrich, in the Sucarnoochee clay of the lower Midway, and it is locally common in Texas at a slightly higher horizon. Occurrence.-Kincaid formation. Bastrop County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 11914, Colorado River section, 11h miles below the Travis-Bastrop County line. Wills Point formation. Bastrop County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 11908?, one-half mile northeast of Cedar Creek Crossing on Austin-Red Rock road; U.S.G.S. Sta. 11899, 50 to 60 feet west of Cedar Creek bridge on Austin-Red Rock road; and U.S.G.S.Sta. 12109, directly above bridge over Cedar Creek in Austin-Red Rock road. Subgenus CARYOCORBULA Gardner 1926. Caryocorbula Gardner, Nautilus, vol. 40, p. 46. Cuneocorbula Dall and authors [not Cuneocorbula Cossmann, 1886]. Type.-Corbula alabamiensis Isaac Lea. (Claiborne Eocene of the east coast and Gulf from South Carolina to the Rio Grande.) Shell small or of moderate dimensions; acutely keeled, pos­teriorly; slightly inequivalve; right valve a little larger and a little higher relatively than the left; both valves concentrically rugose, the sculpture upon the right valve in some species stronger and more regular than upon the left; a microscopically fine radial lineation developed in some of the later species, particularly upon the posterior keel; ligament, dental, muscle and sinal characters similar to those of Corbula sensu stricto. Caryocorbula includes most of the American species hitherto assigned to Cuneocorbula. Caryocorbnla differs from the Paris Basin group in that the shell is less trigonal, not so produced posteriorly, usually heavier, unirostrate rather than birostrate and more strongly sculptured. Caryocorbula is abundantly represented in the Tertiary and Pleistocene deposits of the east coast and Gulf and in the Recent east American waters. CORBULA (CARYOCORBULA) KENNEDYI Gardner new species Pl. 19, fig. 5 Shell very small, slightly inequivalve. Acutely rostrate pos· teriorly, the rostrum persistent almost to the tips of the umbones. Umbonal area flattened, the tips acute and twisted forward, sub· central in position. Shell broadly rounded anteriorly, truncate posteriorly and slightly flexuous ventrally in front of the keel. The right valve only known. Interior not accessible. Dimensions.-Height, 3.3 millimeters; length, 4.6 millimeters. Holotype.-U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 370926. Type locality.-V.S.G.S. Sta. 11767. Limestone ledge just above trail leading down from Evans' (Myrick's) apiary, Frio River, Uvalde County. Tehuacana member of Kincaid formation. The species is named in honor of William Kennedy, one of the earliest to interest himself in the physical features of Texas. Corbula kennedyi has much in common with C. coloradoensis, best developed in the Wills Point formation, and may be identical with it. The right valve figured, apparently an adult, is smaller than the Colorado River species, the posterior portion of the valve is more sinuous and not so sharply keeled and no subcutaneous radial sculpture was observed. The relation to the left valve figured from the same locality is doubtful. The scultpure is so discrepant on the two valves of Corbula that they may conceivably represent the same species. The figured left valve is very similar to the left valve of C. coloradoensis but more compressed than the few imperfect lefts recovered from the Colorado River. Occurrence.-Kincaid formation. Falls County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 11931?, Whitaker Survey, 6+ miles northwest of Kosse; and U.S.G.S. Sta. 11929?, Little Brazos River, less than one-fourth mile upstream from Rocky Crossing on the Kosse road. Milam County: Brazos River, 1 mile below the Falls County line, U.S.G.S. Sta. 11916, bed No. l; U.S.G.S. Sta. 11917, bed No. 2; U.S.G.S. Sta. 11919, bed No. 4. Medina County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 6280, bed of Hondo Creek, one-eighth mile below road crossing due east of Elstone, and on Irishman Hill, 10 feet above the Ostrea cortex zone. Uvalde County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 11767, limestone ledge just above trail lead­ing down from Evans' (Myrick's) apiary, Frio River. CORBULA (CARYOCORBULA) species indeterminate Double valves running about one centimeter wide with fragments of shell still adhering indicate a highly inflated, strongly sculptured species of Caryocorbula fairly common at U.S.G.S. Sta. 11665, at Water Hill, 5 miles northeast of Kemp in Kaufman County. CORBULA (CARYOCORBULA) species Pl. 19, figs. 11, 12 Two valves, U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 370927, probably referable to the same species, were partially uncovered from a bit of a limestone boulder one-eighth mile below Elstone Crossing. The valves are small, transversely ovate-trigonal, and obtusely rostrate posteriorly. The concentric sculpture of fine wrinkles is absent upon the umbones. A microscopically fine radial shagreening is discernible on both valves. The characters of the interior are not known. The specimens are both left valves, though the high light on the photograph of Figure 12 suggests a right valve. Although they are closely related to C. kennedyi from the Frio River and to C. colo­radoensis from the Colorado River, they seem to be lower relatively than either and they are less flexuous. The radial sculpture unlike that of the Colorado River specimens can be seen only under high magnification. Further material is necessary to determine the rela­tionships of these small corbulas. CORBULA (CARYOCORBULA) COLORADOENSIS Gardner new species PI. 19, figs. 7-10 Shell small but solid, moderately inflated, inequivalve but not conspicuously so, the ventral margin of the right valve slightly overlapping the left; rudely trigonal in outline. Umbones rather high, slightly anterior and prosogyrate. Anterior extremity rounded, the posterior rostrate; base line slightly flexuous. Concentric sculp­ture developed only in the form of growth lines which are strongest near the ventral margin; radial lineation distinct and regular upon the disk, subcutaneous and suggesting that of Nucula. Resilifer of right valve deep, undercutting the dorsal margin. Cardinal tooth of right valve short, horizontally compressed, upcurved at the pointed tip, not very prominent. Chondrophore and cardinal socket in left valve known only from imperfect material. Dimensions.-Right valve ( cotype) : height, 4.5 millimeters; length, 6.5 millimeters. Left valve of another individual (co type) : height, 4.2 millimeters; length, 5.5 millimeters. Cotypes (2).-U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 370970; paratype, U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 370992. Type locality-U.S.G.S. Sta. 11890, Colorado River, l1h to 2 miles below the Travis-Bastrop County line; gray shales above the V enericardia bulla zone. Wills Point formation. Corbula coloradoensis is remarkable for the subcutaneous radial sculpture and the compactness of its small form. This may prove to be synonymous with Corbula (Caryocorbula) kennedyi from the Tehuacana member of the Kincaid formation of the Frio River, in Uvalde County, but it runs a little larger and seems to be consistently sculptured radially. The left valve from the same limestone on the Frio is more compressed than those observed on the Colorado. This may be an individual variation or possibly this less inflated species is characteristic of the Kincaid. This is further indicated by the few valves collected from the Col­orado River, one of them in contact with the right valve so that their relationship is beyond doubt. The right valves from the Kincaid formation on the Brazos and Colorado rivers are also a little more inflated than those from the upper part of the same section, but the material is too poor to justify their reference to C. kennedyi from the Tehuacana of Uvalde County. A very similar, possibly identical, species occurs rather commonly in the indurated and oxidized glauconitic sandstone at U.S.G.S. Sta. 6283 on Guadalupe River, 2¥2 miles above the power house south of Seguin, Guadalupe County. Occurrence.-Kincaid formation. Milam County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 11916?, Brazos River, bed No. 1, 1 mile below Falls County line. Bastrop County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 5280, right bank of Colorado River, 4 miles below Webberville; U.S.G.S. Stas. 11696, 11914, 11915, and 12112, Colorado River, l1/2 miles below the Travis-Bastrop County line; below the Venericardia bulla zone. 194 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 Wills Point formation. Williamson County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 10420, lower bed, Dry Brushy Creek, 6 miles south of Thrall on the Taylor­Beaukiss road. Bastrop County: U.S.G.S. Stas. 10527, 11890, and 12113, Colorado River, Ilh to 2 miles below the Travis-Bastrop County line; above Venericardia bulla zone; and U.S.G.S. Sta. 12108, glauconitic red sands forming stream bed directly above bridge over Cedar Creek on Austin-Red Rock road. Guadalupe County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 6283, 21h miles above power house south of Seguin. Bexar County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 6153, Jett Crossing, Palo Alto road and Medina River. CORBULA (CARYOCORBULA) species indeterminate Pl. 19, fig. 6 The compressed left valve of a species very closely resembling C. (Caryocorbula) kennedyi and C. (Caryocorbula) coloradoensis was collected from the Tehuacana member of the Kincaid forma­tion on the Frio River. It is possibly identical with one or both of them for they may, with the aid of better material, be proven synonymous. The left valve from the Frio River section is, however, more compressed than the imperfect few left valves now in the Wills Point collections from the Colorado River, and in a group so discrepantly sculptured as the Corbulas it is hazardous to establish definite relationships without material showing the valves in contact. The locality is the limestone a foot or more above the bed of Frio River just above the trail leading down from the Evans' (Myrick's) apiary (U.S.G.S. Sta. 11767), Uvalde County. Superfamily ADESMACEA Family PHOLADIDAE Genus MARTESIA Leach 1825. Martesia Leach, in Blainville, Manuel de Malacologie et de Conchylio­logie, p. 632. Type.-Pholas clavata Lamarck. (Recent in the European waters.) Shell thin ovate-oblong, cuneiform, strengthened by three acces­sory plates; gaping posteriorly; valves closed in front at the completion of the burrow with a calcareous septa or "callum"; surface deeply sculptured by a single radial sulcus; myophore long, slender, curved. Burrows flask-shaped. The genus has been reported from deposits as early as the Car­boniferous. The customary habitat of the present day species is in burrows excavated in the floating timber and driftwood of the warm and temperate seas. MARTESIA? species Certain small flask-shaped molds from the Kincaid formation (Littig glauconitic member) 6 miles due north of Lockhart (U.S.G.S. Sta. 11682) Caldwell County, suggest Martesia hut the characters preserved are not sufficient to make the generic determination possible. Similar molds have been recovered from the Littig glauconitic member in Bastrop County on the Austin-Bastrop road (U.S.G.S. Sta. 11680) one-half mile east of Elysium and at the same horizon in Caldwell County, 2 miles south of Mendoza (U.S.G.S. Sta. 11681). Family TEREDIDAE Genus TEREDO Linnaeus 1758. Teredo Linnaeus, Systema naturae, 10th ed., p. 651. Type.-Teredo navalis Linnaeus. (Recent in unprotected wood exposed for a length of time to the salt water of the European shores.) Shell reduced to spatulate or spoon-shaped pallets, the animal depending for its protection upon the burrow which it excavates in unprotected wood exposed for a length of time to salt water, and which is lined with a calcareous tube secreted by the mantle. The great majority of fossil species are known from the tubes alone so that their systematic position is clouded. TEREDO? RINCENS Aldrich 1921. Teredo ringens Aldrich, Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. 9, No. 37, p. 17, pl. 2, fig. 12. Shell substance thin, closed at the larger end like Kuphus; body of shell with raised, rather acute rings parallel to each other, and virtually at right angles to the longer diameter. Other fragments are not so strongly marked. Length of type specimen 37 mm. Average breadth 5 mm. Locality.-Sucamoochee clay bed, 3 miles south of Estelle, Ala. Type.-Alabama Museum, University, Ala. (Aldrich, 1921.) Fragment of tubes ringed like the Alabama form have been found in the oxidized greensands which shingle the surface 1 to 2 miles west of the Windmill (Jacal) ranch tank, Maverick County, and in 196 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 an oxidized sandstone possibly of upper Midway age in Caldwell County. Occurrence.-Wills Point formation. Guadalupe County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 6277, 11/2 miles west of Fentress. Maverick County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 11754, 27 miles southeast of Eagle Pass on the Windmill (Jacal) ranch road. Teredo? ringens differs from T. maverickensis in the sharp, more distant, and more regular annulations. TEREDO MAVERICKENSIS Gardner 1923. Teredo maverickensis Gardner, U. S. Geo!. Survey, Prof. Paper 131-D, p. 114, pl. 32, fig. 11. Tubes of moderate dimensions, somewhat irregular in growth habit though tending to follow the grain of the wood; closely and quite sharply rugose; characters of valves not known. Dimensions.-Diameter, 6.0 millimeters; thickness of shell, 0.6 millimeters. Holotype.-U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 352274. Type locality.-U.S.G.S. Sta. 10277, Rio Grande, lower end of Maverick County, about 40 feet below Midway-Wilcox contact. Teredo maverickensis is less regularly and less distantly wrinkled than T.? ringens Aldrich. These differences may be due in part to differences in habitat for T. maverickensis is found in fossil wood while T.? ringens has been observed only in the sandstone. Occurrence.-Kincaid formation. Maverick County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 10277, Rio Grande, lower end of Maverick County, about 40 feet below the Midway-Wilcox contact. Class Family Genus SCAPHOPODA DENTALIIDAE DENTALIUM Linnaeus 1758. 1920. Dentalium Linnaeus, Systema naturae, 10th ed., p. 785. Dentalium Linnaeus, Henderson, U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 111, p. 8. Type.-Dentalium elephantinum Linnaeus. (Recent in the China Sea.) Shell an elongate tube open at both ends, increasing in diameter from the apex to the aperture, the section of maximum diameter being coincident with the peristome; almost straight to strongly curved; usually sculptured with longitudinal (lengthwise as from tip to aperture) riblets or engraved lines, esp.~cially near the tip or on the posterior portion. The sculptural features may vary in degree from faint indications to strong heavy ribs and these may vary in number from 6 to 60 or more. The original number of ribs or riblets in the apical portion is often increased later by the addition of others intercalated between them so that as the animal grows its shell increases in the number of its ribs. Frequently all sculptural features present in the posterior or middle portion of the shell disappear in the anterior portion, the senile stage showing a smooth surface. The sculpture is sometimes further modified by fine transverse lirae occupying the spaces between the longitudinal ribs or even crossing them. Again, the intercostal surface may present a fine reticulated plan of excessively minute sculptural elements. In some groups ther·~ are no sculptural features whatever. The embryonic portion of the apex is very minute and fragile, and is always lost, save rarely, in very young specimens. The apical section remaining may be round or angular in section, in which latter case the angles become the beginnings of the primary ribs or riblets. The apical opening is usually modified by a slit or notch of varying width or depth and variously placed in different groups; or the opening may be simple without either notch or slit. The shell varies in size from minute needle-like forms to those of 4 or 5 inches in length, in thickness from fragile to heavy and solid; in texture from soft and chalky to hard porcellaneous or glassy; in color from occasional greenish, reddish, or yellowish species to pure white, the latter greatly predominating. The shells may be transparent, translucent to opaque, dull lusterless to the most highly polished and glistening surface. (Henderson, 1920.) DENTALJUM MEDIAVIENSE Harris 1892. 1896. Dentalium minutistriatum Gabb, Dall, Wagner Free Inst. vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 438 (ex parte) . Not Dentalium minustriatum Gabb, 1860, Acad. Nat. SciJour., 2d ser., vol. 4, p. 386, pl. 67, fig. 46. Dentalium mediaviense Harris, Bull. Am. Paleontology, p. 73, pl. 7, figs. 1, la. . vol. Sci., Trans., Phi lad1, elphia, No. 4, Size and general form as shown by the figures; surface nearly smooth near the greater extremity, though showing some irregular slight annulations; above, becoming longitudinally striate with alternating fine and coarse lines, annula­tions plainly visible and very regular; shell, about larger aperture very thin, hut becoming very thick within half an inch of this extremity ... . . . The Midway species are large, sometimes quite large and attaining a maximum diameter of % inch; their striation is very plainly alternate and sometimes becomes quite strong towards the apex; they have clearly defined and regular annulations; they are much more tapering than minutistriatum. (Harris, 1896.) Bimensions.-Height of figured fragment about 14.0 millimeters. Type locality.-One-half mile west of Graveyard Hill, Wilcox County, Alabama. Type.-Paleontological Museum, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. 198 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 Better material may prove the Texas Dentalium distinct. The shell seems thinner and more delicately sculptured than that of the Ala­bama species. A specimen from the lower part of the fossiliferous section on the Colorado River (U.S.G.S. Sta. 11915) is feebly annulated and shows only the faintest traces of an axial sculpture. Occurrence.-Kincaid formation. Milam County: U.S.G.S. Stas. 11916? (bed No. 1) and 11919 (bed No. 4), Brazos River, 1 mile below Falls County line. Bastrop County: U.S.G.S. Stas. 5280 and 10526, Colorado River, right bank, 4 miles below Webberville; U.S.G.S. Stas. 11696, 11914, and 12112, Colorado River, 11/2 miles below the Travis-Bastrop County line. Medina County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 11769?, 5. 7 miles northwest of Castroville on the Quihi road; and U.S.G.S. Sta. 6280, bed of Hondo Creek, one-eighth mile below road crossing east of Elstone. Wills Point formation. Bastrop County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 12113, one-half to three-fourths mile above mouth of Dry Creek; above Venericardia bulla zone; U.S.G.S. Sta. 11697?, 1 mile south of Cedar Creek and south of Cedar Creek-Lytton Springs road. Family SIPHONODENTALIIDAE Genus CADULUS Philippi 1844. Cadulus Philippi, Enumeratio Molluscorum Siciliae, vol. 2, p. 209. Type.-Dentalium ovulum Philippi. (Recent in the Mediterranean.) Shell tubular, more or less inflated medially or anteriorly and contracted near the aperture; maximum diameter often sharply defined by the so-called cingulum; outline somewhat arcuate, especially along the outer, convex, or ventral margin and toward the posterior extremity; external surface usually polished, smooth or faintly striated concentrically; posterior orifice simple or cut up into two or more lobes; anterior orifice circular, oval, or ovate, usually oblique to the axis. The genus though of much more modern origin than Dentalium can trace its ancestry back into the Cretaceous. The Recent species are about 70 in number and are quite abundantly represented in the warmer waters. CADULUS TURGJDUS Meyer 1886. Cadulus turgidus Meyer, Geol. Survey Alabama, Bull. 1, p. 65, pl. 1, fig. 10. 1896. Cadulus turgidus Meyer, Harris, Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. 1, No. 4, p. 73, pl. 7, fig. 2. Width of the shell rapidly increasing for about two-thirds of the entire length, and then more rapidly decreasing; section circular. Locality.-Matthews' Landing, Ala. Rather common; I received this shell from Mr. Aldrich. It differs by its very strong inflation from all the other species of Cadulus of the Southern Tertiary which I know of. (Meyer, 1886.) The height of the figured type is 4.9 millimeters, the maximum diameter, 1.25 millimeters. The type is in the Aldrich Collection, Johns Hopkins University. The maximum diameter falls about one­third of the distance from the anterior to the posterior extremity. The inflation is more abrupt than i:p. Cadulus phoenicea and the shell is not so small. Occurrence.-Kincaid formation. Bastrop County: U.S.G.S. Stas. 11696 and 11914, Colorado River, 4 miles below Webberville and about 1 Y2 miles below the Travis County line. Wills Point formation. Bastrop County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 11890?, Colorado River, 2 miles below the Travis County line. CADULUS PHOENICEA Gardner new species PI. 20, fig. 2 Shell minute, flattened along the inner margin, broadly arched along the outer, constricted more gradually toward the anterior orifice than toward the posterior. Maximum inflation medial or slightly anterior. Anterior orifice nearly circular, the posterior slightly compressed. Dimensions.-Height, 3.0 millimeters; greatest diameter, LO millimeter. Holotype.-V. S. Nat. Mus. No. 370996. Type locality.-U.S.G.S. Sta. 5282, clay from bluff at Webberville. Kincaid formation. This small shell seems to be something more than an immature C. turgidus with possibly the posterior tip broken away. It is more decidedly flattened along the inner surface and the inflation is more nearly symmetrical and the maximum not so far forward. The type is unfortunately unique. 200 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 Occurrence.-Kincaid formation. Travis County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 5282, clay from bluff at Webberville. CADULUS ALDRICHI Gardner new species Pl. 20, fig. 1 1895. Cadulus subcoarctatus Gabb, Aldrich, Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. 1, No. 2, p. 4, pl. 1, fig. 4. Not Ditrupa subcoarcuata Gabb, 1860, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Jour., vol. 4, 2d ser., p. 386, pl. 67, fig. 47. 1899. Cadulus abruptus Meyer and Aldrich, Harris, Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. 3, p. 5 (ex parte) • Not Cadulus abruptus Meyer and Aldrich, 1886, Soc. Nat. Hist., Cin· cinnati, Jour., vol. 9, No. 2, p. 104 (40), pl. 2, fig. 2. Shell scimitar-shaped, slender and gradually tapering. Inner margin more strongly arcuate than the outer. Maximum diameter within the anterior fourth. Anterior orifice oblique to the axis, broadly elliptical in outline. Posterior orifice compressed. Dimensions.-Height, 10.0 millimeters; greatest diameter, 1.5 millimeters. Holotype.--U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 373066. Type locality.-U.S.G.S. Sta. 8245, Salado Creek, 5.3 miles south· east of San Antonio. Wills Point formation. The individual which is referred to this species is much the most slender of the Texas Midway Caduli and the maximum diameter falls farther forward than in any of the other known species. Occurrence.-Wills Point formation. Bastrop County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 11697?, 3 miles southwest of Cedar Creek Post Office. Bexar County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 8245, Salado Creek, 5.3 miles southeast of San Antonio. Class GASTROPODA Subclass EUTHYNEURA Order OPISTHOBRANCHIATA Suborder TECTIBRANCHIA TA The state of confusion of the Tectibranchs is notorious, and until the soft parts of the constituent groups have been examined it is well nigh hopeless. Pilsbry in the fifteenth volume of the Manual of Conchology emphasizes again and again the absolute necessity for detailed dissections before definite relationships can be established between some of the best known genera. The hard parts are apparently less intimately concerned with the soft parts than in the majority of the univalves doubtless because of the relatively small size of the shell. In many groups it is not sufficient to cover the animal, and in still others it has degenerated into a thin, often membranous, internal skeleton. Family ACTAEONIDAE Genus TORNATELLAEA Conrad 1860. Tornatellaea Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Jour., 2d ser., vol. 4, p. 294. Type.-Tornatellaea bella Conrad (lower Eocene of the Gulf). Ovate ventricose; columella with two slender, prominent folds, the lower fold not distinctly continuous with the margin of the base. (Conrad, 1860.) The genus shares with Actaeon a heterostrophous nucleus and a dominantly spiral, often punctate sculpture. The shell is charac· teristically heavier, however; the labrum is lirate within; the columella bears two folds instead of one, and the anterior extremity of the aperture is constricted into an incipient canal. The genus has been reported from various horizons from the Lower Jurassic to the early Miocene. In North America it is restricted to the Eocene, Oligocene, and Miocene, and it is quite probable that the reference of some of the European forms to the lower Mesozoic horizons is incorrect. TORNATELLAEA BELLA Conrad 1860. Tornatellaea bella Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Jour., 2d ser., vol. 4, p. 294, pl. 4 7, fig. 23. 1890. Tornatellaea bella Conrad, De Gregorio, Mon. Faune Eocenique de l'Alabama, p. 166, pl. 16, fig. 19. 1896. Actaeon (Tornatellaea) bella Conrad, Harris, Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. 1, No. 4, p. 74, pl. 7, fig. 3. Ovate; spire conical; revolving lines numerous, impressed, punctate-striate. (Conrad, 1860.) Tornatellaea bella is relatively large and solid and decidedly more inflated than T. quercollis of Alabama or T. texana of Texas. None of the occurrences cited in the older check lists have been verified and there is no good reason to suppose that Tornatellaea bella is to be found in Texas. A species not unlike T. bella in outline but with a much finer spiral sculpture is found in a poorly preserved state at a number of localities at or near the top of the Kincaid formation. 202 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 Tornatellaea bella is one of a considerable number of species common to the Midway and Wilcox groups. TORNATELLAEA QUERCOLLIS Harris Pl. 20, fig. 4 1896. Actaeon (Tornatellaea) quercollis Harris, Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. 1, No. 4, p. 74, pl. 7, fig. 4. General form as shown by the figure ; spire usually broken at apex, remaining whorls slightly shouldered above but becoming more rectilinear below, traces of lines of growth sometimes present, spiral striae rather faint; body whorl somewhat shouldered, sides rather straight, spiral striae fainter above and stronger below; columella in adult specimens with two well marked folds; aperture truncated anteriorly; labrum thin at margin, strongly !irate and varicose within. (Harris, 1896.) Dimensions.-Height, 7.4 millimeters; greatest diameter, 3.4 milli­meters. Holotype.-V. S. Nat. Mus. No. 129607. Type locality.-U.S.G.S. Sta. 264, Prairie Creek, Wilcox County, Alabama. Midway group. Clayton formation. The Texas species T. texaaa Gardner is similar to that from Ala­bama in altitude and sculpture, even to the suggestion of a very fine axial sculpture upon the anterior half of the early whorls, hut it runs a little stouter and has been considered distinct taxonomically. Tornatellaea quercollis has been reported from Texas hut its occur· rence has not been verified. TORNATELLAEA TEXANA Gardner new species Pl. 20, fig. 5 Shell rather small for the genus, very fragile, trigonal ovate in outline. Adult conch probably made up of five post-nuclear and one smooth, partially immersed nuclear whorl. Post-nuclear whorls narrowly tabulated posteriorly, broadly but not strongly inflated medially. Surface of conch spirally grooved with straight-sided sulci microscopically grilled by the incrementals which are uniform in size and spacing. Sulci 6 to 12 in number on the whorls of the spire, the spaces between, wider than the sulci, low and flattened; a tendency toward an axial puckering on the anterior portion of the early whorls. Aperture pyriform, angulated posteriorly, the outer lip convex, the inner excavated at the base of the body. Columella calloused and biplicate, the anterior of the two folds marginal. A suggestion of a siphonal fasciole in the character and disposition of the spirals. Dimensions.-Height, 7.1 millimeters; greatest diameter, 4.0 milli· meters. Holotype.-U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 370981. Type locality.-U.S.G.S. Sta. 10527, Colorado River, about 5 miles below Webberville; above the Venericardia bulla zone, Bastrop County, Texas, in the Wills Point formation. Tornatellaea texana is closely related to TornaJ,ellaea quercollis Harris from Prairie Creek, Wilcox County, Alabama, but it is consistently broader and more inflated. In the convexity of the whorls and in the relative dimensions, it stands midway between T. quercollis and T. bella but in the delicacy of the shell and of the surface sculpture, it is much more closely allied to Harris' species than to Conrad's. Specimens from below the V enericardia bulla zone in the Colo· rado River section are slightly more inflated in front of the shoulder. Whether or not this slight hut seemingly constant difference is of taxonomic value cannot be determined from the material under observation. Occurrence.-Kincaid formation. Bastrop County: U.S.G.S. Stas. 10526, 11915, 11914 and 12112, Colorado River, 4 miles below Webberville. Wills Point formation. Bastrop County: U.S.G.S. Stas. 10527, 11913, and 12113, Colorado River, 1% to 2 miles below the Travis· Bastrop County line; above the V enericardia bulla zone. A poorly preserved individual from the Windmill (Jacal) ranch, 27 miles southeast of Eagle Pass (U.S.G.S. Sta. 11754) , Wills Point formation, is more inflated and more coarsely sculptured than the Colorado River individuals. TORNATELLAEA spedea A larger, stouter species with a shorter spire, very narrow spirals and relatively wide interspirals occurs in the Kincaid formation, hut the specimens are all in a fragmentary state and too imperfect to furnish type material. Those from bed No. 4 at Milam Bluff, Brazos River (U.S.G.S. Sta. 11926), have a much shorter spire than those from Bastrop and Caldwell counties, a difference which may 204 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 be of taxonomic importance. The specimen from the lower bed on Dry Brushy Creek, Wills Point formation, 6 miles south of Thrall, Williamson County (U.S.G.S. Sta. 10420), is perhaps more closely allied to those from the Brazos River than to the higher-spired race from Cedar Creek, 300 feet above the bridge on the Austin-Red Rock road (Bureau of Economic Geology), from 5 miles northeast of Staples, Caldwell County (U.S.G.S. Sta. 11691), and from 5% miles due north of Lockhart (U.S.G.S. Sta. 11707). The same species may be represented in Bexar County in the glauconitic concretions on the east-facing slope of Leon Creek, 1000 feet to 2000 feet upstream from the Southern Pacific Railroad crossing. Family ACTEOCINIDAE Genus ACTEOCINA Gray 1847. Acteocina Gray, Zool. Soc. London, Proc., p. 160. = Tornatina Arthur Adams, 1850, in Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchy­liorum, Vol. 2, p. 554. Type.-Acteon wetherilli Lea. (Miocene of New Jersey.) The name Acteocina was used by Gray in 1847 as a possible sub­genus of Actaeon. He gave no description, but he chose as his type "Acteon wetherilli Lea," which is not an Actaeon but a member of the group more commonly known under Adams' name Tornatina. Shell small, cylindrical or fusiform, thin, inflated; protoconch papillate and heterostrophous, evolute, coiled at right angles to the axis of the conch; sutures channeled; sculpture absent or feeble; aperture narrow, often sub-linear; outer lip simple; columella reinforced, monoplicate. The Recent species of Acteocina are for the most part denizens of the warmer waters ranging in depth from the littoral zone to more than 200 fathoms. ACTEOCINA? species Pl. 20, fig. 3 Though Acteocina has not been recognized in strata older than the late Oligocene, two individuals seemingly of this genus are present in the material under observation. A juvenile with the nucleus still beautifully preserved, from the glauconitic sands above the Venericardia bulla zone in the Colorado River section (U.S.G.S. Sta. 10527), has developed no characters by which it can be sep­arated from the Acteocina of the later Tertiary and Recent faunas. It is figured as an interesting indication of the presence of the genus in the early Eocene. The height is 1.7 millimeters. Figured specimen.-V. S. Nat. Mus. No. 370982. This juvenile is apparently distinct from the Acteocina represented also by two individuals which occur even lower in the section and are related to Acteocina leai (Aldrich) of the lower Wilcox. ACTEOCINA LEAi (Aldrich)? 1895. Bullina leai Aldrich, Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. 1, Nfig. 6. o. 2, p. 7, pl. 2, 1895. 1899. Tornatina leai (Aldrich) Cossmann, Rev. Annuaire p. 34. Tornatina leai (Aldrich) Harris, Bull. Am. Paleontologp. 7, pl. l, fig. 8. Geo!. y, vol. Universe!, 3, No. 11, Shell cylindrical, whorls five, spire depressed; suture deeply impressed; shell rounded, marked by a series of raised longitudinal lines at base that correspond to lines of growth; body whorl shouldered and bordered on upper part with a large number of very fine spiral lines which are crossed by lines of growth, the whole forming a band, shell slightly constricted just below this band; main part of body whorl nearly smooth; at the base the spiral lines again appear; columella with one fold; outer lip recurved, smooth and rounded; aperture narrow, widest at base. Locality.-Bell's Landing, Ala. (Aldrich, 1895.) Type.-Aldrich Collection, Geological Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. The type measures 4. 7 millimeters in height and 1.8 millimeters in greatest diameter. The single individual from the Kincaid formation, U.S.G.S. Sta. 5280, Colorado River section, 4 miles below Webberville, is not fully mature but it shows the slightly swollen posterior band and other characteristic features of the lower Wilcox form. An adult from the same fossiliferous section (U.S.G.S. Sta. 12112) is apparently more strongly lineated. The posterior edge of the whorl is very sharp and the outer lip thin. The heterostrophous nucleus is. preserved but the spire is decorticated. Faint traces of a spiral lineation are visible under magnification over the entire body but the sculpture strengthens toward the anterior extremity. 206 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 Genus CYLICHNINA Monterosato 1884. Cylichnina Monterosato, Nomenclatura Generica e Specifica di Alcune Conchiglie Mediterranee, Palermo, p. 143. Type.-Bulla umbilicata Montagu. (Recent on the European shores from the Shetland Islands to the Mediterranean Sea.) Shell small, involute, subcylindrical, the body whorl of the adult more or less conoidal, as a rule, tapering posteriorly; external surface smooth or axially striated, more rarely spirally lineated; aperture longer than the body, more or less produced behind and patulous anteriorly; columella non-plicate; apex perforate; um­bilicus imperforate. CYLICHNINA EMORYJ Gardner new species Pl. 20, figs. 6, 7 Shell very small, involute, ovate cylindrical. Apex perforate. Body obliquely flattened in the rear view, feebly inflated in the front. A very fine and regular spiral sculpture of flattened lirae with linear interspaces developed over the entire outer surface of the shell. Aperture narrow behind, broadening anteriorly. Outer lip, thin, sharp, produced posteriorly, patulous anteriorly. Aperture filled with matrix obscuring the characters of the columella. Dimensions.-Height, 8.5 millimeters; greatest diameter, 5.0 millimeters. Holotype.-V. S. Nat. Mus. No. 370928. Type locality.-U.S.G.S. Sta. 11754, 6 miles below the McFarland sheep pens and 27 miles southeast of Eagle Pass on the Windmill (Jacal) ranch road. Wills Point formation. Cylichnina emoryi is named in honor of William H. Emory, Major in the First Cavalry and United States Commissioner at the time that the United States and Mexican Boundary report was made. His personal narrative of the country traversed, the steel engravings which accompany it, and the difficulties, necessary and unnecessary, under which the work was done, are both informative and enter­taining. Occurrence.-Wills Point formation. Maverick Countr: U.S.G.S. Sta. 11754, 27 miles southeast of Eagle Pass on the Windmill (Jacal} ranch road. Family SCAPHANDRIDAE Genus SCAPHANDER Montfort 1810. Scaphander Montfort, Conchyliologie Systematique, vol. 2, p. 334. Type.-Bulla lignaria Linnaeus. (Recent off the west coast of Europe.) Shell entirely external, involute, subcylindrical or ovate in out· line; large for the group; spire concealed, imperforate; external surface covered with an epidermis, usually ornamented with a fine spiral grooving; aperture relatively very large, narrow, produced, and sinuated, posteriorly dilated and patulous anteriorly; outer lip thin, sharp; columella revolving around a hollow axis; columellar lip simple in the typical form, broadly concave, the margin reflexed and closely appressed; parietal wall thinly glazed. The genus may have been initiated as early as the Cretaceous. At least it was present throughout the Tertiary. The Recent species are few in number, but they have a very wide latitudinal and bathymetric range. Scaphander punctostriatus Mighels has been reported from off the west coast of Norway and from the Azores in 1000 fathoms. It has also been reported along the east coast of North America from Maine to the Gulf of Mexico and the Barbados at depths rang· ing from 46 to 1467 fathoms. SCAPHANDER LIGNITICUS Aldrich? 1897. Scaphander ligniticus Aldrich, Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. 2, No. 8, p. 11, pl. 2, fig. 4. 1899. Scaphander ligniticus Aldrich, Harris, Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. 3, No. 11, p. 8, pl. 1, fig. 10. Shell thin, cylindrical, narrowing posteriorly; outer lip rising above the shell; surface finely striated. Differs from S. alabamensis Ald. in its being narrower posteriorly and longer, and from S. primus Ald. by its more regularly cylindrical shape. A specimen is in the National Museum, Washington. Locality.-Alabama: Wood's Bluff horizon at Choctaw Corner. (Aldrich, 1897.) Fragments suggesting Scaphander ligniticus in general dimensions and type of sculpture are widespread but not common in the Midway of Texas and cannot be specifically or even generically determined with assurance. SCAPHANDER new species Crushed and imperfect specimens suggesting Scaphander in size, shape and character of the sculpture occur at a few localities in the 208 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 greensand of the Kincaid and Wills Point formations. The Midway species is apparently less inflated than Scaphander ligniticus Aldrich from the "Woods Bluff horizon" (Bashi formation) of the Wilcox group of Alabama. The anterior two-thirds of the shell is wound with quite deeply incised grooves running 3 or 4 to the millimeter and shagreened by the incrementals. The posterior third of the shell is very faintly incised except for 2 or 3 deeper grooves near the extremity. The characters of the apex and of the aperture are not revealed. The largest and most perfect specimen was collected from a small branch of Cedar Creek, one-half mile northeast of the crossing on the Austin-Red Rock road in Bastrop County (U.S.G.S. Sta. 11908). Other specimens possibly referable to Scaphander occur at U.S. G.S. Sta. 5280, the Colorado River, 4 miles below Webberville, Bastrop County. Genus ATYS Montfort 1810. Atys Montfort, Conchyliologie Systernatique, vol. 2, p. 342. Type.-Atys cymbulus Montfort =Bulla naucum Linnaeus. (Recent in the lndo-Pacific.) Shell very thin, inflated, often globose, ovate or cylindrical in outline; spire involute, occulted; external surface spirally sulcate, as a rule, toward the extremities, free from sculpture medially; aperture arcuate, more produced than the body both anteriorly and posteriorly, sharply constricted behind the vertex and in the true Atys twisted or plicate upon its inner margin; outer lip thin, sharp, expanded, patulous anteriorly; inner lip short, usually obliquely plicate or truncate; umbilicus in the typical forms narrowly perforate. Subgenus ALICULASTRUM Pilsbry 1896. Aliculastrum Pilsbry, Manual of Conchology, ser. 1, vol. 16, p. 237. 1831. Alicula Ehrenberg, Symbolae Physicae, seu icones et descriptiones Mam­ rnaliurn Aviurn, lnsectorurn et animal. evertebrates. Insectis (no pagination p. 41 of Moll.). Not Alicula Eichwald, 1830. Naturhistorische Skizze von Lithauen, Vol­ hynien u. Podolien, p. 214. Type.-Bulla cylindrica Hebling. (Recent in the lndo-Pacific.) Aliculastrum is separated from the typical Atys by the less inflated, more cylindrical outline and the obscure or obsolete plication of the ~olumella. It shares with Atys, however, the characteristic twist of the lip behind the vertex. The subgenus is present in the Tertiaries, hut it has not been previously reported from so early a horizon. In the Recent seas it is much the best represented of the subdivisions of Atys. ATYS (.ALICULASTRUM?) new species Shell very small, subcy lindrical; the diameter slight! y greater medially than at the extremities but with no marked equatorial inflation. Apical end grooved with a half dozen or more sulci, the posterior sulci, slightly more numerous and more regular in size and spacing than the anterior. Sculpture obsolete medially except for microscopically fine and faint linear grooves. Apical extremity slightly excavated but not perforate. Outer lip obviously longer than the altitude of the body but the other characters of the aperture <>hscured by the matrix. Dimensions.-Height, 4.1 millimeters; greatest diameter, 1.5 millimeters. The specimen described is U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 370984, from U.S.G.S. Sta. 11916, Brazos River, 1 mile below the Falls County line, Milam County, Texas. Kincaid formation. The characters preserved are not sufficient to make the generic and subgeneric determinations with absolute assurance. Frag­mentary material is fairly common and eventually adequate type material should be recovered. Cylichna meyeri Aldrich, 1895, Bulletin of American Paleon­tology, vol. 1, No. 2, p. 6, pl. 2, fig. 5, from Matthews Landing, Alabama, is apparently in Atys, and related to the Texas individual. The growth sculpture so distinctly developed posteriorly in meyeri has not been observed in the Texas form. The intensive study of the early Tertiary warm water faunas will doubtless reveal repre­sentatives of a number of groups which like Aliculastrum have not been previously reported from strata older than the Miocene. Occurrence.-Kincaid formation. Milam County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 11916, Brazos River, Cribbs Bluff, 1 mile below the Falls County line. A crushed individual probably of the same group but more evenly cylindrical, smaller and more faintly lineated, was recovered from 210 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 the Kincaid formation of the Colorado River section, 4 miles below Webberville (U.S.G.S. Sta. 11914). ATYS (ALICULASTRUM)? species A poorly preserved specimen from the lower fossiliferous bed of the Colorado River section (U.S.G.S. Sta. 11915) indicated a rela­tively large species, less strongly lineated both in front and pos­teriorly. Family RINGICULIDAE Genus RINGICULA Deshayes 1838. Ringicula Deshayes, Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertehres, 2d ed., 1838, vol. 8, p. 342. Type.-Auricula ringens Lamarck. (Eocene of the Paris Basin.) Shell small, ventricose, spire relatively short; nucleus heteros­trophous; surface of shell smooth or spirally striate; aperture narrow parallel to the axis of the shell, dilated and more or less emarginate anteriorly; outer lip thickened and reflected, smooth or finely plicate within; columella excavated, calloused, furnished posteriorly as a rule with a strong tubercular denticle and anteriorly with two prominent, transverse plaits. The genus has been noted in the Cretaceous deposits of Europe and India as well as in those of North America. Some seventy species are reported from the various Tertiary horizons, and about thirty-five from the temperate and tropical waters of today. The Recent members of the genus occur for the most part in waters over 50 fathoms in depth. RINCICULA ALABAMENSIS Aldrich 1897. Ringicula alabamensis Aldrich, Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. 2, No. 8, p. 9, pl. 2, figs. 8, 8a. Shell small, spire blunt; whorls five, first two smooth, the others spirally striated; the striae are exceedingly fine and closely set; aperture long and narrow, the border of the posterior notch reaching beyond the suture; outer lip reflexed and flattened, faintly striated anteriorly; inner callus strong posteriorly, with two moderate plaits very angular to each other. This species is of medium size and is peculiar in having the longest aperture of any species known in our Eocene. The surface is much more finely marked than other forms. It approaches R. trapaquara Harris, hut differs, as above stated, from it. It is much closer to R. dalli Clark, and while the plaits on th6 inner lip are more angular to each other, and the aperture a little longer, yet other specimens may be found to unite the two forms. Locality.-Alabama; Matthews' Landing. (Aldrich, 1897.) Ringicula trapaquara Harris was described from the Cook Moun­tain formation of Mosley's Ferry, Brazos River, Texas, and Ringicula dalli Clark from Woodstock, Virginia, from the Woodstock member of the Nanjemoy formation, the possible equivalent of the Claiborne of Alabama. There is no question of a probable specific identity of the Claiborne with the Midway species. They are certainly distinct. There is some doubt, however, about the specific identity of the Alabama and the Texas individuals. Those from the Smith tract in the Sutherland Field, Bexar County, at a depth of 659 to 680 feet are smaller, relatively stouter, and more sharply sculptured than the type from Matthews Landing, Alabama. A similar form occurs in the Wills Point formation (U.S.G.S. Sta. 11697) 3 miles southwest of Cedar Creek Post Office, Bastrop County. RINGICULA species A single individual from Jett Crossing on the Med:na River (U.S.G.S. Sta. 6153), 3 miles below Garza Crossing in Bexar County, exhibits a relatively higher spire and lower and broader spirals than either the Alabama species or those from the Smith well. The significance of these differences cannot be determined without further material but as the Jett Crossing horizon is higher than that from which the other ringiculas have been uncovered, it may be well to isolate the form in question for the present. Genus GILBERTINA Morlet 1888. Gilbertina Morlet, L., Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 36, p. 220. Type.-Gilbertina inopinata Morlet. (Thanetian of the Paris Basin.) Cossmann in the Catalogue Illustre des Coquilles Fossiles de !'Eocene des environs de Paris, 4th volume, page 351, changed the. name Gilbertina to Gilbertia on the ground that Gilbertia was the proper form for a genus dedicated to Captain Gilbert. However, if the author wished to use the diminutive, it was certainly his privilege to do so. Shell imperforate, depressed, rather heavy; somewhat naticoid in outline, the spire very short, the body whorl relatively large and 212 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 inflated; spirals feeble or obsolete; aperture subpyriform, angulated and feebly emarginate posteriorly, expanded and entire anteriorly, partially choked with the heavy callous, the two strong columellar folds and the denticle upon the inner margin of the outer lip opposite the posterior fold; outer lip reinforced by a broad flat band of callous, denticulate within. The distribution of this rare and minute form is extremely sug­gestive. The type has a meager representation in the Bracheux sands at the base of the Eocene section of the Paris Basin. The genus is present also in the Paleocene at Copenhagen. Aldrich in 1921 in the Bulletin of American Paleontology, vol. 9, No. 37, described the new species Gilbertia estellensis from the Sucarnoochee clay (lower Midway) of Estelle, Alabama. Gilbertina texana is known only from the fossiliferous section on the Colorado River, and from Cedar Creek in southwestern Bastrop County. GILBERTINA TEXANA Gardner new species Pl. 20, figs. 8, 9 Shell minute, relatively heavy, naticoid. Protoconch not pre­served, certainly exceedingly small. Conch of three rapidly enlarg­ing whorls, the two that make up the spire rising only slightly above the broadly inflated body. Surface smooth, except for a very faint shagreening visible under high magnification and a slight puckering at the posterior suture of the whorls of the spire. Aperture minutely pyriform, obtusely angulated and feebly emarginate posteriorly, heavily reinforced; a broad flat band of callous along the outer margin of the outer lip, produced backward upon the preceding whorl; inner margin of the aperture convex heavily enamelled especially toward the suture, completely concealing the umbilicus and continuous with the heavy callous of the outer lip. Two very sharp and prominent folds projecting almost horizontally into the aperture at the base of the body; inner margin of outer lip much thickened and feebly denticulate, the most prominent denticle opposite the columellar folds. Anterior extremity of aperture slightly patulous. Dimensions.-Height, 2.8 millimeters; greatest diameter, 2.5 millimeters. Holotype.-V. S. Nat. Mus. No. 370983. Type locality. -U.S.G.S. Sta. 11915, Colorado River, 11/2 miles below the Travis-Bastrop County line. Bed No. 7. Kincaid forma­tion. Gilbertina texana is very close to the Gilbertina estellensis of Aldrich and may prove to be identical. The spire of the Alabama species seems, however, to be more depressed though the altitude of the shell is relatively greater than that of G. texana. Occurrence.-Kincaid formation. Bastrop County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 11915, 11/2 miles below the Travis-Bastrop County line, and U.S.G.S. Sta. 12112, 1% miles below the Travis-Bastrop County line. Bed No. 7. Wills Point formation. Bastrop County: U.S.G.S. Stas. 11890 and 12113, Colorado River, 4 to 5 miles below Webberville and 11/2 to 2 miles below the Travis County line. Above the V enericardia bulla zone. U.S.G.S. Sta. 12110, directly above bridge over Cedar Creek on Austin-Red Rock road (upper ledge). Subclass STREPTONEURA Order PECTINIBRANCHIAT A Suborder STENOGLOSSA Family TURRITIDAE The old group of the Pleurotomidae is a source of embarrass­ment to every systematic paleontologist. Even the family name­whether they shall be called the Turridae or the Turritidae-is a subject for discussion. Practically all of the old generic names such as Pleurotoma and Surcula with types from the Indo-Pacific have been discarded, and the present tendency is toward a rather bewildering multiplication of generic names. Certainly the turretids exhibit decided group tendencies, both geographic and geologic and it is highly desirable to recognize such relationships in the nomen­clature. For that reason, names such as De Gregorio's Coronia and Casey's Orthosurcula have been utilized rather than the better known Pleurotoma and Surcula which have come to mean little more than operculate turretids with long anterior canals and the siphonal notch upon the periphery, and operculate turretids with long anterior canals and the siphonal notch upon the shoulder. In forms im­perfectly preserved referable, apparently, to undescribed groups, the old generalized names have been retained. 214 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 Genus CORONIA De Gregorio 1890. Coronia De Gregorio, Monographie de la Faune Eocenique de !'Alabama, Ann. Geo!. and Pal., vol. 7, p. 23. Type.-Pleurotoma childreni Lea. (Claiborne Eocene of the Gulf States.) Shell small, turriculate; the whorls angular, the periphery in many species outlined by a double spiral; protoconch of 2 or more smooth rapidly enlarging whorls succeeded by one or more convex whorls adorned with numerous obliquely arcuate costae. Both axial and spiral sculpture upon the conch, the axial tending to be oblique, the spiral most prominent upon the periphery and in front of it; body constricted rather abruptly into a narrow straight and fairly short broad canal; aperture narrow; siphonal fasciole rather shallow, following the periphery. Coronia has been considered a synonym of Hemipleurotoma by Cossmann and others but the type of Hemipleurotoma is Pleuro­toma archimedis Bellardi from the Miocene of northern Italy. No specimens are available for comparison and the tip is broken away in the figured individual, but apparently in the Italian Miocene species, the fasciole is more constricted and deeper, and in the Italian forms related to P. archimedis in their conchal characters, the protoconch is smaller and more obtuse than in the Gulf Eocene group. The acute, multispiral protoconch of Coronia bars it also from Eopleurotoma, a Paris Basin Eocene group of similar aspect. Coronia includes the compact assemblage of Gulf Eocene turretids characterized by the rather large, conic, multispiral protoconch in which the earlier wh•:)fls are smooth, the later costate; by the slender fusoid conch, with both the axial and spiral sculpture strongest upon the periphery, and by a siphonal notch, broad and not remarkably deep, following the periphery of the whorl as in true Pleurotoma. CORONJA MEDJAVLA (Harris)? 1896. Pleurotoma mediavia Harris, Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. l, No. 4, p. 79, pl. 7, fig. 16. General outline as shown by the figure; two embryonic whorls small, smooth, a third and a part of the fourth are longitudinally costate, finely so at first but becoming coarser below; on the four subembryonic spiral whorls there is a submedial carina traversed by fine costations not so sharply biangular as in Pl. denticula or Pl. alternata, but recalling those in Pl. waterkeynii as shown on Pl. 30 of Edwards' Eocene Mollusca of England, 1860; spiral and longi· tudinal lines fine, though just beneath the carina the spirals are apt to be coarser; costations traversed by four fine spiral lines; costae nearly obsolete on the body whorl. A very closely related hut larger form from Wood's Bluff has three lines traversing the costae, while Pl. altemata and Pl. childreni have but two. Locality.-Alabama: 1 mi. W. of Oak Hill P. 0., Wilcox Co. Type.-Paleontological Museum, Cornell Univ. (Harris, 1896.) The Texas species is probably distinct but the material 1s too imperfect for certain identification or for description. Most of the specimens are juveniles and they are characterized by a relatively large protoconch, the earlier nuclear whorls smooth and polished, the later axially costate, the periphery of the whorls of the conch emphasized by the relatively strong spirals and the numerous axials, oblique or slightly arcuate in harmony with the periphery. Juveniles apparently referable to a closely related hut stouter species occur in the Colorado River section at U.S.G.S. Stas. 11696, 11914, 11915, and on Cibolo Creek midway between Merkel and New Berlin in Guadalupe County (U.S.G.S. Sta. 6225). Genus ORTHOSURCULA Casey 1904. Ortlwsurcula Casey, Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans., vol. 14, p. 151. Type.-Pleurotoma longiforma Aldrich. (Vicksburg Oligocene of Missis­sippi.) The species are large, moderately stout, completely devoid of ribbing and have the beak elongate, tapering, relatively slender and straight. The spirals are close-set, moderate or small in size, sometimes granulose, and the whorls are more or less broadly inflated below and feeble concave posteriorly. The outer lip projects in the middle as a broad rounded lobe beyond the juxta­sutural part, with the sinus large and posterior, as in Surcula, and the embryo is paucispiral. (Casey, 1904.) The lower Eocene species retain a feeble retractive axial sculpture upon the earlier whorls of the conch and though this character is pushed farther hack in the Oligocene, it is still manifest in many individuals of the type species as a shallow undulation of the periphery. The protoconch of the type includes 3 to 31/z smooth, polished whorls rapidly increasing in size and about three-fourths of a whorl with sharp obliquely arcuate costae. Orthosurcula Casey covers a group formerly included under Surcula, characterized by a fusoid outline, multispiral protoconch, moderately long anterior canal and a broad, rather deep siphonal notch set squarely upon the shoulder. 216 The University o.f Texas Bulletin No. 3301 ORTHOSURCULA ADEONA (Whitfield)? Pl. 20, fig. 20 1865. 1896. Pleurotoma adeona Whitfield, Am. Jour. Conchology, vol. 1, p. 262. Pleurotoma (Surcula) adeona Whitfield, Harris, Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. 1, No. 4, p. 76, pl. 7, figs . 9, 10. Shell fusiform; spire moderately high; volutions five, deeply concave on the upper side, carinate in the middle, and rounded below; ornamented on the carina by strong oblique nodes, about fifteen on the body whorl; columella long, straight, and, with the aperture, forming more than half the length of the' shell; entire surface marked by fine revolving striae, and crossed by lines of growth having a deep retral curvature on the concave portion of the volution. Locality.-Nine miles below Prairie Bluff, Alabama. (Whit.field, 1865.i Type.-Apparently lost. The figured specimen, probably a topotype, is from the Naheola formation, Matthews Landing, Alabama River, Wilcox County, Ala­bama (U.S.G.S. Sta. 2671). The height of the figured specimen is 15.8 millimeters; the diameter, 6. 7 millimeters. The early whorls of a species apparently related to 0. adeona (Whitfield) were recovered from clays of the Wills Point formation at U.S.G.S. Sta. 11697, 3 miles southwest of Cedar Creek Post Office, Bastrop County, and another fragmentary species probably distinct hut related from the Kincaid of the Colorado River section (U.S.G.S. Stas. 11914 and 12112). Two individuals from the Wills Point formation (U.S.G.S. Sta. 12113) approach even more closely to the Alabama species. They are larger and coarser shells, however, with a smaller apical angle and are so wound that the anterior suture does not fall so near to the periphery of the whorl as it does in 0. adeona s.s. ORTHOSURCULA LONGIPERSA (Harris) 1896. Pleurotoma longipersa Harris, Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. 1, No. 4, p. 78, pl. 7' fig. 15. General form as indicated by the figure; spire of about seven whorls; 1, 2, and 3 smooth, 4 costate, these are embryonic; remaining spiral whorls with a subsutural band traversed by a revolving line, below with fine lines of growth and alternating spiral lines; carinations of 5 and 6 obliquely and faintly costate. This species resembles P. persa and P. gabbi; from the former it is dis· tinguished by its much more constricted sutures and the subsutural band; from the latter it differs in having more constricted sutures, by having a tendency to costation in the upper spiral whorls, not embryonic. Locality.-Alabama: Matthews' Landing. Type.-Paleontological Museum, Cornell l :niv. (Hanis, 1896.) Occurrence.-Wills Point formation. Maverick County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 11754, 27 miles southeast of Eagle Pass on the Windmill (Jacal) ranch road. ORTHOSURCULA LONGIPERS.A TOBAR Gardner new subspecies Pl. 20, fig. 15 Shell small and exceedingly slender. Spire very high but made up of comparatively few high obtusely shouldered straight sided whorls which diminish gradually in diameter. Body obliquely tabulated, the sides smoothly converging into the slender anterior canal the extremity of which is broken away. Protoconch and earliest whorls of conch not preserved. Shoulder occupying more than a third of the whorl, feebly and obliquely convex, with only the faintest traces of an axial sculpture still preserved upon the earliest whorls. A very fine close spiral liration developed over the entire shell, the spirals upon the shoulder approximately 9 in num­ber, the two directly in front of the suture slightly less feeble than the rest; spirals on the sides of the whorl also 8 or 9 in number but not so fine as those behind the periphery; body spirals similar to those upon the sides of the spire; secondaries fortuitously intro­duced; all of the spirals microscopically beaded by the growth striae. Siphonal notch U-shaped, behind the periphery but nearer to the periphery than to the posterior suture. Columella straight, probably quite long. Dimensions.-Height (of incomplete specimen), 19.5 millimeters; greatest diameter, 6.0 millimeters. Holotype.-U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 370929. Type locality.-U.S.G.S. Sta. 11754, 6 miles below the McFarland sheep pens and 27 miles southeast of Eagle Pass on the Windmill (Jacal) ranch road. Wills Point formation. The subspecies is much more slender than any longipersa observed elsewhere and the axial sculpture more evanescent. Occurrence.-Wills Point formation. Maverick County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 11754, 27 miles southeast of Eagle Pass on the Windmill (Jacal) ranch road. 218 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 ORTHOSURCULA SPECIES cf. 0. LONGIPERSA (Harris) Specimens closely allied to Orthosurcula longipersa (Harris), but with more persistent axials, occur in weathered beds of the Wills Point formation {U.S.G.S. Sta. 11754) 6 miles south of the McFarland sheep pens and 27 miles southeast of Eagle Pass. They are all too imperfect to describe or to determine with any degree of accuracy. A similar or possibly identical species occurs in the weathered glauconitic concretions on the east-facing slope of Leon Creek in Bexar County 1000 to 2000 feet above the Southern Pacific Railroad bridge (U.S.G.S. Sta. 13249). ORTHOSURCULA FRANCESCAE Gardner new apeciea PI. 20, fig. 21 Shell small, very slender, the aperture more than half as long as the entire shell. Spire slender, turreted. Whorls of conch, 5; of the protoconch, 4. First three whorls of protoconch smooth, trape­zoidal, evenly increasing in diameter; final whorl of protoconch axially ribbed, the earliest riblets scarcely perceptible but growing less feeble and sharper toward the close of the whorl. Beginning of conch indicated by the initiation of the spiral sculpture; estab­lished pattern on early whorls of conch consisting of about 15 nodose peripheral riblets to the whorl, a sharply beaded spiral directly in front of the suture, another not so strong and 2 or 3 very faint spirals between the suture and the periphery and, in front of the periphery, 5 sharp and uniformly strong and regularly spaced lirae; on the later whorls of the spire, the shoulder becoming increasingly broad, the periphery increasingly well defined and the axial sculp­ture entirely obsolete; shoulder of body whorl broad, gently concave, with a strong beaded spiral directly in front of the suture and he· tween that and the periphery 4 faintly beaded spirals, 2 very fine simple spirals and directly behind the peripheral, 2 stronger simple spirals; periphery outlined by 2 simple threads of almost equal width; base of body and canal finely and regularly threaded, with a few secondaries introduced on the base of the body; threading upon the anterior fasciole slightly coarser but of the same general charac­ter. Posterior siphonal notch indicated by the broadly U-shaped growth lines symmetrically placed upon the shoulder. Aperture narrow, both the outer and inner lips simple. Anterior canal long and straight. Dimensions.-Height, 15.6 millimeters; diameter, 4.5 milli­ meters. Holotype.-V. S. Nat. Mus. No. 373057. Type locality.-V.S.G.S. Sta. 12112, Colorado River, one-half to three-fourths mile above the mouth of Dry Creek, Bastrop County, Texas. Below the Venericardia bulla zone. Kincaid formation of the Midway group. Orthosurcula francescae is the probable analogue in the Texas fauna of Orthosurcula longipersa in the Naheola of Alabama, and is closely related to Orthosurcula longipersa tobar of the Midway of Maverick County. The axial riblets are more persistent and more nodular on the Colorado River species than on either of the other two and less numerous on the Texas than on the Alabama form. On neither the Alabama species nor on that from Maverick County is the periphery so prominent as in francescae nor is the charac­ teristically beaded sutural spiral developed. I have the pleasure of naming this delicate and interesting species in honor of Miss Frances Wieser who has so faithfully retouched this and many other photographs of our fossil shells. Occurrence.-Kincaid formation. Bastrop County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 12112, Colorado River, one-half to three-fourths mile above the mouth of Dry Creek. Wills Point formation. Caldwell County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 11699, Mercer well, 2 miles southwest of Joliet. ORTHOSURCULA PHOENICEA Gardner new species Pl. 20, figs. 11, 12 Sheil small, fusoid, the aperture a little more than half as long as the entire shell; the spire slender and turreted. Whorls of conch about 21;2 in number; of the protoconch, probably 4. First two whorls of protoconch smooth, trapezoidal, evenly increasing in diameter; axial riblets introduced upon the third whorl of the protoconch, the first riblets exceedingly faint, becoming gradually stronger and on the final whorl of the protoconch, strong, sharp, and arcuate, persistent from suture to suture and numbering 14; faint spiral striation visible under high magnification on the later whorls of the protoconch. Beginning of conch clearly defined by the strengthening of the spiral sculpture and the restriction of the axials to the peripheral and anterior portion of the whorl. Adult axials numbering 25 or more to the whorl, narrow, slanting obliquely forward from the periphery to the aperture, strongest upon the periphery, disappearing rather abruptly behind it, but persisting in front of it almost halfway to the anterior sutm;e; the 3 or 4 peripheral spirals the strongest, flattened and dashed at fairly regular intervals by the growth lines which cut completely through them; a band of relatively feeble spiral sculpture a little in front of the periphery of the body whorl; base of body and canal finely and uniformly lirate; shoulder broad, gently concave, threaded with 10 or 12 very fine lirations and directly in front of the suture, puckered by the growth lines which are continued across the shoulder in broad, symmetrically placed U's, the former margins of the posterior siphonal notch. Aperture narrow, the margins imperfectly preserved. Anterior canal long and straight. Dimensions.-Height, 10.8 millimeters; diameter, 3.5 millimeters. Holotype.-U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 373058. Type locality.-U.S.G.S. Sta. 11696, Colorado River, 1% miles below the Travis-Bastrop County line, Bastrop County, Texas. Below the V enericardia bulla zone. Kincaid formation of the Midway group. The type is unique. No specimen of Harris's "Pleurotoma mediavia" described from 1 mile west of Oak Hill, Wilcox County, Alabama, has been available for comparison. The superficial re­semblance of the Alabama form to 0. phoenicea is marked but the Alabama species seems to differ in the less oblique axial sculpture and in the absence of a band of relatively finer sculpture upon the base of the body such as that developed upon the Colorado River specimen. It is probable that Harris's species is a Coronia and that the posterior siphonal notch is on the periphery rather than the shoulder. The cutting of the peripheral spirals by the growth sculpture gives to the flattened lirae of 0. phoenicea a dash-dot-dash appearance that is very characteristic and of which there is no suggestion in the Alabama 0. mediavia. Genus SURCULITES Conrad 1865. Surculites Conrad, Am. Jour. Conchology, vol. 1, p. 213. lRO? Surculites Conrad, Whitfield, U. S. Geol. Survey, Mon. 18, p. 217. 1926. Surculites Conrad, Stewart, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Proc., vol. 78, p. 420. Monotype.-Surculites annosus Conrad. (Eocene of New Jersey.) Conrad did not characterize his genus but merely assigned to it the single species, S. annosus, which he described and badly figured. Whitfield in monographing the Gastropoda of the "Raritan clavs and greensand marls of New Jersey," made the following observa­tions: The type specimen used by Mr. Conrad in his description and figured on Plate 20, Fig. 9, of the volume cited above, is now in my hands, together with several other specimens of the same, and another much more slender species. They differ but little generically from Surcula proper as typified by S. nodi/era Lam., except in the notch in the lip, and straighter anterior beak, which, from the evidence afforded by the specimens before me, does not seem to be bent ·or twisted to any extent . . . . The upper surface of the volutions is nearly rectangular and the sinus scarcely marked; in fact, in most specimens the lines of growth indicating are nearly direct, but below the angle the line is directed forward in a broad curved extension, occupying nearly the entire length of the aperture. (Whitfield, 1892.) Stewart in 1926 referred to Surculites two species from the Tejon formation of California and noted the similarity of one of them to Surculites errans (Solander) from the upper Eocene of Barton, England. The most obvious diagnostics of the genus are the angular whorls, strongly carinated at the periphery, the biconical outline, the broad but feeble siphonal notch placed well back toward the posterior :suture and the crowded spirals finely tesselated by the incremental;;. "Fusus engonatus Heilprin," 1880, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Proc., p. 372, pl. 20, fig. 8, is doubtless referable to Surculites, but whether the Matthews Landing, Alabama, species is identical with that from Woods Bluff, Alabama, Heilprin's type locality, is ques­tionable. The Midway species seems to be a finer, more delicately sculptured shell than the Wilcox. In any case, a representative of the genus is present in the greensand of the Kincaid formation, 21;2 miles northeast of Kemp, Kaufman County (U.S.G.S. Sta. 10744), in the form of a mold. Genus MANGELIA Risso 1826. Mangelia Risso, Histoire naturelle des principales productions de !'Europe meridionale, vol. 4, p. 219. Type.-Mangelia striolata Risso (living in the Gulf of Lyon). The genus as defined by Fischer includes the small Turritidae which do not possess opercula. The species are all of small size and usually thin shells. The Midway species referred to Mangelia sensu lato is not intimately allied with any described group but the type is unique and not perfect and generic grouping is reserved for more adequate material. "MANGELIA" species A single individual, not fully mature, is remarkably modern m general aspect and may be referable to the group of Cryoturris Woodring (Miocene Mollusks from Bowden, Jamaica, Part II, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication 385, p. 178, 1928) : Type, Cryoturris engonia Woodring from the upper Miocene beds of Bowden, Jamaica. However, the spire is less elevated relatively than in the Bowden species and the characteristic frosted appearance of the spirals is not so marked. The Midway species shares with the type of the subtropical Miocene group the nuclear characters, the shouldered whorls of the spire, the general sculpture pattern, and the shallow siphonal notch. The nucleus of the Midway species is slightly larger relatively than that of the Miocene forms; of the 31h whorls, the first 21/2 are smooth but the final whorl of the protoconch is sculptured with arcuate axial riblets, strongest on the rounded periphery. The whorls of the conch are angulated at the periphery and sculptured with narrow axials about 14 to the whorl, overridden by narrow flattened spirals, 3 in front of the periphery and 2 or 3 finer lirae behind it; secondaries are introduced upon the final whorl. The incremental sculpture is sharp and crowded. The siphonal notch is exceedingly shallow, the aperture narrow, the anterior canal short, twisted slightly at its extremity and emarginate. The columella is washed with a thin callous but the outer lip is sharp and simple, a character which may be youthful or possibly specific. A single individual was recovered from the fossiliferous section of the Colorado River, U.S.G.S. Sta. 11890, 11h to 2 miles below the Travis-Bastrop County line. The horizon is low in the Wills Point formation but above the V enericardia bulla zone. MANGELIA SCHOTTI Gardner new species Pl. 20, figs. 13, 14 Shell small, slender, acutely tapering posteriorly, the maximum diameter falling in front of the median horizontal. Whorls 7 in number, the early coils trapezoidal or slightly convex, the later with a slightly concave shoulder occupying almost the entire pos­terior half of the whorl. Body smoothly tapering to a short and slender canal. Apex of spire decorticated so that the line between the conch and protoconch is obscured. Protoconch small, smooth and probably paucispiral. Conch closely and evenly threaded with fine spiral lirae. Axial sculpture much more prominent than the spiral; axials broadly rounded, not persistent across the fasciole, about 12 in number to each of the later whorls. Posterior fasciole broad, spirally threaded, very feebly undulated by the evanescing axials; sinus obscure, probably close to the appressed posterior margin. Sutures distinct. Characters of aperture not well preserved. Aperture pyriform, the anterior canal slender and not preserved in its entirety. Dimensions.-Height, 5.5± millimeters; greatest diameter, 2.0 millimeters. Holotype.-V. S. Nat. Mus. No. 370997. Type locality.-V.S.G.S. Sta. 6279, a few hundred yards south of the junction of Elm Creek with Sabinal Creek, Schuddemagen ranch, 11 miles south of Sabinal, Uvalde County, Texas. Tehuacana member of Kincaid formation. The species is named in honor of Arthur Schott, Assistant Sur­veyor, who accompanied Major Emory on the Mexican Boundary Survey and reported upon the geological features of the country adjoining the Rio Bravo del Norte. Occurrence.-Tehuacana member of Kincaid formation. Uvalde County: V.S.G.S. Sta. 6279, Schuddemagen ranch, 11 miles south of Sabinal. Genus EXILIA Conrad 1860. E:xilia Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Jour., 2d ser., vol. 4, p. 291. (No description.) 1918. E:xilia Dall, U. S. Nat. Mus., Proc., No. 2134, vol. 54, p. 221. 1926. Exilia Stewart, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Proc., vol. 78, p. 418. Type.-E:xilia pergracilis Conrad. (Lower Eocene of the Gulf.) Shell tall and very slender; spire high, many whorled, gradually tapering; body much elongated, merging into the long straight canal; nucleus smooth, paucispiral, the normal adult sculpture abruptly initiated at the close of the last nuclear whorl; adult sculpture of 224 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 numerous flexuous axials and spiral lirae ; not nodulated at their intersection ; aperture narrow; outer lip thin, sharp, not lirate within; inner lip and pillar smooth. Exilia is placed in the Turridae because of the faint notch in the outer liP' of the type species which is probably a shallow anal sulcus. (Stewart, 1926.) EXILIA PERGRACJLIS Conrad? Pl. 20, figs. 18, 19 1860. 1890. 1896. Exilia pergracilis Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Jour., 2d vol. 4, p. 291, pl. 47, fig. 34. Fusus ( Exilia) pergracilis Conrad, De Gregorio, Mon. Faune Eocende !'Alabama, p. 80, pl. 6, fig. 10. Exilia pergracilis Conrad, Harris, Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. 1, Np. 90, pl. 9, fig. 1. ser.• ique o. 4, Narrow-fusiform; volutions twelve, convex, with slightly curved, numerous. narrow ribs, and fine closely-arranged revolving lines; spire rather longer than aperture; first two whorls smooth; beak perfectly straight, minutely striated to the extremity. Locality.-Alabama. Dr. Showalter. (Conrad, 1860.) Type.-Probably lost. The Texas individuals are in all probability distinct from the Exilia pergracilis of Alabama, but the shells are exceedingly fragile, and though fragments are by no means uncommon, no good type material has been preserved. The Texas species is taller than the Alabama but equally slender and adorned with more numerous axials and finer, more crowded spirals. Occurrence.-Kincaid formation. Milam County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 11926, Brazos River, 0 to one-fourth mile below the Falls County line, bed No. 4; U.S.G.S. Stas. 11916 and 11919?, Brazos River, 1 mile below the Falls County line. Bastrop County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 11914, Colorado River, 11;2 miles below the Travis-Bastrop County line; and U.S.G.S. Stas. 11696 and 11915, 11;2 miles to 2 miles below the Travis-Bastrop County line. Wills Point formation (upper Midway). Bastrop County: U.S. G.S. Stas. 10527 and 12113, 41;2 to 43,4 miles downstream from Web­berville; above the V enericardia bulla zone. Genus LEVIFUSUS Conrad 1865. Levifusus Conrad, Am. ]our. Conchology, vol. 1, p. 17. Type by subsequent designation.-Levifusus trabeatus Conrad optw, carry, wear. type and Calyptrophorus is in good standing among the ornithol­ogists, but long and general usage will perchance justify the retention of Gabb's name Calyptraphorus among the malacologists. Shell elongate, fusiform, spire high, anterior canal long and straight; posterior canal long, closely appressed to the spire and arching on the back, as in some species of Hippochrenes; outer lip moderate, rounded, and thickened on the margin by a smooth border; young shell showing all the volutions, which are hidden in the adult by a polished incrustation covering the entire surface, and in some species bearing tubercles or bosses, their !thape, size and number varying in different species. (Gabb, 1868.) Calyptraphorus, like many other highly specialized forms, seems to have been uncommonly sensitive and, for that reason, a good time-marker. Unfortunately, however, it is rarely well preserved. The basal Midway beds both in Alabama and in Texas carry a small, relatively slender compressed species, rarely more than three-quarters of a centimeter in greatest diameter. This is Calyptra­phorus compressus (Aldrich). Calyptraphorus aldrichi from the upper part of the Kincaid formation in Texas is more than twice the size of compressus. The upper Midway species C. popenoe has been recognized in Maverick County only. It is closely related to C. aUrichi but shorter and stouter. Fragments of Calyptraphorus from the lower part of the Wills Point formation occur farther north but they are rare. The group is considered one of the dependable indicators of relatively warm-water conditions and is widespread in the Tethyan province during the early Eocene. It is interesting to find it in Texas associated with Cucullaea, the equally dependable indicator of the northern fauna. CALYPTRAPHORUS COMPRESSUS Aldrich 1884. Anchura White, U. S. Geo!. Survey, Bull. 4, p. 17. 1886. Rostellaria velata Conrad, Aldrich, Geo!. Survey Alabama, Bull. 1, p. 59 (name only). 1894. Calyptraphorus velatus (Conrad) , Harris, Geo!. Survc;y Arkansas, Ann. Rept. for 1892, vol. 2, p. 46. 1894-. Rostellaria (Calyptraphorus) velata Conrad var. compressa Aldrich, in Rept. Geo!. Coastal Plain Alabama, Geo!. Survey Alabama, p. 244, pl. 12, figs. 2, 2a-b. 1896. Calyptraphorus velatus var. compressa Aldrich, Harris, Bull. Am. Pale· ontology, vol. 1, No. 4, p. 104, pl. 10, figs. 7, 7a-b, 8 (in part). 268 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 1912. Calyptraphorus velatus Conrad var. compressus Aldrich, Maury, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Jour., 2d ser., vol. 15, p. 88, pl. 12, figs. 8-10? This form is intermediate between R. trinodifera, Con., and R . velata Con. The adult has the enamel on the front part as in R. trinodifera, but on the opposite side the line of demarkation of the enamel comes down only to the whorl. The specimens are also much smaller than the normal adult. A similar form that cannot be separated from this variety is common in the Matthews' Landing group but is nearly twice as large, more rotund than those figured. The figu~es given are somewhat larger than the types. (Aldrich, 1894.) Dimensions.-Altitude, 19.5 millimeters; maximum diameter, 7.5 millimeters. The dimensions given are of one specimen of three imperfect individuals labelled Type. So imperfect are the individuals and so idealized are the figures that some doubt of their validity must be expressed. Type locality.-Allenton, Alabama. Type.-Aldrich Collection, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. Molds of Calyptraphorus have been observed in many of the fossiliferous outcrops of the Littig glauconitic member of the Kin­caid formation. It is quite possible that these should be referred to compressus, but they run about 25 rather than 20 millimeters in altitude and are seemingly less compressed than the Aldrich species. Such molds are common at U.S.G.S. Sta. 11680 in the Littig member on the Austin-Bastrop road, one-half mile east of the Travis County line and at U.S.G.S. Sta. 11678 on Half Mile Creek, one-half to three­fourths mile above Cedar Creek road, Bastrop County. CALYPTRAPHORUS ALDRICHI Gardner new species Pl. 24, figs. 1-3 1896. Calytraphorus velatus var. compressa Aldrich, Harris, Bull. Am. Pale· ontology, vol. 1, No. 4, p. 104 (in part) . 1926. Calyptraphorus compressus (Aldrich), Cooke, Geology of Alabama, Geol. Survey Alabama, Special Report 14, pl. 93, figs. la, lb. A similar form that cannot be separated from this variety (velatus var. compressus) is common in the Matthews' Landing group, but is nearly twice as large, more rotund than those figured. (Harris, 1896, from Aldrich, 1894.) The specimens from the lower part of the fossiliferous section on Wilbarger Creek and the Colorado River (U.S.G.S. Sta. 11696, U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 373064, Figure 3), run even larger than the holotype from Matthews Landing, Alabama (U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 373063, Figures 1 and 2), probably reaching when perfect a height of 100 millimeters. The compression of the side away from the aperture is very marked. The young are multispiral, the whorls enlarging regu­larly and with a fair degree of rapidity, and they are sculptured with somewhat irregular arcuate axials not far from 25 to the whorl and sharp spiral threadlets, evenly spaced. Individuals from the same locality, however, show a wide range of variation in the axial sculpture of the early whorls. This is conspicuously true of the juveniles from the Webberville bluff (U.S.G.S. Sta. 5282). An indeterminate cast from the Tehuacana member of the Kin­caid formation near Bibora tank in Maverick County (U.S.G.S. Sta. 11753) is very close in dimensions and outline to the average Col,yptraphorus aldrichi from Matthews Landing, Alabama. Similar casts also occur on the south bank of Elm Creek near the Schudde­magen ranch, 11 miles south of Sabinal, Uvalde County (U.S.G.S. Stas. 6279 and 11765). The same species, apparently, but more imperfectly preserved, occurs in the limestone on the D'Hanis­Yancey road 7112 miles southeast of D'Hanis (U.S.G.S. Sta. 6584). The specimens from the Kincaid formation on the Brazos River are miserably preserved but they seem to indicate a shorter, stouter form than that on the Colorado. The axials run lower, too, in some individuals, not more than 12 to the whorl. Occurrence.-Kincaid formation. Milam County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 11926?, Milam Bluff, Brazos River, 0 to one-fourth mile below the Falls County line (bed No. 4) ; U.S.G.S. Stas. 11916 (bed No. 1), 11919, and 11921, 1 mile below the Falls County line. Travis County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 5282, bluff at Webberville. Bastrop County: Colorado River, U.S.G.S. Stas. 11696, 11914, and 12112, 1112 miles below the Travis-Bastrop County line. Medina County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 6584?, 7% miles southeast of D'Hanis. Uvalde County: U.S.G.S. Stas. 6279? and 11765?, Elm Creek, 11 miles south of Sabinal. Maverick County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 11753, Bibora tank, 18 miles south­east of Eagle Pass. CALYPTRAPHORUS POPENOE Gardner new species Pl. 24, figs. 4, 6-8 Shell a little large for the group, and rather stout. Whorls of the spire numerous, trapezoidal, tapering rather rapidly to an acute apex. Protoconch smooth, small, acute, probably coiled 3 times, 270 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 not very well preserved. Both axial and spiral ornamentation developed upon the spire, the axials little more than puckers along the anterior suture of the later coils of the spire, though on the adolescent coils they traverse the whorl and are feebly arcuate and protractive. Spiral lirae fine and sharp, inclined to he irregular in size and spacing, 15 to 20 to the later whorls of the spire. A sharp incremental sculpture also visible, most distinctly in the interspiral areas. Enveloping callous very heavy, the folds uniting along a seam on the apertural face, frequently leaving bare or thinly veiled an elliptical area directly behind the aperture. Body whorl large, slightly compressed, tapering rather rapidly toward the anterior canal. Anterior canal not preserved. Dimensions.-Height (of holotype, an incomplete individual), 48.0 millimeters; greatest diameter, 21.0 millimeters. Holotype.-V. S. Nat. Mus. No. 370938; paratype, U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 370939. Type locality.-V.S.G.S. Sta. 11754, 6 miles south of the Mc­Farland sheep pens and 27 miles southeast of Eagle Pass, Maverick County, Texas. Wills Point formation. I have the pleasure of naming this species in honor of Willis Parkison Popenoe, whose skill and patience have discovered the delicate details of the ornamentation in a most unpromising and resistant matrix. Calyptraplwrus popenoe is less compressed than C. aldrichi, the whorls increase more rapidly in diameter, and the spiral sculpture· is less feeble upon the unveiled spire. A juvenile, apparently C. popenoe, was recovered from limestone boulders in the bed of the Blanco River in Uvalde County about 6 miles above the Zavala County line. Occurrence.-Wills Point formation. Maverick County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 11754, 27 miles southeast of Eagle Pass on the Windmill (Jacal) ranch road. CALYPTRAPHORUS species cf. C. POPENOE Gardner Pl. 24, fig. 5 A closely related juvenile from 3 miles southwest of Thornton (U.S.G.S. Sta. 11939) indicates a species more slender than C. popenoe from Maverick County. Juveniles only have been recovered from the Tehuacana member of the Kincaid formation, 71h miles northwest of Groesbeck (U.S. G.S. Sta. 11935) and 21h miles northwest of Groesbeck (U.S.G.S. Sta. 11936) and from 3 miles southwest of Thornton (U.S.G.S. Sta. 11939), one of which has been figured. They are slender little forms with a rather obscure sculpture both axial and spiral. An impression, probably of the same species, was also recovered from the Pisgah member, 6 miles west of Kosse. A stouter race occurs, however, in the limestone in Falls County (U.S.G.S. Sta. 11941), probably the same as that on the Brazos. Another species is doubtless represented by the stouter more closely ribbed juvenile spire from the Wills Point formation of the Mercer well (U.S.G.S. Sta. 11699), 2 miles southwest of Joliet in Caldwell County. CALYPTRAPHORUS species Casts of Calyptraphorus occur commonly in the Kincaid forma­tion of the Mexican Border. An unveiled spire from I mile north­west of Indio Wells, Maverick County, is not like that of any described species. The whorls are broad and taper rather rapidly. The earliest whorls are axially puckered, the flutings numbering 15 to 20 to the whorl, least feeble anteriorly and slightly arcuate. The spirals are fine sharp threadlets, 10 or 11 to the whorl, and though more persistent than the axials, they too evanesce before the body is reached. The canal is broken off. Traces of the enveloping callous still exist but they are not sufficiently well defined to determine the outline of the callous. Family CERITHIIDAE Genus CERITHIUM Bruguiere 1789. Cerithium Bruguiere, Encyclopedie Methodique Histoire Naturelle, vol. I, p. XV. Type.-Cerithium adansonii Bruguiere. (Recent off the coast of west equa· torial Africa.) Shell large or small; spire high and many whorled; the body short, contracted abruptly into a short, slightly oblique canal; protoconch small, paucispiral, not sharply delimited; spiral sculp­ture the first to be initiated; later, the often ornate axial sculpture; 272 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 and, at their intersection, nodes of greater or less prominence; aper­ture moderately large, obliquely ovate, commonly notched pos­teriorly and contracted anteriorly into the short canal; columella twisted; parietal callous heavy. Cerithium is one of the many well known names with a clouded title. The question of the authenticity of the type is still under discussion and until a definite decision has been reached, the con­tinued use of the long established name may perhaps be permis­sible. CERITHIUM? species A cerithioid doubtless new but too imperfectly preserved to describe occurs rather commonly in bed No. 4 of the Kincaid section at Milam Bluff on the Brazos River (U.S.G.S. Sta. 11926). The species is rather small, made up of numerous short rather evenly inflated whorls, which increase very slowly in diameter. The surface is not preserved but the more important details of the sculpture include a prominent simple spiral directly behind the suture line, two nodose spirals, the anterior medial, the posterior near the suture, an axial sculpture expressed chiefly in the nodulation of the spirals and a very fine secondary spiral striation which covers the whorl. CERITHIUM? species The rather widespread but not abundant molds of a high-spired species with numerous, narrow, trapezoidal whorls acutely angulated at the periphery are probably referable to Cerithium. These occur at Water Hill, 5 miles northeast of Kemp, Kaufman County (U.S.G.S. Sta. 11665) and 21h miles northeast of Kemp (U.S.G.S. Sta. 10744). CERITHIUM? species A remarkably dainty and well characterized little species from the Kincaid formation on the Colorado River is too imperfectly preserved to describe or even to determine generically. The shell does not exceed 5.0 millimeters in height. The whorls are numerous and increase regularly but not very rapidly in diameter. Both the outline and the sculpture contribute to the conspicuously pagodi­form aspect of this small conch. The whorls are overhanging, acutely angulated at the periphery and evenly trapezoidal behind the periphery. The spirals are three in number, increasing regularly in prominence so that the strongest outlines the angle of the whorl. The axials are numerous and with the spirals form a delicate and regular net-work on the sloping shoulders of the whorl. Neither the nucleus nor the apertural characters are well known. The body terminates abruptly in a short and twisted canal and a marginal fold is indicated by the pinched and twisted edge of the columella. Occurrence.-Kincaid formation. Bastrop County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 11914, Colorado River, 4 miles below Webberville. CERITHIUM? species Another small species possibly referable to Cerithium sensu lato has height of 5.0 millimeters and a diameter of 2.4 millimeters. The protoconch is small, smooth, and glassy and the 3 component whorls increase rapidly in height and in diameter. The 8 whorls of the conch also increase in diameter with a fair degree of rapidity. The body is only about one-third the height of the entire shell and is obtusely angulated at the periphery and abruptly constricted into a slightly concave base. The axial sculpture has much to do with determining the apparent outline of the whorls. The axials run 14 to 15 to each of the later whorls, 9 to 10 to the earlier. They are sharply pinched and on the posterior portion of the shell extend from suture to suture. On the last whorls of the spire and on the body they are reduced to peripheral nodes set in front of the median line, giving to the whorl an overhanging pagodiform aspect. The entire conch is shagreened with microscopically fine crowded spirals and incrementals which, directly in front of the suture, are sufficiently strong to form a series of minute puckers. The outer lip is broken away but the aperture is constricted into a short recurved canal. Occurrence.-Kincaid formation. Bastrop County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 11914, Colorado River, 4 miles below Webberville. CERITHIUM? species Several specimens of a small species between 5 and 10 millimeters in height, quite slender and many-whorled, occur in the Kincaid formation at Milam Bluff on the Brazos River (U.S.G.S. Sta. 11926). There are two, possibly three in some individuals, strong spirals to the whorl and 12 to 15 axials which are nodose at the intersectioi:i 274 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 with the spirals. An occasional feeble varix is developed on the body. The aperture is not accessible. Genus BITTIUM ("Leach") Gray 1847. Bittium Gray, Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 20, p. 270. Type.-Murex reticulatus Montagu. (Recent in the European seas.) Shell very small and slender, many-whorled; the spire high and slowly tapering, the body short; protoconch small, glassy, coiled about 4 times, with or without spiral lirations; conch sculptured with both axials and spirals, the spirals usually dominant; aperture. obliquely ovate, constricted into a very short, broad, often spout­like anterior canal. Subgenus BITTIUM sensu stricto Bittium (Bittium) is characterized by the spiral lirations upon the two final whorls of the protoconch and the varicose conch. The small but ornate species described by Aldrich as Cerithiopsis estellensis seems to be a true Bittium. It is interesting to find the group and probably the species represented in the Sucarnoochee clay of Alabama and the upper part of the Kincaid formation and lower part of the Wills Point formation of Texas. BITTIUM (BITTIUM) ESTELLENSIS (Aldrich) Pl. 24, figs. 12, 13 1921. Cerithiopsis estellensis Aldrich, Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. 9, No. 37, p. 15, pl. 2, fig. 11. Shell minute; whorls eleven or more, the first two smooth, the next two with raised ribs; the balance showing two strong, heavily beaded spirals on the peripheral part of each whorl with a third spiral much finer just below the suture ; one or more whorls are missing from the basal part. Length, 3 millimeters. Locality.-Sucarnoochee clays, near Estella, Ala. Type.-ln Alabama Museum at University, Ala. (Aldrich, 1921.) This dainty little shell is beautifully preserved in some of the marls along the Colorado River and fragments, probably referable to this species, are rather widespread in east-central Texas. A fine secondary spiral is commonly introduced between the anterior and medial primaries and less commonly between the medial and posterior primaries. There is also a very fine beading along the anterior margin of the suture. The axial sculpture is indicated by the regular sub-spinose nodulation of the primary spirals. There are also irregular bulges on the adult whorls, which are not evident on the figure of the type species, possibly because the later whorls are broken away, possibly because there are taxonomic differences between the Alabama and the Texas species. Occurrence.-Kincaid formation. Milam County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 11926, Milam Bluff, Brazos River (bed No. 4), 0 to one-fourth mile below Falls County line. Bastrop County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 5280, right bank of Colorado River, 4 miles below Webberville; and U.S.G.S. Stas. 11696, 11915, 11914, and 12112, Colorado River, l1/2 miles below the Travis-Bastrop County line. Wills Point formation. Bastrop County: U.S.G.S. Stas. 11890, 11913, and 12113, Colorado River, 1% to 2 miles below the Travis­Bastrop County line; U.S.G.S. Sta. 12109, directly above bridge over Cedar Creek on Austin-Red Rock road. BITTIUM species Another of the very considerable number of minute gastropods which await description in the hope of better material is quite certainly a Bittium, but it does not conform well to any known group of that genus. The shell is only 4.0 millimeters in height and very slender. Both the conch and the protoconch include 5 whorls. The protoconch is smooth and shining and rather long and slender. A slight varix marks the beginning of the conch. The whorls of the conch are straight-sided, increasing very slowly in diameter and feebly constricted at the suture. They are evenly wound with 5 flattened spirals which override the 10 to 12 narrow hut sharply pinched axials. The axials persist from suture to suture with uniform strength hut they disappear abruptly at the periphery of the body. The sculpture of the base of the body is spiral only. The aperture is obliquely lenticular, possibly channeled anteriorly. The outer lip is broken. The inner lip is thickened slightly and reflected against the parietal wall. Occurrence.-Kincaid formation. Bastrop County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 11914, Colorado River, 4 miles below Webberville. Family EPITONIIDAE ("Bolten") Roeding The taxonomic relationships of the family are not well established. 276 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 Genus EPITONIUM ("Bolten") Roeding 1798. Epitonium ("Bolten") Roeding, Museum Boltenianum, pt. 2, p. 91. Type.-Turbo scalaris Linnaeus. (Recent in the western Pacific.) Shell turriculate, perforate or imperforate; whorls numerous, con­vex, often very loosely coiled; sculpture dominantly axial; axial flanges and varices often very prominent, usually continuous and fused at the suture, in many species forming the only lines of contact between the whorls; aperture subcircular or ellipsoidal; peristome entire, thickened or reflected. The genus has been gradually increasing in prominence since the Triassic and is represented in the Recent seas by some 150 to 200 species of "wentletrap" distributed from the polar regions to the tropics and from between tides to abysmal depths. EPITONIUM COOKII Gardner new species Pl. 23, figs. 8, 9 Shell of moderate size for the genus, tapering rather rapidly from a broad base. Apical whorls not preserved. Three and a part of the fourth whorl extant, inflated and constricted at the sutures. Sculpture ornate. Axials 18 on the whorls of the spire, 20 on the body, heavy, regular in size and spacing, reflexed at the posterior suture, converg­ing at the umbilical chink. A microscopically fine spiral sculpture developed, obsolete only toward the margins of the axial laminae. Base well rounded and not delimited by any carina or other modi­fication of the shell. Umbilical chink narrow. Aperture entire, well rounded, the margin thickened, and adnate for the space of only two interaxials between the umbilicus and the suture line. Dimensions.-Height, 12.5 millimeters ; greatest diameter, 7.5 millimeters. Holotype.-U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 371264. Type locality.-U.S.G.S. Sta. 11682, 6 miles due north of Lock­hart in draw one-half mile west of Austin-Lockhart highway, Cald­well County. Littig glauconitic member of Kincaid formation. I have the pleasure of naming this species in honor of Carroll E. Cook, who has so generously shared with the Federal geologists his intimate knowledge of the fault zone stratigraphy. Occurrence.-Kincaid formation. Caldwell County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 11682, 6 miles north of Lockhart; and U.S.G.S. Sta. 11684, 4 miles northwest of Lockhart. EPITONIUM species cf. E. COOKII Gardner The final whorl of a species adorned with the same general type of sculpture as E. cookii Gardner but with only 12 axials to the turn instead of 18 or 20 was collected in the Littig glauconitic member of the Kincaid formation one mile northeast of Staples, Guadalupe County (U.S.G.S. Sta. 11693). EPITONIUM species Pl. 23, fig. 10 Two whorls of a very fine Epitonium were collected from the Wills Point formation 6 miles south of the McFarland sheep pens and 27 miles southeast of Eagle Pass, Maverick County. They indi­cate a species of moderate size, rather broad at the base, with strongly convex whorls obliquely flattened posteriorly and adorned with stout flanges, 21 to the whorl. Traces of a fine spiral lineation are also faintly visible. The maximum latitude of the whorls preserved is 11.2 millimeters. Occurrence.-Wills Point formation. Maverick County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 11754, 27 miles southeast of Eagle Pass on the Windmill (Jacal) ranch road. Subgenus FERMINOSCALA Dall 1908. Ferminoscala Dall, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard Coll., vol. 43, No. 6, p. 315. Type.-Epitonium ( Ferminoscala) ferminianum Dall. (Recent along the West Coast from the Gulf of California to Panama.) Description.-Whorls in contact, turritelloid, reticulate, with a single heavy varix for the fully mature shell; base with no umbilicus, a basal disk present; type, Scala ferminiana Dall. (Dall, 1908.) Ferminoscala is apparently synonymous with Textiscala de Boury, (31) which includes a number of species from the Piedmont Ter­tiaries and the Recent decussata Lamarck. EPITONIUM (FERMINOSCALA ?) DOLOSUM (Aldrich) PI. 23, fig. 7 1907. Scala dolosa Aldrich, Nautilus, vol. 21, p. 11, pl. 1, fig. 13. Shell rather small, cancellated ; whorls eight, the first two smooth, balance with spiral lines which are coarse near the middle of each whorl; these lines give each whorl an angulated profile. The spirals are nodular in part at the intersections with the longitudinals. The figured specimen shows a varix; aperture nearly circular, outer lip expanded and rounded, interior smooth. Umbilicus open, and carrying a groove. Base of shell carrying numerous spirals, but no nodes, the lines of growth being very fine. Length 7 mm., breadth 4 mm. Locality.-Near Grave Yard Hill, Wilcox Co., Ala. Midway Stage. (Aldrich, 1907.) The Alabama specimens seem to be more sharply sculptured than the Texas and the differences may prove to be of specific value. In any case, the forms are closely related. There is no subgenus of the great Epitonium genus to which E. dolosum conforms satisfactorily. It has much in common with Ferminoscala Dall-the general outline and sculpture and characters of the apertur~but the sculpture is not so sharp nor the basal disk so well defined. The marked umbilical chink in the Midway species is also a separating character, but there seems to be so much variation in this feature in species that seem otherwise closely allied that it may not be of very great taxonomic importance. Occurrence.-Kincaid formation. Bastrop County: U.S.G.S. Stas. 11914, 11696, and 12112, Colorado River, 4 miles below Webber· ville. Wills Point formation. Bastrop County: U.S.G.S. Stas. 11913, 10527, 11890, Colorado River, 41/2--4%, miles below Webberville. EPITONIUM species A species of the same general dimensions and outline differs in the fewer sharper axials and spirals and less pronounced umbilical chink. The periphery of the earlier whorls is emphasized by two sharp spiral threads with an occasional secondary between the anterior spiral and the suture. The spirals override the 14 or 15 sharp and narrow axials and nodulate them at their intersection. On the later whorls, the spirals are increased to 3 or even 4 and become less regular in size and spacing. Occurrence.-Kincaid formation. Bastrop County: U.S.G.S. Stas. 11914, 11915 and 12112, Colorado River, 4 miles below Webber­ville. Wills Point formation. Bastrop County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 11890, Colorado River, 41/2-4% miles below Webberville. Family VERMETIDAE Genus LEMINTINA Risso 1826. Lemintina Risso, Histoire naturelle des principales productions de l'Europe meridionale, vol. 4, p. 114. Type.-Lemintina cuvieri Risso =Serpula arenaria Linnaeus. (Recent in the Mediterranean.) The shell is tubular, and irregularly coiled or twisted and attached or free. The external surface is usually lirate and often more or less granulose. No longitudinal laminae are developed, hut the tube is frequently segmented vertically by pouches concave forward. The operculum is absent. The genus is present in the warmer waters of the Recent seas. LEMINTINA? GONIOIDES Gardner new species Pl. 26, figs. 11, 12 Tubes of Serpulorbis or Lemintina about 1 millimeter in diameter are locally common in the Tehuacana member of the Kincaid forma­tion. They are loosely interwoven and are remarkable for the strength of the concentric growth sculpture. The incrementals are not, however, in the form of a simple an­nular sculpture hut are strongly reentrant along the sides of the tubes, thus defining obtuse lateral keels and lending to the tubes a quadrate appearance. Holotype.-U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 373059. Type locality.-U.S.G.S. Sta. 11874, Frio River, just above the Evans' (Myrick's) apiary. Tehuacana member of Kincaid forma­tion of Midway group. The species is abundant in the Tehuacana member of the Kincaid formation of the Frio River and is probably present in the Tehua· cana on the south hank of Elm Creek on the Schuddemagen ranch, 11 miles south of Sabinal, and in the Southern Pacific Railroad cut, 5.2 miles southeast of Dunlay, Medina County, and in Tehuacana Quarry, Limestone County. It is interesting to note that crab claws and bryozoa are quite generally associated with the Lemintina? both in the Kincaid of the Mexican Border and that in Limestone County. Occurrence.-Kincaid formation, Tehuacana member. Limestone County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 11933, Tehuacana Quarry, Tehuacana. Medina County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 11871? , in the Southern Pacific Railroad cut, 5.2 miles southeast of Dunlay. Uvalde County: U.S.G.S. Stas. 6279? and 11765?, south bank of Elm Creek near the Schuddemagen ranch, 11 miles south of Sabinal; U.S.G.S. Sta. 11874, Frio River, just above the Evans' (Myrick's) apiary; U.S.G.S. Sta. 11878, at foot of trail leading down from the Evans' (Myrick's) apiary, Frio River; and U.S.G.S. Sta. 11768, on the Frio River about 4 miles above the Kincaid ranch. Genus TUBULOSTIUM Stoliczka 1868. Tubulostium Stoliczka, Cretaceous Fauna of Southern India, vol. 2, p. 237. Type.-Tubulostium discoideum Stoliczka (Upper Cretaceous "Ootatoor" of India). The principal characteristic, upon which this genus is proposed, consists in the narrow and tube-like prolonged aperture. The form of the shells varies from planorhoid to broadly conical. The emhryonal whorls are distinctly spirally coiled, hut not any of the very numerous specimens of the two species give a decided proof that they have been attached to any foreign object. These embryonic whorls are, however, often worn off. In advanced age the shells were evidently quite free, and thus it is not unlikely that they had a some­what more developed foot than other attached Vermetidae, and approached, in this respect, the family Caecidae. The internal space of the whorls is tubular, hut externally the callosity is generally largely developed. In a microscopical section the shell distinctly shows three layers, of which the middle one is somewhat thicker than the internal or external one. These two thinner layers appear to he composed of a rather consistent (milky white) substance, while the central one seems to present some kind of transverse striation, as if indicating the succeeding layers of growth, though these distinctions are not sufficiently clear to be observed. The outer or callous mass is quite homogenous. The Gastropodous character of these shells is pronounced, as already stated, in the spiral nuclear whorls and the three layers of which they are formed. The callosity has also more probably been deposited from the mantle of a Gastropod than from an Annelid. We are not acquainted with any living species, which possesses a similar tubular aperture, to that known in the fossil forms. Of these the Serpulae, like S. spirulaea, Lamarck, will probably have to he placed in this genus, although I am for the present unable to compare good specimens of this species with our originals. The Jurassic Verm. tumidus, Sow., is certainly a Tubulostium. The Spirorbis leptostoma, Gabb (Journ. Ac. Phil., 2nd ser., vol. IV, p. 385, pl. 67, fig. 36 (not 41), from the American tertiaries, would seem to belong also to this genus; and several others may be found subsequently. The two new species from South India are T. discoideum and T. callosum. (Stoliczka, 1868.) TUBULOSTIUM TOBAR Gardner new species PI. 26, figs. 1-5 Shell a small angular tube coiled almost in a single plane, with one surface flattened, and the other slightly depressed centrally. The tube, increasing very slowly in diameter, rudely quadrate in cross section, the outer angles lined by ill-defined spirals; outer margin between the spirals flattened. The upper and lower surfaces very feebly concave. Outer margin of the aperture subquadrate, the inner circular, firmly coherent to the preceding coil. Evidence of former growth lines probably discernible in certain rugosities which parallel the aperture and minutely wrinkle the shell. Dimensions.-Diameter of individual, 6 millimeters; diameter of tube at aperture, 1 millimeter. Holotype.-U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 370940. Type locality.-U.S.G.S. Sta. 11754, 6 miles south of McFarland sheep pens and 27 miles southeast of Eagle Pass, Maverick County, Texas. Wills Point formation. The dimensions of the specimen figured (U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 373166), from U.S.G.S. Sta. 12109 directly above the bridge over Cedar Creek on the Austin-Red Rock road, Bastrop County, are the same as those of the type. An astonishing amount of variation is displayed by these simply constructed shells. The Kincaid and Wills Point species is charac­terized by the discoid outline and the quadrate outer margin of the aperture. Some but not all of the specimens of Tubulostium species from the Bastrop County sections develop a third spiral midway upon the keel, almost equal in prominence to those at the margins of the keel (Figure 5). As this seems to be a variable character among other­wise similar individuals from the same locality, it has probably little or no taxonomic significance. Then, too, the apex is as a rule more depressed upon the Maverick County forms than upon those of the Colorado River drainage. Occurrence.-Kincaid formation. Bastrop County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 11696, Colorado River, l % miles below the Travis-Bastrop County line; U.S.G.S. Stas. 11914 and 10526, Colorado River, 4 miles below Webberville. Wills Point formation. Bastrop County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 11697?, 3 miles southwest of Cedar Creek Post Office; U.S.G.S. Sta. 11908?, one-half mile northeast of Cedar Creek crossing on the Austin­Red Rock road; U.S.G.S. Sta. 12109? directly above bridge over Cedar Creek on Austin-Red Rock road. Maverick County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 11754, 6 miles below the McFarland sheep pens and 27 miles southeast of Eagle Pass on the Windmill (Jacal) ranch road. TUBULOSTIUM species A Tubulostium from the Littig glauconitic member of the Kincaid formation is a smaller, less angular and less regularly coiled shell than the later T. tobar. The peripheral angle is not so pronounced nor so uniformly developed. The shell was apparently thinner than that of the Wills Point species and is often crushed. Traces of sec­ondary spirals on the periphery are faintly visible on a few indi­viduals and the shells have a granular aspect. The Littig species is probably distinct. The material was collected from 2 miles north of Lockhart, Caldwell County (U.S.G.S. Sta. 11685). Family TURRITELLIDAE Genus TURRITELLA Lamarck 1799. Turritella Lamarck, Prodrome d'une Nouvelle Classification des Co· quilles, Memoires de la Societe d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, p. 74. Type.-Turbo terebra Linnaeus. (Recent in the Indo-Pacific.) A slender, polygyrate form spirally sculptured; aperture holos­tomous, oval or subquadrangular; outer lip thin, simple, slightly produced anteriorly; columella simple, concave; posterior portion of shell vacant and partitioned at each half turn. Turritella originated quite early in the Mesozoic and before the end of the Cretaceous had become one of the more conspicuous elements in the gastropod faunas of North America. The culmina­tion of the genus occurred, however, during the Tertiary, when ii was represented by a large number of very prolific species. The representation in the Recent seas is relatively meagre and confined, for the most part, to the warm waters of the Old World. There is no group of Eocene Mollusca more widely distributed or better known among the laity than Turritella. The gastropod faunas from Maryland to Texas were dominated during lower Eocene times by two great groups of this genus-one the T. mortoni group with flexuous or trapezoidal whorls undercut at the sutures; the other, the humerosa group with straight sided volutions and a more or less pronounced sutural collar or groove. The majority of the Midway turritellas of Texas fall into these two groups. The number of species represented is doubtless very considerable but the material is inadequate for the assured determination and description of so variable a group. TURRITELLA SAFFORDI Gabb 1933. Turritella safjordi Gabb, Plummer, Univ. Texas Bull. 3232, pp. 815, 816, pl. 10, fig. 1. The Ola Quarry species figured by Plummer is doubtfully identical with Gabb's type from Hardeman County, Tennessee. Our material from Hardeman County indicates a more slender shell with more numerous whorls and a faint spiral sculpture. Group of TURRITELLA MORTONI Conrad 1830. Turritella mortoni Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Jour., 1st ser., vol. 6, p. 221, pl. 10, fig. 2. Turritella mortoni auctores. Shell turreted, conical, thick, with revolving distant, and finer intervening, striae; whorls with an elevated acute carina near the base of each; volutions about eleven; the striae are largest on the elevations of the whorls, which are slightly concave above and abruptly terminate at the sutures; the lines of growth on the last whorl are strong and much undulated. I dedicate this species to my friend Dr. S. G. Morton, who has so ably illustrated the geology of this country connected with its organic remains. (Conrad, 1830.) No type locality is definitely specified, but it was certainly in the vicinity of Fort Washington, in Prince Georges County, Mary land. The true Turritella mortoni is probably of rather limited distri· bution and not represented in Texas but the group is second only to V enericardia planicosta in its abundant occurrence over a wide area. Three general types of the T. mortoni group are developed in the Kincaid formation of Texas: (1) the T. alabamiensis type in which the whorls are overhung and finely striate spirally, with two emphatic spirals-one at the periphery, the other less than halfway from the periphery to the posterior suture; (2) a type known only from very poor material in which the periphery is more rounded, and the spirals few and coarse and restricted largely to the anterior portion of the shell; and ( 3) a type in which the whorl is divided into three sub-equal parts by the peripheral spiral and the two primaries behind it. The first is the common type from Falls County to the Colorado, the second in Limestone County and north of Limestone County, and the third from Medina County to the Mexican Border. TURRITELLA ALABAMIENSIS Whitfield? 1865. Turritella alabamiensis Whitfield, Am. Jour. Conchology, vol. 1, p. 267. 1890. Turritella alabamiensis Whitfield, De Gregorio, Mon. Faune Eocenique de !'Alabama, p. 128. 1894. Turritella alabamensis Whitfield, Aldrich, in Rept. Geo!. Coastal Plain Alabama, Geo!. Survey Alabama, p. 246, pl. 13, fig. 2. 1896. Turritella alabamiensis Whitfield, Harris, Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. 1, No. 4, p. 109, pl. 11, fig. 6. 1933. Turritella alabamiensis Whitfield, Plummer, Univ. Texas Bull. 3232, pp. 815, 816, pl. 10, figs. 5, Sa. Shell slender; volutions twelve or more; sub-quadrangular, lower margin sometimes projecting; suture distinctly marked; aperture sub-elliptical, slightly oblique; surface marked by numerous fine revolving lines, which are scarcely alternate, and crossed by distinct lines of growth, which make a deep sinus on the body of the volution, and are again bent backwards on the lower angle. This species scarcely differs from T. caelata, Conrad, from the Vicksburg (Miss.) beds, except that it is destitute of the lines of granulas which give so decided a character to that species. Locality.-Nine miles below Prairie Bluff, Alabama. (Whitfield, 1865.) Aldrich's specimen which he figures as "a variety without the spiral raised lines" is apparently a decorticated individual which was probably normal when fresh. A Turritella allied to T. alabamiensis Whitfield, but not identical, is indicated by very imperfect material from the Little Brazos above Rocky Crossing, Falls County (U.S.G.S. Sta. 11929) and from the Whitaker Survey, about 6 miles northwest of Kosse, Limestone County (U.S.G.S. Sta. 11931); probably identical juveniles from one-fourth mile northwest of the Stranger School in Falls County (U.S.G.S. Sta. 11932); four adults from 5 miles northeast of Kemp, Kaufman County (U.S.G.S. Sta. 11665); and from about 2% miles northeast of Kemp, on the public road (U.S.G.S. Sta. 10744) . The species is rather small, but a little larger than the usual T. alabam­iensis with trapezoidal whorls undercut at the base. The spiral outlining the periphery is pronounced and possibly feebly undula­tory. Another strong spiral is usually developed a little less than halfway from the periphery to the posterior suture. Secondaries are sharp, numerous, closely-spaced, and fairly uniform in size. Six or eight are commonly developed upon the undercut portion of the whorl between the periphery and the anterior suture, while in the typical alabamiensis, the secondaries are not so sharp nor so regular nor so numerous. A sinus is indicated as in T. alabamiensis by the strongly flexed growth lines. The same species is abundant in the Kincaid formation of Bastrop County, one-half mile east of Williams' store (U.S.G.S. Sta. 11911); and 3 miles southeast of Williams' store (U.S.G.S. Sta. 11909). Though the material is very imperfect, the molds with hits of shell adhering, which were collected from 14 miles southeast of Greenville, Hunt County (U.S.G.S. Sta. 10264), and from 4 miles northeast of Kemp, Kaufman County (U.S.G.S. Sta. 2440), are probably referable to this same species. TURRITELLA KINCAIDENSIS Plummer 1933. Turritella kincaidensis Plummer, Univ. Texas Bull. 3232, pp. 815, 816, pl. 10, figs. 3, 3a. Apical angle 12.5°; 14 finely beaded lirae. Convex with greatest diameter anterior. The smaller specimen, Figure 3, from the quarry south of Ola in Kaufman County; Figure 3a, from one-fourth of a mile south of the mouth of Dry Creek, on right bank of Colorado River, Bastrop County. Kincaid formation. Collections of the Bureau of Economic Geology at Austin. (Plummer, 1933.) Nothing specifically identical with T. kincaidensis has been found although the general type of outline and sculpture is common and widespread. The forms most closely comparable in our collections are molds retaining traces of a very fine sculpture recovered from the Kincaid outcropping on Cedar Creek (U.S.G.S. Sta. 11910). TURRITELLA species Molds running about 40 millimeters in height and showing the characteristic trapezoidal whorl of the T. mortoni group are very common in the second greensand, 5% miles north of Lockhart, Cald­well County (U.S.G.S. Sta. 11707). Similar hut smaller molds were observed in the Littig glauconitic member of the Kincaid formation 1¥2 miles southwest of Littig, Travis County (U.S.G.S. Sta. 11676), on the Austin-Bastrop road, one-half mile east of the Travis County line (U.S.G.S. Sta. 11680), and on Half Mile Creek, Bastrop County (U.S.G.S. Sta. 11678). Two whorls of a larger species with a much more prominent overhanging keel were collected from the basal greensand 1 mile north of Staples (U.S.G.S. Sta. 11695). Molds of a species of similar outline hut not so large occur below the Venericardia bulla horizon, 3± miles above the Cedar Creek bridge on the Austin-Red Rock road. Traces of a very fine spiral liration which covered the entire whorl are still retained. The same species probably occurs in an outcrop about 1 mile downstream. TURRITELLA species cf. T. MORTON! Conrad The turritellas which crowd the Tehuacana in Limestone County are probably new and distinct though the characters of the sculpture have been much obscured by the partial solution of the lime. The shells are larger than those of the Alabama species, T. alabamiensis, probably reaching a height of 50 millimeters and a --7. 1912. Turritella humerosa Conrad, Maury, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Jour., 2d ser., vol. 15, p. 92. Shell turrited, subulate; whorls with fine regular revolving striae, an obtuse slight elevation on the summit, and a shallow groove at base of each. From the Eocene of Piscataway, Maryland. (Conrad, 1835.) Turritella humerosa as it is commonly used is really a group name· rather than a specific, but in the absence of adequate material it is better to hold to the broader designations. The European analogue is Turritella hybrida Deshayes from the Ypresian (lower Wilcox) of the Paris Basin. Guillaume8 in his classification of the turritellas E>Gui11aume, Louis, 1924, Essai sur la Classification des Turritelles, ainsj que sur leur Evolution: et }P.urs Migrations, depuis le dCbut des Temps Tertiaries: Soc. Geol de France, Bu])., 4 aer.,. vol. 24, pp. 281-311, pis. JO, 11. has selected T. hybrida as the type of the group characterized by a deep and relatively narrow inflection of the growth lines a little be­hind the median horizontal and a second inflection near the anterior suture. The direction of the growth lines indicating the former char­acter of the posterior canal is a major factor in the classification of the turretids and there is no a priori reason why such a character should not be equally stable in the turritellas. A considerable degree of variation is shown in the collections made from the weathered greensands 27 miles southeast of Eagle Pass. In some individuals the suture follows directly in front of a narrow but very definite channel excavated in the preceding whorl and there may be a broad and very slight constriction of the whorl a little behind the median horizontal. In others, the anterior under­cutting of the whorl is much less marked but there is a slight tabula­tion of the whorl in front of the suture and a more or less pronounced collar. This variation is in part due to age but not entirely. (Figures 1, 10.) Molds suggesting Turritella humerosa in general dimensions and outline of the whorls are not uncommon in the limestone on the Frio River, one-half mile below the old Myrick apiary, Uvalde County (U.S.G.S. Sta. 3180). A few specimens with the charac­teristic humerosa outline and a fine, much worn spiral sculpture were collected from the Tehuacana member of the Kincaid formation on the Schuddemagen ranch, 11 miles south of Sabinal (U.S.G.S. Stas. 6279 and 11765) and also in the equivalent limestone of Medina County, 5.2 miles southeast of Dunlay (U.S.G.S. Sta. 11871). "Turritella humerosa" from Limestone County (U.S.G.S. Stas. 11935 and 11936) differs from that of Maverick County in certain sculpture details. The posterior sutural collar is more prominent and the depression on the anterior portion of the whorl more slight and not continuous to the suture, but separated from it by an obscure band. The resultant profiles of the spires are quite distinct. (Fig. 2.) A single shell and a number of casts from the Wills Point forma­tion in southern Bastrop County indicate a species identical with that from the weathered greensands of Maverick County. Occurrence.-Wills Point formation. Bastrop County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 11698?, 3 miles southwest of Cedar Creek Post Office; U.S.G.S. Sta. 12110, directly above bridge over Cedar Creek on Austin-Red Rock road. Maverick County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 11754, 27 miles south­east of Eagle Pass on the Windmill (Jacal) ranch road. TURRITELLA species cf. T. HUMEROSA Conrad Representatives of the T. humerosa group are apparently present in Kaufman County (21h miles northeast of Kemp, U.S.G.S. Sta. 10744). The two individuals in question are much worn but they retain the characteristic outline and threading of T. humerosa. The sutural collar, however, is much less distinct than in the Border species. The specimens from Water Hill, 5 miles northeast of Kemp (U.S.G.S. Sta. 11665) are more numerous and in a better state of preservation. There is no perceptible collar but an anterior concave band from one-fourth to one-fifth the total width of the whorl. The entire whorl is finely threaded with an occasional stronger, feebly beaded spiral intercalated. TURRITELLA BIBORAENSJS Gardner new species PI. 25, fig. 3 1887. cf. Turritella elicita Stoliczka, White, Contributions to the Paleontology of Brazil, Arch. Mus. Nae., vol. 7, p. 162, pl. 18, figs. 6, 7. 1868. Not Turritella elicita Stoliczka, Geo!. Survey India, Memoirs. Paleon· tologia lndica. Cretaceous Fauna of Southern India, vol. 2, p. 221, pl. 14, fig. 3; pl. 19, figs. 15, 16. 1912. cf. Turritella humerosa elicitatoides Maury, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila· delphia, Jour., 2d ser., vol. 15, p. 93, pl. 12, fig. 22. A specimen from 18 miles southeast of Eagle Pass is well charac­terized by the very slowly tapering spire, the broad whorls, the strong rounded collar directly in front of the suture, and the fine, even, and evenly spaced spiral sculpture which covers the entire whorl. The species bears a certain resemblance to the species from Allen­ton, Wilcox County, Alabama, described by Whitfield under the name of multilira, a form with more rapidly increasing whorls and without the prominent swelling in front of the suture. The resem­blance is even more marked to a form from the Maria Farinha beds of Pernambuco described by White under the name of Turritella elicita Stoliczka. The Mexican Border species and that from Brazil exhibit the same general outline and the prominent sutural collar. The sculpture of the Brazilian form, however, though regular, is coarser than that from the Rio Grande. Stoliczka's species with which White erroneously identified his Brazilian species is a form of the same general outline from the Cretaceous of India, but more slender and more slowly tapering with the spiral sculpture restricted to the earlier whorls. A form from the Argentinian Eocene also exhibits the same general outline though it is much larger and coarser and the same general type of sculpture though the collar is more acute and two strong spirals are developed on the anterior portion of the whorl. In Miss Maury's Turritella humerosa var. elicitatoides, the collar is reduced to a slight posterior tabulation of the whorl. Turritella biboraensis is doubtfully distinct specifically from T. humerosa. It is, however, a smaller, more delicate and more deli­cately sculptured shell than the eastern and usually younger species and may be held apart for the present. Dimensions.-Height of broken individual, 42.4 millimeters; greatest diameter, 15.9 millimeters. Holotype.-V. S. Nat. Mus. No. 370989. Type locality.-V.S.G.S. Sta. 6583, Bibora tank on the Indio ranch, 18 miles southeast of Eagle Pass, Maverick County, Texas. Occurrence.-Kincaid formation. Maverick County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 6583, Bibora Creek just below Bibora tank, about 18 miles southeast of Eagle Pass; U.S.G.S. Sta. 11758, Indio Wells (Indio ranch), 29 miles southeast of Eagle Pass; and U.S.G.S. Sta. 11763, 31h--4 miles southwest of the Windmill (Jacal) ranch house on Las Islas Cross­ing road. TURRITELLA OLA Plummer 1933. Turritella ola Plummer, Univ. Texas Bull. 3232, pp. 815, 816, pl. 10, fig. 2. Apical angle 18.0°; 2 narrow, high spirals and faint posterior spiral line. Whorls separated by a fine, nearly invisible lira. Height, 3.5 ± millimeters. Holotype.-Collection of the Bureau of Economic Geology, Austin, Texas. Type locality.-Quarry south of Ola, Kaufman County; Kincaid formation. (Plummer, 1933.) This species has not been recognized in our collections. The figured specimen seems to be a juvenile. TURRITELLA NERINEXA Harris 1895. Turritella nerinexa Harris, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Proc., p. 82, pl. 9, fig. 9. 1896. Turritella nerinexa Harris, Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. 1, No. 4, p. 111, pl. 11, fig. 14. 1912. Turritella nerinexa Harris, Maury, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Jour., 2d ser., vol. 15, p. 94, pl. 12, fig. 25. Size and general form of a fragment (the only known specimen) as indicated by the figure; number of whorls unknown, ornamented by (I) fine even spiral striae, (2) a suhsutural row of pustules or crenules, and (3) a slightly raised or faint ridge at the base of each whorl becoming obsolete in the lower whorls, but increasing in strength above so as to nearly equal in size the subsutural line of crenules. Locality.-Black Bluff, Brazos River, extreme northern limit of Milam County, Milam Bluff of Penrose's Report. Geological horizon.-Midway Eocene. Type.-Texas State Museum. (Harris, 1895.) The species represented in Caldwell County (U.S.G.S. Sta. 11706) is much larger and coarser than that indicated by Harris's description of the Brazos form but it is characterized by the same narrow, tightly wound whorls and the same sutural beading. The single individual from the greensand of the Kincaid formation, 51/z miles north of Lockhart (U.S.G.S. Sta. 11707), is even larger (probably 60± millimeters in height and 20 in diameter), and though the out­lines of the whorls are alike there is not only a beaded spiral directly in front of the suture but also a similar beaded spiral directly behind the suture. Occurrence.-Kincaid formation. Caldwell County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 11706, 51/z miles southwest of Lockhart, on the Martindale farm. TURRITELLA HILLI Gardner new species Pl. 25, figs. 4-6 1933. Turritella levicunea Harris, Plummer, Univ. Texas Bull. 3232, pp. 815, 816, pl. 10, figs. 4, 4a. Not Turritella mortoni var. levicunea Harris, 1896, Bull. Am. Paleon­tology, vol. 1, No. 4, p. llO, pl. ll, fig. 9. The material from Matthews Landing, Alabama, in our collections indicates a species with a higher apical angle than T. hilli, a much less prominent spiral directly behind the suture and sharper, more beaded spirals upon the rest of the whorl. It is possible that the Kincaid species is a precursal form from which T. levicunea developed. Shell rather small for the genus, not very heavy. Apical angle between 20° and 25°, the early whorls evenly trapezoidal, the later marked by a broad and shallow medial depression and with an increasingly prominent overhang directly behind the anterior suture. Early apical whorls sculptured with 2 strong simple spirals on the anterior half of the whorl, another of almost equal strength a little behind the middle and except on the very earliest whorls, a finer spiral directly in front of the posterior suture. Intercalaries intro­duced between the primary spirals and between the spirals and the suture lines, the anterior of the primary spirals following the peripheral keel of the later whorls. Spirals on adult whorls irregular in size and spacing; the coarsest spirals, 1 to 4 in number, at the periphery and directly in front of or behind it; those on the posterior fourth of the whorl obliterated on the latest adult volutions by the overriding growth lines; adult spirals tending to be wavy and dis­sected by strong and crinkled incrementals bent backward in a broad and symmetrical U. No perfect apertures observed. Dimensions.-Height of holotype (incomplete), 36.0 millimeters; diameter of holotype, 13.0 millimeters. Holotype and 2 paratypes.-V. S. Nat. Mus. No. 373054. Type locality.-V.S.G.S. Sta. 10526, Colorado River, 4± miles below Webberville, Bastrop County. Kincaid formation of the Mid­ way group. The molds are loosely wound and the whorls rounded in the juvenile stages though trapezoidal in the adult. The shells are unusually fragile and although fragments are abundant, no adequate type material has been collected. The holo­type by no means reaches the maximum dimensions attained by some of the more imperfect individuals. Turritella hilli is, so far as we know, a faithful indicator of the upper part of the Kincaid formation. I have the honor to name it for Dr. Robert T. Hill, whose early work on Texas paleontology has taken its place among the classics. Occurrence.-Kincaid formation. Bastrop County: U.S.G.S. Stas. 11696, 12112, and 10526, Colorado River, 4± miles below Webber­ville, 11;2 miles below the Travis-Bastrop County line, and one-half to three-fourths mile above the mouth of Dry Creek. TURRITELLA species Fragments of a very fine species on the border line between Turri­tella and Mesalia occur above the Venericardia bulla zone, 71;2 miles southwest of Elgin on the north bank of Dry Creek about one-half mile above the bridge on the first road west of the Travis-Bastrop County line (U.S.G.S. Sta. 11912). The whorls are trapezoidal, very closely wound and separated by inconspicuous suture lines. The 294 The University of Texa.s Bulletin No. 3301 shell is threaded from suture to suture with spiral cords numbering about 12 to the whorl with fortuitous intercalated secondaries. The 3 or 4 anterior spirals are a little coarser than those upon the medial and posterior portions of the whorl. There is no marked uniformity in size or spacing nor in the tesselation due to the cutting by the growth lines. This is doubtless related to the form from the Colorado River but the peripheral keel is later or not at all developed and the spiral threading is sharper and more uniform. TURRITELLA species A Turritella suggesting T. plebeia Conrad in the rounded outline of the whorls and the numerous spirals occurs in a very imperfect state in the Tehuacana member of the Kincaid formation on the south bank of Elm Creek, 11 miles south of Sabinal, Uvalde County (U.S.G.S. Stas. 6279 and 11765). TURRITELLA species A rather slender plebeia-like form with the higher whorls not so much drawn in at the sutures, sculptured with 10 to 15 or more rather sharp spirals not very regularly spaced, the 3 to 5 peripheral spirals rather more prominent than the rest, is the common Turri­tella in the uppermost part of the Wills Point formation on the Guadalupe River (U.S.G.S. Sta. 6283). A closely related, possibly identical, species is indicated in the clays on Cibolo Creek midway between Merkel and New Berlin (U.S. G.S. Sta. 6225) . Genus MESALIA Gray 1840. Mesalia Gray, Synopsis Contents British Museum, p. 147 (nomen nudum). 1842. Mesalia Gray, op. cit., ed. 44, p. 61. 1847. Mesalia Gray, Zool. Soc. London, Proc., p. 155. For Turritella mesal Deshayes. Type.-Cerithium mesal Adanson. (Recent off the coast of northwest Africa.) The Recent species are separated from the Turritellas by certain characters of the operculum which suggest Littorina rather than Turritella. In the absence of the operculum Mesalia may be sep· arated from Turritella by the more rapidly enlarging whorls, which are on the whole more convex, the more prominent spiral sculpture and the sinuous, slightly patulous outer lip. Mesalia has been recognized in the Upper Cretaceous and still survives on the West African shores but its maximum development was reached during the Eocene. It is particularly well represented in the Paris Basin and was far from rare in the Eocene of North Africa. MESALIA WJLCOXIANA (Aldrich) 1894. Turritella wilcoriana Aldrich, in Rept. Geo!. Coastal Plain Ala­bama, Geol. Survey Alabama, p. 247, pl. 13, fig. 4b. 1896. Mesalia pumila var. wilcoxiana Aldrich, Harris, Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. 1, No. 4, p. ll2, pl. II, figs. 16, 17. Suture impressed, bounded by an angular space above and below, whorls with the general shape of T. 11Wrtoni, Con., a raised cord below the suture, then two equidistant raised spaces, then another raised cord followed by a slightly concave space to suture. No perfect specimen found. My collection. (Aldrich, 1894.) Harris has reported this species from 1 mile up Salt Branch of Little Brazos River; and from Tehuacana, Texas. MESALIA MAVERJCKI Gardner new species Pl. 25, figs. 7, 8 A few coils of a rather large coarse species with inflated, rapidly enlarging whorls were collected from the weathered greensands, 27 miles southeast of Eagle Pass. The species is strongly reminiscent of Mesalia wilco:x:iana Aldrich and, like it, is wound with three prom­inent spiral cords. The Maverick County species tapers more rapid­ly, however, than that from Wilcox County, Alabama, the spirals are stronger, relatively more elevated, though perhaps not so broad, and are more concentrated toward the medial portion of the whorl. The secondary spiral liration which covers the entire surface from suture to suture is finer in the Texas species and sharper. An incremental sculpture reticulates the secondary spirals and at regular intervals strengthens into tiny axials which are bent backwards between the sutures in a broad arc, the axis of which is the periphery of the whorl. The apertural features, unfortunately, have not been preserved. Dimensions.-Diameter of whorl, 17.0 millimeters. Holotype.-V. S. Nat. Mus. No. 370944. 296 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 Type locality.-U.S.G.S. Sta. 11754, 6 miles south of the McFar­land sheep pens and 27 miles southeast of Eagle Pass, Maverick County, Texas. Wills Point formation. The excellent state of preservation of the fine sculpture seems to justify the naming of this very incomplete individual in an area where good material is exceptional. Occurrence.-Wills Point formation. Maverick County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 11754, 6 miles below the McFarland sheep pens and 27 miles southeast of Eagle Pass on the Windmill (Jacal) ranch road. Sur­face shingle of "red beds." MESALLA species cf. M. MAVERICKI Gardner Pl. 25, fig. 9 A rather fine specimen of Mesalia closely allied to M. mavericki was collected near the Stranger School in Falls County, 7% miles northwest of Kosse. lt is smaller than the specimens from Maverick County and possibly not fully mature, which may account for the slight sculpture differences between the Maverick and Falls County specimens. In the Falls County shell the apical angle is higher, the posterior of the three spirals which gird the whorls relatively more prominent, and the growth sculpture less pronounced. These variations may be nothing more than individual or at most of subspecific value. Only the single shell is known from the Stranger School; U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 370990; U.S.G.S. Sta. 11940; Kincaid formation. MESALIA species A coarsely sculptured Mesalia, possibly M. mavericki, was col­lected from the Tehuacana member of the Kincaid formation just above the old Myrick apiary on the Frio River, Uvalde County (U.S.G.S. Sta. 3185). It is quite certainly present in the limestone at the foot of the trail leading down from the apiary (U.S.G.S. Sta. 11878) and just above the water hole opposite the apiary (U.S.G.S. Sta. 3181). MESALIA species The much worn body of a species, closely resembling M. maver· icki, was recovered from the glauconitic sands, 2% miles northeast of Kemp, Kaufman County (U.S.G.S. Sta. 10744). The details of the spiral sculpture do not seem to be identical, but this may be nothing more than the effect of erosion upon the Kaufman County fragment. Another equally worn fragment was found at the same horizon at Water Hill, 5 miles northeast of Kemp (U.S.G.S. Sta. 11665). It is possibly this species that Harris referred to M. pumila hardemanensis Gabb. An indeterminate mold from the upper part of the Kincaid forma­tion at U.S.G.S. Sta. 11707, 5% miles due north of Lockhart in Caldwell County, is allied but probably not specifically identical. MESALIA PUMILA HARDEMANENSIS (Gabb) 1860. Turritella hardemanensis Gabb, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Jour., 2d ser., vol. 4, p. 392, pl. 68, fig. 15. 1896. Mesalia pumila hardemanensis (Gabb), Harris, Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. l, No. 4, p. 112, pl. 11, fig. 19. Turrited; whorls seven, strongly carinated at the middle; mouth rounded; surface marked by two or three large ribs below the carina and two above. Dimensions.-Length, 6 inch; width of body whorl, .27 inch, length of mouth, .2 inch. Locality.-With the above (Hardeman County, Tennessee). Prof. Safford. (Gabb, 1860.) Harris has recorded this species from Kemp, Kaufman County, Texas, but no medially carinate mesalias have been observed in our collections. MESALIA? species Impressions and a few broken whorls from the Wills Point forma­tion of Bexar County on Cibolo Creek (U.S.G.S. Sta. 6225) and 1 mile east of San Antonio on Salado Creek (U.S.G.S. Sta. 8246) indi­cate a species of 10 to 15 millimeters in height, and 5 to 6 in maxi­mum diameter, made up of 10 or more whorls, the earlier trape­zoidal, the later overhanging and slightly convex. There is some undercutting at the suture and the periphery is emphasized by a primary spiral. Two other subequal primaries are set with even spacing between the periphery and the posterior suture and one or two secondaries are intercalated between each pair of primaries and between the primaries and the suture. The spiral sculpture is, how­ever, irregular and the primaries and secondaries intergrade. The body whorl is rounded and this character, together with the large apical angle, seems to ally the species with Mesalia rather than with Turritella. 298 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 Family XENOPHORIDAE Genus XENOPHORA G. Fischer von Waldheim 1807. Xerwphora G. Fischer von Waldheim, Museum-Demidoff, vol. 3, p. 213. Type.-Trochus conchyliophorus Born. (Recent off the eastern coast of the United States from Hatteras to the Antilles and in the Gulf of Mexico. Fossil throughout the East Coast and Gulf Tertiaries and in the Pleistocene.) Shell low, trochiform but never nacreous, imperforate or narrowly umbilicate; whorls flattened, armoured with agglutinated extraneous objects; base sub-conic, or flattened with a sharp, peripheral keel; aperture obliquely quadrilateral. The persistence of this genus from the Mesozoic to the Recent bears testimony to the efficiency of the extraordinary device by which this mollusc protects itself. The bulk of the shells and peb­bles carried by the ardent little collector is often astonishing; turri­tellas, cardiums an inch and a half in altitude, chamas-all are utilized by the enterprising univalve. It is by no means uncommon among the Recent forms for the diameter of the shell to be doubled by the load that it carries. XENOPHORA CONCHYLIOPHORA (Born) Fischer von Waldheim 1780. Trochus conchyliophorus Born, Testacea Musei Caesarei Vindobonensis, p. 333, pl. 12, figs. 21, 22. 1808. Xenophora levigata G. Fischer von Waldheim, Tableaux Synoptiques Zoognosie, p. 113. 1834. Trochus leprosus Morton, Synopsis Organic Remains, p. 46, pl. 15, fig. 6. 1847. Not Phorus humilis Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Proc., vol. 3, p. 285. 1854. Phorus reclusus Conrad, in Wailes, Rept. Agriculture and Geol. Missis­ sippi, p. 289, pl. 17, figs. 6a, 6b. 1855. Phorus reclusus Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Proc., vol. 7, p. 262. 1865. Phorus reclusus Conrad, Am. Jour. Conchology, vol. i, p. 33. 1890. Xenophora humilis Conrad, Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci., Trans., vol. 3, pt. 1, p. 182, pl. 4, figs. 10, lOa. 1890. Xenophora reclusa Conrad, De Gregorio, Mon. Faune Eocenique de !'Alabama, p. 144. 1892. Xenophora conchyliophora Born, Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci., Trans., vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 360, pl. 4, figs. 10, lOa. 1899. Xenophora conchyliophora (Born) Harris, Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. 3, p. 85, pl. 11, fig. 17. 1904. Xenophora conchyliophora (Born), Martin, Maryland Geol. Survey, Miocene vol., p. 251, pl. 59, figs. 7a, 7b, 7c. 1906. Xerwphora conchylisophora Born, Rogers, Shell Book, p. 155, pl. facing p. 149, figs. 2, 3, 4. 1906. Xerwphora conchyliophora Born, BOse, Inst. Geol. Mexico, Bol., num. 22, pp. 33, 85. 1909. Xerwphora conchyliophora (Born), Grabau and Shimer, North American Index Fossils, vol. 1, p. 723, fig. 1053. Description.-Testa convexo-conica, tenuis, subpellucida, testis Zoophytorum et Testaceorum adglutinatis onerata; Anfractus declives, imbricati, plicato­rugosi; Apertura compressa, subquadrangularis; Labrum integerrimum, fal­catum, Labium horizontale, reftexum, imperforatum; Color albus, radiis obliquis curvatis luteis. (Born, 1780.) Since this group remounts in the geological scale to the Devonian, it is not so extraordinary that one of the species should persist from the uppermost Cretaceous to the present day. No differential characters have ever been recorded which would separate Morton's shell from the Eocene form which follows it, and I can assert with confidence that the latter cannot be dis­criminated from the Miocene and recent forms by any constant characters. If this succession be admitted, it is a strong testimony to the protective value of the device by which the members of this family defend themselves. (Dall, 1890.) Shell low, pyramidal; umhilicate only in the young; whorls fiat· tened; periphery sharply carinate; feeble spiral sculpture developed but usually concealed by the extraneous objects agglutinated to the outer surface. Though specific identification is impossible, no characters are pre· served by which the early Eocene species can be separated from the later Tertiary and recent X. conchylioplwra. The cast from Kauf­man County, 2% miles northeast of Kemp (U.S.G.S. Sta. 10744), has a maximum diameter of 11.0 millimeters. Harris, in the first volume of the Bulletin of American Paleontology, page 231, refers to two casts from the Alabama Midway, one from 1 mile north of Midway, the other from 1 mile north of Prairie Bluff, neither one of them specifically determinable. Xenophora lwmilis (Conrad) is a late Eocene and Oligocene species, larger as a rule than X. conchylwplwra. It is probable that good material would present specific differences by which the early Eocene forms might be separated, one of which might be the relatively small size. Family CAL YPTRAEIDAE Genus CALYPTRAEA Lamarck 1799. Calyptraea Lamarck, Prodrome d'une Nouvelle Classification des Co­quilles, Memoires de la Societe d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, p. 78. Type.-Patella chinensis Linnaeus. (Recent on the European Coast from the British Isles to the Mediterranean. Fossil in the Pliocene and Pleistocene.) Shell conic to trochiform; base circular or rarely oval; apex medial, spiral; inner diaphragm developed analogous to inner cup of Crucibulum and posterior lamina of Crepidula; columellar mar­gin of diaphragm twisted to form a false umbilicus; outer margin adherent to periphery of shell; free margin convex. The genus originated in the Cretaceous and the distribution of the Recent representatives is world-wide. The forms attach themselves to extraneous objects and are peculiarly characteristic of the inshore waters. CALYPTRAEA species Two specimens of a thin-shelled Calyptraea with an irregularly nodose or finely spinose sculpture swirling around the spire were collected on Wilbarger Creek (U.S.G.S. Sta. 11902). The genus is also represented on Colorado River both above (U.S.G.S. Sta. 12113) and below (U.S.G.S. Sta. 12112) the Veneri­cardia bulla zone and in Kaufman County (U.S.G.S. Sta. 11665). Family CAPULIDAE? A mold of a small, narrow, but much inflated species, probably a capulid, and possibly Hipponyx, occurs in the weathered greensands 27 miles southeast of Eagle Pass. Vestiges of the muscle scar and of a radial lineation are preserved. Family ARCHITECTONICIDAE Genus ARCHITECTONICA ("Bolten") Roeding 1798. Architectonica ("Bolten") Roeding, Museum Boltenianum, p. 78. =Solarium Lamarck, 1799, Prodrome d'une Nouvelle Classification des Coquilles, Memoires de la Societe d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, p. 74. Architectonica Dall, 1909, U. S. Geol. Survey, Prof. Paper 59, p. 80. Type.-Trochus perspectivus Linnaeus. (Recent in the lndo-Pacific.) Shell solid, perforate; outline sub-discoidal to depressed-conic; whorls numerous, regularly increasing in size; periphery rounded or carinate; dominant sculpture of simple or beaded spirals; aper­ture semi-elliptical to subquadrate; columella usually straight, sim­ple; outer lip thin and sharp: umbilicus funicular or scalar. Architectonica was apparently most abundant near its m1tiation, that is, during the Eocene. It is particularly well represented, both in species and individuals, in the Eocene of the Gulf. The Recent species, the "sun-dial" shells, are relatively few in number and are restricted to the warmer waters. ARCHITECTONICA PLANIFORMIS (Aldrich) ? 1895. Solarium planiforme Aldrich, Nautilus, vol. 9, p. 2. Shell fiat, whorls six, apical one smooth, the balance with a beaded spiral boundary followed closely by a smaller spiral likewise beaded, two faint spirals near suture; lines of growth fine, coarser nearer aperture, the side of the body-whorl forming an acute angle with the top and nearly a right angle with the base; the side is slightly convex, with a granular raised line immediately below the periphery and two fainter ones near the base; the basal keel beaded ; umbilicus wide, marked with two or three beaded lines. Aperture wedge-shaped, narrower at junction with body-whorl. Maximum diameter, 19 mm.; elevation, 6 mm. Locality.--Near Rosebud P. 0., Wilcox Co., Ala., in Matthews' Landing beds. (Aldrich, 1895.) The specimens from the Wills Point formation in the lower bed on Dry Brushy Creek, 6 miles south of Thrall (U.S.G.S. Sta. 10420) and from the Kincaid formation on the Colorado River (U.S.G.S. Sta. 12112) are imperfect juveniles hut they retain sufficient char­acters to indicate a very close relationship with the forms from Wil­cox County, Alabama. ARCHITECTONICA PHOENICEA Gardner new species Pl. 26, figs. 6, 7 Shell small, depressed, come. Nucleus small, smooth, sunken, 2 whorls visible from the apical surface. Beginning of conch in­dicated by a distinct varix. Whorls of conch between 3 and 4 in number, slightly depressed between the sutures. Entire apical sur­face crowded with spiral lirae, those nearest the periphery the least fine and the most sharply headed and those near the posterior suture not so fine as the threadlets upon the medial portion of the whorl. lncrementals strong, tesselating the spirals. Periphery acute, out­lined by a beaded spiral with a similar spiral directly in front of and another directly behind it. Base of the whorl obliquely convex and angulated at the umbilical keel, closely threaded, the spirals relatively coarse and flat near the periphery, and even coarser and more sharply beaded around the umbilicus, but very fine and crowded medially. Umbilicus broadly funicular, open to the apex, sculptured with the successive beaded keels of the whorls and the strong incrementals. Aperture rudely quadrilateral and adnate to the preceding whorl along its inner margin. Dimensions.-Height, 2.1 millimeters; greatest diameter, 6.6 mil­limeters; diameter at right angles to greatest diameter, 5.8 milli­meters. Holotype.-V. S. Nat. Mus. No. 370995. Type locality.-V.S.G.S. Sta. 11696, Colorado River, 1% miles below the Travis-Bastrop County line. Kincaid formation. There is no lower Eocene species very close in sculpture detail to this elegant little form from the Colorado River. Occurrence.-Kincaid formation. Bastrop County: U.S.G.S. Stas. 11696, 11914, and 12112?, Colorado River, 4 -+-miles below Web­berville, and 1% miles below the Travis-Bastrop County line. Wills Point formation. Williamso'n County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 10420, Dry Brushy Creek, 6 miles south of Thrall. An imperfect individual from above the V enericardia bulla zone on the Colorado River (U.S.G.S. Sta. 12113) exhibits a sharper sculpture, both spiral and incremental, than the Kincaid forms. The spire is also more depressed but that may be due to crushing. Family NATICIDAE Genus NATICA (Adanson) Scopoli 1777. Natica (Adanson) Scopoli, Introductio at Historiam Naturalem, p. 391. Type.-Nerita vitellus Linnaeus. (Recent in the west Pacific.) Shell porcellaneous, solid, ovate or globular, generally umbilicate, the umbilicus usually furnished with internal ridges and in one sub­genus plugged with callous; external surface of the majority of forms smooth and polished; aperture holostomous, semicircular or oval in outline; outer lip sharp, smooth within; columellar lip sub­vertical, calloused, non-plicate; operculum calcareous. The genus has been prominent since the mid-Mesozoic and is abundantly represented in the temperate and tropical seas of today. The Naticas and the closely related Polinices show an unusual sex variation due to the size of the egg sac. In consequence the whorls of the shell of the female are much more inflated m front of the suture and the general outline more turreted. NATICA REVERSA Whitfield 1865. 1890. 1896. Natica reversa Whitfield, Am. Jour. Conchology, vol. 1, p. 264. Natica reversa Whitfield, sp. dub., De Gregorio, Mon. Faune Eocenique de l'Alabama, p. 151. Natica reversa Whitfield, Harris, Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. 1, No. 4, p. 119, pl. 12, fig. 19. Shell small, globose; spire moderately elevated; volutions ventricose; suture deep; aperture semicircular, and moderately large, equaling two-thirds the length of the shell; outer lip sharp; inner lip slightly thickened, spreading over the preceding volution; callus represented by a thickened spiral ridge, deposited on the left side of the umbilicus, and uniting with the peristome at the inner basal angle; substance of the shell thick; surface polished. Dimensions.-Helght, .3 inch. Locality.-Nine miles below Prairie Bluff, Alabama. (Whitfield, 1865.) The umbilical rib is much less heavy and later in development in the Texas species. Natica reversa Whitfield is well characterized by the shouldered whorls of the spire, the indented sutures, the well rounded body and the margin of the umbilicus pinched into a rib which becomes in­creasingly heavy toward the aperture. Spiral striae are in some in­dividuals faintly visible near the umbilicus. Occurrence.-Kincaid formation. Milam County : U.S.G.S. Sta. 11926?, Brazos River, Milam Bluff, 0 to one-fourth mile below the Falls County line. Bastrop County: U.S.G.S. Stas. 5280, 11696, 11914, and 12112, Colorado River, 4 miles below the Travis County line. Wills Point formation. Milam County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 10519, San Gabriel River ai the mouth of Brushy Creek. Bastrop County: U.S.G.S. Stas. 5281?, 11890, and 10527, Colorado River, 41/2 to 4% miles below the Travis County line. NATICA PERSPECTA Whitfield 1865. Natica perspecta Whitfield, Am. Jour. Conchology, vol. I, p. 264. 1890. Natica perspecta Whitfield, De Gregorio, Mon. Faune Eocenique de l'Alabama, p. 151. 1896. Natica perspecta Whitfield, Harris, Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. 1, No. 4, p. 119, pl. 12, fig. 21. Shell oblique, of medium size; substance thick; volutions four in the largest individuals, very ventricose; spire low; suture very distinctly channelled; 304 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 umbilic:.is proportionally large, entirely destitute of a callus, the volutions being distinctly visible to the apical one; aperture semilunate, the inner lip spreading somewhat on the preceding volution, opposite the umbilicus it is thin and emarginate; outer lip sharp; surface polished. This beautiful little shell differs from any described species, in the deep channelling of the suture and the characters of the umbilicus. Locality.-Nine miles below Prairie Bluff, Alabama. (Whitfield, 1865. ) A young form apparently referable to this species was collected in perfect condition from the Wills Point formation on Tehuacana Creek, 31h to 4 miles south of Wortham, Limestone County (U.S. G.S. Sta. 10846). The determinations of Natica perspecta are not very satisfactory. Whitfield did not figure his species, and the type is not available. In the species commonly accepted as perspecta and that which Har­ris figures, the whorls are closely wound and appressed at the sutures. It is hard to see how they could be described as "very dis· tinctly channeled," nor are the whorls so ventricose as those of N. reversa. The personal equation does, however, enter into a descrip­tion and in the absence of definite proof in the way of type or figure, the common interpretation of the species is accepted. Occurrence.-Kincaid formation. Bastrop County: U.S.G.S. Stas. 11696 and 11914, Colorado River, 4 -+-miles below Webberville. Uvalde County: U.S.G.S. Stas. 6279? and 11765?, Elm Creek, 11 miles south of Sabinal. Wills Point formation. Limestone County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 10846, 31h to 4 miles south of Wortham. NATICA cf. N. PERSPECTA Whitfield Forms similar to Natica reversa in general outline. and dimensions but with distinctly channeled sutures and lacking the characteristic umbilical rib occur at a number of localities in the fossiliferous Midway section on the Colorado River. In the "very ventricose" whorls the "very distinctly channeled" suture and the large and open umbilicus, these forms seem closer to Natica perspecta than those which are commonly referred to it. Occurrence.-Kincaid formation. Bastrop County: U.S.G.S. Stas. 5280, 10526, 11914, 11915, and 12112, Colorado River, 4± miles downstream from Webberville, one-half to three-fourths mile above the mouth of Dry Creek. Wills Point formation. Bastrop County: U.S.G.S. Stas. 10527 and 12113, Colorado River, 41;2 to 4% miles downstream from Webberville. NATICA SAFFORDIA Harris? 1896. Natica saffordia Harris, Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. l, No. 4, p. ll8, pl. 12, fig. 18. Size and form about as figured though there is a slight tendency towards a humeral zone just below the suture, somewhat as in alabamiensis though far less marked; whorls from four to five; umbilicus small, nearly closed by the thickening of the labium. In young specimens, as in many species of the genus, there is a trace of a notch or transverse groove across the labium at about the horizon of the upper margin of the umbilicus. Mr. Stanton of the U. S. National Museum has sent us a fine set of N. rectilabrum Con. from the Upper Cretaceous. They are far more elongate and Vivipara-shaped than saffordia. Loca/ity.-Tennessee, 2 mi. E. of Middleton (Tennessee). Type.-Dr. Safford's collection. (Harris, 1896.) The specimen from Water Hill, 5 miles northeast of Kemp in Kaufman County (U.S.G.S. Sta. 11665) may be distinct taxonomic­ally from N. safjordia by reason of its heavier shell, slightly higher spire, and heavier labial callous. A close relationship, however, is obvious. A juvenile, possibly of this species, was collected on the Little Brazos (U.S.G.S. Sta. 11929) above Rocky Crossing. Genus POLINICES Montfort 1810. Polinices Denys de Montfort, Conchyliologie Systematique, vol. 2, p. 223. Type.-Natica mammilaris Lamarck. (Recent in the West Indies.) The shell characters of Polinices are very similar to those of Natica; it differs, however, in the possession of a corneous, rather than a calcareous operculum. The shell is of medium size, ovate in outline, including a few closely wound whorls appressed at the suture. The aperture is semi­ovate, the parietal callous heavy and indented near the upper margin of the umbilicus. The genus, though of later origin than Natica, is much more abundantly represented in the middle and late Tertiaries and in the East Coast waters of today and constitutes, indeed, one of the most 306 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 conspicuous elements of the univalve faunas of eastern North America. POLINICES HARRISll Gardner new species Pl. 26, fig. 15 1899. Natica eminula var. Harris, Bull. Arn. Paleontology, vol. 3, p. 88, pl. 11, fig. 22. (Synonymy in part excluded.) Shell of moderate dimensions, rather heavy, ovate in outline. Whorls 5 in all, the line between the conch and protoconch oblit­erated, the initial turn largely submerged, the succeeding volutions increasing rapidly in diameter. Later whorls obscurely shouldered, obliquely expanding in front of the shoulder. Sutures distinctly impressed but not channeled. Body smoothly but not conspicuously rounded, base rounding smoothly into the umbilicus. Incremental sculpture strong but no other axial or spiral ornamentation. Aper­ture ovate, obtusely angulated at the posterior commissure, smoothly rounded anteriorly. Parietal wash rather heavy, the margin of the wash constricted medially, the body wall partially concealing the small umbilical opening. Dimensions.-Height, 17.7 millimeters; greatest diameter, 15.5 millimeters. Holotype.-U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 373060. Type locality.-U.S.G.S. Sta. 12112, below the Venericardia bulla zone, one-half to three-fourths mile above the mouth of Dry Creek on the Colorado River, Bastrop County, Texas. Kincaid formation of the Midway group. This form differs considerably from true eminula from the Claiborne sands, but its general form and appearance is such as to suggest a close relationship to the latter. N. eminula at Claiborne differs somewhat in its proportions, but it is generally thin, with only a slight tendency to form a columellar callosity. This form is thicker, wider in proportion to its height ; with a callosity showing an indentation or notch above--a characteristic which, however, I have noticed in Jackson specimens from White Bluff, Ark. These differences are probably due to difference of environment. These differential characteristics are carried slightly further in N. marylandica Con.; i.e., marylandica is lower or wider than the Lignitic specimens of the South and are apt to have a larger umbilicus. N. marylandica, too, sometimes attains a larger size than any of its southern representatives. If marylandica were the older name, I would be inclined to place this Lignitic form as a variety of that species, for the interrelationship of the two is close and well marked. (Harris, 1899.) The synonymy includes "N. eminula" Harris from his Midway Bulletin, which is correct except for a too comprehensive synonymy and three check list references which can not readily be verified. The Maryland individuals are larger and heavier than those from the South and have a much more northern aspect. They can be separated without difficulty. The Wills Point forms of Texas seem, however, identical with those from the Wilcox group of Alabama. Polinices harrisii is the largest of the naticoids in the present col­lection. It stands apart by reason of its relatively large size, ovate outline and small umbilical chink. Occurrence.-Kincaid formation. Bastrop County: U.S.G.S. Stas. 11696 and 11914, Colorado River, 4 -+-miles below Webberville, and U.S.G.S. Sta. 12112, one-half to three-fourths mile above the mouth of Dry Creek. Wills Point formation. Bexar County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 6153?, Jett Crossing, Medina River on Palo Alto road. Family AMPULLINAE Genus LACUNARIA Conrad 1866. Lacunaria Conrad, Am. Jour. Conchology, vol. 2, p. 77. Type.-Natica (Girodes) alabamiensis Whitfield (Midway of the Gulf). Ovate-conoid or sub·globose, thin in substance, with delicate, close, revolving lines; aperture entire, rounded or round-ovate, angulated posteriorly, margins disunited; columella flattened, with a long groove descending from the um· bilicus. (Conrad, 1866.) The validity of Lacunaria has been questioned and Cossmann has given it place under the Naricidae, a family separated from the Nati­cidae by the characters of the operculum. The American paleon­tologists have, for the most part, reserved the name for the group of exclusively Eocene forms characterized by an acute spire, the ab­sence of callous upon the base, and the tendency toward a spiral striation. In the absence of an operculum it may well be left in the family with Ampullina which it resembles. LACUNARIA LITHAE Gardner new species Pl. 26, figs. 16, 17 Shell rather thick, of moderate size for the genus, broad at the base, rapidly dwindling to an acute apex. Whorls at least 6 in num­ber, the first whorls of the conch small and trapezoidal in outline, the whorls of the median and anterior parts of the shell narrowly tabulated posteriorly, broadly but not strongly convex medially. Body relatively large, smoothly rounded. Protoconch not preserved. A spiral sculpture of exceedingly fine and faint incised lines devel­oped over the entire shell. Aperture ovate, broader anteriorly and somewhat patulous. Characters of aperture not well preserved. An umbilical groove quite possibly developed similar to that of L. alabamiensis. Dimensions.-Height, 16.5 millimeters; greatest diameter, 11.0 millimeters. Holotype and paratype.-U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 370941. Type locality.-U.S.G.S. Sta. 11754, 6 miles south of the McFar­ land sheep pens and 27 miles southeast of Eagle Pass, Maverick County, Texas. Lacunaria lithae is smaller than Lacunaria alabamiensis Whitfield, the type of the genus from the Midway group of Alabama, and dif­fers further from alabamiensis in the relatively higher spire, and the more delicate spiral sculpture. It is remarkable that so fine a sculpture on so heavy a shell is frequently preserved on the molds. Occurrence.-Wills Point formation. Maverick County: U .S.G.S. Sta. 11754, 27 miles southeast of Eagle Pass on the Windmill (Jacal) ranch road. LACUNARIA species Fragments of a high-spired species, relatively slender for the genus, were recovered from the Kincaid formation on the Colorado­River, about 4 miles below Webberville (U.S.G.S. Sta. 11696). The entire surface is microscopically netted by the spiral striae and the incrementals. Suborder GYMNOGLOSSA Family PYRAMIDELLIDAE A pyramidellid which does not conform to any of the described groups and is too imperfect to form the basis of a new group was recovered from clays of the Wills Point formation above the Veneri­cardia bulla zone on the Colorado River (U.S.G.S. Sta. 11913). The shell, from which the anterior extremity is broken, measures 3.5 millimeters. The small three-whorled nucleus is set directly at right angles to the plane of the post-nuclear turns. The smooth and pol­ished conch includes 5% volutions which increase in diameter with a moderate degree of rapidity, thus forming a slender little cone with shallow indentations at the sutures. The body is obtusely angu­lated at the periphery. There are 2 folds upon the columella and, in addition, a horizontal fold on the base of the body and at least 4 strong lirations upon the inner surface of the outer lip. Another species of pyramidellid in which the characters of the aperture are not accessible is characterized by a minutely puckered band directly in front of the suture. It is represented by a single individual collected from the Kincaid formation in the Colorado River section (U.S.G.S. Sta. 11914.) Genus ODOSTOMIA Fleming 1817. Odostomia Fleming, Edinburgh Encyclopedia, vol. 7, pt. 1, p. 76. Type.-Turbo plicatus Montagu. (Recent off the British coasts.) Shell very small, short, subconic or ovate; whorls few in number; apex sinistral; surface smooth or sculptured, the dominant sculpture usually spiral; aperture entire, obliquely ovate; outer lip thin, sharp, often patulous anteriorly; inner lip reflected upon the parietal wall; a single columellar fold, not always apparent at the aperture; umbilicus close or narrowly perforate. Subgenus ODOSTOMIA sensu stricto The subgenus is characterized by the short subconic shell devoid of all sculpture excepting growth lines. ODOSTOMIA? INSIGNIFICA (Aldrich) 1897. 1899. Odontostomia insignifica Aldrich, Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. 2p. 13, pl. 1, fig. 8. Syrnola trapaquara Harris, Aldrich, Bull. Am. Paleontology, No. 11, p. 99, pl. 12, fig. 15 (ex. parte). Not Syrnola trapaquara Harris, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, P77, pl. 8, fig. 10, 1895. , No. vol. roc., 8, 3, p. Shell small, robust; surface smooth; whorls five; outer lip striate internally; inner lip with a strong plait nearly horizontal in front and expanded into a callus to base of shell. Locality.-Alabama: Gregg's Landing. (Aldrich, 1897.) Harris's trapaquara with which he united the Wilcox species of Aldrich comes from the Claiborne group and is more slender than the earlier form. It shows, however, lirations upon the inner surface of the outer lip similar to those which characterize its predecessor. A small form, 2.8 millimeters in height, and ovate-conic in outline includes a minute nucleus immersed almost at right angles to the plane of the 4 post-nuclear whorls. The outer lip is lirate internally, a character not recognized in any of the recent Odostomia. There are four lirations and the suggestion of a fifth which become increasingly feeble toward the aperture and do not reach the margin of the outer lip. The posterior lirae are more prominent than the anterior. The other characters are normal for the genus. The single individual was recovered from the lower Kincaid formation of the Colorado River section (U.S.G.S. Sta. 12112). There are no characters recog­nizable from the description and figure by which it may he separated from the lower Wilcox species but the type has not been examined. An individual from above the V enericardia bulla zone in the same section (U.S.G.S. Sta. 10527) is smaller and obtusely angulated at the periphery of the body. It is probably immature and quite possibly distinct from the species below it. Genus TURBONILLA Risso 1826. Turbonilla Risso, Histoire naturelle des principales productions de l'Europe meridionale, vol. 4, p. 224. 1909. Turbonilla Dall and Bartsch, U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 68, p. 28. Type.-Turbonilla plicatula Risso. Shell with sinistral apex, cylindro-conic, many whorled, generally slender, with a single columellar fold which varies in strength and frequently is not visible in the aJ)ei'ture. The sculpture both axial and spiral ranges from obsolete to strongly incised lines or raised lamellae. (Dall and Bartsch, 1909.) Subgenus MORMULA A. Adams 1864. Mormula A. Adams, Linnean Soc. London, Jour., Zoology, vol. 7, p. I. Type.-Mormula rissoina A. Adams. The subgenus is characterized by the lirations upon the inner surface of the outer lip. TURBONILLA (MORMULA) CLINENSIS Aldrich 1921. Turbonilla (Ptycheu.Umella) clinensis Aldrich, Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. 9, No. 37, p. 9, pl. 1, fig. 10. Shell small, narrow; whorls eight, two embryonic, the next three longi­tudinally striated, balance smooth. Spire blunt, suture distinct, aperture small. Outer lip smooth within, inner lip with a strong fold curving up into the aperture and bordering the base. Length 3± mm. Locality.-Gregg's Landing, Ala. Type.-Alabama Museum, University, Ala. (Aldrich, 1921.) The single individual from the lower bed on Dry Brushy, 6 miles south of Thrall, has fewer whorls by two than the Greggs Landing (lower Wilcox) species but it is not quite so high and may be immature. If not identical, it is plainly an ancestral type with the feeble axial sculpture developed over a greater part of the whorl. In any case it is another liaison species between the Midway and the Wilcox. Occurrence.-Wills Point formation. Williamson County: U.S.G.S Sta. 10420, Dry Brushy Creek (lower bed), 6 miles south of Thrall. Family MATHILDIDAE Genus MATHILDA Semper 1865. Mathilda Semper, Journal Conchyliologie, vol. 13, p. 330. Type.-Turbo quadricarinatus Brocchi. (Pliocene of Italy.) Shell small or of medium size, made up of numerous slender, rounded whorls; nucleus heterostrophous; outer surface netted with a delicate reticulate sculpture; aperture entire, broadly ovate; outer lip sharp, patulous; inner lip reflected against the parietal wall, leaving a narrow umbilical chink. MATHILDA species Juveniles with the three-whorled protoconch directly at right angles to the beautifully cancellated whorls of the conch were col­lected in a perfect state of preservation from the Kincaid formation of the Colorado River section, 4 miles below Webberville (U.S.G.S. Sta. 11914). They may be the young of the species figured by Aldrich (30d) under the name of Mmhilda leona, though they are not sufficiently developed to determine with assurance. Aldrich's specimen was collected in the Matthews Landing horizon, 1 mile west of Oak Hill, Wilcox County, Alabama, but he considered the Midway species identical with a form which he had earlier described from the Woods Bluff horizon under the name of Tuba (Mathilda} leana (28a). The difference in the vowel in the specific name is doubtless a typographical error but the figure of the Woods Bluff form does not show the characteristic M at,hilda nucleus, and the species may be distinct. In that case the typographical error may be used to advantage and the name leona retained for the Midway species. Another species of Mathilda is represented by a characteristic form from U.S.G.S. Sta. 11913 of the Colorado River section above the V enericardia bulla zone. Family MELANELLIDAE Genus MELANELLA Bowdich 1822. Melanella Bowdich, Elements Conchology, vol. 1, p. 27. Type.-Melanella dufresnii Bowdich. (Recent in the Indo-Pacific.) Shell small or of medium size, smooth, white, and highly polished; spire moderately elevated and gradually tapering; straight in Melanella sensu stricto, flexed in the subgenus Balcis; body whorl produced and attenuated at the base; aperture ovate, the outer lip expanded and slightly patulous, the inner lip closely appressed against the parietal wall; imperforate. MELANELLA (MELANELLA) species A single individual establishes the presence of the group in the Kincaid formation of the Colorado River section. The shell is moderately slender; the whorls number 11 and increase gradually in diameter and altitude. The body is between one-third and one­half as high as the entire shell and is obtusely angulated at the periphery. The anterior extremity is broken away but an expanded outer lip is indicated and a thickened and appressed inner lip. The surface is smooth and polished. The height of the broken shell is 7.2 millimeters, the diameter, 2.0 millimeters. Occurrence.-Kincaid formation. Bastrop County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 11914, Colorado River, 4 miles below Webberville. Order SCUTIBRANCHIATA Family VITRINELLIDAE A vitrinellid, characterized by an evenly but not strongly convex apical surface, drawn in at the sutures, and a periphery outlined by a very prominent band, was recovered from the lower bed on Dry Brushy Creek, 6 miles south of Thrall (U.S.G.S. Sta. 11420). The umbilical surface is very finely striated, the umbilicus small and funicular and obtusely angulated at the margin. The margin of the aperture is broken. The lines are now so finely drawn on these small forms that it is impossible to make generic determina­tions without perfect material. Genus TEINOSTOMA A. Adams 1853. Teinostoma Arthur Adams, Zoo!. Soc. London, Proc., pt. 21, p. 183. Type.-Teinostom.a politum Arthur Adams. (Recent off the coast of Ecuador.) Shell orbicular, depressed, subspiral, polished, last whorl rounded at the periphery; umbilical region covered with a large, flat callosity; aperture transverse, rounded, greatly produced and elongated, ending anteriorly in a slightly canaliculated point ; inner lip smooth and callous, not emarginate or truncated anteriorly; outer lip thin, simple, not marginated or reflected. (Arthur Adams, 1853.) The genus is known from the Tertiaries of the East Coast of North America and from the Paris Basin. The Recent forms occur most abundantly in the China and Japan seas although there are a few representatives in the tropical and subtropical waters of eastern America. TEINOSTOMA EOA Gardner new species Pl. 26, figs. 8-10 Shell minute, depressed, so thin that it is translucent. Apical surface flattened; one protoconchal and two conchal turns which very rapidly enlarge. Periphery narrow but rounded. Umbilical surface flexuous. Umbilicus closed with a heavy opaque callous and surrounded by a less opaque area which extends not quite half way to the periphery. Outer surface smooth excepting for exceed­ingly fine incrementals. Aperture transversely elliptical, the col­umellar margin heavy and smoothly and strongly excavated, the peristome thin, smooth, slightly retracted at the periphery; not emarginate anteriorly, though feebly notched at the posterior margin of the outer lip. Dimensions.-Height, 0.8 millimeters; greatest diameter, 1.5 millimeters. Holotype.-U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 371257. Type locality.-U.S.G.S. Sta. 8656, 638 to 659 feet, Smith tract, Somerset field, Bexar County, Texas. The genus is doubtless more commonly represented in the Midway than one might suppose from the literature. T. eoa is associated with a fauna of probably upper Midway age, but Teinostoma is certainly present in the Kincaid formation on the Colorado River, 4 miles below Webberville (U.S.G.S. Sta. 11914). Occurrence.-Wills Point formation. Bexar County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 8656, Smith tract, Somerset field, 621 to 638 feet and 638 to 659 feet. Genus SOLARIORBIS Conrad 1865. Solariorbis Conrad, Am. lour. Conchology, vol. 1, p. 30. Type (by subsequent designation, Dall, W. H., 1892, Wagner Free Inst. Sci., Trans., vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 414.-Delphinula depressa Lea (Claiborne). Gosport sand of Alabama. Shell small but moderately heavy, depressed; nautiliform; proto­conch of 2 or more than 2 very small, smooth, opaque, partially submerged whorls; conch paucispiral, shining and slightly trans­lucent; external surface finely punctate spirally; umbilicus sur­rounded by a smooth collar more dense in texture than the rest of the shell and occupying a half or more of the basal surface; aperture entire; outer lip channeled at posterior commissure; parietal wash thin; inner lip thickened at umbilical collar; umbilical perforation small but deep, often partially concealed in the adult by the inner margin of the collar drawn over it. Conrad's genus includes a compact group of minute Tertiary species characterized by the depressed apical surface, finely punc­tate spiral sculpture, and small umbilical pit. The size and the contour suggest T einostoma but that name has been restricted to forms in which the umbilical opening is entirely covered by a flat pad of callous. Solariorbis in its known distribution is restricted to the Tertiary. The genus has not been previously reported from so low a horizon. SOLARIORBIS PROIUS Gardner new species Pl. 26, figs. 13, 14 Shell depressed, minutely nautiliform, relatively heavy. Apical surface flattened; periphery sharply rounded. A little less than 3 partially submerged, minute nuclear whorls opaque and devoid of sculpture. Line between conch and protoconch sharp, the begin­ning of the conch indicated by the more shining translucent shell and the 4 or 5 faint spiral grooves, strongest at the first whorl of the conch and evanescent on the last of the 2 post-nuclear whorls. lncre­mentals cutting the grooves and giving to them a minutely punctate appearance. No additional spirals introduced in front of the few original grooves on the apical surface of the types, the spiral sculp­ture on the final whorl restricted to the few faint and evanescing 315 grooves directly in front of the sutures and others of similar char­acter between the periphery and the thickened, less translucent area surrounding the umbilicus; incremental sculpture strongest on the medial portion of the umbilical surface. Sutures distinct, impressed. Aperture rudely trigonal, the periphery forming the obtuse apical angle; posterior angle between the outer lip and body wall acute and channeled; parietal wash thin; lip conspicuously thickened at the umbilical collar. Umbilicus small, perforation small but deep, circular in the young, partially concealed in the adult by the inner margin of the collar drawn over it. Umbilical collar occupying more than half of the basal surface, sharply defined by the relatively dull and heavy shell texture. Dimensions ( coty pes} .-Height, 1.3 and l.2 millimeters; greatest diameter, 2.8 and 2.5 millimeters. Cotypes (2).-U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 373061. Type locality.-U.S.G.S. Sta. l2ll2, Colorado River, one-half to three-fourths mile above the mouth of Dry Creek, Bastrop County, Texas. Kincaid formation below V enericardw bulla zone. The spiral sculpture upon these minute forms is more or less fortuitous and inconstant in areal development. It is never so strong, however, as it is in the genotype, S. depressa (Lea) from the Claiborne of Alabama, nor is the punctation by the incrementals so sharp and so regular. The following gastropods were described from Smileys Bluff on the Brazos River, a locality which was formerly referred to the Midway hut is now considered Wilcox in age. As the names occur repeatedly in earlier monographs and check lists, they have been included for reference in this paper. CORONIA OSTRARUPJS (Harris) 1896. Pleurotoma (Surcula) ostrarupis Harris, Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. 1, No. 4, p. 78, pl. 7, fig. 13. This is only a fragment and cannot be fully characterized. The more obvious and peculiar features are: (a) the rather fine, oblique, and somewhat curved longitudinal costae which in all probability disappear on the larger whorls of adult, and ( b) the regular spiral striation. Locality.-Sta. 104, Smiley's Bluff, Brazos River, two miles above the mouth of Pond Creek, Milam Co. Geological horizon.-Midway Eocene. 316 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 In the collection of the U. S. Nat. Mus., a specimen occurs among others marked "Pleurotoma persa Whit£." by Aldrich. All came from Matthews' Landing. This particular specimen is evidently not P. persa, but, as far as can be determined, should be labelled P. ostrarupis. This species is quite common in material from Matthews' Landing. When entire the general outline of the shell is not far from that of Pl. anacona. A small specimen is in the Pal. Mus., C. U., from 1 mile west of Oak Hill. Type.-Texas State Museum. (Harris, 1896.) The type has apparently been lost. The species has not been certainly recognized in later collections. The group, however, is the most prolific and the most widely distributed in the lower Wilcox, the horizon to which Smileys Bluff is now referred. CORONIA ANACONA (Harris) 1895. Pleurotoma (Pleurotomella) anacona Harris, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila· delphia, Proc., p. 56, pl. 4, fig. 4. 1896. Pleurotoma (Pleurotomella?) anacona Harris, Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. 1, No. 4, p. 77, pl. 7, fig. 12. General form as figured; whorls 8; 1 nearly or quite smooth; 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 with (a) a broad slightly concave band showing very faint spiral striae and a deep retral curve in the longitudinal striae, (b) a slight basal carina with two or three strong spiral lines and rather faint, slightly oblique nodules; body whorl with more or less alternating coarse and fine spiral lines from the nodose carina to the end of the beak. Localities.-Well at Elgin, northeast corner of Bastrop County; Smiley's Bluff, Brazos River, 2 miles above Pond Creek, and perhaps on Rocky Cedar Creek, 5 miles west of Elmo. Geological horizon.-Midway Eocene. Type.-Texas State Museum. (Harris, 1895.) Type locality.-Sta. 104, Smileys Bluff, Brazos River, Milam County, Texas. Kennedy Collection. The body of the type bears 18 nodes. The species has not been recognized in later collections. The Smileys Bluff section is now referred to the lower Wilcox. PSEUDOLIVA OSTRARUPIS Harris 1895. 1896. Pseudoliva ostrarupis Harris, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Proc., p. 75, pl. 8, figs. 3, 3a. Pseudoliva ostrarupis Harris, Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. 1, No. 4, p. 99, pl. 9, figs. 18, 19. Size and general form as figured; volutions 6, spiral whorls shouldered and somewhat costate; suture obscured by foliae developed by the intermittent mode of growth of the sutural callosity; body whorl below scarcely dis­ tinguishable from the non-umbilicate varieties of P. vetusta, while above, the shoulder and the sutural foliae at once definitely characterize the species. Locality.-Smiley's Bluff, Brazos River, 2 miles above the mouth of Pond Creek, Milam Co., Tex. Geological horizon.-Midway Eocene. Type.-Texas State Museum. (Harris, 1895.) Both Pseudoliva ostrarupis and the subspecies pauper have been recognized in deposits of equivalent age on a branch of Wilbarger Creek on Mr. Solomon's land, 4 miles south of Elgin. These beds, together with the Smileys Bluff section, are now referred to the lower Wilcox. PSEUDOLIVA OSTRARUPIS PAUPER Harris 1895. 1896. Pseudoliva ostrarupis pauper Harris, Ap. 76, pl. 8, fig. 4. Pseudoliva ostrarupis pauper Harris, No. 4, p. 99, pl. 9, fig. 20. cad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Proc., Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. 1, Figured without description or comment in 1895. Locality.-Smiley's Bluff, Brazos River, 2 miles above the mouth of Pond Creek, Milam Co., Tex. Geological horizon.-Midway Eocene. Type.-Texas State Museum. (Harris, 1896.) The pauper is a much more slender shell than Pseudoliva ostra­rupis and more fusoid in outline, the maximum diameter falling near the median horizontal. CERITHIUM PENROSE! Harris 1895. Cerithium penrosei Harris, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Proc., p. 79, pl. 9, fig. 4. 1896. Cerithium penrosei Harris, Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. 1, No. 4, p. 107, pl. 11, fig. 4. Whorls at least 15, gradually tapering, ornamented as follows: by (1) about seven laterally compressed, oblique subcentral or basal nodes, or costae on each whorl, those on the smaller whorls of the spire not so distinctly defined as represented by the figure; by (2) spiral lines or striae, ab<>ut five of which are strong and occupy the lower one-third of each whorl, three or four more are finer and occupy a narrow, irregular central zone, while four or five more occupy the upper or non-costate portion of the whorls. The costae on the several whorls are arranged in lines corresponding in direction to the obliquity of the costae. Unfortunately only fragments of this large Cerithium have been found; it doubtless measured eight or ten inches in length when entire. 318 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 Locality.-Smiley's Bluff, Brazos River, 2 miles above the mouth of Pond Creek, Milam Co., Tex. Geological horizon.-Midway Eocene. Type.-Texas State Museum. (Harris, 1895.) Cerithium penrosei has proved to be one of the most dependable of the local guide fossils of the lower Wilcox. Class Order Suborder Family Genus CEPHALOPODA NAUTILOIDEA HOLOCHOANITES CL YDONAUTILIDAE HERCOGLOSSA Conrad 1866. 1883. Hercoglossa Conrad, Am. Jour. Conchology, vol. 2, p. Enclimatoceras Hyatt, Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc., Holotype.-Nautilus ulrichi. 101. vol. 22, p. 270. Type by subsequent designation.-Nautilus orbiculata Tuomey (Hyatt, Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc., vol. 22, p. 270, 1883). 1933. Hercoglossa Miller and Thompson, Jour. Paleontology, vol. 7, p. 313. 1933. Cimomia Miller and Thompson, four. Paleontology, vol. 7, p. 305 (in part). Not Cimomia Conrad, Am. Jour. Conchology, vol. 2, p. 102, 1866. Nautiloid; septa angular and linguiform; apex of the angle, or tongue­shaped lobe, not contiguous with the adjacent septum; siphon large or mod­erate, situated within the centre, or between the middle and inner margin, and not dorsal or funnelshaped, but tubular and gradually tapering. (Conrad, 1866.) The genus was restricted by Miller and Thompson to forms char­acterized as follows: Conch nautiliconic in its mode of growth and subdiscoidal in form. Whorls more or less flattened (but typically very broadly rounded) laterally, narrowly rounded ventrally, and deeply impressed dorsally. Umbilicus small. Surface of conch smooth. Septa numerous and each suture forms a broad, broadly rounded ventral saddle; a broad, deep rounded lateral lobe; a similar lateral saddle; a broad, very shallow rounded lobe on or near the umbilical wall, a broad, fairly deep saddle on the lateral side of the impressed zone; and a broad, moderately deep, narrowly rounded dorsal lobe. Siphuncle small and ortho­choanitic in structure; its position varies considerably in the different species but it is in no case marginal. Hercoglossa is perhaps more closely related to Cimomia than to any other described genus . . .. However, typically Hercoglossa differs from Cimomia in that the sutures of the latter are much less strongly sinuous. (Miller and Thompson, 1933.) In their excellent study of the nautiloid cephalopods of the Mid­way group, Miller and Thompson have placed under Hercoglossa ulrichi the large nautiloids from the Midway north of Lockhart in Caldwell County, and under the genus Cimomia those from the Rio Grande Embayment province described by me as Enclimatoceras vaughani. Enclimatoceras was retained in former reports in preference to Hercoglossa because the title of the earlier genus is somewhat clouded. The type, Nautilus orbiculatus Tuomey, is a species curtly described by Tuomey from the "Cretaceous of Alabama." He states that "this is the largest of the genus found in our rocks, being ten inches in diameter. It resembles quite closely N. Danicus, especially in the undulations of the septa." It has been suggested that Tuomey had in mind the species later described as Enclimatoceras ulrichi but the type has been lost and nothing can be proved. The nomenclature is further involved by the possibility that both Hercoglossa and Enclimatoceras may fall under Aganides Montfort described in his Conchyliologie Systematique, vol. 1, p. 30. Montfort's unique type is Aganides capucinus Montfort, a species purporting to come from the vicinity of Namur, Belgium, and one which has never been satisfactorily identified by European paleontologists. The suggestion has been made that it is synonymous with Hercoglossa danica (Schlotheim) but in the absence of a type or a type locality, it is impossible to prove anything. Namur is in a Carboniferous belt which lends weight to the theory that capucinus is a goniatite though the figure certainly does not suggest it. The fact that through many years no large nautiloid has been recognized in the Cretaceous of Alabama makes it reasonably certain that the type of Hercoglossa orbiculata came from the Eocene. Hercoglossa is the prior name, the more generally accepted and though it is unfortunate that the type has been lost and that we do not know where it came from, the lesser evil is, perhaps, to accept the better known name and rationalize its past associations as best we may. The large nautiloids of the lower Eocene of the Gulf Province seem, with the exception of the Eutrephoceras, to form so compact a group that their relationships both biologic and strati­graphic are better expressed by referring them all to H ercoglossa than by including under Cimomia those with more shallow lobes and saddles. These relatively shallow-lobed forms seem to be more closely related to the ulrichi type than to the Belgian genotype of Cimomia from an uncertain but possibly higher horizon. Cimomia 320 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 burtini Galeotti came presumably from the environs of Brussels, Belgium. The surface formation in that area is probably a little higher than that with which the Midway has been correlated. HERCOGLOSSA ULRICH! White 1881. Nautilus texanus Shumard, White, U. S. Nat. Mus., Proc., YO!. 4, p. 137. Not Nautilus texanus Shumard, 1860, Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans., vol. 1, p. 590. 1883. Enclimatoceras ulrichi White, Hyatt, Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc., vol. 22, p. 270 (designated the type of the genus Enclimaloceras) . 1884. Enclimatoceras (Nautilus) ulrichi White, U. S. Geo!. Survey, Bull. 4, pp. 16--17, pl. 7, figs. 1-3; pl. 8, fig. l; pl. 9, fig. 1. 1886. (?) Enclimatoceras hyatti? White, Aldrich, Geo!. Survey Alabama, Bull. 1, p. 60. 1890. Hercoglossa ulrichi White, Foord and Crick, Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. 5, p. 392. 1894. Enclimatoceras (Nautilus) ulrichi White, Harris, Geo!. Survey Arkansas, Ann. Rept. for 1892, pp. 36--39, pl. 2, figs. 1-3. 1896. Enclimatoceras ulrichi White, Harris, Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 122-125, pl. 13, figs. 1-3; pl. 14, fig. l; pl. 15, fig. 1. 1910. Hercoglossa (Enclimatoceras) ulrichi (White) Grabau and Shimer, North American Index Fossils, vol. 2, pp. 111-112, text fig. 1343. 1914. Enclimatoceras ulrichi White, Deussen, U. S. Geo!. Survey, Water­Supply Paper 335, pl. 3, figs. l, la, lb. 1924. Enclimatoceras ulrichi White, Deussen, U. S. Geo!. Survey, Prof. Paper 126, p. 41, pl. 14, figs. 1, la, lb. 1933. Hercoglossa ulrichi (White) Miller and Thompson, Jour. Paleontology, vol. 7, p. 319. Shell moderately large; somewhat narrowly but regularly rounded upon the periphery in the adult state, and broadly rounded at the sides; whorls almost completely involute, the umbilici being very small; septa somewhat deeply concave; ventral saddles large, prominent, and regularly rounded; lateral lobes broad and moderately deep; lateral saddles prominent and narrow, and rounded at the outer end, and also becoming laterally prominent in the later formed septa of adult shells. The character of the surface is unknown, but it was apparently plain; and the test was moderately thin. In the young state the shell was more globose in form, and the septa were much less deeply lobed. All the specimens which have yet come under my observation are in the condition of natural casts, and all are imperfect. The best one of these specimens is figured on plates VII, VIII and IX, together with a fragment show­ing the inner volutions. The outlines which are added to the figures represent the supposed outline of the aperture of the adult shell. The diameter of the coil of the type specimen, when perfect, was apparently about 180 millimeters. The greatest transverse diameter about 125 millimeters. Some of the specimens already referred to, which were collected in Alabama by Mr. Johnson, indicate a considerably larger size .... The collection sent by Mr. Ulrich to the Smithsonian containing the type specimens of this species also contains representatives of numerous other species, but all of them, like these types, are imperfect. Among them are Callianassa ulrichi White, Tubulosteum dickhauti White, Gryphaea pitcheri Morton?, Turritella, Anchura, Arinaea, Cucullaea, etc. The type specimens bear the Museum catalogue number 8349; and permission to use them in the preparation of this article has been given by the Director of the Museum. (White, 1884.) When the report upon the Rio Grande Emhayment was written, there was no nautiloid material from north Texas in our available collections. Fragmentary material from Caldwell County indicated a species with wider lobes than those of H ercoglossa ulrichi. Later and better material from north of Lockhart is not separable from H. ulrichi at the type locality in Pulaski County, Arkansas. Herco­glossa ulrichi is the species most readily comparable to the widely reported Hercoglossa danica Schlotheim and the species commonly advanced as evidence for the synchroneity of the Danian and Mid­way faunas.9 Miller and Thompson have indicated the differences between the North American Gulf species and that of Denmark. The nautiloid faunas of Caldwell and Maverick counties are separable by no marked time interval and include a number of common molluscan forms, and yet there is no evidence that H ercoglossa ulrichi was able to establish itself in the Rio Grande Emhayment. Granting unusual environmental conditions in the Emhayment, the forms that we might reasonably expect to find in common with those of the north and central Texas faunas would he of the character reputed to Hercoglossa ulrichi, i.e., wide-ranging species, with easily transportable shells. We know, of course, very little of the early Eocene oceanic currents hut if they are invoked to account for trans­Atlantic distribution one might reasonably expect shore currents to he operative as well. But H ercoglossa vaughani has not been recognized to the north of the Rio Grande Emhayment and H erco­glossa ulrichi has not been recognized to the south of Guadalupe 9Scott, Gayle, On a new correlation of the Texas Cretaceous : Amer. Jour. Sci., 5th ser., vol. 12, pp. 157-161, 1926. --. --. Etudes stratigraphiques et paleontologiques sur les terrains cretaces du Texas: Univ. Grenoble, thesis, p. 114, 1926. --, --, Age of the Midway group : Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 45, No. 6, pp. 1112­1158, pie. 132-134, 1934. County. Certainly forms so highly organized as the cephalopods must have a stratigraphic value, if their diagnostic characters are recorded in the parts which are preserved. Occurrence.-U.S.G.S. Sta. 11704?, 3 miles (air line) north of Lytton Springs in Caldwell County. HERCOGLOSSA species A specifically indeterminate juvenile was recovered from the Littig glauconitic member of the Kincaid formation (U.S.G.S. Sta. 13244). HERCOGLOSSA VAUGHANI Gardner Pl. 27; PL 28, figs. l, 2 1923. Enclimatoceras vaughani Gardner, l l. S. Geol. Survey, Prof. Paper 131-D, p. 115, pl. 33, figs. 1-3. 1933. Hercoglossa vaughani Gardner?, Plummer, Univ. Texas Bull. 3232, p. 817' fig. 53. 1933. Enclimatoceras vaughani Gardner, Miller, A. K., and Thompson, M. L., Jour. Paleontology, vol. 7, No. 3, p. 307. Shell large, rather compressed toward the apex, more broadly rounded ventrally toward the aperture, obliquely flattened laterally; whorls numerous, increasing but slowly in latitude; the altitude of the earlier whorls a little more than three times their average width from suture to suture, of the later whorls a little less; final whorl of a half grown specimen rudely reniform in outline, somewhat auriculate laterally, concave, the diameter of the whorl approxi­mately double the altitude; umbilici quite strongly depressed, their peripheries obscurely carinate; ventral saddle very broad and nearly horizontal; lateral lobes broad and very shallow; lateral saddles relatively narrow and moderately deep; siphuncle dorsal, migrating slowly toward the center with increasing age; surface not known. Dimensions. -Maximum diameter of holotype, 168.0-+-milli­meters; diameter of shell at right angles to maximum diameter, 140.0± millimeters; thickness, 100.0 millimeters. Adolescent para­type: maximum diameter of shell, 93.0± millimeters; diameter of shell at right angles to maximum diameter, 64.0± millimeters; maximum thickness, 73.0± millimeters. A larger but imperfect individual attains a maximum diameter of 220.0 millimeters. Holotype.-U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 352261; paratype, U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 352262. Type locality.-U.S.G.S. Sta. 3178, three-fourths mile northwest of Evans' (Myrick's) apiary, Frio River, Uvalde County. Enclima.toceras vaughani is the South Texas analogue of Encli­ma.toceras ulrichi (White), of the Midway of Alabama, a form very similar in general dimensions and outline. The adult E. vaughani are, as a rule, more compressed than the adult E. ulrichi, but the young of the two species show similar ranges of variation. The umbilici also seem to be a little more depressed in the Texas species. The most obvious and constant difference, however, is in the outline of the lobes and saddles. The sutures in E. ulrichi are much more flexuous than those of E. vaughani. In E. vaughani the ventral saddle is nearly horizontal and the lateral lobes exceedingly shallow. In E. ulrichi the ventral saddle is perceptibly arcuate and the lateral lobes are strongly incurved. The lateral saddles are well developed in both species, though they are deeper in the Texas form. This is one of a large group of species of world-wide distribution in the late Cretaceous and early Eocene. Occurrence.-Kincaid formation. Uvalde County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 3178, three-fourths of a mile northwest of Evans' (Myrick's) apiary, Frio River. Maverick County : U.S.G.S. Sta. 3179, one-half mile northwest of Evans' (Myrick's) apiary; U.S.G.S. Sta. 11756, Media tank, 26 miles southeast of Eagle Pass on Windmill (Jacal) ranch road; U.S.G.S. Sta. 6583, Bibora Creek, about 18 miles southeast of Eagle Pass. Wills Point formation. Navarro County: Trinity River, 5% miles east-northeast of Kerens. (Plummer.) THE CORAL FAUNA OF THE MIDWAY EOCENE OF TEXAS T. WAYLAND VAUGHAN and WILLIS PARKISON POPENOE The coral fauna of the Midway Eocene of Texas includes thirteen separate species and varieties. Only two of the species, each repre­sented in a single locality by a single specimen, belong to the colonial types. The remaining eleven species, containing probably 95 per cent of the specimens, are all of solitary forms. Evidently the Texas Midway seas did not afford conditions favorable to the growth of reef-building corals. Eight of the thirteen species and varieties are new and have not been reported outside of Texas. Of the remaining five, one may prove to be identical with a doubtful single specimen described from the Midway of Alabama; the remaining four are represented in beds of Midway and Wilcox age outside of Texas. These four are: Fla­bellum conoUleum, Flabellum conoideum var. matthewsense, Balano­phyllia ponderosa, and Haimesiastraea conferta. Flabellum conoideum, which is fairly abundant and widespread in the Texas Midway, is reported from both the Sucarnoochee clay and Naheola formation of Alabama; F. conoideum var. matthewsense, also well represented in Texas, appears to be restricted outside of Texas to the beds of the Naheola formation at Matthews Landing, Alabama; Balanophyllia ponderosa, represented in several localities in Texas by the varietal form texana, is reported elsewhere only from beds of the Clayton in the vicinity of Prairie Creek, Wilcox County, Alabama; while Haimesiastraea conferta, appearing in the Clayton, persists until Wilcox time, being found in formations referred to that epoch in Alabama, South Carolina, and Maryland. Five of the eight genera to which the Texas Midway corals are referred are represented among living species. These five genera­Flabellum, Caryophyllia, Trochocyathus, Paracyathus, and Balano­phyllia-are all of wide geographic distribution, some being prac­tically cosmopolitan. They appear in the deeper and colder seas as well as in the shallower waters. No very definite testimony as to 326 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 the conditions of depth or temperature under which the Texas Mid­way sediments were deposited is thus offered by the contained coral fauna. FLABELLUM CONOIDEUM Vaughan Pl. 3, fig. 1 1894. Flabellum. conoideum Vaughan nom. nud., Rept. Geo!. Coastal Plain Alabama, Geol. Survey Alabama, p. 248. 1900. Flabellum conoideum Vaughan, U. S. Geo!. Survey, Mon. 39, p. 56, pl. 3, figs. 1-4. In 1900, Vaughan (29aa, p. 56) described this species as follows: Attached by a small short pedicel. Slightly compressed conical in shape. No lateral wing or lateral processes. Cross section elliptical, rounded at the ends of the longer transverse axis, not angular, as is usually the case with the others of our Eocene species of Flabellum. Obscure costae correspond to the primary and secondary septa. Lines of growth are well marked; some· times corresponding to them are girdling, rather shallow, depressions. The wall is thin at its upper edge, but thick in its lower portion, owing to internal calcareous deposit. Epitheca well developed, extending to the upper edge of the corallum wall. Septa slightly exsert, margins entire; inner free portion undulated, sides granulate. In the adult there are 16 principal septa. Septa! arrangement four complete cycles, members of the fifth cycle appearing near the ends of the longer transverse axis. . .. The columella is typical for the genus, i.e., is formed by the fusion of septal trabecnlae. Calice not very deep.•.. Dimensions o.f a specimen from U.S.G.S. Sta. 11946.-Altitude, 13.3 millimeters; greater diameter of ca lice, 11.2 millimeters; lesser diameter of calice, 9.0 millimeters. Type locality.-Prairie Creek, Wilcox County, Alabama. Types.-U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 157851. Outside of Texas this species of Flabellum is abundantly repre­ sented in the Midway Eocene beds in the vicinity of Prairie Creek and Matthews Landing, Wilcox County, Alabama. The Texas forms are, on the average, perhaps slightly more elongate and more slender than the Alabama specimens, hut this difference is not a constant one. Occurrence.-Midway group. Navarro County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 10846, about 4 miles south of Wortham. Limestone County: U.S. G.S. Sta. 11948, Tehuacana (top member of Kincaid formation), Mexia. Williamson County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 10796, upper bed on Dry Brushy Creek 6 miles south of Thrall, on Taylor-Beaukiss road. Ba.;trop County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 11913, Colorado River, 2 miles below Travis-Bastrop County line. CaUwell County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 10794, about 4.6 miles west and a little north of Lockhart in gully at jog in secondary road. FLABELLUM CONOIDEUM var. MATTHEWSENSE Vaughan PI. 3, fig. 2 1900. Flabellum conoideum var. matthewsense Vaughan, U. S. Geol. Survey, Mon. 39, p. 58, pl. 3, figs. 5-6a. Vaughan characterized this variety as follows: Differs from typical F. conoideum in having well-developed costae, correspond­ing to the first and second cycles of septa, but grades directly into the typical form of the species. All of the specimens of this variety that were examined have only 12 principal septa each. The epitheca is decidedly of the character of that of F. lerchi. It is highly probable that the latter species is a descendant of this variety. Dimensions of a specimen from U.S.G.S. Sta. 10527.-Altitude, 14.9 millimeters; greater diameter of calice, 10.0 millimeters; lesser diameter of calice, 8.6 millimeters. Type.-U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 157853. Type locality.-Matthews Landing, Wilcox County, Alabama. The only reported occurrence of this variety outside of Texas is from the type locality. Occurrence.-Kincaid formation (lower Midway) . Navarro Coun­ty: U.S.G.S. Sta. 10846, about 4 miles south of Wortham. William­son County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 11903, Dry Brushy Creek on Harvey Hen­son farm, 5 miles southeast of Coupland; U.S.G.S. Sta. 10420, Dry Brushy Creek, 6 miles south of Thrall, Taylor-Beaukiss road. Bas­trop County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 11697, gully south of Cedar Creek, Lyt­ton Springs road, 1 mile south of Cedar Creek; U.S.G.S. Sta. 11696, Colorado River, 1% miles below Travis-Bastrop County line; and U.S.G.S. Sta. 10527, Colorado River, one-fourth mile above mouth of Dry Creek, about 4~-'2 miles downstream from Webberville. Gua­dalupe County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 11702, 1 % miles southwest of Fentress. FLABELLUM TEXENSE Vaughan and Popenoe new species Pl. 3, figs. 3-5 Corallum compressed-conical in shape, base with a slight pedicel, not very sharply set off from the rest of the corallum. Cross section 328 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 subelliptical with a pronounced angle at the two ends of the greater diameter of the calice. Margin of the corallum in the longitudinal plane through the greater diameter of the calice, crenate and con­vexly curved. Outline in the longitudinal plane through the lesser diameter, almost straight or slightly concave. Septa 48 in number in four complete cycles. Septa of the first and second cycles rather thick, those of the first cycle being some­what the thicker, both cycles reaching the columella and fusing with it. Septa of the third and fourth cycles thin, and free on their inner margins. Septal faces sparsely granulate. Columella typical for the genus. Costae opposite the first two cycles of septa, prominent at the rim of the corallum, those opposite the first cycle of septa prominent to the base. Margins along the ends of the major axis of the calice produced into a narrow keeled or winglike process which is trans­versely wavy in outline. Epitheca thin and polished, extending to the rim of the corallum. Dimensions of the type.-Altitude, 9.5 millimeters; greater di­ameter of the calice, 7.6 millimeters; lesser diameter of the calice, 6.5 millimeters. Type.-V. S. Nat. Mus. No. 371034. Type locality.-V.S.G.S. Sta. 11913, Colorado River, 2 miles be­ low the Travis-Bastrop County line, Bastrop County, Texas. Flabellum texense finds its closest analogues in the varieties of F. cuneif orme Lonsdale, common in the middle and upper Eocene of the Gulf Coastal Plain. The closest resemblance is between F. texense and F. cuneiforme var. pachyphyllum Gabb and Horn, repre­sented in beds of lower Claiborne age from Alabama to Texas. The Claiborne variety is so similar, in the character of its costae and epitheca, in the appearance of its lateral wings, and in its general shape, to F. texense as to suggest that the latter species represents an ancestral form of F. cuneiforme and its varieties. The features dis­tinguishing F. texense from F. cuneiforme var. pachyphyllum are its smaller size, fewer septa, with only 12 principal ones, fewer prominent costae, narrower basal portion, and more broadly ovate calicular outline. Occurrence.-Kincaid formation. Bastrop County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 11696, Colorado River, 1% miles below the Travis-Bastrop County line; and U.S.G.S. Sta. 11913, Colorado River, 2 miles below the TraYis-Bastrop County line. TROCHOCYATHUS COLORADOENSIS Vaughan and Popenoe new species Pl. 3, figs. 6, 7 Corallum small, simple, subconical, with a blunted, laterally com­pressed, and overturned base. Calicular outline broadly elliptical to circular. Fossa shallow. Septa exsert, 36 in number in the larger specimens, in three com­plete cycles with some septa of the fourth cycle present. Septa of the first cycle stouter than the remainder, reaching the center of the calice and fusing there to form the columella. Septa of the second cycle reaching nearly to the center of the calice and fusing by their inner margins to the faces of the septa of the first cycle on either side. Septa of the second cycle not so stout as those of the first cycle but much stouter than those of the third and fourth cycles, which are narrow, thin, and free on their inner margins. Pali in two crowns before the first two cycles of septa, the narrower pali being before the septa of the first cycle. Septa! faces granulate. Septal upper margins entire, rounded. Costae corresponding in number to the septa, prominent at the rim of the corallum, inverted V-shaped in cross section, coarsely granulate on the crests and sides, becoming more obscure, lower, and more rounded in outline toward the base. lntercostal areas deep at the rim, shallower lower down on the corallum wall. The center of each area usually ornamented with a fine, raised, granulate stria extending from the calicular rim nearly to the base. Dimensions of a cotype.-Altitude, 5.0 millimeters; diameter, 4.5 millimeters. Dimensions of a second cotype.-Altitude, 7.0 millimeters; di­ ameter of calice at the widest part, 6.0 millimeters. Cotypes.-U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 371035. Type locality.-U.S.G.S. Sta. 11913, Colorado River, 2 miles be­ low the Travis-Bastrop County line, Bastrop County, Texas. AboYe the V enericardia bulla zone. Trochocyathus coloradoensis bears a superficial resemblance to T. speciosus (Gabb and Horn) from the Midway Eocene of Hardeman 330 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 County, Tennessee, in the general shape of the corallum and in the shape and granulation of the costae. T. speciosus is a larger coral than is T. coloradoensis, however, possesses more costae and septa, and has a fascicular columella with a pronouncedly depressed sum­mit, while the columella of T. coloradoensis consists merely of the thickened and fused inner edges of the pali opposite the first and second cycles of septa, and lies very slightly below the level of the top of the cup. T. woolmani from the Matawan group (Upper Cre­taceous) of New Jersey is also similar in superficial appearance to T. coloradoensis, and apparently approaches it closely in size. T. woolmani has only three cycles of septa, however, slender and incon­spicuous pali, a fascicular columella, and distinct rows of granules along the costal crests, while T. coloradoensis usually has more than three cycles of septa, rather large and conspicuous pali, and small, scattered granules irregularly distributed over the costae. Occurrence.-Kincaid formation. Kaufman County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 11665?, Water Hill, 5 miles northeast of Kemp. Williamson County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 10420, Dry Brushy Creek, 6 miles south of Thrall on Taylor-Beaukiss road. Bastrop County: U.S.G.S. Sta. 11696, Colorado River, Ilh miles below the Travis-Bastrop County line; and U.S.G.S. Sta. 11913, Colorado River, 2 miles below the Travis-Bastrop County line. TROCHOCYATHUS UBER Vaughan and Popenoe new species Pl. 3, figs. 8, 9 Corallum large, simple, mammiform, with a short nipple-like base. Calice nearly circular in outline, axial fossa round, not very deep. Septa 58 to 60 in number in most specimens, in four complete cycles with some septa of the fifth cycle; exsert, those of the first and second cycles sometimes projecting as much as 2.0 millimeters above the top of the wall. Septa of the first and second cycles reaching the columella, those of the first cycle slightly stouter than those of the second. Septa of the third cycle thinner than those of the second, extending about two-thirds of the way from the wall to the columella, and fusing by their inner margins to the faces of the septa of the second cycle lying beside them. A few of the septa of the fourth cycle fusing by their inner margins to the faces of the third-cycle septa beside them. Pali before all of these. Remaining septa narrow and thin and free on their inner margins. Septal upper margins arcuate, thinner and dentate toward the wall, thicker and smoother toward the columella. Almost vertical rows of granules ornamenting the septal faces, sometimes fusing near the upper mar­ gins to form short striae and alternating in position on opposite sides of the septal wall, giving a laterally wavy cross section to the septum when viewed from above. Septa noticeably thicker at the wall. Columella depressed below the level of the calicular rim, papillate on the summit. Costae corresponding to the septa in number. Those opposite the first two cycles of septa the most prominent and projecting farthest above the top of the cup. Those of the third cycle not so prominent as those of the first two cycles hut larger and more prominent than those opposite the fourth and fifth cycles. All costae granulate on the sides and crests. Epitheca prominent and thick over the lower two-thirds of the corallum wall, with irregular encircling growth lines, thinner above, and consisting of discontinuous encircling shreds and wisps. Dimensions of a cotype.-Altitude, 11.2 millimeters; diameter of calice, 17.3 millimeters. Cotypes.-U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 371032. Type locality.-U.S.G.S. Sta. 10846, 31/2 to 4 miles south of Wortham, Navarro County, Texas. This species greatly resembles T. kyf holotype. 5. Interior of paratype (left valve) showing hinge; height and length, 26.()± mm. 6. Venericardia species ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------165 Left valve; height, 26.0 mm.; length, 34.0± mm. The University ofTexas Bulletin 8801 Plate 16 6 PLATE 16 Figures- Page 1, 2. Phacoides (Miltha.?) albaripa Gardner new species ......---·------------------173 1. Exterior of right valve of holotype; height, 17.0 mm.; length, 20.0 mm. 2. Front view of double valves of holotype; oonvexity, 8.4 mm. 3, 4. Phacoides (Lucinisca) mesakta Gardner new species -----·------------------174 3. Exterior of holotype (left valve) ; height, 6.0 mm.; length, 7.0 mm. 4. Interior of holotype. 5, 6. Kelliella? evansi Gardner new species----·--------------·---·---------------------------177 5. Exterior of right valve ( cotype) ; height, 2.55 mm.; length, 2.55 mm. 6. Exterior of left valve of another individual (cotype); height, 2.4 mm.; length, 2.4 mm. 7, 8. Kelliella? aldrichi Gardner new species .... -------------·------------------------------178 7. Exterior of holotype (right valve); height, 1.8 mm.; length, 2.0± mm. 8. Interior of holotype. 9, 10. Protocardia quihi Gardner new species ...... -----------------·----------------------------180 9. Exterior of holotype (left valve) ; height, 7.2 mm.; length, 7.5± mm. 10. Exterior of paratype (left valve); height, 5.5 mm.; length, 6.1 mm. 11. Protocardia actia Gardner new species ...... ----------------···---------------------------181 Exterior of holotype (left valve); height, 7.5 mm.; length, 8.5 mm. 12. Tellina quihi Gardner new species________ ·--·-·------------------·----·-------------------187 Exterior of holotype (right valve) ; height, 9.0 mm.; length, 13.5 mm. 2 1 5 6 12 10 9 11 374 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 PLATE 17 Figures-Page 1, 2. Callocardia hawtofi Gardner new species_________________________________________ 182 1. Front view of holotype; height, 23.2 mm.; length, 25.2 mm.; convexity, 15.0 mm. 2. Exterior of left valve. 3. Callocardia ptelei.na Gardner new species--------------------------------------183 Fragment of left valve from 5.7 miles northwest of Castroville on the Quihi road. X 3. 4-6. Callocardi.a kempa.e Gardner new species________________ _____ ___________ 185 4. Exterior of right valve (cotype); height, 3.5.0± mm.; length, 36.0± mm. 5. Exterior of left vah·e (cot}'ptl); height, 26.8 mm.; length, 30.0± mm. 6. Hinge of right valve of paratype from 5 miles northeast of Kemp, Kaufman County. Plate 17 The University ofTexas Bulletin 8301 2 1 4 376 The Uni·versity of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 PLATE 18 Figures--Page 1, 2. Callocardia biboraensis Gardner new species_ _____________________________________ 184 1. Exterior of left valve of holotype; height, 38.2 mm.; length, 44.0 mm. 2. Front view of holotype; convexity, 29.0 mm. 3. Callocardia kempae Gardner new species----------------------------------------------185 Profile of right valve (cotype) ; height, 35.0± mm.; convexity, 36.0± mm. Plate 18 1 3 2 378 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 PLATE 19 Figures-Page 1-3. CaUocardia pteleina Gardner new species_________________ -------------------------183 1. Front view of double valves (U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 370919) from U.S.G.S. Sta. 10128, Verde Creek, 1%. miles north· west of New Fountain, Medina County; height 18.0 mm.; length, 23.2 mm. ; convexity, 13.0 mm. 2. Exterior of right valve (holotype); height, 16.0 mm.; length, 21.5 mm. 3. Exterior of left valve (paratype); height, 7.5 mm.; length, 10.l mm. 4. Corbula milium DalL....------------------------------------------------------------------------------189 Holotype from left side; height, 2.3 mm.; length, 22 mm.; con· vexity, 1.6 mm. (After Dall.) 5. Corbula (Caryocorbula) kennedyi Gardner new species__________ _ _______ _ 191 Exterior of right valve (holotype) ; height, 3.3 mm.; length 4.6 mm. 6. Corbula (Caryocorbula) species indeterminate......--------------------------------194 Exterior of left valve; height, 4.1 mm.; length, 5.9 mm. 7-10. Corbula (Caryocorbula) coloradoensis Gardner new species.______ ______ 192 7. Exterior of right valve (cotype); height, 4.5 mm.; length, 6.5 mm. 8. Interior of right valve (cotype). 9. Exterior of left valve (cotypel ; height, 4.2 mm.; length, 5.5 mm. 10. Exterior of right valve (paratype); height, 4.4 mm. ; length, 5.2mm. 11, 12. Corbula (Caryocorbula ) species____ -----------------------------------------------------------192 11. Exterior of left valve from Tehuacana member of Kincaid fo~mation, Hondo River, Ys mile below Elstone Crossing; height, 3.1 mm.; length, 4.9 mm. 12. Exterior of left valve from the same locality; height, 3.5 mm.; length, 4.7 mm. Plate 19 The University ofTexas Bulletin 3301 2 1 12 3 11 5 4 6 10 9 7 8 380 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 PLATE 20 Figures-­ Page 1. Cadulus aUrichi Gardner new species________________ _ ____ ______________________________ 200 Profile of holotype from Salado Creek, 5.3 miles south of San Antonio; Wills Point formation; height, 10.0 mm.; greatest diameter, 1.5 mm. 2. Cadulus phoenicea Gardner new species.------------------------------------------------199 Profile of holotype; height, 3.0 mm.; greatest diameter, 1.0 mm. 3. Acteocina? species -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------204 Apertural vkw of juvenile showing protoconch; height, 1.7 mm. 4. Tornatellaea quercollis Harris·--------·---------------------------------------------------------202 Apenural view of holotype; height, 7.4 mm.; greatest diameter, 3.4 mm. 5. Tornatellaea texana Gardner new species·---------------------------------------------202 Apertural view of holotype ; height, 7.1 mm.; greatest diameter, 4.0 mm. 6, i. Cylichnina emoryi Gardner new species_______________________________________________ __ 206 6. Apertural view of holotype; height, 8.5 mm.; greatest di· ameter, 5.0 mm. 7. Rear view of holotype. 8, 9. Gilbertina texana Gardner new species·------------------------------------------------212 8. Apertural view of holotype; height, 2.8 mm.; greatest di· ameter, 2.5 mm. 9. Apertural view of holotype, showing colurnellar plaits and labial callous. 10. Levifusus lithae Gardner new species___ ________________________ __ ____________________ 225 Apertural view of holotype; height of incomplete specimen, 18.0 mm. ; greatest diameter, 13.5 mm. 11, 12. Orthosurcula phoenicea Gardner new species___________________________ _______ ____ 219 11. Apenural view of holotype; height, 10.8 mm.; greatest di· ameter, 3.5 mm. 12. Nuclear whorls of holotype. X 8. 13, 14. Mangelia schotti Gardner new species ------------------------------------·--------------222 13. Rear view of holotype ; height, 5.5± mm.; greatest diameter, 2.0 mm. 14. Apertural view of holotype. 15. Orthosurcula longipersa tobar Gardner new subspecies__________________ ··--217 Apertural view of holotype; height (of incomplete specimen), 19.5 mm.; greatest diameter, 6.0 mm. 16, 17. Tritaria ? emoryi Gardner new species -----------------------------------------------------255 16. Apertural view of holotype; height, 4.3± mm.; greatest di· ameter, 2.0 mm. 17. Rear view of holotype. 18, 19. Exilia pergracilis Conrad?______ __ ___________________ ----------------------------------·--------224 18. Apenural view of U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 373062 from U.S.G.S. Sta. 12112, Colorado River, Kincaid formation; height of incomplete specimen, 23.0 ~m.; greatest diameter, 4.8 mm. 19. Nuclear whorls of another individual. X 3. 20. Orthosurcula adeona (Whitfield) ?----------------------------------------------------------216 Apenural view of topotype; height, 15.8 mm.; greatest diameter, 6.7 mm. 21. Orthosurcula francescae Gardner new species________________________________________ 218 Apertural view of holotype; height, 15.6 mm.; greatest diameter, 4.5mm. Plate20 20 15 16 18 21 382 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 PLATE 21 Figures--- Page 1, 2. Volutocorbis texana Gardner new species-----------------------------------------------235 l. Apertural view of holotype; height, 28.0 mm.; greatest di­ameter, 12.5 mm. 2. Rear view of holotype. 3, 4. Volutocorbis rugata (Conrad)?----------------------------------------------------------------233 3. Apertural view of topotype? from Matthews Landing, Ala· bama; height, 38.0 mm.; greatest diameter, 15.3 mm. 4. Rear view of the same individual. (After Cooke.) 5. F a/,sifusus ottonis (Aldrich) ?-----------------------------------------------------------------248 Apertural view of U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 90'>35 from Matthews Landing, Alabama; height of specimen from which the ex· tremity of the anterior canal has been broken, 27.5 mm.; great· est diameter, 8.6 mm. 6. Laevibuccinum conslrictum {Aldrich)?--------------------------------------------------253 Apertural view of holotype (Johns Hopkins University) from Matthews Landing, Alabama; height, 34.6 mm.; greatest di· ameter, 16.7 mm. 7. Volutocorbis limo psis {Conrad)-----------------------------------------------------· 238 Apertural view of topotype? from Matthews Landing, Alabama; height, 26.0 mm.; greatest diameter, 12.0 mm. (After Cooke.) 8. Falsifusus tobar Gardner new species------------------------------·----------------250 Spire of holotype; height of incomplete individual, probably little more than half the height of the perfect shell, 18.0 mm.; greatest diameter, 7.5 mm. 9, 10. Tritonium (Colubraria) cedri Gardner new species ----------------------------262 9. Apertural view of holotype; height, 9.1 mm.; greatest di­ameter, not including the terminal varix, 3.2 mm. 10. Rear view of ho1otype. 11. Latirus? (Polygona) stepkensoni Gardner new species ___________ 245 Apertural view of holotype; height of spire, 25.0± mm.; great· est diameter, 20.0 mm. The University ofTexaa Bulletin 8801 Plate21 2 3 6 7 X2 5 10 11 384 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 PLATE 22 Figures- Page 1-3. Fasciolaria? plummeri Gardner new species ............ ·························--·· 2% 1. Apertural view of holotype; height (of broken specimen), 93.0 mm.; greatest diameter, 50.0 mm. 2. Rear view of holotype. 3. Apertural view of adolescent?; height (of broken specimen) , 53.0 mm.; greatest diameter, 29.0 mm. 4. Fasciolaria new species.·----------·--·--·-----···········-·-··--···········-·--··-····--···--······· 247 Height (of broken specimen), 58.0 mm. ; greatest diameter, 56.0 mm. The Unlveraity ofTexaa Bulletin 3301 Plate 22 1 2 3 4 386 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 PLATE 23 Figur- Page 1, 2. Ranularia hula Gardner new species -----------------------··----------------------------260 1. Apertural view of holotype; height, 33.5 mm.; greatest di­ameter, 15.0 mm. 2. Rear view of holotype. ~. Murex (Argobuccinzun) mansfieldi Gardner new species ________ _____ __ .... 258 3. Apertural view of cotype; height (of incomplete specimen), 22.0 mm.; greatest diameter, 11.6 mm. 4. Apertural view of cotype; height, 15.5 mm.; greatest di· ameter, including the terminal varix, 9.0 mm. 5. Rear view of same cotype. 6. Spire of cotype with well preserved sculpture; greatest diameter, 8.0 mm. 7. Epitonium (Ferminoscala?) doloszun (Aldrich)._______________________________ 278 Apertural view of holotype (Johns Hopkins University) from Grave Yard Hill, Wilcox County, Alabama; height, 7.8 mm.; greatest diameter, 4.5 mm. 8, 9. Epitonizun cookii Gardner new species·---------------------------·--------------·----·-276 8. Rear view of holotype; height (of incomplete specimen), 12.5 mm.; greatest diameter, 7.5 mm. 9. Apertural view of holotype. 10. Epitonizun species ----------------------··------------------------------·------------------------------277 Rear view of two last whorls; greatest diameter, 11.2 mm. The University ofTexa• Bulletin 3301 Plate 23 3 1 2 X4 7 6 5 4 9 8 10 388 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 PLATE 24 Figures- Page 1-3. Calyptraphorus aldrichi Gardner new species·------------------------------------268 1. Apertural view of holotype U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 373063 from Matthews Landing, Alabama; height, 38.4 mm.; greatest diameter, 16.0 mm. (After Cooke.) 2. Rear view of holotype. (After O:ioke.) 3. Apertural view of U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 373064, from U.S.G.S. Sta. 11696, Colorado River, Kincaid formation; height, 70.0± mm.; greatest diameter, 25.8 mm. 4. Calyptraphorus popenoe Gardner new species._________________________ 269 Apertural view of juvenile from the type locality, Indio Ranch, 6 miles south of the McFarland sheep pens, Maverick County; greatest diameter, 8.6 mm. 5. Calyptraphorus species cf. C. popenoe Gardner ----------------------------------270 Apertural view of juvenile from 31h miles southwest of Thornton, Limestone County; greatest diameter, 6.0 mm. 6-8. Cal,yptraphorus popenoe Gardner new species_________________________ __________ 269 6. Apertural view of juvenile from the type locality; greatest diameter, 7.5 mm. 7. Unveiled spire of paratype; greatest diameter, 16.0 mm. 8. Apertural view of holotype (incomplete specimen) ; height, 48.0 mm.; greatest diameter, 21.0 mm. 9. Genus and species indeterminate._______________________________________________ ______________ 266 Rear view; height (of incomplete specimen), 40.0 mm.; greatest diameter, including terminal flange, 31.0 mm. 10, 11. Cypraea? species -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------264 10. Apertural view; height (of incomplete specimen), 22.2 mm.; greatest breadth, 17.0 mm. 11. Dorsal view of the same individual. 12, 13. Bittium (Bittium) estellensis (Aldrich) ____________________________________________ 274 12. Apertural view of U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 373065, from U.S.G.S. Sta. 11914, Colorado River, Kincaid formation; greatest diameter, 3.7 mm. 13. Apertural view of U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 373066, from U.S.G.S. Sta. 11915, Colorado River, Kincaid formation; height of juvenile, 5.7 mm.; greatest diameter, 2.5 mm. The University ofTexas Bulletin 8801 Plate 24 4 1 2 5 11 x4 12 7 9 8 390 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 PLATE 25 Figures-Page 1, 2. Turritella sp. cf. T. humerosa Conrad_______________________________________ 288 1. Broken spire from U.S.G.S. Sta. 11754, Maverick County, Wills Point formation; greatest diameter, 8.3 mm. 2. Broken spire from U.S.G.S. Sta. 11936, 2% miles northwest of Groesbeck, Limestone County, Kincaid formation; great­est diameter, 11.0 mm. 3. Turritella biboraensis Gardner new species·----------------------------------·--290 Spire of holotype; height (of incomplete specimen), 42.4 mm.; greatest diameter, 15.9 mm. 4--6. Turritella hilli Gardner new species·-------------------------·----------------------------292 4. Two later whorls (paratype) showing outline and soulpture detail; greatest diameter, 12.6 mm. 5. Early whorls (paratype) showing outline and sculpture detail; greatest diameter, 7.3 mm. 6. Apertural view of holotype; height of incomplete specimen, 36.0 mm.; diameter of holotype, 13.0 mm. 7, 8. Mesalia mavericki Gardner new species_____________________________ __ __ _______ _ ___ 295 7. Two late whorls of specimen from type locality; greatest diameter, 17.5 mm. 8. Apertural view of holotype; height (of incomplete specimen), 32.0 mm.; greatest diameter, 17.0 mm. 9. Mesalia species cf. M. mavericki Gardner new species _________ _____________ 296 Apertural view of U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 370990, of specimen from Stranger School, 7% miles northwest of Kosse, Limestone County; height, 20.0 mm.; greatest diameter, 12.0 mm. 10. Turritella species cf. T. humerosa Conrad...----------------------------------288 Later whorls of spire from U.S.G.S. Sta. 11754, Maverick County, Wills Point formation; greatest diameter, 12.3 mm. The University ofTexas Bulletin 3301 Plate 26 l 2 4 3 7 10 8 9 392 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 PLATE 26 Figures- Page 1-5. Tubulostium tobar Gardner new species-------------------------------------------------281 1. Umbilical view of holotype; height, 2.0 mm.; greatest di­ameter, 6.0 mm. 2. Apical view of holotype. 3. Apertural view of holotype. 4. Apical view of U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 373166 from U.S.G.S. Sta. 12109, Cedar Creek, Bastrop County, Wills Point formation; height, 2.0 mm.; greatest diameter, 6.0 mm. 5. Apertural view of U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 373166. 6, 7. Architectonica phoenicea Gardner new species____________________ _____ __________ 301 6. Apertural view of holotype; height, 2.1 mm.; greatest di­ameter, 6.6 mm. 7. Umbilical view of holotype. S--10. Teinostoma eoa Gardner new species___________________________________________________ 313 8. Apical view of holotype; height, 0.8 mm.; greatest diameter, 1.5 mm. 9. Apertural view of holotype. 10. Umbilical view of holotype. 11, 12. Lemintina? gonioides Gardner new species__________ ____ __ ____________________ _ 279 11. Holotypa X 3. 12. Another detail from the same mass as that shown in Figure 11. 13, 14. Solariorbis proius Gardner new species_____________________________________________ 314 13. Apical view of cotype; height, 1.2 mm.; greatest diameter, 2.5 mm. 14. Umbilical view of cotype; height, 1.3 mm.; greatest diameter, 2.8 mm. 15. Polinices harrisii Gardner new species_______________________________________________ 306 Apertural view of holotype; height, 17.7 mm.; greatest diameter, 15.5 mm. 16, 17. Lacunaria lithae Gardner new species__________ _ _____________________ ___ __ ____________ 307 16. Rear view of holotype; height, 16.5 mm.; greatest diameter, 11.0 mm. 17. Apertural view of paratype; height (of incomplete specimen), 12.8 mm. The University ofTexas Bulletin 8801 Plate 26 394 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 PLATE 27 Figure- Page 1. H ercoglossa vaughani Gardner___________________________________________________ 322 Lateral view of holotype; greatest diameter. 168.0± mm.; di­ameter at right angles to greatest diameter, 140.0± mm.; thickness, 100.0 mm. The UniveraitvofTexas Bulletin 8801 PLATE 28 Figures-- Page 1, 2. Hercoglossa vaughani Gardner... --······--·--··-·--··-···-·--·-····-····-····-········· 322 1. Cross section of paratype; greatest diameter, 93.0± mm.; di· ameter at right angles to greatest diameter, 64.0 mm.; thick· ness before sectioning, 73.0 mm. 2. Apertural view of paratype. 1 2 INDEX Actaeon bella: 201 quercollis : 202 Acteocina: 204 leai: 205 Acteocina? species: 204, 380 Acteon wetherilli : 204 Afganistan : 93 Africa: 93, 97 Aganides capucinus: 319 Alabama River : 11 !l:~~r~n~.2~6' 11, 13 exilis: 256 Alicula: 208 Aliculastrum: 208 Aliculastrum?: 209 Allen ton, Alabama: 11 Aloidis : 189 Amusium : 143 alabamense: 54, 144, 145 papyraceum : 144 squamulum : 145 Amussium: 144 Anchura: 267 Anderson County: 44 Anderson Creek: 30 Angus: 40 Anomia : 148, 149 ephippium: 148 Aporrhais: 266 gracilis: 266 Arabia: 97 aragonite bed : 37, 38 Arca: 132 aurita: 123 concamerata: 125 fragilis: 120 glyeymeris: 133 hatchetigbeensis : 133 noae: 131 nucleus: 115 rostrata: 117 Architectonica : 300 phoenicea: 801, 992 planiformis : 301 Argobuecinum: 257, 258, 986 Argyrotheca: 113 aldriehi: 115 dalli: 114, 115 gardneri : 115 lutea: 115 powersi : 118, 114, 115, 350 sehucherti: 114, 115 Arkansas: 8 Astarte: 149, 150 Atys : 208, 209 cymbulus : 208 Auricula ringens: 210 Baculites: 41, 53, 54, 69, 70 Balanophyllia: 325 augustinensis: 342 irrorata: 342 ponderosa : 325, 342 ponderosa var. texana: 37, 841, 342, 848 texana : 325 Baluchistan: 93 Barrow, L. T.: 5 Barton, D.C. : 5, 15 Bassett quadrangle: 31 Bastrop County: 63, 65, 67 bentonite: 61 Berry, E. W.: 30 Bexar County : 28, 74 bibliography: 16 Bibora tank : 82 Big Hill: 44, 47 Big Hill fault: 46, 47 Birthright: 37 Bittium: 274, 275 estellensis: 52, 274, 988 Black Bluff• 10, 11, 13, 331 Blalocks : 32 Blanco Creek: 81 Blesse ranch: 83 Boggy Creek: 58 Bowie County: 28, 29, 30, 31, 32 Bracheux sands: 92, 93 Brachiodontes: 146, 956 Branner, J . C. : 32 Brashear : 3 7 Brazil: 98 Brazos River: 14, 27, 49 Brazos River section : 50 Breviarca: 130 steamsii: 88, 131, 352 Brongniart, Alexandre: 7 Bruck, E. W. : 15 Brushy Creek: 57 Ruccinum mississippiensis: 255 papillosum: 256 plumbeum : 254 prorsum : 252 Buch, Leopold von : 8 Buckley, S. B.: 32 Bulla eylindrica : 208 ficus: 263 lignaria : 207 naucum: 208 umbilicata : 206 Bullina leai: 205 Burton's Bluff: 40 Bushnell, D. I., Jr.: 32 Butler salt dome : 42, 43 Butts Gin: 76, 77 Buzzards Bluff: 30 Cadulus: 91, 198 abruptus : 200 aldrichi : 200, 380 phoenicea : 199, 380 subcoarctatus: 200 turgidus: 199 Caldwell County: 41, 68, 69, 71, 72 Callocardia biboraensis: 184, 185, 186, 376 gutta: 182 hawtofi : 82, 84, 182, 183, 185, 186, 974­kempae: 185, 186, 374, 976 pteleina: 77, 79, 189, 184, 97 4, 978 ripleyana: 183, 184 Calyptraea : 300 Calyptraphorus: 94, 266, 267, 271 aldrichi: 267, 268, 269, 270, 988 compressus: 98, 267, 268 popenoe : 267, 269, 270, 988 velatus: 88, 266, 267, 268 Calyptraphorus? chelonitis: 99 CaJyptrophorus : 266, 267 Calytrophorus velatus : 52 Campanile: 94, 99 Campbell fault: 38 Cancellaria : 228 quadrata : 229 silvaerupis: 229 ulmula: 229 Caney Creek : 36 Cannon, R. L.: 6, 76 Cardita alticostata: 52, 162 beaumonti: 92, 93, 94, 97, 9S 398 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 "Cardita" sandiegoensis : 162 Cardium: 1711 costatum: 179 hillanum: 180 semiasperum : 181 Caryocorbula: 53, 190, 191, 192, 198, 194, 978 Caryophyllia: 325 constricta : 395, 346 dumblei: 9!14, !146 mediavia: SSS, 346 Cedar Creek: 47, 63, 65, 67 Cedar Creek field: 44 Cerithiopsis estellensis: 27 4 Cerithium: 271, 272, 278 adansonii: 271 mesa! : 294 penrosei: 55, 817, 318 Central Mineral region : 23 Cibolo Creek : 73, 7 4, 7 5 Cimomia: 318, 319 burtini: 320 Ciste!la : 113 Claypool, C. B.: 21, 26 Clayton formation : 22, 325 C!inuropsis diderrichi: 97 "Coal Bluff beds" : 27 Cobb: 38 Colorado River: 65, 67 Colubraria: 261, 262, 981! Comanche Creek: 28, 82, 86 Comanche Crossing : 46 Commerce: 36 Confederate Reunion grounds : 36 Conopeum: 111 damicornis: 41, 89, 11!, 113, 950 Conrad, T. A. : 7 Cook, C. E. : 6, 36, 39, 47, 68 Cooke, C. W.: 11 Copenhagen: 94, 95, 96 Corbicula texana: 154, 956 Corbula: 192, 194, 378 alabamiensis : 190 coloradoensis : 191, 192, 193, 978 gibba: 1811 kennedyi: 53, 54, 191, 193, 978 laqueata: 190 milium: 189, 978 Coronia: 213, 214, 220 anacona: 316 mediavia: 214 ostrarupis: 315 Corsicana fault: 41 Corsicana graben: 41, 44, 47 Coupland: 58 Cox, L. R. : 94, 97 Crassatella gibbosula: 150 pteropsis : 151 tumidula: 151 Crassatellites : 150 cuneata: 151 gabbi: 52, 88, 151, 152, 153, 154 ioannes : 54, 152, 158, 362 sinuatus : 150 Crider, A. F. : 32 Cryoturris : 222 engonia : 222 Cucullaea : 94 auriculifera: 125 harttii: 98 kaufmanensis : 49, 126, 129, 130, 954 macrodonta: 47, 52, 54, 61, 88, as, 126, 128, 954 macrodonta "!: 73 saffordi: 128 texana: 79, 82, 83, 126, 127, 128, 354 Cumby: 35 Cuneocorbula: 190 Cunningham, K. M. : 11 Currie fault: 41 Cuvier, Georges : 7 Cylichna meyeri : 209 Cylichnina : 206 emoryi: ll06, 980 Cypraea: 264 estellensis : 265 tigris: 264 Cypraea? species : l!84, !JBS Dalby Springs : 31 Danian: 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 321 Daphne : 32 Daphne Prairie: 42 Davies, Me>rley : 96 Deccan: 93 DeKalb Prairie: 29 Delphinula depressa : 314 Denmark: 94 Denta!ium elephantium: 196 mediaviense: 54, 197 minutistriatum : 197 ovulum: 198 Deussen, Alexander: 5, 14, 15, 73, 83 Diplodonta: 176 Ditrupa subcoarcuata: 200 Douville, Henri: 93 Dry Brushy Creek : 58, 60, 61 Dry Creek : 65 Dumble, E. T.: 13, 14, 335 Dunlay: 75 Duval, Hugh: 6, 65, 67 East Bazette fault: 41 Egypt : 97 Elm Creek: 70, 81 Elmo fault : 39 Eloise: 49 "Elstone" facies: 76, 77 Elstone structure: 76 Emory, W. H.: 9 Enclimatoceras : 10, 318, 32() hyatti ? : 320 ulrichi: 319, 320, 322 vaughani: 319, 322 Englemann ranch : 78 Eopleurotoma: 214 Epitonium: 276, 277, 278, 986 cookii: 276, 277, SB6 dolosum: 278, 886 fermianum: 277 Evans' (Myrick's) apiary : 78, 79 Exilia: 223, 224 pergracilis: 223, U4, 980 Exogyra arietina: 56 Falls County: 10, 28, 48, 50, 52 Falsifusus : 248 ottonis: 248, 24~. 251, 982 meyeri: 248 t obar: 250, 251, 982 Farias ranch : 82 Fasciolaria : 246, 24 7 hubbardi: 248 new species: 247, 984 plummeri: 248 Fasciolaria? plummeri : 246, 247, 984 Featherstonhaugh, G. W.: 8 Ferminoscala: 277 Fermine>scala?: 278, 986 Ficula juvenis: 263 Ficus : 263, 264 juvenis : 263 Finch, John: 6 Flabellum: 325, 326 conoideum: 54, 325, 926, 946 eonoideum var. matthewsen9e: 54, 325, 927, 946 cuneiforme: 328 The Midway Group of Texas-Index cuneifcrme var. pachyphyllum : 328 texense: 327. 346 Foley, Lydon: 15 Fohn Hill: 77 Fobs, Julius: 15 Foster, J. W.: 32 Franklin County: 28, 29, 32, 33, 34 Freestcne County: 42 Frio River: 24, 78 79 90 "Fulgur ?" dallianu'.m: '226 Fusus: 225 antiquus: 251 hubbardanus: 247 mariae: 99 meyeri: 248, 249 Mississippiensis: 249 morchi : 98 ostrarupis: 54 ottonis: 248 pergracilis: 224 "Fusus engonatus": 221 Garfield: 67 Garumian : 96 Garza Crossing : 7 5 German colonization : 8 Getzendaner, F. M. : 5, 80, 81 Gilbertia : 211 estellensis: 212 Gilbertina : 211 estellensis : 213 inopinata: 211 texana: 1!12, 213, 880 Gisortia: 94 gigantia: 96 Glycymeris: 133 orbicularis: 133 Glyptoactis: 157, 161 Glyptoactis?: 157 Godl.,y's Prairie: 30 Gould, James : 5, 6 Goolesboro: 32 Greenville: 36 Groesbeck : 46, 4 7 Groesbeck fault: 44, 4 7 Gryphaea mucronata: 56 pitcheri: 137 vomer: 135, 137 Gryphaeostrea vomer: 70, 135, 136 Guadalupe County: 28, 73, 74 Guadalupe River: 27, 43, 7 4 Hagansport : 34, 35 Haimesiastraea conferta: 325, 388, 948 Half-Mile Creek: 67 Hall, James : 9 Hangu shale: 94, 97 Harpa dechordata : 99 Harris, G. D.: 7, 13, 26, 49 Hawtof, E. M. : 6 Hazard, W. 0.: 6 H eilprin, Angelo: 10 Hemipleurotoma : 214 Henderson County : 40 Hereoglossa: 71, 72, 88, 318 danica: 93, 95, 96, 98, 319 diderrichi : 98 ulriehi : 93, 320, 321 vaughani : 93, 321, 9£1!, 994, 996 High Bank : 49 Hill, R. T.: 8, 10, 11, 33 Hondo River: 76 Honest Ridge: 44, 46 H ooks: 30 Hopkins County: 34, 35, 36, 37 Hopkins, 0. B.: 14 Horn Hill: 44, 46 Humboldt, Alexander von: 8 Hunt County: 28, 35, 38 Jmbt, Floyd: 5 India: 93, 97 Indio: 79 lnd10 formation : 77, 78, 85, 86 Irishman Hill : 81 J ama.ica: 94, 98 Jett Crossing: 43, 74 J ohnson, L. C. : 10, 11, 13, 21 Jones, A. L. : 5 ~::h'ts':..1~'d':,~~~ ::· 28, 38, 39, 41 Kelliella: 176 abbyssicola: 176 Kelliella? aldrichi: 178, 371! evansi : 177, 972 Kemp: 39, 40 Kennedy, Willia m: 13, 49, 50, 55 Kerens : 27 Kerens member: 21, 22, 26, 27, 29 31 34, 31', 38, 44, 91 • • Kincaid fcrmatic>n: 21, 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, 34, 35, 38, 44, 45, 48, 49, 52, 53, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 63, 64, 66, 67, 68, 69, . 7~. 73, 74, 75, 78, 80, 81, 82, 84, 86 Kmca1d ranch: 78, 80, 81 Klagshamm: 94 Koenen, A. von: 94 Kressenberg: 92, 96, 97, 98 Lacunaria: 307 alabamiensis: 308 lithae : 807, 308, 992 Landana: 98 Landenian: 92, 96, 97 Laevibuccinum: 252 constrictum: !l59, 981! Lahee, F . H.: 15 Langdon, D. W.: 11 Latirus: 244 aurantiacus : 244 Latirus? stephensoni: 1!45, 981! Lavada: 35 Lavendertson County: 55 Robinson, Heath: 15 Rock Hill: 37 Rocky Cedar Creek: 12, 39 Rocky Cedar Creek limestone: 22, 26 Rocky Crossing: 49 Roemer, Ferdinand: 8, 9 "rosette concretions": 37 Rostellaria trinodifera: 268 velata: 267, 268 Row, Charles: 5 Rush Creek: 41 Saccella: 120, 121 Salado Creek: 75 San Gabriel River: 57 San Marcos : 7 4 San Marcos River : 73 Saunders, Mrs. D. A. : 36 Say, Thomas : 7 Sayre, N. A. : 74 Scala dolosa: 278 ferminiana: 277 Scaphander: 207 ligniticus: 207, 208 punctostriatus: 207 Scaphella: 243 showalteri: 243 Schimper, W. P.: 93 Schott, Arthur: 9 Schuddemagen ranch: 81 Scott, Gayle : 6, 321 Seashore, P. T. : 5, 60 Seelandian : 92, 95 Sellards, E. H.: 5, 14 Septastrea? kerioides: 889, 948 Serpula arenaria: 279 Serpulorbis: 279 Serrifusus : 99 402 The University of Texas Bulletin No. 3301 Shuster, E. A.: 6 Siliqua: 188 Siloam Church: 30 Sind: 93, 97 Smileys Bluff: 64 Smith, E. A.: 10, 11, 13, 21 Sokoto: 98 Solariorbis: 314 depressa: 315 proius : 314, 391 Solarium planiform.e: 301 Soldado formation : 92, 98 Solen radiatus: 188 Solomon Branch : 28 Solomon farm : 42, 43, 63 Solomon, Mr.: 54 South Sulphur River : 35 "Squirrel Creek" facies: 76, 77, 81, 82 ..Squirrel Creek formation": 71, 80 Stanton, T. W.: 39, 64 Staples : 71, 73 Stephenson, L . W.: 5, 11, 14, 32, 36, 39, 47, 63, 67, 73, 77, 78, 83 Stiles, E. B. : 5 Stranger School: 48 Streetman: 41, 42 Sucamoochee clay: 22, 325 Sulphur River: 33 Surcula: 213, 215, 216, 316 Surculites: 220, 221 annosus: 221 errans: 221 Sweden: 94 Syrnola trapaquara: 309 Syzranian : 92, 95 Talco: 32, 35 Tehuacana: 14, 25, 45 Creek : 42, 4 7 fault: 41, 44, 46, 47 hills: 10 lentil: 22 member : 22, 25, 26, 28, 39, 40, 43, 44, 45, 46, 48, 79, 82, 83, 84, 86 outcrop: 49 Teinostoma: 312 eoa: 313, 391 politum: 312 Tel!ina: 186 fluminalis: 154 quihi: 187, 188, 371 radiata: 186 Terebratula cuneata : 113 Teredo maverickensis: 196 navalis : 195 ringens: 195 Tethyan : 94, 96, 97, 98 Tethys : 91, 93 Texarkana Pipe Works: 30 Textiscala: 277 Thanet sands: 92, 96 Thompson, M. L. : 322 Tira : 35 Titus County: 28, 29, 31, 32, 34, 35 Togo: 98 Tombigbee River: 11 Topography : 28 Tornatellaea: 201, 202 bella: 201 quercollis: 201, !Of, 203, 380 texana: 201, !eO!t, 203, 380 Tornatina : 204 leai : 205 Travis County: 63, 67 Trigonarca perovalis : 130 saffordi: 130 saffordii : 130 Trinidad : 41, 98 Trinity River: 27, 40 Tritaria: 264, 266 Tritaria T emoryi : 155, 380 Triton eocensis: 261 n. sp. aff. T. eocense: 57 Tritonium: 261 cedri: !6!, 38! Trochocyathus : 326 cingulatus : 333 coloradoensis: 329, 346 hyatti: 331 speciosus: 329, 330 uber : 330, 331, 346 woolmani : 330 Trochus conchyliophorus : 298 leprosus : 298 perspectivus : 300 Trowbridge, A. C. : 16 Tubulostium: 280, 282 discoideum : 280 tobar: 281, 282, 392 Tuffeau de Ciply: 92 Turbo plicatus : 309 quadricarinatus : 311 scalaris: 276 terebra: 282 Turbonilla: 310 clinensis: 310 p!icatula: 310 Turritella: 282 adabienensis : 98 alabamiensis : 71, 283, 284, 285, 286 bellifera: 288 biboraensis: ll90, 291, 990 caelata: 284 catherdralis bellifera: 288 elicita: 290 eurynome: 288 hardemanensis : 297 hilli: 2n, 293, 390 humerosa: 283, !t88, 289, 290, 291, 39()' humerosa elicitatoides: 290 humerosa multileia (multilira) : 288 humerosa var. elicitatoides: 291 hybrida : 288, 289 kincaidensis: 285 levicunea: 292 mortoni: 283, 285, 286, 287 mortoni var. levicunea: 292 multilira: 288, 290 nerinexa : 72, 98, 291 ola: 291 plebeia : 294 saffordi : 283 wilcoxiana: 295 Udden, J. A. : 5, 60 Uvalde County : 77, 78, 79 Van Rensselaer, Jeremiah: 7 Van Zandt County: 10, 12, 38 Vaughan, T. W.: 78 Veatch, A. C. : 14, 32 Venericardia: 165, 165, 370 acuticostata: 162 alticostata: 166, 157, 160, 162, 164, 165, 166, 170, 171 alticostata subsp. hesperia: 164 bulla: 65, 66, 67, 156, 167, 163 164, 165, 366, 368 crenaea: 77, 81, 157, 165, 167, 370 cuvierr: 162 eoa: 170, 171, 370 hadra: 162 hesperia: 157, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169 imbricata : 165, 166 jewelli: 82, 157, 158, 169, 364 landanensis : 98 ' moa: 35, 36, 52, 82, 84, 157, 165, 166,.. 168, 169, 170, 360 The Midway Group of Texas-Index perantiqua : 166 planicoeta: 10, 156, 157, 160, 171 planicoeta var. smithi : 160 rotunda: 156, 171 smithii: 71, 82, 86, 157, 160, 161, 165, 171, 364 sp. cf. V. moa: 64, 67, 69 transversa: 160 tripla: 164 whitei : 166, 169 wilcoxensis: 156, 163, 368 Venericardia bulla zone: 26 Venericor: 157 Venus lupina: 176 scotica : 14 9 Verde Creek: 77 Vestre Gasvaerk : 94, 95 Volu!ithes cumeri : 98 Voluta glabella: 231 junonia: 243 limopsis : 238 nucleus : 241 reticulata : 228 rugata: 234 showalteri : 243 Spinosa : 233 Volutilithes : 232, 233, 238 ambigua: 238 crenulata: 238 limopsis : 238 petrosus : 233 rugata: 233 rugatus: 234 Volutocorbis: 232, 233, 241 abyssicola : 232 elevata: 96 kerensensis : 240 limopsis: 43, 47, 57, 72, 91, 98, 111, 232, 236, 237, 1188, 239, 240, 3811 quercollis : 236 rugata: 232, B33, 235, SBB rugatus : 236, 288 texana: 71, 91, 96, B35, 236, 238, 239, 3811 Volutospina: 233 Water Hill : 39 Wasson, Theron : 5 Webberville : 64, 65 White Bluff : 77, 83 White Oak Creek : 33 Whitney, F. L.: 6 Wieser, Miss Frances: 6 Wilbarger Creek: 65 Wilcox County, Alabama: 11 Williamson County: 58, 59 Willis, Robin: 5, 6 Wills Point: 12, 24 clays: 12, 13 formation: 21, 22, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 85, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41, 44, 45, 46, 47, 50, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 62, 63, 65, 66, 67, 68, 72, 73, 74, 79, 85, 86 section: 61 Wills point: 10 Winchell, Alexander: 11 Wortham aragonite lentil: 21, 22, 26 fault: 41, 42, 46 Wyatt Prairie: 29 Xenophora eonchy!iophora: 298, 299 humilis : 298, 299 levigata : 298 reclusa: 298 Yancey: 77 Yoldia : 121 eborea : 122 Young, Karl: 5, ll Zuehl: 73, 75