University of Texas Bulletin 
No. 2440: October 22, 1924 
THE TEXAS HISTORY TEACHERS' BULLETIN 
VOLUME XII, NUMBER 1 

PUBLISHED BY 
THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS 
AUSTIN 


Publications of the University of Texas 
Publications Committee: 
FREDERIC DUNCALF J. L. HENDERSON KlLLIS CAMPBELL E. J. MATHEWS 
F. W. GRAFF H.J. MULLER 
C. G. HAINES HAL C. WEAVER 
The University publishes bulletins four times a month, so numbered that the first two digits of the number show. the year of issue, the last two the position in the yearly series. (For example, No. 2201 is the first bulletin of the year 1922.) These comprise the official publications of the University, publications on humanistic and scientific sub­jects, bulletins prepared by the Bureau of Extension, by the Bureau of Economic Geology, and other bulletins of general educational interest. With the exception of special num­bers, any bulletin will be sent to a citizen of Texas free on request. All communications about University publications should be addressed to Un.iversity Publications, University of Texas, Austin. 
UllYEUITYOPTllAS PaESS, AVSTI• 
University of Texas Bulletin 
No. 2440: October 22, 1924 
THE TEXAS HISTORY TEACHERS' BULLETIN 
VOLUME XII, NUMBER 1 

PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY FOUR TIMES A MONTH, AND ENTERED AS 
SECOND-CLASS MATTER AT THE POSTOFFICE AT AUSTIN. TEXAS, 
UNDER THE ACT OF AUGUST 2~. 1912 

The benefits of education and of useful knowledge, generally diffused through a community, are essential to the preservation of a free govern­ment. 
Sam Houston 
Cultivated mind 1s the guardian genius of democracy. . It is the only dictator that freemen acknowl­edge and the only security that free­men desire. 
Mirabeau B. Lamar 
The Texas History Teachers' Bulletin 
Volume XII, Number 1 
Ed'.tors: The History Staff of ·the University of Texas 
Managing Editor 

W. P. WEBB 
CONTENTS 
Caldwell Prize in Local History . 
Hbtory Teacher's Contest 
The Caldwell Prize Essays for 1924: Old French Colony Pioneer Days in Tyler . . Huntsville: Historic City Port Arthur . First Baptist Church of Ty!E-r Young County's Indian Problem Educational Progress of Graham Jones County Transportation and Communication 
...IV. P. Webb 5 
17 
Lrmise Boyer 20 ·:;-ellie A. Herring 24 :\1ildred }f. Gilpin 28 .Leland L. Lacy . 33 Emma V. Go\\'en 40 .Avis Calvin 46 .Elizabeht \\'right 52 \'elma Thomas 59 
in Cooke County ...... :\1ary Martin 65 A "Two-Gun" Man of the Law Hazel Morgan 6'.I 
Special Mention Essay~: Jackson County ............Mindora Bagby 74 History of Manor __ ..Blanche J. Ballerstedt . 79 The Cradle of Texas .........Emma D. Carter 85 Doans .....Anita F . Dickenson 91 Henderson County .. .............. James Easterling 95 The Alabama Indians ............Patsy Garner ... 100 
Austin,  Texas__________ ____________ __________ ____________\Valter  Greig______ __ _____ __  105  
Freeport Sulphur lndustry_____ __ _____________Hattie Mae Herbert__  110  
The  Concho Country__ __ ___ _
__ _____ __ _____ __ ______::\fargaret  Kilgore _
__ __ ___ __ _114  

The Cherokee Indians in Smith County __________ __________________________________________::\!ildred Stanley___________ _____ l 19 
History Program T. S. T. A.__________________________________
______________________ _______ 126 
A Library of Texas Books ---------------------------------------·--·------------------____ 127 
The Texas History Teachers' Bulletin is issued in November, Feb­ruary, and May. The history teachers of Texas are urged to use it as the medium of expression for their experience and ideals and to help make it as practicable and useful as possible by contributing articles, suggestions, criticisms, questions, personal items, and local news concerning educational matter in general. Copies will be sent free on application to any history teacher in Texas. 
Address 
UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS PUBLICATIONS The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 
CALDWELL PRIZE IN LOCAL HISTORY 
BY WALTER PRESCOTT WEBB 
"Evidently the approach to history must begin nearer home and nearer now."-Esarey. 
In order to stimulate an interest in local history, Mr. C. 
M. Caldwell of Abilene has contributed the sum of $250.00 to be given in prizes for the best essays in local history. The Dallas News has added $50.00 to this amount, making a total of $300.00 to be given in prizes. Of this amount $150 will be given for essays written by high-school stu­dents and $150 for those written by high-school teachers of history. (For details of the teachers' contest see page 17.) 
HIGH-SCHOOL STUDENTS' CONTEST 
The Dallas News will continue its support of the plan to arouse interest in local history. The same plan will be fol­lowed as last year, namely, the News will publish the ten prize-winning essays and pay the author of each essay published the sum of $5.00 in addition to the prize award. This cooperation on the part of the Neics will bring the winners of these prizes to the attention of thousands of people in Texas and the Southwest. 
The following prizes will be offered to high-school stu­dents: 
Caldwell Prize Dallas :!:\ews Total 
First Prize ___ ___ $35.00 $5.00 $40.00 Second Prize ___ ___ ___ ___ 15.00 5.00 20.00 Two Prizes _____ 10.00 each 5.00 each 15.00 Two Prizes ______ __________ 5.00 each 5.00 each 10.00 Four Prizes _______________ _ 2.50 each 
5.00 each 7.50 Ten special mention essays will receive an award of $1.00 each. 
CONDITIONS AND REGULATIONS 
The contest will be conducted subject to the following con­ditions and regulations: 
1. 	
The contest is open to every high-school student in Texas who is in or above the eighth grade. 

2. 	
E~ch school, regardless of size, may submit not more than two essays. The essays to be submitted shall be chosen by a local committee of three or more mem­bers. The head of the history department of the school shall be chairman of this committee, and an­other member of the committee shall be chosen from the English department by the superintendent, and these two members shall chose a third to serve with them. 

3. 	
The length of the essays should not exceed 2,000 words, exclusive of bibliography, though 2,500 words will be permitted in subjects which seem to require that length. 

4. 	
Essays should be typewritten on a good quality of paper, size 8xll. Double space and leave wide mar­gins. 

5. 	
The name and address of the contestant should not appear on the manuscript. The full name and ad­dress of the contestant should be placed in a plain envelope together with a 200 word sketch of the writer's life. Give also the name of the teacher who directed your investigation, the names of the judges who selected your paper as the winner in your school, and the approximate number of students who par­ticipated in the contest. Seal the envelope and write the title of the essay on the outside of the envelope. Mail this envelope zcith your essay. 

6. 	
The contest will close May 1, 1925. Essays mailed after that date will not be considered. The essays should be mailed flat. Do not roll. 

7. 	
No manuscript \•.rill be returned. Students should retain copies of their essays. 

8. 	
Prize winning essays will be announced on or before June 15, 1924. 

9. 	
The Committee reserves the right to limit the prize awards should the response to the contest seem to justify it. 

10. 	
The essays will be read and judged by a committee composed of and appointed by the history faculty of the University of Texas. The decisions of this com­mittee shall be final. 


HOW THE ESSAYS WILL BE JUDGED 
This is a contest in local history, as distinguished from state history or national history. Local history is the his­tory which may be found in your own community. It is the history of your school, your church, your town, court­house, or of some interesting person. The story of an In­dian fight that occurred near your home is local history, as is the account of a drought, a flood, or a fire. Local history is not the story of important men or of great events. It is likely to be the story of the unimportant. In detail it is likely to be extremely interesting; in the aggregate it is of great importance. From both points of view it is worth having. All essays, then, should treat of local sub­jects, and of subjects that are not too widely known. 
The essay, which first of all must be on a local subject, will be judged on the following points: 
l. 	Originality. No paper will be considered that is not based on original sources. That is to say, no essay will be considered that is based wholly on books. Books may be used, but they must be supplemented by other investigation. 
2. 	
Evidences of Careful Investigation. The completed essay must show signs of thorough investigation of the subject. 

3. 	
Interest. This does not mean that the paper should be written in rhetorical style. The interest should be inherent in the subject. The story should be told in a clear, straightforward way without literary flourish. 

4. 	
Historical Technic. This has to do with form and appearance. 


0. 	Bibliography. A complete list of all the sources used should be included. This bibliography should com­prise not only all books, magazines, newspapers, and other sources consulted, but it should also include the names ctnd addresses of all persons who gare mataial for your story. 
For instructions as to historical technic and bibliography see "The Complete Bibliography," below. 
SUBJECTS FOR LOCAL HISTORY 
The subjects for local historical essays are too numerous to catalogue. The pupil is free to choose anything that in­terests him and that seems to offer sufficient material. The following list is meant to be suggestive. Study this list carefully and pick out a subject that is adapted to your particular community. 
1. History of the County. 
a. 
First settlement. 

b. 
Name of town. 

c. 
First town. 

d. 
Location of county seat. 

e. 
Historic events that have happened in the county. 

f. 
Part county has taken in national affairs. 


2. History of the Town. 
a. 
First settlement, reason for, date. 

b. 
Name of town. 

c. 
Coming of railroad. 

d. 
Other important events. 
:3. History of Buildings and Institutions. 


a. 
Courthouse. 

b. 
Churches. 

c. 
Forts. 

d. 
Missions. 

e. 
Newspapers. 

f. 
Schools. 

g. 
Residences. 


h. 
Saloons. 
Where possible, pictures of tlie buildings should be 
submitted along with the essay. 



4. History of Development of Natural Resources. 
a. 
Mines. 

b. 
Oil fields. 

c. 
Mineral wells. 

d. 
Farms and ranches. 
:::> . History of Foreign Settlements. 


a. 
German. 

b. 
Italian. 

c. 
Polish. 

d. 
Jewish. 

e. 
Swedish. 

f. 
Bohemian. 

g. 
Slavery. 


6. 	
History of Your Own Family. The advantage of writing on this subject is that you would have access to all the materials which your family has preserved. The disadvantage is that you would have difficulty in telling the story in the required length. It would perhaps be better to tell the story of some important member of the family. In writing of your own fam­ily, do not use such terms as "My father," "My uncle," etc., but speak of them by name, "Mr. J. B­Jones," "B. F . Wright." 

7. 	
Biography of Interesting Persons. 


a. 
Soldiers. 


b. 
Texas Rangers. 


c. 
Politicians. 


d. 
Preachers. 


e. 
Farmers. 


f. 
Cattlemen, Cowboys, Trail Drivers. 


g. 
"Bad Men." 


h. 
Sheriffs and Peace Officers. 


i. 
Old Settlers. 
Pictures of these persons should be sent where pos 
sible. 



8. 	History of Events. 
a. 
Indian fights and Indian treaties. 

b. 
Political campaigns. 

c. 
Cattle stampedes. 

d. 
Droughts. 

e. 
Floods. 

f. 
Feuds. 

g. 
Lynchings. 

h. 
Revival meetings. 

i. 
Law suits. 
.i. Bank robberies. 


k. 
Fairs. 


9. 	Miscellaneous. Under this head may be placed sub­jects that do not seem to come under the above head­ings, for example, local legends, stories of mines, legends about old houses or forts. In writing a void "boosting" your town or county. Give the facts and let them speak for themselves. 
SOURCES OF LOCAL HISTORY 
The materials from which history is written are called the sources of history. In this contest, historical sources will be classified as (1) oral, (2) published, (3) unpublished or manuscript sources. Each of these will be discussed briefly and illustrated. 
1. 	
Oral Sources. In writing local history, oral sources will be of much importance. This material can be gathered only by talking with the people of the com­munity, old settlers, soldiers, Indian fighters, county officers, and others. It is often very interesting to gather this material, and in doing so, one hears many curious tales of "the good old times." These accounts should be written down in a notebook just as they are given, with the date and the full name of the narrator. Thus the oral source will be reduced to a written source. The oral source is not the best historical source, but in local history it is indispen­sable, and often has a human interest lacking in the written sources. 

2. 	
Printed Sources. There are three classes of printed sources: books, magazines, newspapers. 


a. 	
Books. Outside the cities there are few books that deal with local affairs. However, a thorough canvas should be made for such as exist. There are several county histories, and where these exist they should be consulted. All books dealing with your particular locality should be consulted, but it should be borne in mind that the essays cannot be based wholly on books. 

b. 
Magazines. 	Magazine material is likely to be more difficult to find than material in books. Though there are certain Texas magazines which will prove valuable provided you can get access to th em. Hunter's Magazine, published by J. Marvin Hunter, Bandera, Texas, TeJ,·as Magazine, Frontier Times1 are examples. If these magazines have published articles about your locality, you may find copies of them in some home. 

c. 	
Newspapers. Newspaper files will prove a most valuable source. Every town has its local paper, and every editor keeps a file of his own paper which goes back over a period of years. The local editor will gladly give you permission to read these files. If you wish information about some important event that occurred in the town in Sep­tember, 1900, you can turn to that date in the newspaper and find the accounts which were writ­ten of this event. 


•Of these magazines Frontier Tim es is the only one that is now being published. This little magazine will be of great value to those interested in local history. It is published by J. Marvin Hunter, Bandera, Texas. Subscription price, $1.50 per year. 
3. 	Unpublished Sources. These are your most valuable sources. The pupil who bases his work on these sources will have an excellent chance in t~e contest. There are many varieties of such sources, some of which will be listed below. 
a. 	
Letters. Letters are perhaps the best historical sources. If you are writing an account of a soldier \vho was killed in war, his letters to his family and to his friends will be of greatest value. Every family preserves certain letters, and many of them preserve all their letters over a long period of years. It may be that you will find among these files letters of famous men. There may be letters from generals, governors, or other important his­toric characters. 

b. 	
Diaries. It is often the case that some individual has kept a diary in which he recorded from day to day his experiences. For example, one man in San Antonio went with a cattle herd from near San Antonio to Kansas. Each day he wrote down the things that happened that day. This diary makes a valuable source for the history of the Cattle Trail. Pupils should canvas the whole tovm and community for such diaries. 

c. 	
Scrapbooks. Scrapbooks are less valuable as source material than letters and diaries, but still they are of worth. In them you are likely to find odds and ins of newspaper clippings, pictures, verse, and various items which happened to inter­est the maker. Sometimes you may find a combi­nation diary and scrapbook. 


cl. 	Manuscript. It is often the case that some person will write an account of his life, or of interesting events which he has witnessed, and never publish it. One man may write a long account of his ex­perience in the Civil War in order that he may leave the record for his children and grand chil­dren; another a history of his county; a third the history of the town. An effort should be made to discover any such manuscript. The county court 
·house 	is rich in manuscript sources. The sur­veyor's office, the county clerk's office, the county school superintendent's office, and other offices are filled with records about land, marriage records. and school affairs. 
WHERE TO LOOK FOR MATERIAL 
In the discussion of sources, the probable location of ma­terial has been indicated. However, for the convenience of the pupils and for the sake of thoroughness, a fairly com­plete list of "places to look" is set down. 
1. 	
Homes. The homes of old families will yield the richest historical material. Private letters, diaries, scrapbooks, all will be found in the homes. Scrupu­lous care must be observed in using these sources. Unless the owners are convinced that their material will be carefully handled and not injured in any way they will prefer not to be bothered. 

2. 	
Public Library. In towns and cities that have a public library pupils will be able to find newspaper files, books and other records of interest. The libra­rian will be glad to aid and advise you. 

3. 	
Local Historical Society. In many places there are local historical societies whose members devote them­selves to local history. These frequently contain collections of material which will be of great service. Consult the president, secretary, or librarian of your historical society. 

4. 	
Newspaper Office. The local editor will always have in his office a file of his own newspaper over sev­eral years, and may have files of other papers too. By all means consult these files, and talk with your editor about subjects in which you may be interested. 

5. 	
The County Court House. In the offices of the county court house you will find the public records of the county. You should talk with the various county officers; and, if possible, get access to their records in which you are interested. This may not be an easy matter, but if you are tactful, you can secure much material. The following officers should be visited: 


a. 	
County Judge, who can give information about political conditions, and about famous cases that have been tried in court. 

b. 
County Clerk, who 	records all the public transac­tions in the county, land deeds, marriage certifi­cates, etc. 

c. 	
Sheriff, who can give information about criminals. 


law-breakers, mobs, and important cases that have been tried in court. 
d. 	
Surveyor. The surveyor will be better acquainted with the county than any man you will find. He can give information about old land marks, Indian encampments, land disputes, and law suits. 

e. 	
County School Superintendent. In his office you will find the records pertaining to the schools of the county. From the Superintendent you can learn when schools were established, how they were built, and how they developed. 


6. 	
The City Hall. In the city hall you will find the rec­ords for the city. You should consult the police de­partment and the fire department for information. 

7. 	
Individuals. In every town and community there is some individual who is a teller of good stories, some one who is full of reminiscences of the past. It is fun to draw out these stories and write them down. There is no rule by which you can find these indi­viduals, but you will recognize them when you find them. They may be as full of legends as of fact, but in this case the legends are valuable too, provided they are of local interest. The legend often repre­sents what the people think is true, and it is there­fore of historical importance. 


STEPS IN WRITING LOCAL HISTORY 
After the student has chosen his subject and located the material, he should then proceed in a systematic manner to the preparation for the writing of the essay. This prep­aration will consist of two parts : (1) Reading and Note­taking and (2) Organizing and Writing. 
Directions for preparation of paper :1 
l. 	
Reading and Note-Taking. 

a. 	
Having chosen your subject in consultation with your instructor, begin to collect your material. Read the books and whatever material you may find on your subject in order to get the facts well in hand. 


' These directions are taken largely from Tryon, The Teaching of History in Junior and Senior High Schools, pp. 139ff, a book that every teacher would find of great value. 
b. 	
Take notes on all that you read or hear that bears on your subject. This note-taking is of the greatest importance. Your notes may be taken from books, magazines, newspapers, scrapbooks, or from narratives which are told to you. But take these notes you must. Take notes on loose cards or sheets of paper of convenient size. You may use a bound note book in getting oral stories, but you can later transfer these notes to cards or loose sheets. Place but one note on each page. Write on but one side of the paper. Write the subject of the note at the top and the reference at the bottom, using (in case of book) the last name of the au­thor, title in abbreviated form, volume and page. In taking oral stories, note the name and initials of your informant. and the date on which you heard the story. 

c. 	
Before leaving a reference on which you have taken notes, secure your complete bibliographical data. For a book give author's full name, title of work, date and place of publication, and the volume num­ber. For magazines and newspapers, give name of publication, date of the issue you have used. and the page. Also, where possible, give name of author of the article. 

d. 	
In taking notes you· may paraphrase, quote di­rectly, summarize, or outline. The first and second of these forms will prove of the most value when you come to write your paper. Occasionally thoughts will come to you when reading a refer­ence; if they do, jot them down at once. 

e. 	
All notes should be legible. Great care should be taken with direct quotations, where spelling, punc­tuation, and capitalization must be exactly as they are in the matter quoted. To make sure of this on finishing your copy always check it against the original. 


2. Organizing and Writing. 
a. 	
When you have finished your reading, go through your notes and classify them. They will be likely to fall into three or four large groups. 

b. 	
Make a brief outline of the paper as you propose to write it. You should write with the greatest care. Make every effort to present the facts clearly and accurately. 


3. 
4. 

5. 


Texas History Teachers' Bulletin 
c. 	Form for completed paper. 
(1) 	
On the first page write nothing but the title and the number of words. Do not '\Yrite your name. 

(2) 	
On the second page give a brief forevwrd or preface. In this state what you have tried to accomplish in your paper, your point of vie\v, and special difficulties you have had. Tell briefly how you collected your material, whether it is based primarily on books, mag­azines, newspapers, unpublished letters and manuscript, or on oral report. If you are writing about your family. do not say "My father, etc.," but call the person by name. 

(
3) On the nage following the preface repeat the title; skin two spaces or lines and begin the body of your paper. 

(
4) Place the bibliol!raph;.T last. Include in it only references actually used in the preparation of your paper and arrange them in alphabetical order. 

(5) 	
Write your final draft on regular typewriter paper, size 8xll. Leave wide margin and double space the lines. 


Footnotes. Footnotes will not be required in this con­test, but the:v ma;.T be used to advantage in certain in­stances. It is particularl:v advisable to use footnotes when giving direct quotations. as it saYes giving the name of t11e author and title of the book in the bodv of the paner. The footnote should be placed at the bottom of the page. Your teacher will instruct you as to the proper form. See example in this article. 
The Complete Bibli02-raphy. 	~ 
a. 	
Confine :vour hihliogranhy to the titles actually used in working up your paper. 

b. 	
Arrange it alphabeticall;.' b;.· authors. 

c. 	
The order of detail is illustrated bel0w: Olmstead, F. L. A .Journey in the Back Cov.ntry. New York, 1860. 

d. 	
Include in the bibliography the full name and ad­dress of all persons who contributed material to your essay. 


When your paper is finished, you should check over it carefully to see that you have followed directions. Mail it before May 1, 1925. Mail it flat. Do not roll your manuscript. Be sure that your name does not appear on the manuscript, but be equally certain that you have your name, age, address, and a brief sketch of your life in a sealed envelope. Send this envelope with the manuscript. 
Address W. P. WEBB, Local History Contest, University of Texas, Austin, Texas. 
HISTORY TEACHERS' CONTEST 
In order further to stimulate historical research in Texas, Mr. C. M. Caldwell has given the sum of $150.00 to be offered as prizes for the best thesis written by a teacher of history or social science in the secondary schools of Texas. The purpose of this prize is to stimulate teachers to continue their collection of historical material and to encourage t~em to undertake research in the field of local history in collabo­ration with their students. Two prizes will be offered in this teacher's contest: 
First prize ..... . ..............$100.00 
Second prize. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.00 

CONDITIONS AND REGULATIONS 
1. 	
The contest is open to every person who teaches his­tory in the secondary schools of Texas, that is; in high schools or schools that teach high-school sub­jects. Teachers who do any college teaching are not eligible for this contest. 

2. 	
The length of the thesis should not exceed 20,000 words, exclusive of foot notes and bibliography. 

3. 	
Thesis should be typewritten on a good quality of paper, sixe 8xll, with double space and wide margins. 

4. 	
The contest will close October 1, 1925. All theses should be in the mails by that date. This date has been set in order that teachers may have the summer in which to put their work in final form. 

5. 	
College attendance in summer will not debar teachers from contest. The name and address of the contes­tant should not appear on the manuscript. A plain envelope should accompany the manuscript. On the outside of this envelope should be written the full title of the essay-and nothing else. A short sketch of the author's life, not to exceed 500 words, should be sealed within the envelope. This sketch should give the following information: 


a. 	
Full name and address. 

b. 	
Subject of thesis.. 

c. 	
College degree. ~'here contestant holds master'::: degree he should give title of master's thesis. 

d. 	
Name of school in which contestant teaches, with subjects. Teachers of history and allied branches are eligible. 

e. 	
Other information as to training and experience. 


6. 	
The prize winning essays will be announced before the History Section of the Texas State Teachers' Association at its annual meeting in November, and will be published in The Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 

7. 	
Unsuccessful essays will be returned. Each contes­tant should send stamps for first-class postage. 

8. 	
The theses submitted will be read and judged by the history committee, composed of and appointed by the history faculty. If, in the opinion of the committee, the essays submitted are not up to the standard ex­pected of graduate students, the committee reserves the right to withhold all awards. The decisions of the committee shall be final. 


It is hoped that this contest will attract many well trained students, particularly those who contemplate pur­suing graduate study. It is presumed that students who enter this contest will have some knowledge of the methods of research and historical investigation. The directions given under the contest for high-school students may be followed by the teachers. It should be understood, how­ever, that a much higher quality of work will be demanded. Teachers will be expected to give full footnote references and to make their work conform technically to the require­ments for the master's degree. (See "Steps in Writing Local History," p. 13.) In fact, it is hoped that many of the essays submitted will form the basis of theses for higher degrees. 
For lists of subjects, teachers should consult the sugges­tive list given under the high-school contest. Teachers may devote themselves particularly to the writing of town and county histories and to sectional histories. In writing these county and sectional histories, teachers should give due consideration to geographical influences, to economic development as well as to the political, social, and religious life. It is thought that the most valuable sources for these local histories will be found in the records of the county courthouses. The essays written by high-school students, which are published in this bulletin, are typical of the variety of subjects that may be used. All contestaqts will find a close study of these essays very much worth while. 
This contest has been made to close in October in order that teachers may have the summer in which to complete investigations begun in the winter. A teacher may begin an investigation of, let us say, the history of Mason County: He goes through all the records that he finds in the com­munity, but learns that there is other material in the ar­chives of the State Capitol, in the Land Office, or the Uni­versity Library that are necessary for the completion of his work. The teacher will desire to consult these sources. 
I repeat again : The purpose in offering these prizes is to stimulate research in local history. Those who win the prizes will win distinction, but those who· do not win will do work that is of great value. All manuscripts save two will be returned, and many of them will doubtless find pub­lication. It is probable that these prizes will be offered over a series of years. Teachers who begin a subject and find that they cannot complete it in time for the contest, may continue with the assurance that they will have an 
opportunity to submi.t it the year following. 
Those who are promoting this work do so with the convic­tion that they are doing something very much worth while. They are bringing together the materials for a history of Texas, written not by one scholar or a group of scholars, but by the people themselves. We are promoting a folk­history of Texas. 


The Caldwell Prize Essays for 1924 
The Story of the Old French Colony1 
By Louise Boyer, 3110 Douglas Avenue, Dallas 
First Prize in Local History 

XOTE: )-!is:: Boyer, junior in the Xorth Dallas Hi'.!h School, is the daughter of Jusephine Louckx Boyer and Willard Boy€!r, 3110 Douglas A Yenue. Her grandfather, John B. Louckx, was one of the original French colonists whose settlement in Texas Miss Boyer has described so well. In addition to her success in this contest, Miss Boyer won the American Le~,"ion medal for Texas over a large number of competitors. She states that she plans to be a journalist. 
Introduction 
This narrative is especially dear and sweet to me for my grand­father, who passed away at the age of ninety-two, was one of the original French colonists, and among the last survivors. The story reads like a dream. It affords material for many a beautiful picture, such as ::\Iillet painted of French home scenes and native costumes and characters. (One little woman walked from Houston to Dallas in wooden shoes.) It also furnishes material for many a beautiful story. 
I appreciate the wonderful lesson of faith, courage, self-sacrifice, optimism and perseverance that it teaches. When we compare the hardships and trials of these brave people with our opportunities and luxuries of today, then we can more clearly realize how happy and thankful we should be. 
\Vhile the principal events connected with the early colonization and settlement of Dallas have been recorded in the various histories, yet there are some which are more clearly recorded in the hearts of the citizens. Of these, I would mention "The Story of the Old French Colony." This is the history of "La Reunion," dream city of early Texas, and of the little band of French, Belgian and Swiss idealists, who sought Utopia on the banks of the Trinity River. "'.:\ o incident in the history of Dallas was so great a factor in the .molding of all of Texas, as was the coming of the early French colonists. Xo bit of Dallas history carries a more historical, cour­ageous. self-sacrificing, humane or sweeter narratiYe than that of these brave, trusting, God-fearing, innocent and unassuming people. 
These were professional, cultured and educated people of the very highest type. They were gifted in their line of art, some being graduates. ::\Iusicians, artists, authors, artisans, tr adesmen and men of every walk of life came until the settlement numbered about 550 "cJuls. There were scarcely a dozen farmers. 
: ThE: tw€:-nty following essay:-: were awarded prize:-: or special mention in the contest that e-n<led :May 1, 1 ~124. The;;.e essays were selected from a total of 96 :-:.ubmittE:c.l from all parts of the ~tatE'. )luch in these essa ys is ba.:;ed upon tradi­tion and oral report. The editors assume no responsibility for the statements 
m ade. 
During the nineteenth century, the social science of Fourier was attracting the attention of the intellectual young men of Europe and America. Dissatisfied with the atmosphere of war, which had hung over France for many years, Victor Considerant, engineer and ad­venturer, longed to put into practice the communistic formulas oi his master, Fourier. Later, he sailed to the United States in searcn of a location for his "dream colony." 
Considerant finally decided upon 12,000 acres in Dallas County, west of the Trinity. Upon his return to Brussels he published a book, "Au Texas." The Franco-American Colonization Company, with offices in Paris, Brussels and Geneva, was organized for the purpose of bringing emigrants to America. Thus, led by Considerant, these brave adventurers left the splendors of home, with high hopes, to seek their fortunes in America, where they might liYe according to their own ideas. 
Among the first band of colonists to arrive were those \\'ho sailed 
from Antwerp in the ship Uriel, one of the four sister ships built 
for trade between Antwerp and New Orleans. From Xew Orleans they 
sailed to Galveston, up the bayou to Houston, intending to come to 
Dallas by boat, up the Trinity; but, finding the river dry, they pur­
chased oxcarts to haul tools and luggage, and came overlnad. 
The men walked to the site selected for the colony. Some of the 
women also walked, Mrs. Santerre carrying a two-year old child on 
her back. Mrs. Cesarine Redmond, who came with her parents when 
only a girl, vividly recalls the frightful overland journey to Dallas 
County. The plodding oxen, perspiring men, patient women. ,,·ailing 
children and stifling dust all give us an idea of the hardships endured. 
On the other hand, I have often heard John B. Louckx, one of the 
original colonists, speak of the beautiful blue sky, the delightful 
boat trip and the fragrant oleander and jasmine odor mingling har­
moniously with the songs of the birds, as if to welcome them. He 
marveled at the beauties of Galveston and Houston. 
It took the colonists, according to Mr. Louckx, twenty-six days to 
come from Houston to the site selected, where they arri,·ed April 26, 
1855. They called the settlement "Reunion," in their joy at being re­
united in the new land. The town founded was near ,,·hat is now 
Cement City, about two miles northwest of Oak Cliff. 
Soon houses of stone and wood were erected and the land cleared 
for cultivation. A community store and a community restaurant ,,·ere 
opened and a school started. The settlers brought with them the im­
plements and machinery for spinning and weaving, the tools of various 
handicrafts, and they stocked the land with cattle, horses, chickens, 
ducks, geese and turkeys. They provided everything, in fact , to 
make a happy and self-supporting community. 
It was not long before the colonists put the various instruments 
to work. Soon they were singing a "s·ong of thrift and honest labor, 
mingled with lofty ideals." What a beautiful picture for an artist's 
brush or the tongue of the poet. I can see them now, as :\Ir. Louckx 
described them to me. They were a bewildered, quaint and odd!~· 
dressed group, yet with faces overjoyed with the wonderful prospects and natural scenery. 
There are illustrations of the "President's House" and "Community Store" from original sketches made at Frenchtown by a member of Frank Reaugh's (famous Texas painter) sketching party before the buildings were in ruins.2 The President's House was of quaint architecture, built of logs and rawhide lumber. Upon the interi01 and exterior a most wonderful wash had been applied, which with­stood deterio~ation and Texas weather until the walls were destroyed. The house contained a snow-white mantel, carved by hand from a lime rock; also a piano, the first ever brought to Dallas County, property of A. Bureau, a trained musician, who had been director of a music theater in Paris. There were a number of fine musicians and musical composers of note. (One of Bureau's pieces is in the music book used in our public schools.) The President's House was the residence of Victor Considerant, Prosper Cantegral, and Allyre Bureau, in turn, as they directed the destinies of this remarkable settlement. 
A short distance from this structure was the old co-operative storehouse. Many of the old stone and concrete houses to be seen in Dallas until recently were built by the colonists. 
The colonists enjoyed many dances, with songs and merry-making. I was told of a Fourth of July celebration in 1856, when the colonists sang the "Marseillaise," led by M. Vreidag. Mr. Allen, an American, made an address. Many Dallas citizens were present. There was a grand ball that night and refreshments. One man owned an organ. Others brought violins and flutes. Abel Daelly, a member of the singing society, played the flute. The singing society, which afforded the colonists great pleasure, used the method of figures for notes, as prescribed by Cheve of Paris. 
Within three years of its beginning, "La Reunion" was a dream of the past. Considerant was among the first to leave. Many dis­appointed colonists returned to Europe, but some remained ip the settlement, while others moved to other states. 
Many of the colonists gained national reputations, as physicians, geologists, musicians, authors, architects, botanists and engineers. Those who remained held prominent positions in the growth of Dallas and her government. They served as Mayor (Ben Long), United States Commissioner, alderman, school directors, firemen, architects 
(Vreidag, who submitted plans for the Dallas courthouse). 
It was during the administration of John Louckx as alderman and member of the school board, that an appropriation of $100,000 for the inauguration of a public school system was made. With this sum four sites and four buildings were procured. Many of the 
:!ThC'se sketches accompanied Mis·s Boyer's manuscript. :md wPri:> rppri1duced in the Da1Jas N ew s, but are omitted here.-EOITOR. 
colonists were early school and music teachers. De Savardan was the best doctor in this part of the country, and author of numerous fine works. Mrs. Vigoureaux was a musician, artist and writer. Emile Demond, scient:fic farmer, who had great faith in the land, told the colonists that, if they would only hold onto the land, the rocks under them would make their descendants rich. This was correct. The cement companies have already realized fortunes out of these same rocks, and there is still more to be made. Julian Reverchon, for whom one of our public parks has been named, was a botanist of international reputation, made a large col­lection of Texas plants, which is now in the Shaw Garden of St. Louis. Some plants have been named for him by Asa Gray, American bot­anist, thus perpetuating his name. Francois Cantegral, for whom a Dallas street was name<l, was the author of many fine books. Engi­nard was an engineer of note and colonist of varied accomplishments. Francis Saunters knew more of agriculture than anyone in the colony. Ben Long served as United States Commissioner, mayor and deputy sheriff. Athanase Cretien was a collar maker in France but could work with steel and wood. He made wheels on which the women spun flax brought by them from France, and also made spinning wheels for Americans. John B. Louckx, Charles Capy and Mrs. Cesarine Remond were among the last survivors of the colony. Mrs. Capy is 
still living. Many descendants of the colonists are living also. 
Other colonists were: A. J. Jouffes, Jacob Nussbaumer, Henry Boll, Alfred and William Van Grinderbeck, Goudsill, Dr. Desmet, 
P. Frishot, Alfred Guillee, Coiret, Julius Royer, John Moulard, Dom­inique Boulet, Julian Thevenet, Ferdinand Michell, August Guillot, Dr. Wilmet, Van Derbosh. 
Want of food, not courage, was responsible for the failure of the French colony. Had Considerant purchased fertile land instead of limestone, and brought farmers rather than artists, the result might have been different. Being fine artisans, the colonists taught the Americans many trades, making them skillful workmen. Much of the culture of the colonists was absorbed by the Americans and proved to be of much value to the citizens of Dallas and Texas. 
Bibliography 
John Baptiste Louckx, personally and from .his papers and writings. 
Mrs. Louisa Tenison Louckx, 3515 Hall Street. 
Dallas County Book of Ea1·ly Settlers, Louis Publishing Company. 
"Survivors of the French Colony," by Mead. 
"Old Frenchtown," by Louella Vincent (died April 25, 1924). 
"French Settlement," by Vv. S. Adair (The Dallas ::Horning N e1c.s ) , 
"Dream That Vanished," newspaper clipping, undated. 

Pioneer Days in Tyler 
By Nellie Amanda Herring, Tyler 
Second Prize in Local History 

.'.'-Inn·:: Miss Herring is a senior in the Tyler Hi:.;h School. She has an excellent school 1·t·cvrd and expects to continue her wod;: in the University. She has traveled thr01.:~h many of the states of the old South. and, as her essay shows. has been a clo:;e oln;er\"CH" uf the customs of people. Her description of pioneer days and man­nC'r~ i..; Yivid and interesting. 
Introduction 
In this theme I have attempted to give something of the early home and town life of the old settlers in Tyler, showing some of the difficulties they encountered in carrying on their affairs. 
It was hard to find the exact material that I needed, for few people are living now who remember the details of those old times, and there is little of their ordinary life recorded in written material. 
Mrs. J. P. Douglas and Mr. and Mrs. Q. D. Lorance rendered me much assistance, and to them I am greatly indebted for being so willing and ready to tell all they knew of pioneer life in Tyler. 
Tyler, which is the county seat of Smith County, is located in the eastern portion of Texas between the Sabine and Neches Rivers. The Sabine is about twenty miles distant and the Neches ten. The county lies on the main line of the Cotton Belt and on a branch of the International-Great Northern. It was laid off in 1846 by five comm;ssioners whom the State Legislature had appointed to deter­mine the county boundary and locate and name the county seat. They were as follows: J. C. Hill, E. E. Lott, J ohn Dewberry, John Loller and W. B. Duncan. 
Tyler and another place about three miles distant on the Omen road were prospective sites, but the commissioners decided upon Tyler, and named it in honor of our tenth President because of his influence in getting Texas admitted into the Union, according to the Boren abstract records. 
The commissioners had been given the authority to buy as much as 300 acres of land if the owner refused to donate it, and if he refused to sell 300 they had the right to take 100 acres wthout the owner's consent and pay for it. Edgar Pollit was owner, and, as he refused to allow the commissioners to purchase, they took 100 acres, paying Mr. Pollit $150. J. C. Hill was surveyor and little time was required for surveying the site and laying it off into streets, lots and public squares. There were 28 blocks in all. As the settlers deemed a jail and courthouse necessary for their general prosperity, a small courthouse was built on the north side of the public square near the rear of the Citizens National Bank and a little jail east of Walker's Grain and Feed Store. Both buildings were of roughly-hewn logs, cut from the thickets inclosing them. 
Tyler's first election, which was held on August 8, 1846, was very spirited and there was much good humor and excitement in choosing the following officers, as recorded in Johnson's "Reminiscences." 
S. W. Farmer, County Judge. 
A. W. Martin, County Clerk. 
C. C. Alexander, District Clerk. 
William Wooten, Sheriff. 

W. B. Thompson, Assessor and Collector. 
Craig Wren, Treasurer. 
Robert Bond, Thomas Webb, James Dollahite and Samuel Rogers 

were the County Commissioners. 
It was three months after the election before the Commissioners 
Court held a session. At that time a dispute arose over the location 
of the courthouse. The locating commissioners favored the original 
site while the Commissioners Court wanted a new one er ected on the 
spot where our present one is situated. The County Commissioners 
won, as the dispute was settled in favor of the square, but the old 
house was used until a new one could be built in 1847. A tax of 
12¥2 ce·nts on the $100 was assessed to pay for the courthouse. 
Besides being used as a seat of justice, the courthouse was used 
for religious worship. Pioneer preachers often held services in it 
and the Baptist Church was organized there with six lay members 
in 1848, and held meetings there for two years. The courthouse 
was also used for a town meeting hall, where local matters were 
discussed and addresses made. Dances and nearly all of the enter­
tainments were held in it. 
Pioneer life in Tyler would no doubt seem simple and crude to 
us who are so accustomed to comforts and luxuries. Pioneer houses 
were built of logs and had a long hall through the center and rooms 
on each side. There was a chimney built from the ground at each 
end of the hou.se, and the kitchen was set off at the back, probably 
because of fear of fire. The negro servants who helped in the house 
had their quarters in the back yard and all other servants farther 
off from the house. A cook usually had two or three helpers in the 
kitchen. Bells, or more often horns, were used to summon the family 
to meals. 
Everything in the way of wearing apparel was made at home. 
Hats were made of corn shucks, wild palmetto and even horse tails. 
Before the girls were twelve they knew how to spin, weave, knit and 
sew. Almost every family had a regular seamstress, but all helped 
with the sewing. For hose, often part of the thread was dyed blue 
and knit with white to make two-tone hose. Wool was used for this 
in winter and cotton in summer. 
Leather was tanned at home and shoes for the servants and ordinary 
shoes for the family were made by a cobbler. Dress shoes for the family could be purchased, usually. Dye was made from plants, roots and herbs ; maple dyed gray, indigo blue and walnut tan. 
Furniture in the early times was made by cabinet-makers who went over the country. These were specialists and could make good tables, chairs, wardrobes, beds and the like. Chair bottoms were either of hides or of white oak split into strips and woven. As there were no slats used then on the beds, little ropes were worked back and forth for slats, and each year at general house cleaning these ropes were tightened up, or as they called it, "corded up." Clean shucks were often used to make mattresses. Bed spreads were homemade and quilts in fancy patterns were sometimes used for the top of the bed. A beautiful quilt for a spread was highly admired, and the women tried to see who could make the prettiest one. Bolsters were used on top of the pillows. Trundle beds were what most of the small children slept in. These could slide in be­neath the large beds and be out of the way during the day and were pulled out at night. 
Soap and sometimes starch were made at home. Every plantation had a blacksmith shop, where such work as might be needed on the farm. in the way of making tools and plows could be done All the meat was cured at home. In fact, the main articles of food purchased were cheese, rice, sugar, and coffee. Sugar was bought by the barrel, rice by the keg and a whole cheese at a time. Coffee berries were bought and they had to be parched and ground. Candles were molded in candle molds. For a long time after lamps were known, most people were afraid to use them and if they did use them, they were suspended from the ceiling. Pieces of fat pine and twisted bits of colored paper were substitutes for matches. These were lighted by coals or any other fire and carried from one room to another. 
DN!r and turkeys could be killed even on the square in the early days. Turkey wings made good fans in the hot summer time, while deer skins could be used for clothing or taken to the market at Shreveport and exchanged for suppPes. Q. D. Lorance states that when his grandfather lived not far away from . Tyler, he went out hunting on a Sunday morning and within a mile of his house killed twenty-one deer. Quail and prairie chickens were plentiful. Quail were caught dozens at a time by driving them into a trap made of hoops and net. Mrs. J. P. Douglas remembers a time when so many prairie chickens were killed that they had a pie made out of the livers and gizzards. 
Near every dwelling there was a spring for drinking purposes and for washing. Two springs were situated on each side of the public square. It was after 1850 before the first well \Vas dug and then it was regarded as an unnecessary expense. 
Match shooting was a popular sport for the men. Dancing and candy-pulling were indulged in by all. A game of cards, such as soli­taire or "seven-up," was occasionally played. 
Supplies and provisions were carried in oxcarts and passengers in stage coaches. Most of the goods for shipping were carried to market at Shreveport. Supplies were carried by way of the Sabine River and ferried across at Belzora, a little place within twenty miles of Tyler. This could be done only six months in the year. Letters were carried out on horseback twice a week from Tyler to Nacogdoches. They cost 10 cents but everyone was glad to receive a letter from the folks in the East. 
Mrs. J. F. Douglas has traveled from Tyler to Marshall by stage coach. She states that the coaches had four horses to draw them and that there were three seats inside. Baggage was carried on the back of the coach. One group of horses did not make the whole journey but there were "relays" of horses. A coach came out from Marshall and exchanged passengers with the Tyler coach. 
Houses along the established stage routes charged for board and lodging, but otherwise people were glad to receive guests free of charge. If a person wished to spend the night somewhere he would go up to the gate and call "Hello!" Those inside would invite him in for the night or a meal, as the case might be. The men nearly always slept in a little building a few yards from the house, called an office, while the ladies occupied the house. 
Prices in 1853 were as follows: Corn was 33 cents a bushel, a 
yoke of oxen was worth $13.50, sheep $2 per head, bacon 13 cents a 
pound; a horse was worth $55.80, a spinning wheel $1, a pistol $3, 
twenty-five bars of lead $1, and sweet potatoes 75 cents a bushel. 
In 1853 probate minutes of Smith County declare several lots around 
the public square were bought for as little as $10 and then the pur­
chaser would take two years to pay them out and not be charged 
interest. On October 2, 1846, John Loller paid Isaac Loller $100 for 
640 acres of land, it is shown by deed records of Smith County. 
The sale of spirits was taxed in the early days and permits to sell liquor were issued for only four months. Seven dollars and forty­two cents was the average amount paid out for State tax on spirits by each concern that sold, says "General Mixtures" of Smith County, December, 1847. 
Soon after Tyler was established in 1846, business began to grow and several of the old pioneers built stores around the square. Their stock was small, but as the people supplied most of their needs at home, it was sufficient. Tom Albertson kept a bakery. Dr. William Caldwell was a noted merchant on the north side and more popular as postmaster in the little log house where the firm of Gaston & Son is now. Frank Bell was a north side grocer. In the way of a hotel, an old English tavern was kept by Hardy Holman. It was an immense 
structure of two stories and the dining room was a frequented dancing 
hall, two couples occupying the floor at a time. 
All the stores were of logs and paths led from the door of one store to another. At this time there were only three locks in the whole village and they were for show and not protection. Even saloonkeepers went off, leaving a cup on their whisky barrel, an<l the person wanting whisky came in, got his drink and left the money beside the cup. 
Among the early professional men were Stephen Reaves, lawyer; Franklin N. Gary, a teacher who was admitted to the bar in 1856; Medicus A. Long, partner with Gary; Dr. Jim McBride, dentist; Dr. W. J. Goodman, and Dr. J. W. Davenport, who were the leading physicians. 
All of these pioneers, as have nearly all the other old settlers, have answered to the final roll call and a remembrance of them is all that we have left; and yet, they accomplished their tasks well and through many hardships helped to make their town what it is today. 
Bibliography 
Alcade, 1915, "History of Smith County and Tyler." 
Boren Abstract Company, Old Records. 
Courthouse Records: (1) Deed Records of Smith County; (2) Gen­eral Mixtures of Smith County. December, 1847; (3) Probate Min­utes of Smith County, 1853. 
Douglas, Mrs. J. P ., 310 South Beckham Avenue, Tyler. 
Lorance, Q. D., 1206 East Erwin Street, Tyler. 
Lorance, Mrs. Q. D., 1206 East Erwin Street, Tyler. 
Johnson, Sid S., Texans Who Wore the Gray. 
Johnson, Sid S., Reminiscences. 
Swisher, Mrs. Belle French, Manuscript. 

Huntsville: Historic City 
By Mildred Marie Gilpin, 1316 Eleventh Street, Huntsville, Texas Third Prize in Local History 
NoTE.-Miss Gilpin declares she is a descendant of "one Bert de Gilpin." who came over to England with Wilham the Conquerm-. Miss Mildred is a junior in school, and takes an interest in outdoor life and in debating. 
Preface 
In collecting material for this essay, the primary aim has been to select that which would arouse the interest of everyone as well as of those who are acquainted with Huntsville. From my personal in­terviews, I have chosen the most important units, stating mere facts, and avoiding flowery descriptions in an attempt at art. 
In the labor of preparing the history that follows, I have received 
aid from various sources. First, I would thank E. F. Neinast, 
history instructor in the Huntsville High School, whose suggestions have been of invaluable assistance. I would especially thank ::\'1iss Katherine Estill, English teacher in the Huntsville High School, for her criticism and valuable suggestions that have aided materially i·n perfecting this essay. I also acknowledge my indebtedness to 
C. N. Shaver, superintendent of public schools at Huntsville, for his intense interest in the essay. 
In 1830 Pleasant Gray, an adventure-loving man in the prime of life, took his wife and left his home in Huntsville, Alabama, and sought the joys of adventure elsewhere. While traversing the territory of what is now Texas, then belonging to Mexico, he became favorably impressed with the friendliness of the Bedias Indians and other neighboring tribes. He immediately decided to remain among the Indians and trade with them. His next step was to find a suitable location for his post. Just seventy-five miles north of Houston, in what is now Walker County, Gray established his trading post, calling it Huntsville for his native town. 
Gray built his log cabin that served as home, warehouse and store on the spot where Mrs. U. F. Cotton's drug store is now standing. Here he was near the springs where the Indians gathered and was also convenient to the prairies where his stock might run at random. He was successful in his trade with the Indians and carried on a prosperous business that soon attracted the attention of homeseekers in various parts of the surrounding territory, and in the course of three yea~s the establishment became a progress:ve little town. The post was sold to some of the settlers in 1846 as Gray was no longer able to attend to the business. In 1848 he died, leaving his wife and young son, David, the first white child born in Hunts­ville. Mrs. Gray and David moved to California in 1854, where they made their home until her death. 
The first frame house built in Huntsville was the Globe Tavern, which was constructed in 1841 on Jackson Street, and is probably a part of the W. H. Woodall house that now stands directly across the street from the Methodist Church. The Globe was a noted hostelry, especially in the days when Huntsville was headquarters for the East Texas stage coach lines. 
This inn was the center of attraction for seven nights and days per week, as some kind of entertainment was awarded citizens and customers at all hours. Particularly was it noted as a political center. Politicians made it a point, while traveling, to spend the night in Huntsville so that they might have the opportunity to in­fluence the usual crowds that patronized the tavern. 
In a short time after the Globe was built, the first store, outside of Gray's original store and warehouse, was erected on the corner of Jackson and Cedar Streets, where the Gibbs National Bank is now located. This building was owned by the Gibbs & Coffin Mer­
cantile Company and was occupied by it for many years. This com­
pany carried on a profitable business which did much to develop the .growth of Huntsville. After this building became insufficient for the trade, a new house was constructed but was later torn down to give place for the new brick structure which now occupies that site. The Gibbs' Bank was then established and two business concerns were being successfully conducted by this company. 
After Tom Gibbs, Sr., and Coffin died, two sons of the former, 
Tom and Sanford, were left to form the company. The brothers 
worked in the bank while the mercantile business was managed by 
employees. A few years later Sanford Gibbs died and Dr. 
J. P. Gibbs, prominent Houstonian and brother of the deceased, came to Huntsville in order to assist his brother, Tom, in managing the Gibbs' estate. In 1890 the bank became a national bank, and in 1923 the mercantile department was sold to Baldwin Brothers, who are now occupying the building and are carrying on a profitable business as grocers. 
The town has been growing steadily for the last twenty-five years. Today there are approximately sixty-five or seventy business con­cerns in Huntsville, while twenty-five years ago there were only thirty-five. This success is chiefly due to the cooperation of the en­tire citizenship. The existing harmony is clearly evident by the fact that whenever a welfare movement demands t he support of the citizenship, every man and woman is for it. 
There were several men of note who were reared and spent most of their lives in Huntsville: namely, General Sam Houston, founder of the Texas Republic, whose remains lie at rest in the Oakwood Cemetery; Honorable T. H. Ball, Congressman; Henderson Yoakum, noted Texas historian, and Captain Tom Hamilton, prominent in the Civil War. Others less known to the State, yet widely renowned in Walker County and vicinity, are J. G. Ashford, mayor in 1897-99, 
W. Y. Barr, Judge J.M. Smither, E. T. Josey, and Colonel A. T. Mc­Kinney. All of these men named in the last group are still living in Runtsville and are among the oldest settlers, the last two named being the oldest school teachers in this section of the State. 
The principal religious body at first was the Presbyterian, while the Christians and Baptists were not so firmly organized. The Presbyterians built their first church in 1847-48 on the corner of Cedar and Burton Streets. After occupying this building for several years, they sold it to the Christians, who still occupy it, and built a larger church on the corner of Avenue K and Thirteenth Street. The Methodists did not organize until 1850 when a group of settlers from Alabama made their homes here. Their first church was built in 1857 on Jackson Street. They occupied this building until 1912, when it was replaced by a brick structure. The latter was destroyed by fire in 1918, but was rebuilt in 1919. This church is the only brick church in Huntsville, the other five being wooden structures. The Baptists, however, have made appropriations for the building of a new brick church which will be erected in the near future. 
It has been rightly said that Huntsville is one of the largest educa­tional centers of Texas. There have been four different educational institutions here, namely, an academy, Andrew Female College, Austin College, and Sam Houston State Teachers' College. The first of these, a small brick academy, was built in 1845, somewhere on the land now inclosed by the State prison walls. This institution accommodated both male and female students and was successful for a short period of time, but was then abandoned because of the shortage of funds. Austin College for boys was established in 1852, the building of which is still in use on the Sam Houston State Teachers' College campus. Two years later the Andrew Female College was estab­lished on the hill where the high school is now located. 
These two schools did excellent cooperative work until the out­break of the Civil War which greatly decreased its attendance. Shortly after the war the school was closed because of the scarlet fever epidemic that swept the State, and the attendance failed to be rebuilt. 
The public school system was adopted in Huntsville about 1847. A small building was constructed directly west of the cemetery, near which was later established the Andrew Female College. After this college was closed the school board purchased the college build­ing and campus, and then moved the public school to a more suitable location. For the first few terms of school, there were only two or three teachers, but as the attendance increased more members were added to the faculty. The scholastic enrlolment for Huntsville is 752, but, due to the fact that the training school and sub-college accommo­date children of the scholastic age, the enrollment at the high school is only 450. One hundred and ninety students attend the training school. Under the leadership of Superintendent C. N. Shaver, the high school is fast becoming one of the best in the State. 
In the same year that the public school system was adopted in Huntsville, 1847, the State bought the remains of Austin College and established a State institution of higher learning, naming it Sam Houston Normal Institute for the heroic Sam Houston. With the ad­dition of degree work, however, the school authorities recognized the fact that the name did not fully represent the new curriculum, and the institution has since been called Sam Houston State Teachers' College. 
Within a few months after the opening of the school the attend­ance increased to such an extent that a new building became neces­sary; then in 1888 the main building that we know today was con­:structed. New buildings have been erected from time to time until there now stands six modern equipped buildings on the campus. A new gymnasium is under construction, most of the labor being done by the college boys under the direction of the manual training instructors. The average enrollment of 750 during the winter term is increased to 1,600 during the summer session. Dr. H. F. Estill, presi­dent of the college, has benefited the school much by his careful selec­tion of faculty members. There are at present fifty-five well-educated and competent men and women on the faculty. 
Huntsville has been a great trade center since the day of its estab­lishment; in fact, as has been stated, Gray founded Huntsville for its trading conveniences. Tobacco farming was introduced soon after 1847 by a prominent Virginian, J. B. Jones, and much tobacco was produced on the scattered farms. Mr. Jones, with the assistance of 
R. H. Smith, built a cigar factory, which was a successful business enterprise for a number of years. But due to the larger establish­ments elsewhere, the business became unprofitable and was abandoned. Cotton marketing has always found a prominent place in the business lines of Huntsville. The town enjoys competition between cotton buyers and the merchants, and the farmers are greatly bene­fited. In 1872 the Wynne cotton wharf was established. Through this company a growing business, in the hands of competent men, sprang up. Approximately 2,000 bales of cotton were shipped an­nually in the prime of the establishment. Today there are 5,500 hales shipped annually. 
The location of the State prison in our midst affords still another source of trade. This institution was estalished in 1849, the only building being a small wooden structure not inclosed by prison walls. The first year there were only three prisoners, but the next year the number was increased to thirteen, and the third year thirty-five or forty were kept under guard. There are 397 serving within the walls today with forty men guarding them. Three competent men are sent here by the State as commissioners for the penitentiary; those here at present are Walker Sayles, J. A. Herring, and S. J. Dean. 
As the number of prisoners increased, buildings were erected to accommodate them, and finally these buildings were inclosed by a twelve-foot brick wall, which makes it difficult for anyone to escape. From time to time shops and plants have been built, until 1912 found the following shops in operation: Modern machine shop, tailor shop, wagon factory, cotton mill, furniture factory, modern-equipped' bakery, electric plant, and shoe shop. In the same year (1912) a disastrou:; fire broke out and most of the factories and plants were completely ruined. There have been several of these rebuilt. Those in operation now are the shoe shop, wagon factory, machine shop, 
and 	bakery. A step to better citizenship and a more progressive town has 
recently been taken by the passing of the road bond issue on March 29, 1924. This bond is for $1,500,000, which will be supplemented by appropriations from the State for the building of hard-surfaced roads throughout Walker County. This will naturally benefit Hunts­ville and tend to make the trade more extensive. 
The public square was paved in 1919 and Avenue K, the avenue leading from the courthouse to the college entrance, was paved in 1923. The contract has been let to pave other streets, and in time all of the streets will be paved, meeting the county roads at the city limits. 
Thus we can readily see that from the time when Pleasant Gray established his trading post to the present day, Huntsville has made steady progress, socially, commercially, educationally and spirituall y. It is now one of the most flourishing towns in the pine woods of East Texas with a population of 4,689. 
' Bibliography 
Barrett, Mrs. C. G., prominent citizen, Huntsville, Texas. 
Burns, R. T., manager Camp Goree State Farm, Huntsville, Texas. 
Coleman, R. F., former warden at State prison, Huntsville, Texas. 
Cox, Mrs. Mamye, "Sam Houston Normal Institute and Historic Huntsville," 1900, 109 West Tenth Street, Dallas, Texas. Estill, Dr. H. F., President Sam Houston State Teachers' College, Huntsville, Texas. 
Josey, E. T., resident since 1867, Huntsville, Texas. 
Lockett, E. G., resident since 1877, Huntsville, Texas. 
Martin, Dr. J. L., Historic Huntsville, Galveston News, Sunday, September 23, 1923, Huntsville, Texas. 
McAdams, Horace, County Superintendent of Schools, Huntsville, Texas. McKinney, Judge A. T., Huntsville, Texas. Shaver, C. N., Superintendent of city public schools, Huntsville, 
Texas. 
Smither, J. M., Early Reminiscences of Huntsville, Huntsville, 
Texas. 
History and Development of Port Arthur 
NcTF:.-LeJand L. Lacy was born on a farm in Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana. He worked in rice fi<~lds of L()uis iana before coming to Texas. He mo\·ed with his parents to Port Arthur in 1923, and was a senior in the Port Arthur High School. 
By Leland L. Lacy, Port Arthur 
Fourth Prize in Local History 

Preface 
In writing this paper I have investigated rather carefully and have tried to compile a brief history of Port Arthur, both inter­esting and as nearly accurate as possible. In reading the old tales and legends connected with the history of Port Arthur, I have received much pleasure as well as information. I found all the old settlers most enthusiastic about their early experiences connected with Port Arthur's history. I should like to make special acknowledgment for my indebtedness to A. L. Burge, president of the Chamber of Com­merce, and Miss Mary E. Donaldson, librarian of the Gates Memorial Library, for their assistance. 
The site of Port Arthur was first discovered by the British in 1800, when an English ship foundered off the coast. The ship-wrecked crew landed, started a garden and built a small shack to live in. This small band was kept from starving by planting the seeds they had saved from the ship. After they had eaten all their supplies, they were looking starvation in the face when there came a band of Mexican soldiers from Mexico City, who said that the English were trying to establish a colony in Texas. Despite their pleading and efforts to persuade the Mexicans that they were not trying to establish a colony, they were taken to Mexico City, thrown into prison and left there to die. 
We next hear of Lake Sabine in connection with a well-known pirate, Jean Lafitte, for he used the coast around Port Arthur as his hiding place. He would plunder the commercial ships of the countries at that time. He would get the treasure off the ship and when he caught sight of pursuers, would run his ship into Sabine Lake, a natural harbor, and hide until his pursuers left. In later years, a rumor was started that this pirate had left some buried treasure on one of the numerous islands in the lake, but after many attempts to find it, the idea was abandoned and the rumor gradually <lied down. 
Little more was heard of the Sabine territory until the Civil War. The United States Government realized that the possession of the Sabine River was of strategic importance, for it was the dividing line between Texas and Louisiana and much of the cotton of these two states was exported through it. In August, 1863, a Federal force from New Orleans, comprising twenty-one vessels and about 5,000 men, was organized to take possession of the Sabine River and run the blockade from Galveston to Matagorda. 
Fort Griffin had been built on the shore of Sabine Lake between 
Port Arthur and Sabine by a Confederate army under Captain A. W. 
Spaight, but was abandoned during a siege in the earlier part of 
the war. This was due to the weakness of the garrison, which was 
depleted by yellow fever that had broken out in the fort, making 
it impossible to hold out under the bombardment of the Federal 
vessels. 
Another Confederate force under Captain Frank H. Odium, after hearing that the Federals were planning an attack, reoccupied the fort and fortified it with four cannon that had been taken from the Federal vessel Morning Light. Other improvements were made on the fort; large earthworks were thrown up around it by slaves, whose work was donated by their masters. The interior of the fort was strengthened by bulkheadings, made of heavy timbers that were also taken from the Morning Light. 
The Confederates now prepared as best they could for an attack from the Federal forces. On the morning of September 7, 1863, with Wick W. Dowling in command of Fort Griffin, Captain Adam Wetzel, with 500 picked men on board the Belvedere was sighted off the shore. He was followed by vessels carrying troops, and by the gunboats Clifton, Sachem, and Arizona. 
Dowling's garrison was composed of thirty-two men with fifty rifles. Immediately, his men, who were sharpshooters, stationed themselves behind the earthworks. They fired a few times in the early stages of the battle, but the Federals were out of range of rifle fire. The Confederates had kept under cover waiting for their opponents to close in on them and fired fifty shots without any answer. The gunboat captain then concluded they had abandoned the fort. Acting on this theory, the Sachem tried to steam past the fort to capture two river boats loaded with cotton that were going to Sabine. When the Sachem was about 150 yards from the fort, Captain Dowling fired the big cannon. This shot went over the Sachem, however, it was not entirely a waste as it crushed the mast of the Ai·izona, which was to the rear of the Sachem. The gunners were then given command to open fire and the battle was on. The third shot pierced the steam drum of the Sachem and she was forced to raise the white flag. 
Meanwhile, the Clifton and A1·izdna had steamed in shooting range of the rifles. The sharpshooters began their deadly firing that finally forced the Clifton to surrender after nearly two hours of fighting. The Arizona and Belvedere were put to flight. The Arizona ran aground on a sand bar in the Sabine Lake, but by aid of other Federal ships was released during the night. The Confederates rejoiced as the victors of the spoils, which totaled thirteen cannon, two ships and 350 prisoners, while the Federals suffe'red from a number dead and wounded, many of whom were scalded by steam from the burst drum of the Sachem. 
Shortly after this fight, Captain K. 0. KeiJ;h's company, stationed in a fort in the lower Sabine district, caught sight of a large two­masted schooner off the bar. It was seen to stop and land a man on the beach and then disappear. Captain Keith, thinking the man was a spy, sent part of his force to capture him. They succeeded in doing so, but when they had taken him to the fort, found he was William L. Yancey, Confederate Minister to England. He had been on a trip to Europe and had many valuable papers on him, and rather than take the risk of running the blockade, was forced to land where he did. He told Captain Keith that it was important that he get to Richmond as soon as possible, so body guards were sent with him to New Orleans, where he received further help. Cap­tain Keith's men, who had been sent to New Orleans with him, re­turned to the old fort. 
It was in this Sabine territory, about eight miles inland from Sabine Lake, that the present site of Port Arthur was located. A great man, who deserves much credit for the early growth of Port Arthur. was Arthur Stilwell, president of the Kansas City Railroad in 1898. He was known all over the South for his energy and far­sightedness. His chief object was to select a route for a railroad to reach deep water at the Gulf of Mexico. He could not acquire land any closer to the Gulf than the present stie of Port Arthur. This did not seem very suitable, as no outlet had been secured to deep water. Mr. Stillwell then sent engineers to look over the marsh and waste land, as it was then, to see if a town could be started and if there was any possible way of getting deep water to the new site. Mr. Stilwell tried to have a canal dug through the lake to the Gulf, but this project fell through. All this time there were people constantly coming from the different parts of Texas and Louisiana seeking homes. Owing to the marshy condition of the land and the mosqui­toes, it was rather difficult to get homes built, but this did not dis­hearten the people. Finally, after a few years, there sprang up a few houses and stores. 
A wharf was built out in the lake where small boats would load 
cargo and go to Sabine, where larger boats were loaded. In the 
first year, 1897, there was a little more than 81,000 tons of com­
merce brought to Port Arthur. The following year there were 
238,000 tons and the commerce remained practically on that basis 
until 1901, when there was another increase. The discovery of 
oil and the rapid growth of Spindle Top in 1903 put Port Arthur 
on a boom, for Spindle Top is only fifteen miles from Port Arthur. 
Since Port Arthur was the nearest point to deep water in this section, 
it became a center of commerce through which great quantities of 
oil were shipped. 
When this big oil center opened up there was a rush to Texas. 
An experimental plant was erected by the Gulf Refining Company 
at Port Arthur, and a little later another by the Texas Refining 
Company. These are now two of the largest oil refineries in 
the world. When these experimental plants proved successful the 
companies began to operate on a larger scale, buying up all the 
land they could get-which, to people not possessing far-sighted 
vision, seemed practically worthless-and they began to construct 
large tanks and to enlarge the refineries in every way. 
The two refineries, which had now grown large enough to carry 
on extensive commerce, realized that the small pier which had been 
built out in the lake was too small to carry on business on a large scale, so bonds were voted for the digging of a canal from Sabine to Port Arthur. This was finally put through by Arthur Stilwell and John W. Gates, the Chicago financier, who was an early resident of Port Arthur; but the actual digging of this canal took patience and time. There were a few persons who opposed the digging of the canal; those were people possessing land at the entrance of Sabine Lake, known as Sabine Pass. Threats were made against the work­men engaged in digging the canal. The canal was finally patrolled by men with shotguns. It was practically finished in 1906, and was 20 feet deep and 135 feet wide. This canal made it possible for large vessels to come to Port Arthur to load. 
The engineers laid out the plans for a town in 1899 and said that Port Arthur would never be a commercial center or make any prog­ress at all, owing to the marsh land on which it was built. From 1900 to 1906 there .was a marked increase in the number of homes built, then a standstill until 1914. When the great war broke out in Europe the refineries doubled and trebeled their former output to meet the demands of the nations for oil. Then home building was encouraged, and the census of July 1, 1923, shows Port Arthur with a population of 40,000 and an average of 100 homes a month being constructed. 
The city of Port Arthur has developed from dirt roads and wagon paths in 1900 to shelled or paved streets today. There is a macad­amized road twenty miles in length connecting Beaumont and Port Arthur; over it much cargo is brought into the wholesale stores of Port Arthur by truck. 
Very early in the history of Port Arthur the citizens realized the necessity of education, for on March 28, 1897, they built in one day, through volunteer labor, a one-room school. In 1909 and 1911 bonds were voted and the Webster School and Port Arthur High School were built, the former being an elementary school. These did not accommodate the children adequately, so about six years later the Dallas Avenue and DeQueen Schools were constructed. Then in 1917 the Franklin School was built, but was not opened until 1919. This is considered to be one of the largest and best-equipped ward schools of the South. It has an auditorium with a seating capacity of 750, which makes an excellent theater. In it are presented many attractions for the betterment of the community, such as lectures and musicales. At least one educational picture is shown each week. In addition to this, it is equipped with two large gymnasiums, one for the boys and one for the girls; there is also a large swimming pool, and there are well-equipped laboratories and workshops for the pupils taking physical geography and manual training. The Port 
Arthur schools are managed on a modified form of the Gary system. which gives the student plenty of time for study and recreation and 
does not permit him to get cramped or tired by sitting at one desk all day. 
In 1909 a business college was built and dedicated to the city by John W. Gates. It is controlled by a board of trustees and offers standardized courses of study in bookkeeping and shorthand as au­thorized by the United States Bureau of Education. 
The Memorial Library, completed in 1917, was a gift to the people of Port Arthur by Delora R. Gates as a memorial to her husband and son. This library is one of which the city is justly proud, it being unusually well equipped for a city of this size. The report of April 1, 1924, showed 18,694 books and 139 periodicals in active service. There are two respects in which the library is unique. One is the intimate connection with the schools, the librarian's salary for the nine scholastic months being paid by the school board, and the librarian having supervision of the various school libraries; the other is the composition of the library board, members being chosen not as individuals, but because they hold certain positions. 
The Mary Gates Hospital, a gift of John W. Gates to the city of Port Arthur as a memorial to his mother, is equipped with the best and most modern apparatus that can be bought. 
The Gulf Refining Company and the Texas Refining Company have had the largest share in making Port Arthur one of the largest oil refining cities in the world, and have a monthly pay roll of $2,000,000. They ow~ approximately 200,000 acres of land. The Gulf Company has a large concrete wharf, with an 8,000-foot front, which is equipped with the mqst modern means of loading and unload­ing vessels in the shorest time. The Texas Company is divided into two parts-the refining plant, located at the northwest side of the city, and the terminal and wharf, situated on an island a mile long by a quarter of a mile wide. Here the Texas Company has put up a can factory and pumping plant. The first stage in can making consists of cutting sheet iron by machinery; then this iron is carried by conveyors to other compartments that cut it up and round it into different sized cans-pints and quarts, half-gallons, and gallons; then there is the five-gallon can that is filled with oil and carried by conveyors on ships, where it is stacked. These conveyors load 75,000 five-gallon cans of oil on a ship in eight hours. A large part of the crude oil that is refined to fill these cans is shipped here from Mexico and the countries of South America. In addition to the crude oil brought in by ships, oil is piped to Port Arthur from the fields of Texas, Oklahoma, and Louisiana. This crude oil is refined into higher grades of oil-as parafin, motor oil, gasoline, kerosene and lubricating oil. The countries receiving this refined oil from Port Arthur are South America, South Africa, East Africa, West Africa, Zanzibar, Madagascar, Australia, New Zealand, the Philippines, Japan, China, India, and most of the Red Sea ports. 
This shows Port Arthur's development as a worldwide shipping port. 
At the outbreak of the great war an enormous amount of rice, cotton, wheat, lumber, and other raw materials was sent to Port Arthur to be exported. The canal at the time was too small to take care of all the traffic, so it was enlarged to 150 feet wide and 50 feet deep, where formerly it had been 105 feet wide and 20 feet deep. The fine harbor, the docks about three and one-half miles south of Port Arthur and the mach;nery that is fast and efficient in loading ships give satisfaction to the steamship companies transporting the products. The docking facilities consist or the wharves of the Gulf Company, the Texas Company, and the Port Arthur Canal and Dock Company. TJ;ie concrete wharf recently completed by the Gulf Com­pany can accommodate sixteen vessels loading and discharging at one time. There is a large grain elevator which is run by electricity and has a suction pipe that takes the grain from the elevator, shoots it through a pipe to the holds in the ships much swifter than could be done by human hands. 
The annual report of the United States Shipping Board for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1922, shows that Port Arthur ranks fifth in total cargoes, eighth in exports, and second in imports. Port Arthur, judging from her past growth, has a brilliant future in store for her. Colonel Duff, who is planning to construct another railroad into Port Arthur, predicts great advancement in the very near future. Colonel Goethals, construction engineer of the Panama Canal, during his recent visit to the city, stated that Port Arthur is known all over the world as a shipping port. 
Bibliography ~ 
Articles from Port Arthur Daily News, Vol. XXII, No. 131, July 1, 1923: (a) City's Founder Tells ·of Vision; (b) Chamber of Com­merce Plays Important Part in Growth of City; (c) Coming of Railroad Assured Future of City; (d) Faith of Two Men Built Port Arthur; (c) Port Arthur Schools. 
Burge, A. L., Port Arthur, "Wonder City of the Southwest," Texas Commercial News, March 8, 1924. Drummond, J. A., "New Story Found Telling of Battle at Sabine Pass," Beaumont Enterprise, November 13, 1924. Dyer, J. 0., "Confederate Forces Capture Two Ships at Sabine Pass," Galveston News, March 19, 1922. Dyer, J. 0., "Last Battle of Sabine Pass," Galveston News, March 12,1922. Higley; Mrs. J. H., "Heroine of Sabine Pass," Beaumont Enterprise, June 6, 1920. Kellie, E., "Adventure of Confederates in Holding Sabine Pass," Galveston News, February 11, Hl2~. 
Kellie, E., "Confederate Minister to England Forced to Land Near Sabine After Federal Blockade," Port Arthur Daily News, Vol. XXII, No. 131, July 1, 1923. 
Monroe, Marshall, "Weird Chapter in Southeast Texas History," Beaumont Enterprise, August 13, 1922. Spillane, Richard, "Port Arthur," Commerce and Finance, January 9, 1924. 
History of the First Baptist Church at Tyler 
By Emma V. Gowen, 841 North Bois d' Arc Avenue, Tyler, Texas Fifth Prize in Local History 
Non·:.-Miss Emma Vir.'dnia Gowen was a member of the graduating class of the Tyler High Sch0ol this year. Her story of the growth cf the First Baptist Church of Tyler from a coni;rre~~ation of six in 1~4R to one of nearly 700 in 1924 is ex­tremely interestin~. Her essay is unique in that it was the only one dealing ex­clusively with church history. 
Preface 
In writing a history of the First Baptist Church I have endeavored to gather the facts pertaining to the founding of the church, the growth of the church and the wojk which has been done by the church, and set them forth in writing that they may be preserved. Not only have I tried to give the facts as I have found them, but I have tried to weave into them old customs, traditions and memories which bring us closer to these men and women of long ago and make the facts more human. By looking into these facts we view the shortcomings of the pioneers from a more sympathetic standpoint and come to a better understand;ng of their trials, their sorrows and their joys. 
I obtained my ~aterial from both primary and secondary sources, including church· records, personal interviews, and histories of the church in manuscript, and had very little difficulty in collecting material. I am greatly indebted to Mrs. R. H. Brown for the help she gave me in the collection of my material. 
In the years 1847 and 1848 Tyler was not the prosperous city it now is. In fact, since it had been only one year and a half since it had been founded it was just a little village with a few stores. Instead of paved streets there were lanes and instead of cement sidewalks there were paths from one store to another. There were no railroads and all transportation was carried on by stage coach and ox wagons. There was a route between Tyler and Shreveport which took six days -for an ox team to cover. Now the distance can be traversed in three hours. 
The life of the early settlers of Tyler was filled with hardships, yet it was a simple life. Deer were plentiful and turkeys could be killed within 200 yards of the square. Everybody was honest. A man never thought of locking his door on leaving home, but left the 
·door open with his bacon and hams hanging by the chimney while he went off to a shooting contest, which form of amusement was often held on the square, or to a dance or candy pull, which were favorite forms of amusement and recreation. 
Amid these surroundings six noble and God-fearing people under­
took to establish a Baptist Church to carry on the work of Christ. 
On April 8, 1848, these six pioneer Baptists, Steven Reaves, Georgie 
Reaves, W. S. Walker, Amy Walker, Hampton E. Hudnall, and 
J. H. Adrean, none of whom are now living, met and founded the First Baptist Church of Tyler in a little one-room log cabin which was located on the north side of the square, where the Guaranty State .Bank now stands. 
W. H. Ray was elected first pastor of the church, in which capacity he served about a year, being succeeded by W. B. Langston who served as pastor from 1849 until 1853. As for the other officers of the church, W. S. Walker was the first deacon and Stephen Reaves was the first church clerk. Services were held the third Sunday in every month and the Saturday preceding it; the members were called to church by the blowing of a horn. You may be sure that the meeting of the First Baptist Church then was quite different from the meeting of the First Baptist Church now. Now the morning service lasts an hour, from 11 to 12, and strict observance is paid to the hour ·Of dismissal, while seventy-five years ago the meeting lasted several hours with no regard as to time of dismissal. No doubt much good was done by these meetings and gradually the flock grew until it reached to a membership of sixty-eight in 1852. The congregation first met in the little one-room log house and then in the little wooden courthouse which was located on or near the square until 1850. For the next five years, services were held in the Odd Fellows Hall and in the Federal Courthouse. 
The first church building was erected in 1855 with the help of the Cherokee Baptist Association with which the church had become identified in 1852. But in 1856, before the church was fin ished, it was burned. The homeless flock returned to the courthouse and later was kindly granted permission to meet in the Methodist Church. What a discouraging aspect for the little flock now! All their labor, all their savings, all their unselfish contribution gone, but still these brave people did not lose courage. 
In 1859 a second house of worship was built with Reverend Bled­soe occupying the pulpit. This church was a beautiful little brick structure with baptistry and was located on East Ferguson just across the International-Great Northern Railroad track. The baptistry of this church was never used for the baptismal service for there were no waterworks here at that time, and the big spring on Spring Street was used for that purpose, but the baptistry did serve one pur­pose at one time very well indeed. 
There was one of the deacons who objected to music in the church. In fact, he objected so strongly that it was decided best to discon­tinue the musical part of the service; so the organ was put down in the baptistry and left there for quite a while. Some time after this organ episode the deacon's two sons were converted. Now these two young men were both musicians and played beautifully on the organ and it was through their influence that the old deacon finally consented to have the organ brought back and used in the service. 
There are many treasured memories connected with this church. Some of the older members of the First Baptist Church were mar­ried thi!re. One beautiful wedding took place on January 6, 1881, at 8 :30 in the evening. Doctor Stribling performed the ceremony. The bride was dressed in cream satin with a Jong veil and train and was attended by nine bridesmaids and nine groomsmen, who stood around her forming a horseshoe during the ceremony. The brides­maids wore white and the groom and groomsmen wore conventional evening attire. Following the wedding, an "enfair" was held at the home of the groom because the bride's parents lived in Tennessee. 
On April 25, 1878, resolutions were made thanking the people who had so generously contributed in the recent improvement on the church. H. H. Rowland & Brother, druggists, were thanked for an elegant chandelier; W. G. Wimberley for a beautiful carpet, and Messrs Beaird and Hamilton for the organ. 
It was decided in 1879 that a more satisfactory financial plan was needed and the following plans were drawn up and adopted: The permanent objects to be aided by the church shall be deter­mined and the sum to be devoted to each. 
It shall be the duty of the deacon to collect these contributions. 
Current expenses shall be met by a collection taken each Sabbath, an excess or surplus of which shall be devoted to the library fund of the Sunday School. A standing committee of five shall be appointed to look after the pecuniary condition of the members and the charities of the church. 
Blank books shall be provided by the deacons for the names of the entire church membership and opposite the name shall be entered the amount assessed each member. 
The committee of ten members shall be appointed to assess the members or the families of the church for its support. 
The assessment shall be collected by the deacons. 
A deficiency in the fund shall be met by voluntary offerings. 
Again the church burned. This fire occurred in 1882, starting in a planing mill on Fannin Avenue. After this the people held their services in the opera house and still the work of God was carried on as bravely as before. Four years later, in 1886, a third house of worship was built. It was located on Bois d'Arc Avenue, just behind the present building, where a garage now stands. This new church was a large and imposing brick structure. It took many sacrifices and much labor on the part of the people to construct this church but their hearts were in the work and it was accomplished. 
Various committees were appointed to help toward the rebuilding of the church. The committee to select plans consisted of George Yarborough, Dr. E. H. )Yells, and Dr. J. W. Goodman. Thomas 
R. Swann was appointed to superintend the building and S. S. Gibbs was made solicitor of funds and collector. For the next twenty-five years the people worshiped in this church, but it finally became too small to house its growing flock and the present house of worship, which is located just across the street from the postoffice, was built in 1912. 
In the seventy-five years since the church was first estab­lished it has grown very much indeed. There were six original or charter members, and in 1852, only six years after the founding of the church, it had grown to a membership of sixty-eight. In 1911 there was a membership of 688. Since the church was established, and including its original six members, there have been up until 1911, 766 persons enrolled by baptism and 1,261 enrolled by letter, making a total of 2,027 members. This number has been decreased by death and "lettering out" of those who had left Tyler. During all the years of its history only thirty-five persons have been restored to the membership of the First Baptist Church. 
The church became identified with the Cherokee Baptist Associa­tion in 1852, natl it was not until 1898 that the Smith County Baptist Association was formed. The first Sunday School was organized in 1856 by T. J. Kelly with a mere handful of pupils, but a worthy work was carried on and the Lord has greatly blessed this organi­zation in growth and progress. During the Civil War from 1863 to 1865 the church was without a pastor, for preachers as well as other able-bodied men were wearing the gray. Under the Rev. Mr. Stribbling in 1876, the custom of holding service every Sunday was started, as well as the regular Wednesday evening prayer meeting. 
The pastors of the First Baptist Church of Tyler and the terms of their services are as follows: W. H. Ray, from 1848 to 1849; W. B. Langston, from 1949 to 1853; G. G. Baggerly, from 1853 to 1859; Bledsoe, from 1859 to 1860; D. B. Morrill, from 1860 to 1863; J. R. Clar.k, from 1863 to 1865; N. P. Moore, from 1865 to 1868; J. W. Rowland, from 1868 to 1874; J. H. Stribbings, from 1874 to 1881; Reddin Andrews, from 1881 to 1886; R. T. Yates, from 1886 to 1888; A. J. Fawcett, from 1888 to 1898; J. H. Gambrell, from 1898 to 1904; W. A. Hamlett, from 1904 to 1905; H. C. Risner, from 1905 to 1910; G. L. Yates, from 1910 to 1917; Dr. S. H. Campbell, from 1918 to 1922; Dr. James McNew began his work in Tyler in 1923. 
W. S. Walker was the first deacon of the First Baptist Church 'Ind he rendered long and faithful service. R. H. Brown was ordained in 1875 and he is now the senior living deacon of the board. In June, 1882, the church was incorporated. The application was signed by J. H. Bonner, J. M. Wiggins, and R. H. Brown. The first clerk of the church was Stephen Reaves. The other church clerks were A. J. Swann, F. J. Kelly, J. T. Hands, George R. Phil­lips, C. F. Mansfield, Lee Butler, and R. A. Dean. 
In looking over the records some very interesting incidents are found recorded. Many of them are cli.urch trials and there are also some resolutions on dancing which seem rather peculiar and queer to us now. Quite frequently a member of the church was charged with danc­ing, profanity, or intoxication, and usually the miscreant would ac­knowledge his wrongdoings and ask t.he pardon of the church and promise, with the help of God, to lead a Christian life. Then he was forgiven and received back into the full fellowship of the church, but sometimes he would not ask the pardon of the church nor acknowledge his misdemeanor and then fellowship of the church was withdrawn from him. At one church trial where one good old brother was charged with intoxication, he said: "Brethren, I deny the charge. I didn't drink too much, I 'esh' drinked too fast." 
Resolutions against card playing, dancing, and visiting saloons for drinking were drawn up in 1377, and on December 27, 1877, the following questions were proposed: 
1. 
Is it right for a church member in his or her own room pri­vately to take lessons in dancing 

2. 
Is it right for a church member to engage in a private or social dance to make out a set? 

3. 
Is it right for church members to attend masquerade balls? 


The answers to these questions were: "Our counsel is to abstain from such things in the future, because they lead to backsliding and to injure the peace and prosperity of the church and of piety. in the head and life of our members and to many other evils. In regard to the evil and corruption of the modern dance they are too glaring to need proof or argument. In love to Christ and His church we counsel each member to abstain not only from the practice of dancing, but all the steps that lead to it." 
It was the custom for a collection to be taken the first Sunday in every month for home missions. Until February 20, 1879, it had been customary to observe the Lord's Supper in the afternoon, but at that time the communion season was changed to the close of the morning service of the first Sabbath in each month. Another custom which the young men of today might emulate was the young men's Tuesday evennig prayer service. No matter what occurred these . young men met every Tuesday evening at the church for a short prayer meeting. No social engagement was allowed to interfere with the prayer meeting. 
One time there was to be a revival, and just as the people were 
ready to start the revival the minister became ill. But this did not daunt these Baptists. A lawyer by the name of Penn, who after­ward became a preacher, started the meeting. Services were held at 6 o'clock in the morning, at 8 in the morning, at 10 in the morning, at 4 in the afternoon and at 8 in the evening. After the· service each night the converts were baptized in the big spring down on Spring Street, and it was usually 12 o'clock at night before this took place and very often even later. 
There was in this church a German professor, who was a very fine musician and who played wonderfully on both Violin and piano or organ. However, the same deacon who had objected to the organ objeded to the fiddle being played in the church, and as was the case with the organ, it was discontinued. One Sunday morn­ing the organist was sick and the German professor was asked to play. It happened that this morning the good old deacon was sitting over in the "amen corner" and his wife was sitting in the "amen corner" on the other side of the church. The professor started playing on the high treble notes with many thrills, and it really did sound very much like a fiddle. The old deacon immediately got up and stalked out, highly indignant that such a thing should occur against his express wishes. His wife could not imagine what was the matter, but she knew that her husband was not feeling so well that morn­ing; so, greatly alarmed she jumped up and rushed out after him to see what was the matter. She caught him before he reached home, and she breathlessly asked what was the matter. Was he sick? He said, "Sick? No, I'm not sick. Do you think I'm going to stay there and hear that German playing his fiddle?" His wife rather disgustedly turned around and went back to church, and when asked what was the matter with the deacon, she replied: "Oh, he can't tell the difference between an organ and a violin." 
And so we see that the people of several years ago were very 
much the same as they are today. In looking back many of these 
incidents seem trivial and of little account to us, and many of the 
occurrences are ludicrous and amusing, but let us not value the 
work of these pioneers of the faith lightly. 
Bibliography 
Brown, Mrs. R. H., 706 South Fannie Avenue. Church records, 1877-1924. "History of the First Baptist Church" (in manuscript). Marsh, school student, "History of Tyler." McDongal, "History of the First Baptist Church." 
Young County's Part in the Indian Problem 
By Miss Avis Calvin, Graham, Texas 
Sixth Prize in Local History 

KoTF..-Miss Calvin ;s a senior in the Graham High Schoo]. She is a special stu<ltnt of Engli~h and Latin, and expects to continue her work in college. She has told the story of the Indian troubles in Young County, which had more than its share of them, due to the fact that t\VO Indian reservations were located in that county. 
Preface 
Young County has never received due recognition for its part in the frontier days. Some of the hottest Indian battles fought in Texas were on this county's soil. It has been my purpose to tell of Young County's part in the Indian problems. It has been very diffi­cult to get connected stories from old settlers' reminiscences, for they would only give me a few rambling thoughts. As a result I have had to get the outline of its history from papers and books and fill in with these experiences of the old settlers. I have talked with old settlers and also old Texas Rangers. I visited the County Surveyor's office and found the early history of Young County. I have read numerous manuscripts of deceased settlers. 
Less fortunate than the pioneers of other portions of the West, the early settlers of Texas were forced to contend not only with the tribes which originally inhabited the lands they coveted, but also with marauding Indians. The settlers knew how to fight armies, but not these savage bands. From a general knowledge of Indian character, it is safe to say that there were always dangers to be dreaded by the colonists, even when the tribes were avowedly friendly. An Indian who happened to covet the horse or arms of a white brother would hardly hesitate at committing a murder to secure it, providing the risk of dis­covery and punishment was not too threatening. The possession of firearms and a readiness to use them, if occasion required, were the settler's only protection at this period. 
As settlements became more numerous in this country conflicts with the Indians naturally increased in frequency. The Indians had come to look upon the settlers as their worst foe and at the same time to regard their herds as a certain source of support when game was scarce or they were too lazy to hunt for it. Horses were what they principally desired, and if they could manage to secure a scalp while stealing a pony, so much the better. The colonists adopted a motto: "There are no good Indians except dead ones." 
In 185.5 the United States Government had taken up the task of civilizing the Texas Indians ; and had established two colonies on reservations granted by the State in Young County. It was agreed that the Indians had been forced to make raids through starvation, and it was believed that all trouble from this source would cease if efforts were made to provide for the Indians' immediate wants, and to aid and instruct them in the cultivation of crops, and the raising of domestic animals for food. The larger of the two reserva­tions comprised eight leagues of land, and was situated on the Brazos River below the mouth of the Clear Fork, some fifteen miles from Fort Belknap. This r eservation took in a part of what is now Graham. Here 794 Indians were induced to locate, the colony being composed of remnants of the Tonkawa, Tahwacorro, Waco, Anadarko and Caddo tribes. The second reservation, of four leagues, was occupied by 277 Comanches, and was situated on the Clear Fork, about forty-five miles from its mouth. Every provision was made for the comfort and welfare of the Indians on these reservations of the Government and for a time the plan seemed a flattering success. The Indians were quiet and well behaved; they gave up the use of intoxi­cants, and their morality and industry surprised the settlers. The Com­anches were totally ignorant of everything pertaining to the civilized life; however, they proved willing and their progress was encouraging to the highest degree. 
In three years both of the reservations were in a highly prosperous condition. The Indians built themselves comfortable houses and school houses, and their herds of cattle and horses were increasing. If there had been any way to keep them in their reservations, the future of these savages would have been a peaceful one, but it was not to be -expected that they should submit to total deprivation of liberties. They still wanted to hunt. Some were granted rights to go on hunting expeditions for the purpose of providing themselves with meat. Consequently their whereabouts could not be determined; when depredations once more became common, suspicion was naturally directed toward the Indians. After trailing the Indians on these said hunting expeditions, the colonists found that their suspicions were fully justified. 
When the news of these depredations spread, the people began to want the Indians banished out of the country. The Government soon instructed the Indians to remove north of the Red River, as soon as their growing crops were gathered; but, owing to the clamor of the settlers, the Government thought it best for them to remove at once. They lost everything that their industry had gained them, and were not even allowed to take their cattle. The Indians wanted revenge for this act, and this was the cause of many of the marauding expeditions that invaded Texas for the next twenty years. 
In 1860, Captain Sul Ross, who had already distinguished himself in the expedition against the Comanches, was commissioned by the Governor to organize a company of sixty men and take the field against the plundering Indians. This force was stationed at Fort Belknap on the upper Brazos in Young County. The early part of the year witnessed two engagements worthy of passing notice. During the month of June, the Browning brothers were attacked by the Indians near their home on Clear Fork and one was killed, while the other, though severely wounded, escaped through the speed of his horse. This happened near Fort Belknap. A party, hearing of the murder, took the trail of the Indians and five days later overtook them. In the fight that followed thirteen of the Indians were killed, and not one of the whites was injured. This was not the result in every battle because sometimes more white people than Indians were killed and wounded. 
When Captain Ross was given command at Fort Belknap the people knew they would not have to wait long for results. With this company of sixty rangers, in a fight where the present town of Nocona stands, he severely defeated the Comanches, killing Pete Nocona, the last of the great Comanche chiefs, and capturing the spoils of the Indians, including a captive white woman, Cynthia Ann Parker, who had been stolen by the Comanches in 1836 and who had become the wife of an Indian chief. She was brought back to Fort Belknap and kept there for a long time, and then she was sent to Camp Cooper, where she was cared for. She died in Denton County. 
The wily Comanches were not to be thwarted in their quest for scalps and horses. Pursuing the policy of former years, they haunted the settlements in small bands, and the defenseless whites, who were so unfortunate as to fall into their hands, invariably paid the penalty with their lives. Such was the fate of Mr. Peverly, Mr. McCoy, and Mr. Cox of Young County. The settlers would gather in groups so they could offer better resistance against the Indians. 
About thirty families gathered for common protection at a point 
about eight miles from Fort Belknap, where they erected a fortifi­
cation of pickets which they named Fort Murray. The town of 
Murray, located about eighteen miles west of Graham, owes its exis­
tence to this little fort. Judge Harminson and his son, Perry, with 
whom I am well acquainted, were "rounded up" in a little clump of 
timber by sixty Comanches, but being provided with rifles, the white 
men succeeded in holding the Indians off until the sound of firing in 
another part of the woods drew their assailants away. The Indians 
attempted to attack the settlement, but did not venture upon it be­
cause they were afraid of so great a force. Prompted by the example 
set them, other settlers gathered in settlements to protect themselves 
better from the Indians. 
The pioneers of Young County did not have the protection they 
were entitled to at the hands of the United States soldiers at Fort 
Belknap, but had to depend upon their own strong arms and trusty 
rifles for protection against the Indians. Even General Sheridan 
said that the settlers were as much, if not more, to blame than the 
Indians for the frequent complaints that went to Washington. But it 
must be remembered that General Sheridan was somewhat prejudiced against the State as was indicated in his famous saying that if he owned both Hades and Texas, he would rent out Texas and live in the warmer climate. 
It is quite probable that the soldiers would have been more useful if the policy of the Government had been more rigid w;th the In­dians. The mistake was learned in after years, and it was eventually found that the warfare of the riflle was the only sort that the Indians had any respect for and that the only way to subdue them was through force. 
To illustrate the cruel atrocities of these Indians who pretended to come on hunting expeditions upon which they stole cattle and killed women and children when no white men were near, I will give as an example the Battle of Little Salt Creek, which is generally con­ceded as the hottest battle fought in Northwest Texas. A number of ranchers agreed that they should all go together and gather their cattle off the range, and in this way they could avoid being mas­sacreed by the Indians. There were twelve men watering their horses in Salt Creek, fifteen miles north of Graham, when suddenly fifty­seven Indians, as they afterward learned, surrounded them. There was little time to discuss the proper way to act in their great danger, but some of the party wished to attempt reaching a clump of timber about a mile away. Mr. Kutch, who was the oldest of the party, told the others at once that this course was impossible, that they would all be shot down and scalped long before they could reach the shelter of the trees. A shallow sink in the prairie was their only refuge; he led the way there, many of the men being without horses, and the Indians closed in on them from every side, subjecting them to constant fire from the rifles with which many were armed, while a cloud of arrows fell around them at every step. Several of the white men were wounded before they could find shelter in the depression. 
Some killed their horses for breastworks. The whites were armed only with the old-fashioned cap and ball pistols. Although none of the men of the party was very accurate in shooting at long range, the spiteful barkings of their pistols held the Indians back, and occa­sionally an Indian would fall wounded from his horse, or would turn from the fight with all his fighting ardor suddenly dampened. The battle began at 10 o'clock in the morning and continued without inter­mission until 4 o'clock in the afternoon. After the first rush, the Indians' rifles were useless, for from their positions the white men were hidden from their view, but the arrows were still used effec­tively, for by shooting them high in the air they could be made to fall among the crouching cowboys. Willard Crow was the first to receive a fatal wound. He was struck in the neck with an arrow and died almost instantly. Mr. Kutch had received an arrow in his shoulder and two in his legs, but was still able to sit up and use his pistol. Six of the other men had received wounds, hut the 
Indians were unaware of their injuries and at 4 o'clock in the after­noon gathered the scattered stock of the white men and took their departure. 
As they left the grounds they ascended a hill beyond rifle shot, from which they could overlook the Texans' positions. Noticing this all the white men, who were able to stand, got upon their feet, thus exhibiting a show of strength, which satisfied the Indians that nothing was to be gained by a longer stay. Later in the day a messenger was sent to Judge Harminson's ranch for assistance, but long hours passed before aid was rendered. In the meantime the suffering of the wounded men was intense. Several of them had one or more poisoned arrowheads in their bodies, while the wounds of all were inflamed by the long neglect: Luckily, a light rain be­gan falling and they were not forced to know the torture of thirst. 
About 8 o'clock a party arrived from the Harminson ranch with a co\·ered wagon, in which they intended to convey the wounded, but it proved hardly large enough for all. Kutch, whose wounds were not as severe as those of the others or whose indomitable will rendered him more capable of hiding his sufferings, was placed in one corner of the wagon in a sitting posture. The comfort of the others was looked to as much as possible, while the dead men were tied on a feed box behind, that being the only way in which room could be made for them. The mournful procession left the battlefield behind, and the rude wagon bore them away across the prairie, every jolt intensifying the suffering of the in­mates. 
The little sink in which they had lain was covered with blood and the ground in every direction was studded with arrows and pitted with rifle balls. John Lenly died soon after the party reached the ranch, and Shapeley Carter the following day, but the memory of the gallant fight made by that little band will be cherished as long as grass grows and cattle graze on the Young County prairies. Mr. Kutch still lives in Jacksboro and is 81 years old. 
A great deal of freighting was carried on between the military posts, but the government wagon trains were invariably provided with a strong escort of soldiers and in consequence were seldom molested. Individual freighting outfits were frequently less fortun­ate, however, and on May 18, 1871, an event occurred which though horrible in itself, was destined to work an unlimited amount of good to the long suffering Texans. Upon the date mentioned, a wagon train en route to Fort Griffin was attacked twelve miles north of Graham, and seven of twelve teamsters were killed. The assailants were 150 Kiowas, led by three most noted chiefs, Satanta, Satank, and Big Tree. Little resistance was made by the teamsters, who were taken by surprise, and it was only good luck that any of them suc­ceeded in reaching the cover of a patch of brush. One of the luckless teamsters, who had been disabled, was chained to the wheel of a wagon, and after the Indians had plundered all the vehicles to their satisfaction, the wagon was burned and the teamster perished in the flames. General Sheridan had these three ch.iefs tried and sentenced, although they were never punished. The Indians became afraid to attack so openly any more. 
The location of ranches in Young County and surrounding counties began to operate as a check upon the savages, since the cowboys were constantly moving about the country in search of stock, and if the Indians attempted to cross the open range their presence was at once discovered and reported. Occasionally a fight of importance would occur, but this was only when an encounter came about by accident, or when a band of horse thieves would be overtaken in hasty flight. 
James C. Loving had a ranch in Lost Valley, about twenty-five miles from Graham. On the morning of July 12, 1874, Mr. Loving took three of his cowboys with him and started out to look after the cattle on the range, as no one had been out from the ranch for two days. When about seven miles out from the ranch on Salt Creek prairie, to their surprise they saw about 150 Indians charging them from the Cox Mountain, and were within 250 yards of them with their lances drawn glittering in the sunlight as bright as new silver dollars. 
There was just one chance to get away, and that was to make a good run, as four men could not undertake to fight so many Indians. Mr. Loving gave the instructions to run to the timber which was about a mile and a half away. They ran in the direction of the ranch, and the Indians did not gain on the cowboys, and when the timber was reached the distance was lengthened to some extent. As soon as Mr. Loving saw they were out of the view of the Indians, he changed his course and turned to the right. In this plan he was not disappointed, as the Indians, when they came to where the cowboys made the turn, kept straight and ran down the valley. The ranchers reached the ranch in safety. The Indians finding their prey had escaped continued loitering about, when Major Jones with thirty-seven rangers overtook them and the battle that followed was a hard one. The Indians outnumbered the rangers f ully five to .-0ne, but the rangers held the battle ground and forced the Indians to retire after fighting nearly all afternoon. Two rangers and thirteen Indians were killed and several were wounded. 
Later in 1875, when Lieutenant Jones was in command of the rangers, he overtook some Indians who had plundered Loving's ranch the previous night, and killed five of them. This ended the Indian trouble in this county. Of course, there were some encounters be­tween rangers and Indians, but none of them of sufficient importance to deserve special mention. 
Railroads had penetrated the State in every direction, making it possible to gather an armed force at any threatened point upon a few hours' notice. If an Indian band had ventured far into the country their attacks could easily have been checked. They were not slow to recognize the changed condition of affairs and, though their natural greed for scalps and plunder was hard to subdue, they saw the result of battling against fate. Viewed from the Indian standpoint, they made a long and hard fight, but a losing one, bury­ing the hatchet at last when a continuance of hostilities would have been useless. 
Many of the old cattlemen who are still living bear the marks of the bullet or arrow wounds received in the past when they battled with the Indians for the safety of their :families and herds. But the possibility of future trouble with the Indians is not worth con­sideration, for the numerical strength is growing annually less, and of the noted chiefs, who once led the Indians to battle against the whites, only a few remain. 
A few years ago, action was taken by the national government to­wards repaying the Texans for losses sustained in the Indian raids, but if all the national treasury was showered down upon the plains of Texas, it could not bring back to life the scalpless victims who sleep beneath the sod, or dry the tears of those who mourn their loss. 
Bibliography 
Cox, James, The Cattle Industry of Texas and Adjacent Terri­tory, Woodward & Tiernan Printing Co., St. Louis, 1895. Kutch, "Uncle Billie: His Own Story," March 15, 1924. He lives in Jacksboro, Texas. 
Martin, P. A., "History of Young County." This history ran weekly in the Graham Leader during the years 1913 and 1914. He lives in Wichita Falls, Texas. I got this from newspaper office. 
Paddock, Captain B. B., History of Central ctnd Western Texas, Vol. 1, Lewis Publishing Co., Chicago, 1911. 
"I Visited the County Surveyor's Office." 
Wilson, J . A., His Reminiscences, Comanche, Texas. 
I read the manuscripts of the following: Mr. Scarborough Mabry, Mr. , Shapley Carter, Mr. James C. Loving, Mr. R. E. Matthews. 
Educational Progress of Graham 
By Elizabeth Wright, Formerly of Graham, Texas 
Seventh Prize in Local History 

N1nr..-Miss Wright, a senior in the Graham High School, traced the history of the Graham school system OVt!r a period of nearly fifty years. Her essay is unique in the contest because it is the only one dealing exclusively with an educational system. In writing this eseay Miss Wright examined thirty-seven volumes of the Graham L eader, and has based her story large]y on this newspaper material. Graham has long been noted in West Texas for its school system and for the long serdce of one superintendent. 
Preface 
In this paper on the history of the Graham schools I have tried to show the increasing interest in and the growth of the schools. I took this subject because I thought it would be interesting, as there has been much progress in the educational work of this town. My paper is based primarily on newspapers, but also on oral report. I have had some difficulties in preparing this history, as I could not find all the dates I desired without much research. Most of my information was received from the Graham L eader, and this required much time. I hope, however, that some good will be derived from this informa­tion. 
In 1874 this beautiful little city, Graham, was founded. As all the people were busily engaged in establishing themselves for life, very little attention was given to schools at first. In the following year the people began to discuss the educational problem, but it was not until 1876 that Graham had her first school. 
The first school building was located near the present Baptist 
Church. It was a small wooden building, having only three rooms, 
but it was able to accommodate the small enrollment of fifty pupils. 
The first superintendent was J. H. Brantly; there were only two 
other teachers in the school. As soon as Mr. Brantly became super­
intendent he familiarized himself with the new school law, which was 
as follows: The State Board of Education should consist of a Gov­
ernor, a Comptroller, and a Secretary of State, the Governor being 
president. They should furnish school officers blanks to carry out 
their instructions. The scholastic age was decided to include the 
ages from 8 to 14. The census was to be taken by Assessors of Taxes. 
The County Judge was to approve the abstracts filed with Clerks and 
send one copy to the Board of Education. The sum of 2c per capita 
was paid to the Assessor for the first 1,000 of scholastic census, and 
this money was paid out of the common school fund by the County 
Treasurer. Interest arising on bonds and funds derivable from the 
sale of lands, set apart before for permanent school fund, should be 
appropriated for the establishment and support of public free schools. 
Available school funds were to be distributed to school communities 
to be organized. They should be appropriated in each county for 
the education of white and colored children, and each should receive 
a just pro rata. There was to be no form of religion taught in any 
public free school in Texas. The time for the session of school was 
to be fixed by the trustees. School would be taught seven hours or 
longer. Public schools would close on Saturday, Christmas, New 
Year's Day, state or national Thanksgiving Day, April 21, and 
other national holidays. The amount apportioned to Young County 
for the first year was $287,043, as a permanent fund. 
The school at Graham was, in some respects, a private institution. 
At this early perio<l the people realized that the schoolroom was the place to develop the mind and that an educated mind was God-like. The superintendent urged the parents to visit the schools because the pupils needed encouragement, and he thought it impossi­ble to build up a good school without concerted action of patrons. Meanwhile, an academy had been established and was flourishing under Professor Bowie. 
Literary clubs were formed and everyone became more interested in educating young minds. Graham was congratulated by strangers as being foremost in providing proper educational facilities. Just as the work was progressing to a great extent, the little school building was blown down. This event happened on the night of October 6, 1877. Mr. Brantly was slightly injured. Afterward another small building was erected, which was located just back of the annex to the Baptist Church. This building was larger than the former one, and was able to accommodate the growing attendance. The new school room had convenient desks of Texas pine. Maps, charts, and globes were to be secured. 
At first, it was difficult to get the people to understand the work­ings of the school, but gradually they began to understand, and became more enthusiastic all the time. The "Roll of Honor" was an interesting new feature of the school work. This was merely a statement of those pupils who had been neither absent nor tardy for a month. 
In 1877, J. N. Johnston became superintendent and remained 
in that office until 1902. The tuition charged for a month for pri­
mary children was $2, for intermediates it was $3 and for those 
in higher grades the tuition was $4. The average attendance then 
was eighty. The Graham school was one of the finest in the State 
at this period of its development. 
In 1879 the price charged for a month for spelling, reading, writing, 
geography, composition, and arithmetic, was $2; for English grammar, 
history, higher arithmetic, moral and natural sciences, $3; for lan­
guages, higher branches of mathematics, and bookkeeping, $4. The 
tuition began when a child entered school and stopped when he 
ceased attending there. To encourage good work in these various 
subjects, valuable prizes were offered. These prizes were given at 
the end of the annual examination, which was in progress. from 
Monday night until Friday night. The parents were always invited 
to attend them. The kind of "cramming" that the pupils did for 
examination was an excellent form of intellectual training and a 
good habit. This term, then, did not mean what it does today, but 
it simply meant the working together of the teacher and the pupil. 
A committee, appointed by the County Judge, visited the examinations 
and said that the latter passed off creditably both to the teacher and 
to the pupils. Professor Johnston was an experienced and com­petent instructor, as the good results in school work proYed. He had system and good discipline in school. In 1879 there were sixty pupils enrolled in the Graham High School alone. 
In 1880, two Methodist preachers, the Rev. Mr. Burkhead and the Rev. Mr. Hendricks, had charge of the high school. Under them, the school progressed rapidly, and the attendance became so large that a new building was needed. E. S. Graham, Sr., donated a twelve-acre lot for this purpose. Soon, however, there was dis­satisfaction in the school, and church enmity arose. The result of this was a split, with a Mr. Smith in charge of the opposing school. 
In 1883, under the wise supervision of Mr. Johnston, Latin, physi­ology, philosophy, and elocution were added to the list of subjecis taught in the high school. Soon the honor system was begun. A new room was built opposite the school building, which was use<l for smaller children. There was much trouble over taxes and finances after this, but the good workers managed so that the school did not make large debts. 
There were eighty pupils in the high school alone in 1892 and, with the other students, the building was so crowded that a new one was necessary. Therefore, in 1893, a building was erected near the mountain on the corner of Fourth and Virginia Streets. It was of brick and was built by the Farrier Brothers of Seymour, who used their own money for expenses. This edifice was known hundreds of miles eastward to visitors. This school had six rooms. There were about 400 pupils enrolled in this handsome building, with their same faithful superintendent and a larger number of teachers than ever before. In their new loctaion, where they were comfortably situated, the pupils did excellent work. This new building accommodated all the grades in school, except the primary children, who attended in the old building. Throughout each year Mr. Johnston taught the children to be prompt and obedient and to take care of their books. He published "Educational Columns," in the Graham L eader, which contained good thoughts. 
In 1898 there were 300 pupils enrolled in the school and there were four graduates. In the same year a county superintendent was elected. The tuition charged was reasonable, but if the parents of school children did not have the money, Mr. Johnston would accept wood, corn, oats, hay, cotton seed, chickens, eggs, butter; in fact . anything except prickly pear apples. There were six teachers in 1899, without the music teacher. Physical culture, piano and stringed instruments were taught at school then. Each year the school be­came a greater success in every way. The County Board of Exami­ners met two days to examine applicants for teachers' certificates. The school increased so that in 1899 it became necessary for the management to employ another teacher. Mr. Johnston and the prin­cipal were compelled to teach all clay and after school. Two of the 
teachers were supernumeraries and each of them and also the super­
intendent had a first-grade certificate. This was a good recommen­
dation for the school as a first-class institution of learning. There 
were 100 in high school then. 
I find on record that as early as 1901 the Graham school became 
an independent district. It then had 266 pupils. Before this time 
the school had been pri\·ate, but then it became a public institution. 
In this year the pup;ls became interested in securing a library and 
gave \·arious entertainments to obtain money to purchase books. 
From 1902 to 1903 ::IIr. \Yilliams \\·as superintendent of the Graham 
schools. In the latter year B. C. Odom became rnperintendent and 
remained in that office for three years. l:nder the administration 
of the latter the library was enccuragE<l and the children were 
urged to study hard. Elect'ons were soon held to decide on the 
issue of bonds to erect a ne\\" building. In 190-l the Graham Inde7 
pendent School District was the only incorporated one in Young 
County. The school law was changed in the following year. 
In 19013 George D. Beason was elected superintendent of the public schools of the town, but he resigned and Edgar ::IIcLendon was elected to fill the Yacancy. Durinl[ the nine yean of sen·ice rendered by th:s man the school had renewed progress. The enrollment in­creased; the library became a sure fact; se\·eral \·olumes of books \\·ere presented to the school by a citizen of the town; the graduates of the Graham High School entered uni\·ersities on the same basis as those from the city high schools; the scholastic census was taken e\·ery year. 
In 1910 a new high school building was erected. as the Fourth Street build:ng was unable to pro\·ide for the increasing enrollment of school children. This building was located on the site of the present high school. just three blocks south of the old school. There were ten rooms in the building. It was constructed of brick. had new Oxford desks, a teacher's desk and chair in each class roo1". windO\\'S with shades on the inside and screens on the outside; the physical laboratory was equipped \\·i:h a complete line of physical apparatus to meet the requirements of the State l:niversity. The building was steam-heated and the large campus was surrounded ty an iron fence. Graham \\·as proud of the ne\\' structure and boasted of ha\·ing two brick buildings. 
Th: firs: superintendent in the new building was ::lfr. :'.fcLendon. who had sen·ed faithfully in the old one. There \\·ere about .SOO pupils enrolled when the schoc! opened, but part o±' that number. the pupils of the grammar grades. went to the old bui!d:ng. A new piano was secured for the ne\\' high school. The children began to take interest in athletics and debating societies. A high-school band \\·as organized, which was \·ery successful. In 1912 th~ United Daughters of the Confederacy presented to the new school some pic­tures r;f Rober: E. Lee and his naff. the flags of the Confederacy 
with the hero, and of John H. Reagan.. The library in the school had increased so that in 1912 it was the largest one in west Texas, having 600 volumes and surplus money to buy more. The first credits of uni­versity affiliation were received in this year also. There were fourteen really made, but only thirteen were given affiliation that year and the fourteenth was granted the next year. This was an excellent record for a school in a town as small as Graham was then: From that time the school had been granted affiliation in one or two addi­tional subjects a year. The school grew each year under the manage­ment of Mr. McLendon. The enrollment became so large that in 1912 it was necessary to add six large rooms to the building. All were then 
comfortably situated. 
In 1915 the work of Mr. McLen<lon ended and that of E. L. Howell 
began. Two courses were decided upon to be followed in high school: 
First, the Latin course, with two elective subjects, solid geometry 
and trigonometry or English ·history; second, the science and Spanish 
course, with the same elective subjects. In October of 191i the 
new school building was destroyed by fire. This was a great disaster, 
as the town was left without a school building. The pupils were 
taught m the various chur·ches of the town after this event until the 
present building on Virginia Street was erected in 1917. Under Mr. 
Howell's administration two credits were secured in Spanish, one in 
botany and one-half each in physiography and physiology, while the 
fourth credit in Latin and in English were added. 
The building on Virginia Street, the present high school and East Ward, was constructed of brick, situated on the southwest corner of Virginia and First streets. It was planned to be fireproof, well ven­tilated, steam-heated, to have a large auditorium to seat 600 or 700 persons, a library, a gymnasium with bath to be in the base­ment. Most of these plans were carried out, but not all of them. The building has twenty classrooms. In 1918 there were 693 pupils enrolled the first month. 
In 1920 H. B. Cogdell, the present superintendent was .elected. He 
has proved to be a good one and has accomplished much for the 
school. Under his administration six new credits of affiliation have 
been added and one has been changed. In 1921 the State Depart­
ment of Education informed Mr. Cogdell that the school had re­
ceived affiliation of one-half unit in commercial arithmetic, one in 
bookkeeping and one in civics. At the beginning of the session the 
Graham schools had only twenty-one units of affiliation, but then 
they had twenty-three and a half. Under the present superintendent. 
medals were offered. Prizes and scholarships had been offered be­
fore this, but no gold medals. In declamation a gold medal was 
given to the girl winner by the Guaranty State Bank; to the boy, by 
the Graham National Bank. In English a medal was offered by the 
C. L. S. C., a literary club; in history, by Dr. W. A. Morris; in mathematics, by the First National Bank. The Lions' Club offered a. medal to the pupil in high school having the best general average for a quarter. The one receiving it the greatest number of times was allowed to keep it. A medal was also offered to the student in the grammar grades having the best general average for a term. 
The school attendance has increased rapidly under the leadership of Mr. Cogdell. In 1921 there were over 1,000 pupils enrolled the first week of school, 200 of whom were high school students. In 1922 the attendance became so large that it was most necessary to erect a new ward building. This school is located in the Shawnee addi­tion to Graham. It is built of brick; it has nine classrooms, a large auditorium, the principal's office, a library room and many other conveniences. The building is 64x92 feet and cost about $59,130. There were eleven teachers employed in this building in 1922. The Graham Music Club presented each school a Columbia grafanola, a gift received with gratitude. 
Last year additional credits of affiliation were secured--one in typewriting and shorthand, one in general science, and one-half in commercial law. Later one other unit was added, making a total of twenty-seven units of affiliation in the Graham High School. This school has more affiliated units than many schools in larger towns. This year the school hopes to receive affiliation in domestic art, in Bible and in political economy. Excellent work has been done in each of these departments, so the students and teachers feel sure that affiliation will be granted. 
There are at present 1,186 pupils enrolled in the schools of the town, there are 450 in the East Ward, 436 in Shawnee School, and 300 in the High School. These pupils are tiained by thirty-four teachers; there are eleven in the East Ward, twelve in Shawnee School, and eleven in High School. This shows the vast growth of the schools since the first one was opened. 
Our present superintendent has resigned, which fact the public re­grets to hear, as he has done so much for Graham schools. I. T. Gilmer of this town has been elected as his successor. He has had much experience in teaching and knows the importance of the schools and of education. I am sure the progressive work ·of our great institutions, the schools, carried on by former superintendents, will be continued under the supervision of Mr. Gilmer. The people look forward to a great and prosperous school year in 1925. 
Bibliography 
Miss Aarrie Barrett, Graham. 
H. B. Cogdell, Graham. 
C. W. Johnson, Graham. 
Mrs. John Edward Dowdle, Graham. 
Edgar McLendon, Graham. 

John E. Morrison, Graham. 
Miss Lillie B. Pate, Graham. 
Miss Nell Sammons, Graham. 
John H. Wood, Graham. 
'The Graham Leader, the town paper, dates 1876-1924. 
The History of Jones County 
By Velma Thomas, Anson, Texas 
Eighth Prize in Local History 

NoTE.-"My highest ambition is to be a journalist. I would like better than 
anything in the world to be able to write for some big paper or magazine." Thus wrote Miss Velma Thomas, the author of this essay on the history of Jones County. This ambition to write for some big newspaper has now been realized. The history of Jones County offers many possibilities to the historical student and writer. Fort Phantom Hill has a name that fascinates the mind and stimulates the imagination. Miss Velma Thomas is now a junior in the Anson High School. 

Preface 
In this history an attempt has been made to tell facts about Jones County that probably would never be known if they were not written now. The early settlers are getting old and will not be here much longer to tell about the county as they knew it to be. The pupils of the American history class in Anson High School were asked by their history teacher to write a history of the county. We had heard nothing of a local history contest until some time after we started. We gathered our information from books and old settlers mostly. All of the old newspapers on file had been destroyed. 
Nothing has been stated in this history except things that have been proven as facts. It has been necessary to condense the original copy in order to meet the required number of words, therefore the history is not quite as interesting as it could have been if more words had been permitted. 
The history of Jones County before its organization centers mainly around the post on the Clear Fork of the Brazos, known locally as Fort Phantom Hill. This was one in a chain of forts established by the United States Govern1!'1ent for protection against the Indians, whose enmity toward the settlers hindered the development of the country. 
Texas never was satisfied under the rule of the Mexican Govern­ment. Besides many other faults, Mexico failed to furnish protection for our State against the Indians. There were originally about thirty tribes of the red men within the bounds of Texas. As the southern part of the State was settled, the Indians pushed north and west. Instead of helping the white people, Mexico remained unmoved by their hardships, and when the war between Texas an<l Mexico was staged she enlsited Indians as her allies. 
As a Republic, Texas was still too weak to defend herself from the red men. She was forced to make peace with them. A line of demarcation was drawn. The Seventh Congress met November 14, 1842, and provided for the establishment of trading posts. The sale of liquor was prohibited, and it was made a capital crime to kill an Indian, except in war or self-<lefense. · 
All th'" Indians, except the Comanches, agreed to sign a peace treaty with the settlers. This tribe did some of the most horrible things possible. Nothing would bring them to terms. This was one reason for Texas entering the Union. As soon as she became a State the United States sent troops to protect the Texas frontier. In 1851 Major Neighbors became special agent for the Indians of West Texas. The remains of an old rock house which was used by Major Neighbors as a trading post is still to be seen on Chimney Creek in Jones County. Two Spanish boys, Tito Rivera and Ignatio Serna, were ransomed at this post. 
In 1849 Captain Randolph B. :'v1arcy was ordered to travel from Fort Smith, Arkansas, to Santa Fe, New Mexico, to establish a good route from Fort Smith to California. He located two transcontinental routes. One led through Texas across the Panhandle and to Califor­nia. This was called Albuquerque Trail. The Marcy Trail led through El Paso and Sherman. Some maps show this trail as passing through northern Jones County, while others do not. 
In 1850 Lieutenant Whiting inspected the Government line of forts in East Texas. He reported that the forts already there were all right, but the settlers were pushing north and west and it become necessary to establish another chain so that the forts might be be­tween the Indian and white settlements. As a result, the post on the Clear Fork of the Brazos and Forts Belknap, Chadbourne, Bliss and others were established. Many people, rushing to California for gold, traveled over this trail, so it is probable that the legend that California Creek was named for those gold seekers could be true. 
The first survey made in this count~· is the Evans survey. W. T. Evans received this land as a headright claim in 1838. This tract, containing over 1,000 acres, was sold at public auction in Harris County in August, 1851, for $50. 
In November, 1851, Fort Phantom Hill was established on this same tract on the Clear Fork of the Brazos by Companies C and G of the Fifth Infantry under the command of Brevet Lieut. Col. J. 
J. Abercrombie. On November 16. 18.51, Companies B, E, and K of the Fifth Infantry arrived. Albercrombie commanded until April 27, 1852, when he was relieved by Colonel Carlos A. Waite of the Fifth Infantry. He commanded until September 24, 1853. Later Brevet Major Caleb C. Sibley took charge, but was succeeded on March 26, 1854, by First Lieutenant C. Givens, First Dragoons. Givens com­manded until the fort was abandoned April 6, 1854, because of an insufficient supply of drinking water. On the first night after the abandonment, the soldiers camped a few miles from the fort. The fort was burned that night by a soldier and a negro boy. Their only reason was that they wanted to see a big blaze. 
This fort was called Phantom Hill by the Indians because it was so ghostly-looking. It consisted of a magazine, officers' headquarters, guardhouse and a large commissary. These buildings were of stone. There were forty soldiers' huts built stockade fashion of split oak logs with thatched roofs; they had large, rock chimneys, pine doors, glass windows and smooth, sandstone floors. A few of these had basements. There were two blacksmith shops, a bakery, and a spring, walled up with stone steps leading down to the water. This fort was surrounded by a trench eight feet wide. 
Between 1854 and 1856 Phantom Hill was the most interesting point on the military road and stage line extending from Jefferson Barracks, near St. Louis, through Fort Preston, Fort Belknap, Fort Chadborne, Phantom Hill, and on through Fort Bliss at El Paso. The Butterfield stage coach line passed over this military. road, carrying the officers, their wives and travelers. A Miss S---traveled over this road when about 16 years old. She said that Phantom Hill was the most interesting place on the journey between St. Louis and El Paso. Long before reaching the fort, the chimneys could be seen. They seemed to dance and beckon and lure in the distance. She also told of the wild beauty of the country. 
In 1856 the post on the Clear Fork of the Brazos was used as a place of convenience for the Second Cavalry. Major Hardee was there with four companies in that year. In a letter from General Lee, while he was at San Antonio in 1856, to his wife, he states: "Tomorrow I leave for Fort Mason, where Colonel Johnston and six companies of the regiment are stationed. Major Hardee and four companies are in camp on the Clear Fork of the Brazos. I presume I shall go there." He evidently went there and stayed quite a while. Captain Fred C. Ratcliff, who was with a band of volunteers driving back the Indians, tells of a conversation with General Lee in a blacksmith shop at Phantom Hill. It is said that Cynthia Ann Parker, whose name is mentioned so much in Texas history, went to Phantom Hill almost daily with her tribe, the Comanches. Albert Sidney Johnston, while paymaster in the United States Army, went to Fort Phantom Hill every three months. 
It is not known how long Major Hardee stayed at the fort, but it was reoccupied June 5, 1871, as an outpost of Fort Griffin. It was abandoned again July 18, 1871. but was reoccupied January 5, 1872, as a subpost of Fort Griffin. It was the second largest fort on the frontier, or at least the second largest appropriation was made for it during its last year as a real Federal fort. 
Jones County was created in 1858 and named for Anson Jones, the last President of the Republic Jf Texas. Before organization, Jones County was attached to Shackleford County for judicial pur­poses. A petition for the organization of Jones County was signed by 185 citizens of the county and brought up before the Shackleford County Commissioners on April 18, 1881. The county was divided into four precincts for this election. Jones City, Brazos City, and Phantom Hill applied for the county seat. Three elections were held. Jones City was chosen every time, but the election was set aside by Charles I. Evans because of some technicality in the law. 
There were only four buildings in Jones City when it was elected the county seat. One was Bowyer's store, which was built in 1880, and the first house here. The others were Tipton's Inn, Martin Duval's residence, and the Anderson home. The Huie law office was erected shortly after the election. The name of Jones City was changed to Anson when a postoffice was located, because there were other Texas towns called Jones City. 
Jones County took part in the election for national and state officers for the first time on November 10, 188( The result of the combined votes of J ones and Stonewall Counties for national officers were as follows: Democrats 312, Prohibitionists 13, and Republicans 
10. The result for Governor was: Ireland 283, Jones 55, and Norton 
6. Stonewall County was attached to Jones County for judicial purposes. 
The first county courthouse was a small wooden structure located where the North Side Garage now is. A hotel was bought, repaired and used as the second courthouse. When the public square was marked off the surveying party knelt at every corner and prayed that whisky might never be licensed in the county, and it never has been sold legally. A brick courthouse was built on the square in 1885 at a cost of $54,765. On July 10, 1910, the cornerstone was laid for a new courthouse, which cost $100,000. This building still stands. 
E. C. Jones and wife were the first school teachers in Anson. They taught in a room at the R. M. Huie home. There were ten pupils the first day. This house still stands. It is the first house south of the Baptist Church. The first school building was a small wooden struc­ture, located where Mrs. Joe Grace now lives. It was paid for by private donation, and was used as a church for several years. The Masons built the second story to it and met there. The second school was a wooden building located where the Ward School now stands. The $25,000 High School Building was constructed in 1910. There were 540 pupils enrolled in the Anson schools in 1923. This shows an increase of 530 over the enrollment of the first school in Anson. Anson schools are noted for their efficient system. 
A safe in the Morrow & Johnson drug store, located where the Anson hardware store now is, was used as the first bank in Jones County. Frank Smith erected the first bank building where th~ ·Pittard drug store now is. There is at present a national and a .state bank in Anson. 
The fir5t Sunday school in the county was organized in 1879 at Phantom Hill. F. T. Knox was .elected superintendent. The Baptist Church of New Providence was organized in 1881. A wooden build­ing was constructed in 1886. In 1909 a $25,000 church was built. A Presbyterian Church was organized in 1882. Services were held in the first courthouse until the first school building was completed, and afterward in the first brick courthouse until the church building was erected in 1882. The Christian Church was organized in 1883. In 1889 a church house was built. The last one was constructed in 1923. A Methodist Church was organized in 1883. The building was completed in 1890 at a cost of $1,800. In 1908 the presetnt $20,000 church was erected. 
Anson was the headquarters for the cowboys in the early days. The cowboys' Christmas ball was held in Anson at the Star Hotel, located where Barrow's furniture store now is. Some of the ranches in this county were the T Diamond, the TPB, the Horse Shoe, and the Roberts' ranch. The cowmen tried to run the farmers out of the country, but did not succeed, and later some of them became farmers themselves. One of the first farms in the county was owned by Mr. Foster, who lived in a rock house in the eastern part of the county. Jones County has turned out to be one of the best farming counties in the State. She is especially noted for her cotton raising. There are seven gins in Anson alone, and three years ago one of them ginned more cotton than any other gin in the United States. 
The first storm after the county was organized destroyed a few buildings near wtiere the Pittard drug store now stands. It blew all of Frank Smith's store away, except the floor. People gathered there and danced on the floor all the next night. In 1893 a fire destroyed almost all the business section of Anson. There was an­other fire in 1904. This time the town was rebuilt with brick. From 1885 until 1886 people left Jones County by the hundreds because of a drouth. Food was sent from East Texas and distributed from the courthouse. 
The first newspaper in the county was edited by John and Dick Davis. The first issue was printed January 16, 1883. It was called the Texas Western. This paper changed hands and names many times before becoming the W estern Enterprise, which continues until the present day. J. A. Gardner and W. G. Thomas were the owners when it became the Western Enterprise. L. P. Henslee is the present owner. 
There are two other good sized towns in Jones County besides Anson. They are Stamford and Hamlin. The Central Railroad came to Stamford in 1900. After this the town grew rapidly. They now have many beautiful buildings and several paved streets. Hamlin was organized in 1906. It has made rapid progress since the organi­zation and shows signs of further improvement. There are several country villages in the county worthy of mention. They are Hawley, Avoca, Lueders, Nugent, Funston, .and Radium. These are noted for their good schools. Lueders is used as a summer resort. 
Jones County has changed in many respects since the organiza­tion. In the place where buffalo, wild ponies, deer, and antelope used to graze, brick buildings and fine residences stand. Instead of trails where bears, lions, panthers, and wolves roamed, concrete pavings have been laid. A bond issue was voted February 25, 1924, to have a hard surface highway go straight through the county seat east and west. The county seat has advanced rapidly in the last year. Several brick buildings have been erected, streets have been paved and graveled and many fine resilences have been built. Jones County has produced several people of note in Texas. Some of these are even known in all parts of the United States. The farmers of Jones County have predicted that 1924 will be the most prosperous year of any on record, and if the farmers prosper, the whole country will. 
Bibliography 
Anderson, H. A. (deceased). 
Bowyer, Mac D., Anson, Texas. 
Brown, John Henry: History of Texas. 
Buie, B. Frank, Hereford, Texas. 
Carr, M. P., Aspermont, Texas. 
Chapman, Mrs. Walter, Anson, Texas. 
Colbert, R. V., Stamford, Texas. 
Davis, Mrs. Dick, Anson, Texas. 
Deed Records of Jones County. 
Elkins, Mrs. Emma (deceased): Letters to Mrs. Walter Chapman, 

Anson, Texas. Evans, Charles I., Irving, Texas. Fulmore, Z. T.: History and Geography of Texas as Told in County 
Names, Press of E. L. Steck, Austin, Texas. 
Hollie, Bill, Anson, Texas. 
Huie, Frank, Anson, Texas. 
Huie, Mrs. Frank, Anson, Texas. 
Johnston, William Preston: Life of Albert Sidney Johnston. 
Jones County Commissioners' Court Records. 
Jones County Maps, Book No. 14. 
Marcy, Capt. R. B.: Reports to the United States Government, 1849. 
Marcy, Capt. R. B.: Map made while in Texas, 1849. 
Parker: Notes Taken During an Expedition Through Unexplored Texas in 1854; Hayes and Zell, Philadelphia, 1856 edition. Ratcliff, Fred C.: Letter to Mrs. Charley Steele, Fort Worth, Texas. Reister, Carl C., 3203 Newton Street, Mt. Rainer, Md. 
Scott, T. J., Anson, Texas. 
Shackleford County Commissioners' Court Records. 
Steele, J. J., Anson, Texas. 
Whiting, W. H. C.: Report to the United States Government, 1850. 
Cordova : Texas: Her Resources and Her Public Men, 1858 edition. 
Cordova: Map of Texas, 1856. 
History of Transportation and Communication in Cooke County 
By Mary Martin, 723 N. Taylor Street, Gainesville, Texas 
Ninth Prize in Local History 

NoTE.-Mary Martin. daughter of a Texas cattleman, has done a notable and 
creditable piece of work in her "History of Transportation and Communication in Cooke County." Cooke County has held a position on America's highways: Red River, the Mormon Trail, and most famous of all, the Cattle Trail from Texas to the northern markets and pastures. Later came the railroads, street cars. and automobile highways. The history of a country may be read in its roads. 
Foreword 
In this paper I have tried to give the complete history of transpor­tation and communication in Cooke County. I could not have had a richer field for material than Gainesville, which was one of the first and most important settlements in North Texas. 
The main difficulty I had was in deciding just what material to use and what to leave. I could not begin to give the details. Another difficulty was in trying to Se€ old settlers still living who could give me necessary facts. My first main source of material was from notes at the Cooke County free library, which are taken from reminiscences of old settlers and which have never even been reduced to manuscripts. My other main source of material was oral reports from old settlers themselves. Cooke County is very fortunate in having all her records complete, and of course I could draw from these. 
The first highway in Cooke County is undoubtedly the water high­
way of Red River, whi.ch was followed for decades by trappers and 
Indian traders who were always from ten to thirty years in advance 
of the settlers. It is an authenticated fact that Colonel William 
Bean, a famous Indian trader, passed through Cooke County on 
his return from the second of his two trapping trips up Red River 
to New Mexico in 1833. By that time Red River had become a 
marked highway for trappers, generally French and half breeds, who 
supplied the New O!·leans market with skins caught or traded from 
the Indians up and down the river. 
The next highway ran north and south and was marked by the 
Indians. Early settlers tell us that a chain of high hills just west of 
the eastern cross timbers was marked by mounds of stones, which 
were used by the Indians in finding their way through the country. 
They evidently considered these lookouts very essential, even after the white man came. Mr. Redman, who was acquainted with the county as early as 1852, and who lived within a few hundred yards of one of these lookouts, is an authority for declaring them marks on a much traveled Indian highway through the county. This was the rouM followed by one Jim Ned, a famous Delaware chief, who was a United States dispatch bearer between Fort Arbuckle and Fort Worth. 
The Fitzhugh trail led from McKinney to Fort Fitzhugh on Elm Creek, a few miles south of Gainesville. It was broken by Fitzhugh's company of Texas Rangers, when they penetrated that anythical happy hunting ground spoken of in John Henry Brown's History of Texas as "the head waters of the Trinity." Just south of one of these Indian lookouts on a gentle slope leading to the Elm and still close enough to the cross t imbers to secure wood, these Texas Rangers built Fort Fitzhugh, which represented law, order, and civilization west of the cross timbers. These rangers traveled a beat north of Red River and south half way to Fort Worth in the performance of their duty of keeping the Indians in check. These rangers were recruited mostly in Collin County and spent three months on duty and three months at home. 
In 1852, another trail was broken, this time by a mere boy, Marion 
Redman, who found himself in Texas penniless and without work. 
This being the case, he accepted the job of carrying the mail from 
Sherman to Basin Springs and on to Gainesville, and later from 
Gainesville through Denton County. 
Before this, however, two much more important trails had been 
broken across Cooke County. First, the old Mormon trail made by a 
large body of Mormons, the advance guard of the Mormon movement 
to the West. The Mormons came from their home in the north, cross­
ing the river at Preston, in Grayson County, and spending a year or 
more in camp at Mormon Grove. They then trailed across the 
country in a devious route, heading most streams and keeping to the 
high ground or divides as far as possible. · They came into Cooke 
County near Callisburg, then followed the divide between Wheeler 
and Pecan Creeks on one side and Red River on the other. For 
many years their trail could be seen north of town, about four 
miles, where the Sivell's Bend Road intersects the Club Lake Road 
going on west. They went above Dosier, up Wolf Ridge nearly 
to the county line, where they turned south till they reached Clear 
Creek near Rosston. Old settlers tell how they cut down trees and 
tied them to their wagons for brakes in descending the precipitous 
banks of this stream. The Mormons went on south and finally 
reached Austin soon after the founding of that colony. In a short 
time they broke up and many of them returned north and rejoined 
the main body of Mormons. This route through Cooke County after­
war<ls became the old California trail leading to El Paso and on westward. It was a well established trail long before 1849, and after that date was almost a beaten path, it was so much traveled by gold hunters. About 1857, the United States Government decided to establish an overland stage mail route to California and chose this southern route. It was operated until 1861, when the war between the States stopped it. The trip from San Francisco to St. Louis took two weeks and cost $200. The stage route followed the old California trail closely but was straightened in Cooke County so as to cross the creek at Gainesville. California Street got its name from the route followed through the town. The stage station for changing horses and drivers was where Field's store now is, and the east and westbound stages met there at 1 o'clock p.m. The next stage station was at Dr. Davidson's on Blocker Creek, in the southwestern part of the county. 
From the annexation of Texas till the Civil War a recognized in­dustry in Cooke County was freighting. All outside supplies had to be hauled by ox teams from Jefferson, and, if the river did not rise, from Houston. At the same time corn, wheat, and oats were supplied to the United States Government posts north and west of Cooke County. After the war this latter traffic was important for a few years, most of it going to Fort Richardson and Fort Sill. 
The next trail of importance was the Chisholm Cattle Trail, which crossed the southwestern prairies of the county going southeast to northwest up the divide between Elm and Clear Creek, just west of Era and Hood, and leaving the county near St. Jo. Later came the Dodge City Cattle Trail, for which Gainesville became an outfiitting point. This trail first crossed Red River near the mouth of Fish Creek, but later was moved to the old Gaines Crossing at the western edge of Sivell's Bend. Most of the cattle driven north from Texas followed one or the other of these trails. 
In November, 1879, the M.K.&T. Railroad, known then as the Denison & Pacific, reached Gainesville. This was brought about through the efforts of Frederick Stevens, a New York capitalist, and of Judge Lindsay, a prominent Gainesville citize·n, who gave depot grounds and the right-of-way from the brickyards to town. 
On the day the first train came, people from far and near were present. The town was thrown wide open. The saloons and dance halls were packed. Gainesville at once became the center of the cattle shipping industry for west Texas and Indian Territory. The coming of this railroad coincided with the most prosperous years of the cattle industry. Great herds of cattle were still driven to the north­ern ranges, but Texas was also beginning to ship beef directly to the packers. Gainesville became another Abilene, Kansas. The shipping pens were full from morning till night and great herds were held on the prairies aroun<l the town. Many brick buildings were put up, a three-story hotel and probably the first brick school house in North Texas, the North School, were built. Many prominent cattlemen moved their families to town and built palatial residences, as things went then. The Texas Cattle Raisers' Association held many of its early meetings here. The most noted one being that of 1883. This ·was the height of the cattle boom and much of the wealth of the cow country was concentrated at Gainesville and lavishly spent for this occasion. One cattleman's wife went so far as to import her ball gown directly from Paris at a cost of $1,500, a most astonishing sum to be spent for a mere dress. The Chicago commission men came in a special car and Zac Mulhall brought his cowboy band. 
In 1886 the Katy was extended west, the extension being known as the Gainesville, Henrietta & Western Railroad. There is an in­teresting little story connected with how the M.K.&T. became known as the "Katy." In Denison Hotel there was a pretty little waitress named Kate. As all of the railroad boys ate in this hotel, she soon became popular with. them and they honored her by calling the train "Katy." 
The latter part of 1886 the Gulf, Colorado & Santa Fe Railroad reached Gainesville from the south. Unlike the M.K.&T. this railroad began to drain Gainesville. As it was extended north into Oklahoma, people moved there and Gainesville lost the trade of that country. With this railroad came one of the hindrances to the development of Gainesville. There arose a dispute over which side of the town it should enter. Prominent citizens on each side wanted it to come their way. Many different routes were surveyed and one requ;re­ment was that the railroad cross the river as close to Gainesville as possible. Finally, through the influence of Judge Lindsay, who again granted a right-of-way through the town, the railroad came in on the east side. A certain amount of property was turned over to the Santa Fe Railroad with the understanding that the shops were to be located in the town. The contract was not binding, however, and the shops were moved to Cleburne. 
At this time there was some talk of changing the course of Red 
River into Elm Creek, which runs through Gainesville, and which 
many persons thought could be made navigable. After consideration 
and investigation this plan was abandoned as impractical, as the 
bed of the creek was not sufficiently deep. 
In 1885 a company in Boston built a street car line in Gainesville, 
the original cost of which was $3,000. This street car, which was 
drawn by mules, was used to build up the northeast part of the town. 
The track ran from the North School down Dixon Street to the 
square and out California Street to the cemetery. It also went 
down Lindsay Street to Kanetiso Park. It served its purpose and 
was finally bought by Judge Lindsay for $2,500. The street car 
was run until the beginning of the Boer War, when Englishmen came here to buy horses and mules for the British Army. Judge Lindsay sold the forty street car mules for $67.50 each, took up the rails and abandoned the franchise. 
At its earliest recorded meeting, August 20, 1849, the Commissioners' Court of Cooke County ordered that roads be laid off on the nearest and best routes in four directions from the county seat to the county line. The only thing now of interest about these roads is that it is recorded that one of them crossed the Chuachua trace. The only other record we have of the Chuachua trace or road ;s in Kendall's Santa Fe E xpedition, where he speaks of a large body of Chihuahua merchants' efforts to find a better trade route to St. Louis than around Santa Fe, New Mexico. Roads were of no special importance on this prairie land, as Jong as fences had not come into existence. When barbed wire made it possible to fence off pastures and traffic was confined to the lanes more attention was paid to roads, but it was not until the advent of automobiles that roads became vitally important. Today we have two main h;ghways in Cooke County, one running north and south, called the Denver, Canadian, and Dallas, and one running east and west, called Highway No. 5. 
Bibliography 
George Y. Bird, Reminiscences, Presbyterian Sunday School paper, in possession of Mrs. Frankenburger, Gainesville, Texas. John Chadwell, William Story, Jacob Dobkins, early settlers now 
dead, taken from notes at Cooke County Free Library. Marion Redman, Seymour, Texas. John Fitzhugh, William Nichols, Thornton Graham, Gainesville. 
Texas. 
Archives of Mormon Church, Salt Lake City, Utah. 
Manuscript Cooke County Free Library. 
Jasper Wells, Ike Gregory, Sanger, Texas. 

Texas Almanac, 1910. 
Lewis Lindsay, Gainesville, Texas. 
George Yates, Gainesville, Texas. 
John Maupin, Gainesville, Texas. 
County Records, Book I, Cooke County Courthouse. 

A "Two-Gun" Man of the Law 
By Hazel Morgan, Nacogdoches, Texas 
Tenth Prize in Local History 

NoTE.-The tit1e of this essay leads one to believe that it was written by a man, perhaps by Zane Grey, but it seems to have been done hy a young lady with a sense of humor and a zest for robust adventure. Miss Hazel Morgan, who is a 
student in the eleventh grade of the Stephen F. Austin State Teachers' College at 
Nacogdoches, declares that her native heath is Texaco, N. M., where she arrived during a sandstorm about 1905. She !ater moved to Nacogdoches. She has sketched 
with rare sympathy the life of the famous Texas Sheriff, John Spradly. Her essay 
took a prize, despite the fact that Mr. Spradly forbade the publication of it. It 
was with some difficulty that Sheriff Spradly's, consent was obtained. 
Foreword 
In this paper I have tried to give an accurate and interesting ac­count of one of our local heroes, John A. Spradley, sheriff of Nacogdo­ches County. This has been no easy task, due to the fact that material was hard to find. Everyone knows a little concerning his past life, not enough to give me <lefinite knowledge on very many points. Mr. Spradley himself would not give me a private interview, and he con­sented to write the material only after I assured him that I was not connected with any paper. It has been much pleasure and great profit to me to work on this task, my only regret being that I could not get more personal incidents about his life. 
In days of old the bold bad "two-gun" man roamed over Texas, staging a holdup here, a murder there, creating confusion and terror generally. Like the proverbial thief in the night, he would swoop down on the unsuspecting community, commit some daring act, and make good his escape, leaving the officers wondering and the children trembling. Then came a day when the citizens of Texas awoke to the realization that this shrewd outlaw must have equally sprewd and competent men set on his trail-men who were themselves "two­gun" in courage and sagacity. Nacogdoches, old in tradition, had need of just such a staunch defender of the law, and, fortunately, there was just the man ready and willing to assume the responsi­bility. The name of A. J . Spradley is far better known to every school child of Nacogdoches than is that of President Coolidge; and, among the boys, his career is more to be envied. 
John Spradley was born in Simpson County, Mississippi, in 1853. Somebody probably patted the little fellow on the head one day and assured him that in time to come he would doubtless be governor of his own state. Political aspiration never seemed to trouble his youthful mind, however, as he spent his boyhood days roving about the old Mississippi hills, hunting the wild game of that vicinity and developing a keen and alert mind which would some day be needed by far-away Texas in her struggle for justice. 
At the age of twenty years Mr. Spradley came to the Lone Star State and settled on a farm near Nacogdoches. It was during this time that he learned what many another man before and since has dis­covered: A human friend may sometimes desert one in his time of deepest need, but a good dog is faithful unto death. The passion for dogs has ever remained with him, affording genuine pleasure and real help in his chosen profession. His famous bloodhounds are under perfect control, not the rule of fear, but the rule of respect and .Jove for t heir master. 
For a while Mr. Spradley was in the service of Mr. Stone, who owned an over-shot waterpower sawmill when East Texas was even more of a pine forest primeval than she is today. To him fell the work of handling the logs and sawed lumber, no weakling's job, as any good mill hand can testify. While in the service of Mr. Stone, he established a reputation for being an accurate and deadly shot with a gun or pistol; he killed deer ahead of his hounds when he pleased to do so. 
It was during the reign of John Wesley Hardin and Bill Longley that nine qpen saloons furnished all the cold drinks and most of the amusements for Nacogdoches and the surrounding country. Nobody had ever heard of the renowned Mr. Volstead, and the customers of the good old days who "set 'em up to the house" never even con­templated the danger of an eighteenth amendment. Great crowds gathered on Saturday for a few drinks and a sociable fight. At this time R. B. Orton was elected sheriff of Nacogdoches County. He was a brave man, but such a good one that his many f:r;iends did not think that he would shoot for any crime that might be committed. Sheriff Orton prevailed on John A. Sprdaley to accept the office of first deputy. When the appointment was made, Mr. Orton's many friends remarked, "Dick, you have made a great mistake, for Spradley is liable to kill a lot of people unnecessarily. You know it means death when he shoots." 
The first Saturday night after Spradley was qualified, a fight occurred on the street. With squared shoulders and stern countenance the new officer stepped in and commanded the disturbers· to stop, informing them that he would take a hand if necessary. He added for their information that if it were a "fisticuff" fight, he could lick the man who started it; if a gun fight, they would not last until it got interesting. They seemed to believe him, and after that there was a noticeable change in peace and order. Spradley was soon elected sheriff of the county. He has served in that office for over twenty­five years, and has done a great deal of official work for other counties and states. The account of some of his captures is as thrilling as any Diamond Dick story, and there is the added attraction that every word is true. 
One of the earliest of his adventures was undertaken at the request of Governor Ross, who asked Spradley to lead Captain Bill McDonald, a noted Texas Ranger, two other picked rangers, and Bill Burroughs of Nacogdoches to Sabine County .to capture or kill a gang of men who had made it known they were going to die with their "boots on." The posse secreted themselves on the trail the outlaws were traveli ng, and the two crowds were in sight of each other when the dogs of the outlaws scented the officers and gave the alarm. Due to the keen mind and quick draw of Sheriff Spradley, the desperadoes soon met a tragic death, and, true to their promise, one by one, died with their "boots on." 
One of the most interesting cases Mr. Spradley ever handled was one that involved a call to Winn Parish, Louisiana, to investigate the murder and robbery of a Mr. Chandler and his aged wife. Upon his arrival in Winn Parish, he found a son-in-law of the murdered man held in jail, charged with the crime. Our Texas sheriff believed the man was not guilty and set out to find the real criminal. He secured a number of fine saws and a vial of acid which he concealed in his shoes. His next step was to have the sheriff handcuff him and put him in the cell with the prisoners. They were soon convinced that the new prisoner was a desperate character who would deliver them all from jail that night. Every one was eager to make his escape except the son-in-law who was held for the murder. Spradley reasoned that the man was innocent and not afraid to stand trial, and he was released at once on Spradley's recommendation. In a short time Set Jefferson, an ex-convict negro, was captured by Mr. Spradley with the aid of his hounds, and was hanged on his own' confession. 
Dr. Moss, his wife and their two children, formerly of Chireno and Nacogdoches, were killed at Minden, Louisiana, while they were at sup­per. A son of Dr. Moss was visiting his father's home at the time, but he established an alibi that he was at a spring near the house when the slaying occurred. District Attorney Sand of Shreveport wired Spradley to come to Minden in order to assist in the investigation. Mr. Spradley soon found the clue to the slayer, and the young Moss was found to be guilty. He was given a life term in the penitentiary. 
One of the cases Mr. Spradley himself was most interested in was concerned with Joel Goodwin of Louisiana, who killed Mr. Collins and fled to the Sabine River swamps. Spradley prepared to take his dogs and start on the trail, but Goodwin sent a message stat:ng that if the sheriff w0uld give him ten days he would surrender. The sheriff of the parish agreed. Goodwin failed to keep his promise, and Spradley set out at once. The day the chase began for Goodwin's capture, the movements of his lawyers were closely watched. It was noticed that they left Logansport, and it was suspected that they had gone to meet Goodwin. The dogs were turned loose on the lawyers' trail, the trailers expecting to find them and their client together. The lawyers were bayed up a tall sapling, but Goodwin escaped on a horse. This fact was published in the local papers, and the lawyers were very angry over the story. Goodwin was found and forced to surrender. He was let out on bail, thirsting for revenge. Enraged at Spradley for chasing him with the dogs, he waylaid the train at Logansport on which Spradley was a passenger. Goodwin's wife and son were armed with shotguns and pistols when the attack was made. 
Goodwin was killed instantly, but Mrs. Goodwin and the son con­
tinued the attack until the coach of the train was riddled with bullets. 
The mail clerk, a baggage master, was wounded. Logansport had 
long been looked upon as the meeting place of bad men. Goodwin 
was the twenty-eighth and last man to meet a tragic death there. 
Logansport is now a peaceful and quiet little city with its big scho,.,,]<1 
and weH-attended churches. 
Just a few years ago there were numerous mysterious murders ·committed around Waco and many persons were arrested charged with the crimes. At last Roy Mitchell, a negro, was held on suspicion and taken to the Hillsboro jail. A young lawyer was defending a young man charged with one of the crimes. Mr. Spradley wrote him that if Roy Mitchell was guilty he could suggest a scheme by which the officers could get all he knew, and perhaps under the ex­citement he would admit things he did not do. Naturally, the young lawyer was interested, and requested that the scheme-which he used-be sent. 
Mitchell was brought back to Waco at night and placed in a specially prepared cell. A dummy corpse was dressed and laid out like a dead person, a good ventriloquist was close by to talk for the dead man. To the foot of the bed blanket a secret wire was at­tached, so prepared that it could be operated from around the corner of the cell. Mitchell was brought into this cheerful place, the lights were turned on and explanation given that as they were scarce of cells he would have to sleep with a dead man. The lights were turned out, the conspirators disappeared. After Mitchell had been in bed for some time the covers suddenly began to move from over him and the dead man in a low tone asked, "Roy Mitchell, why did you murder me?" Anyone acquainted with the colored brethren and their superstitious nature does not need to draw on his imagination to know what happened. The sheriff and county attorney were close by and the papers stated that they wrote for hours what Mitchell confessed. He was convicted on evidence of his confession. 
And so, on and on the stories go, some of them tragical, others humorous, all filled with deep human interest. Twenty-five years of attempting to enforce the laws of his State have left their marks on Sheriff Spradley. But perhaps the stern cast of character, the dosely drawn heavy brows, the eagle glances, and the firm set of the lips that distinguish his later portraits are the result of his ·early desire for likeness to certain thunderous heroes of early Texas and his unconscious imitation of famous detectives. Certainly there is a detective attitude in his whole personality and bearing. Law­abiding citizens admire him; criminals respect and fear him. But to me the most attractive and appealing picture of Mr. Spradley is the boy; John, who years ago roamed the old Mississippi hills ·with his flop-eared dog cuddled close in his arms. 
Bibliography 
Spradley, A. J ., Nacogdoches. Texas Autobiographical note~ written especially for this paper. 
Special Mention Essays 
The Local History of Jackson County 
By Mindora Bagby, Edna, Texas 
Foreword 
Each county in Texas has its own peculiar history and traditions, but with the modern comforts, conveniences, and luxuries surrounding every department of domestic and business life, few of the living have any clear conception or just appreciation of the privations and hardships which those brave an<l determined pioneers endured in their efforts to redeem this country from a wilderness. 
With the data I have collected I have endeavored to write some­thing of the early progress and development of Jackson County. I found this work interesting and I have heard many curious tales from the old settlers of this vicinity, though I have encountered some difficulty in procuring the information I wanted. I collected my material from scrap books, newspapers, old letters, and by listening to the reminiscences of the old settlers. 
The first settlement in Jackson County was made by Robert 
Cavalier de la Salle when he entered the Lavaca River in 1685 
while searching for the mouth of the Mississippi. This settlement 
was a failure, and the first settlement made by Americans was at 
Cox's Point about twenty miles from Edna. It was here that a 
colony belonging to Stephen F. Austin landed. A town was laid off 
on this site, but was soon abandoned on account of the Karankawa 
Indians. 
The historic town of Texana, the former county seat of Jackson 
County, was the first real town. It was named after Texas and 
Santa Anna when Mexico owned Texas. At that time the country 
was so sparsely settled there was very little communication between 
the people. The lamented George F. Simons, an old citizen of 
Texana and later of Edna was accredited with saying, "When I was 
a boy only seven years of age, my father sent me with Captain 
Sam Wildy across the Colorado River, a distance of forty miles or 
more, to purchase fifty cents worth of flour to make biscuits and tea 
cakes for the children's Christmas stockings. The flour was .pro­
cured, and that Christmas is still remembered by me as one of real 
childish joy and happiness/' 
There is a tradition that claims the town of Texana was cursed. 
The story ran thus: a capitalist, representing a northern firm wished 
to buy Texana; he offered quite a fabulous sum for it, but the price 
demanded was $200,000. This so angered the rich man, that he 
mounted a stump and said: " Never will this place amount to any­
thing. I curse it. People listening within the sound of my voice 
will live to see rabbits and other animals inhabiting its street." The 
time came when the curse began to fall. In 1881 the New York, Texas & Mexican Railway was built through the county, and Edna, eight miles north of Texana, was laid out and established. The inhabitants of Texana at once commenced to move their bu:ldings to Edna, and today only a few land marks remain like silent and gloomy monitors of the past, to mark the spot where one of the oldest towns in Texas once stood. Touching this tradition, this quotation is appropriate: 
"On the banks of the deep Lavaca 'Mid the shadow of the forest, Stood a lonely little village A village called Texana. 
"News one day had reached the village, 
Of the coming of the fire horse 
To take the place of their Lavaca 
To leave them lonely and remorseful. 
"And they called the new town Edna, Called it Edna from the daughter Of the man who built the fire horse, The man who should be called immortal. 
"Years have come and years have vanished, Strange, new faces are present now, And those who came from old Texana Have many furrows on their brow. 
"Thus dreaming old Texana departed, Departed once and then forever, And only a memory is left behind it­A shadow on the lonesome river." 
Edna, known as the "Gem of the Prairie," is the county seat. It consists of eight hundred acres of land out of the southeast corner of the Job Williams league. In 1882 it was only a place where meat was taken on the train to be distributed among the railroad hands. The town was named for a daughter of Count Telferna, an Italian, who built a railroad between Rosenberg and Victoria. While build­ing the railroad the count established commissaries at various places with nothing in them but maccaroni. He worked so many people of his own nationality, that the road is still known by the nickname bestowed then-The Maccaroni. 
It might be mentioned here that Mrs. George S. Gayle of Edna now keeps as a family relic an old-fashioned mahogany desk that was buried three times, twice to prevent it from falling into the hands of the Mexicans, and once to. keep it from the Comanche Indians. Miss Nettie McDowell, also of Edna, owns a gold slide which came from the watch guarcl worn by Santa Anna at San 
Jacinto. It was presented to her grandfather by an officer in the Texas army. In the early-day development of Jackson County the people were 
considerably annoyed by bands of Indians. These red warriors made no attacks upon the citizens, but stole stock, and under the cover of the night they would stealthily visit premises and carry 
away ropes, bridles, axes, and other things they needed. The depre­dations of the Indians became so intolerable that the settlers began to scour the country for them. They surprised them at their camp about a mile above the point where the railroad now crosses the Navidad River. The Indians immediately fled, at the same time ·sending a volley of arrows at their pursuers. One Indian received a fatal shot and about six months later his bones were found in a field near the camp. It is said by Mr. Frank Rogers, the present tax assessor of Jackson County, that this Indian's skull is still at his father's old home. 
The late Mr. Lafy Ward of San Antonio is said to have told a story about an old pioneer who took dinner with some Indians. Their bill of fare consisted of bread and meat without salt. The old chief prepared the bread and used his leg as a board for rolling out the dough and then cooked it in the ashes. It might be stated that the Indians protected themselves against mosquitoes an<l sand flies by smearing themselves from head to foot with aligator oil, and thus they enjoyed perfect immunity from these pestiferous insects. 
While the Indians are forever gone from this section, they have left many traces behind them to mark their old camp sites. Along the streams that flow into our bays are found large banks of oyster shells, arrow heads, and broken pottery. The fact that there is no flint rock to be found in this country is evidence that the Indians brought their flint from some other section of the country. The late Mr. Lafy Ward's ranch home, near the head of Karankawa Bay, covers the site of one of these ancient Indian villages, and in the yard and around the premises many old Indian relics have been found. Along the bay shore there can still be found old arrow heads that were evidently shot at fish by the now extinct Karankawa. 
In relating the historical events of Jackson County, I wish to call 
attention to the fact that in the LaSalle Flats, now the Lavaca River, 
scarcely ten miles from Edna, La Salle in 1685 built Fort St. Louis, 
planted the cross and claimed all the country in the name of King 
Louis XIV of France. Referring to this event I quote: i"Sailing up 
the Lavaca for some six miles, he (La Salle) found on the western 
bank of the river a beautiful spot for a settlement. It was an 
elevation. from which could be seen to the north and west extensive 
1 Quotation from Yoakum's History printed in Jackson County Clarion at Texana, Texas, June 5, 1880. 
undulating prairies covered with grass and relieved by occasional clusters of timber; to the south and east were spread out the bay. and timber along the coast and banks of the river. Having selected this point, he began in good earnest to think of making a settlement and fortifying it." The fort was soon completed and named St. Louis. Incidentally, it may be stated in co~nection with this fort, that the first European marriage in Texas was performed here. It was at this fort that history records the first fight on Texas soil between the whites and the Indians. The first mission in Texas, established in 1670, was at the same place. It was named San Francisco in honor of St. Francis d'Assisi. It was on the Lavaca River where La Salle's traitorous captain wrecked one of the boats, and departed for France in the other. It was along this stream where such herds of wild buffalo were seen that La Salle christened it w;th the name of Lavaca. According to the topography of the country, it was probably at old Texana where La Salle's exploring party visited a flourishing Indian village and secured two boats and a lot of blankets which the Indians had picked up from the wreck of La Salle's vessel. Two leagues of land owned by Stephen F. Austin touched the south bank of the historic Lavaca, below the junction of the Lavaca-Navidad River. A few miles above this point was the home of Captain John McHenry who was once captured and held as a prisoner by the buccaneer Lafitte, and furthermore, somewhere along the shores of this memorable river, lie buried in tradition, gold and silver treasure of this renowned Lafitte. It was also on this stream where Hon. 
W. P. Laughter of "square bale" fame resided, and claimed to have found evidences of a prehistoric village. And really, it may be mentioned that a long time ago, it was on this stream where old Captain Mills purchased and set at considerable expense what he pronounced "a perfect goose trap,'' but the geese had too much sense to be caught in it. 
As late as 1832 the Mexican Government kept soldiers in a fort that stood on a high bluff on the west side of the Lavaca River. The traces of the fort and the old mission have almost disappeared and there are very few people living in the county at present who can locate the sites where they stood. At Dimmett's Landing on the Lavaca, the Texans, in the revolution with Mexico, received many of their supplies and ammunition. About thirty-five years ago some of this land was put in cultivation and old cannon balls, bayonets, sabers, and muskets were plowed up. 
During the fall of 1836, the Texas army was camped on the east side of the Lavaca River, at Hatch's place four or five miles from Texana. General Albert Sidney Johnston of Civil War fame, having been appointed to supercede General Felix Huston in the command of the army, was challenged by him and they fought a duel, in which General Johnston was wounded. He was brought to Texana where he remained until he recovered. The old Cedar building which he occupied while the Texas army was encamped on the Lavaca was torn down about ten years ago. 
While recounting historic and reminiscent facts in connection with the early development of Jackson County, I must mention an authenticated tradition handed down by the early settlers .to the effect that the first declaration of Texas Independence that was ever written was framed at the old Menefee gin and mill house on the Navidad River. The Hon. Francis M. White, at one time com­missioner of the General Land Office at Texana, and who was at the meeting, stated the facts about as follows: 
"The citizens in this part of Austin's Colony, becoming weary and exasperated at the revolutionary government of Mexico, met at the place named, and after due deliberation they formulated and signed what is often contended was the first Declaration of Independence The plan was to pass the document from settlement to settlement and secure as many signers as possible before formally publishing it to the world. In keeping with this plan Major McNutt was commis­sioned to take the sacred document to the settlers of San Felipe who were expected to sign it, and pass it on to the next colony, or settle­ment. Before reaching San Felipe, however, Major McNutt, seeing he was going to be captured by a detachment of Mexican soldiers, destroyed the paper to prevent it from falling into the hands of the Mexicans. Before he could secure his release and return to get the same duplicated, the real Declaration of Independence was for­mulated and published to the world." 
Bibliography 
Faires, Mrs. E. L., Edna, Texas, unpublished manuscript con­cerning incidents in Jackson County, May, 1914. Gayle, Miss Jennie, Edna, Texas, oral report about mahogany desk owned by her grandfather, April 6, 1924. Irby, Miss Musa, County Superintendent, Edna, Texas, oral report on the historic town of Texana, April 1, 1924. Lesesne, S. M., scrap books and old letter of this late veteran cor­respondent and field representative of Galveston News. 
Menefee. John F ., article, "First Settlers in Jackson County," published at Texana, Texas, in the Jackson County Clarion, August 19, 1880. 
McDowell, Mrs. A. R., Edna, Texas, unpublished manuscript : "Towns Past and Present of Jackson County," August, 1916. Rose, Mrs. W. K., Edna, Texas, historical poem from old scrap book, April 10, 1924. Ward, L. E., Edna, Texas, oral report about Stephen F. Austin's Colony in Jackson County, March 15, 1924. 


History of Manor-1832-1872 
By Blanche J. Ballerstedt, Manor, Texas 
Preface 
In this history I have tried to give the people of Manor an idea of the town's beginning and progress from 1832 to 1872. A number of difficulties have been encountered, the most outstanding one being the collection of material from which to write the history. All the early settlers of Manor have died, with the exception of Mrs. M. C. Abrams, Mrs. M. B. Gregg, T. M. Rector, and H. Ballerstedt. Mrs. Abrams has kept an unusually interesting history scrap book which has been of great value. Information from memorandums, minutes of the meetings of the trustees of old Parson's Seminary, and a list of the first members of the first Masonic Lodge, built in 1858, and much other material have been obtained from Mr. T. M. Rector. One of the pupils had a copy of Wilbarger's, Indian Depre­dation in Texas, while another found a biographical History of Texas containing the lives of Manor's first settlers. Our teachers wrote to the State Library at Austin and obtained permission for our class to study the material there. Miss Elizabeth West at the State Library helped us get our material together, and she and the State Custodian of Archives directed our work. One of the best books found there was DeShield's Border Warfare in Texas. The old copies of the Austin City Gazette were also examined. 
A letter was sent to Mrs. M. B. Gregg, a sister of the late Judge John C. Townes, formerly dean of the University Law School. Mrs. Gregg gladly answered a number of questions from us, thereby giving an abundance of material and clearing up a number of conflicting points. Our thanks are also due Mr. John Nagle, Mr. 
T. M. Horne, Mr. H. Ballerstedt, Mr. G. L. Loveless, all of Manor, and Mrs. J. D. Fields of Austin for their kindness in helping. All of these essays were worked up in class, for all students had to use the same material. 
The year of 1832 marked the beginning of the history of Manor, for in that year J. B. Manor built a house on the east bank of Gillian Creek where M. C. Abram's house now stands. E. D. Townes built the second house where Will Ashmore's home now stands across Gideon Creek. This gentleman was the father of the late Judge 
C. 	Townes, Dean of the Law School of the University of Texas. Among the first settlers were James Manor, Judge N. A. Rector, 
W. A. and A. C. Hill, J. I. Haynes, A. F., W. M., and J. Boyce, Dave Eppright, Sterling Chamberlain, W. L. Shipp, W. G. Howse, and Joe, Bill, Sam, and Walter Vaughn. Most of these people were farmers and owned plantations worked by negroes. 
.Most of the early homes were built very much alike. They con­sisted of two rooms in front, a shed room in the rear, a hall, and a back porch. The windows were made of very thick wood, opening like a door. They were without glass, hence, when they were closed no light was admitted and it was very dark. The doors were made very heavy, usually with a big log at the bottom of the door. 
The farm products of this early date were corn, wheat, sweet potatoes, and cotton. Corn and cotton were the principal crops, although sweet potatoes and wheat were raised in small quantities. These crops were cultivated with oxen and crude plows. 
A paper published at that date contains advice to farmers. Among other interesting items was the advice never to grind the corn meal fine, for that would take the richness out of it. The farmers were also advised when their hogs got sick to dip an ear of corn in tar and roll it in sulphur and give it to them. Below is another interest­ing item which shows that scientific farming was not needed on the newly-cleared farms. 
"The crop of sweet potatoes have been very light, many places have been cut off by the drought. We believe this evil can be stopped by planting them differently. A man living on the Colorado told us that he planted potatoes last spring in alternate rows, one row with whole potatoes and one row with potatoes cut alternately. Those that were planted whole did not make at all. Those that were cut in pieces yielded a wonderful crop, some weighing five and six pounds." 
The amusements of these settlers consisted of hunting deer, turkey, quail, and chasing jack rabbits with hounds; occasionally they had an opossum and coon hunt at night. The young folks had a number of parties to which every one went, young and old, regardless of distance. Frequently there was dancing. The square dance, schot­tische, two-step, waltz, and polka were some of the dances. 
The people were very hospitable. In those days Manor did not boast of a hotel. Transportation was much slower than it is now, and the traveler stopped at the settlers' homes, no matter how small the supply of food in the house might be. Often they would give visitors the last they had. 
In those days the older people traveled in wagons or carriages, and the younger set rode horseback. Long journeys were made prin­cipally horseback; wagons were used for hauling. Some of the people had to go to Port Lavaca for freight which was brought overland by ox teams. Before 1857 the people living in the Manor community went to one of the three following points for mail: Puckett's Stand at the mouth of Gilden's Creek, Webber­ville, or Austin. Webberville was a place where people stopped in stage coaches to take theii' meals and change horses. Puckett's Stand was where horses were quickly changed again on the stage line for these horses were driven as fast as they could travel for six or eight miles and then exchanged for fresh ones; Puckett's Stand was a place where the changes were made between Webberville and Austin. 
In 1857 the Manor l'ommunity was thickly enough settled for the mail to be carried through here from Austin to Columbus by stage line. In that year a poEtoffice was put in Mr. James Manor's resi­dence. During the Civil War the stage line changed back to Hornsby Bend again. In the year of 1867 mail was sent to Manor by a horse­back carrier to the postoffice in Manor's residence. But the town was listed in the Postal Guide as Gregg, Texas. During this time the place was known locally as Wheeler's Store, and in 1872, with the coming of the railroad, it was changed again to Manor. 
Many stories are told of the troubles between the settlers and the Indians. The most familiar one of these is that of the scalping of Wilbarger. Histories locate this incident in various places; the location for it being as numerous as the histories. Wil­barger can perhaps be considered most authoritative and he places the event near the present location of Manor. A condensed story taken from his history is given below. 
"Josiah Wilbarger came to Texas from Missouri in 1828 and settled at the mouth of what is now called Wilbarger Creek in 1830. The nearest neighbor was about seventy-five miles down the river. In 1832 Reuben Hornsby came from Bastrop and settled some miles up the Colorado River from Wilbarger. Both were very hos­pitable young men. Standifer and Haynie had just arrived from Missouri, and these with Josiah Wilbarger, in company with Chris­tian and Strother, rode out in a northeast direction to look at the country. About five or six miles southeast of Austin they discovered an Indian. He was hailed and requested to stop, but went toward the mountains. After riding a few miles, they unsaddled their horses to try to rest. They had just begun eating when they were attacked by the Indians. The trees were not large enough to' protect them, and there was not a way to hide. Wilbarger had fired a few shots when Christian was hit by a ball, wounding him very badly. Wilbarger sat him up against a tree. Just as he did this an arrow stuck in the calf of his leg and another in his hip. Hayne and Standifer deserted them. He ran out to call them back when he was struck by a ball in the neck and fell to the ground unable to speak or move. He knew when the Indians tore his clothing off and scalped him. He remembered not having suffered very much when he was scalped. The Indians cut Strother's and Christian's throats, but thinking Wilbarger was dead, they did not harm him further. Late in the evening he regained consciousness. Be:ng very night came, he thought he could go to Hornsby, who lived about six miles away. Wilbarger went about six hundred yards when he became so exhausted that he fell to the ground under an old oak tree. While he lay under this tree, he distinctly saw his sister, Margaret, who had died the day before in Missouri. She told him to remain there and aid would come to him. 
thirsty,  he  dragged  himself  to  the  pool  of  water  to  drink.  After  
about an hour there he crawled back  under the tree to sleep.  When  
he awoke he  was  so hungry he  ate  the snails within reach.  When  

"When Haynie and Standifer arrived at Hornsby's they reported Wilbarger and his friends dead. That night Mrs. Hornsby awakened her husband and told him that Wilbarger was still alive; that she had seen him in her dream, naked, scalped, and wounded, but she knew he was alive. She again went to sleep and dreamed the same dream. This time she made the men get up and go in search of Wilbarger. Just before daybreak Joseph Rogers, Reuben Hornsby, Webber, John Walters, and others started out. When they first saw Wilbarger lying under a tree they were afraid to go near him as his body was red with blood. Mrs. Wilbarger had given them three sheets before they left. Two sheets were used to wrap around the bodies of Christian and Strother until they were buried. They wrapped Wilbarger in the other one and put him on Hornsby's horse. He was nursed at the home of Hornsby for some time and was later moved home. He lived eleven years after this, but his head never healed." 
In the fall of 1839 a young negro man owned by Hamilton Wade was killed and scalped by the Indians in Walnut Creek bottom about three miles from Manor. Wade had a contract to deliver lumber at Austin from Bastrop and started his slave for Austin with a wagon load of lumber and $300 in money. 
One day in 1841, when the Manors and Atwoods had gathered at the Manor home for a dinner, a man rode up and reported that the Indians were coming. They were just preparing to eat lunch, but had to leave this and go to the woods. A negro woman, a slave, was killed in this flight, but the rest were unharmed. When the people returned some days later they found, to their surprise, that the food was as they had left it. The reason for this was that the Indians were afraid to eat the food the whites had prepared for fear it would poison them. 
In 1842 the Indians were giving trouble and several settlers came to stay with James Manor, bringing their slaves with them. One afternoon about dusk one of the negro women went out to drive up the milch cows and was shot and killed by the Indians. The Indians did not attack the house, but immediately left. 
James Boyce lived about three miles north of Manor. One day in 1842, he started from home to Austin, but had gone only three miles when he was attacked while crossing Walnut Creek by the Lipan Indians. He turned toward home and led them a chase for two miles when he was overtaken, killed, and scalped in sight of 
Texas History Teachers' Bulletin 
home. In 1852, a band of Lipan Indians came down Walnut Creek from the mountains, riding in the dry creek bottom by the light of the moon. They did not do harm to anyone, but took some stray horses. After this very little damage was done by the Indians. 
J. B. Manor found out that the only way to prevent the Indians from stealing his horses was to chain the animals and run the chain through the house and fasten it to the bed. The remainder of the horses he turned loose on the prairies. One night Mr. Manor was awakened by his horse and he and a couple of men, who were staying with him, slipped to the window and looked out. They saw an Indian attempting to unfasten the chain. Manor shot the Indian. The men prepared to defend the house against the attack which never came. 
During the early days there were no churches in Manor, but the year of 1869 marks the building of Manor's first church. It was called a Union Church, being used by several denominations. It stood near the cemetery. The people did not have many camp meetings here, but some were held at Rock Church which is now called Gregg. The Baptist ministers who held services were Mr. Evans, who lived near Brushy Creek; Mr. Gentry, whose home was below Manor on the Wilbarger Creek, and Mr. Gillifers, who came from Round Rock. 
N. A. Rector and Ed. Harrington were among the first members of the Methodist Church. The Presbyterians' spiritual wants were attended to by a pastor by the name of Zively. The Episcopalians had as their minister Charles Gillette of Austin. A Mr. Thomas, a Christian minister, preached for the Christians. 
N. A. Rector's name might be mentioned as one of the early churchmen who was always ready to assist whereever he could. He was especially thoughtful of those whose husbands wErre killed in the war. In the winter he would see that they had the necessary food. Judge E. D. Townes acted as Sunday School Superintendent and Isaac Wilborn as Sunday School Secretary. The Manors, Har­ringtons, Epprights, Hills, Mrs. Annie Parson, T. H., and Thomas Bittle were prorr.inent church workers. 
"The Methodist Church," according to the Methodist Bulletin, "was organized in the Manor community in 1854. Services were held in a schoolhouse on the southwest corner of Dr. Field's farm. A Union Sunday School served all denominations. In 1857 a move was made to Parson's Seminary where services were held until 1861, when a union church building was erected in the southern part of the cemetery. A Union Sunday School was held there for twenty years. A new church building was erected in 1881 where the present church stands. Dr. John H. McLeon preached the dedication sermon on the second Sunday in May, 1882. There was no paper on the walls and the benches were hard and straight. At this time George Nelms was pastor and D. E. Smith the presiding elder. There are but two members of that church whose names still appear on the church roll. They are Mrs. M. T. Darlington and T. M. Rector." 
The Christian Church was built in 1886 by the Weiring Brothers. Rev. Harden was the minister and some of the elders were Dan Williams, Major Hill, and Dr. D. A. Gregg. The church has never been rebuilt in any way. 
In 1854 the first school was located about three miles from Manor in the corner of Dr. Field's place. This school was for boys only. The first teacher was Henry Chapman. This school was discon­tinued in 1859 and another school for boys was opened in the Union Church, but was discontinued the second year of the Civil War. 
In 1858 there was a school for girls built where the present school stands; it contained one large room with an entrance for stairway. The upper floor was used by the Masonic Lodge. For a number of years this was a private school and was called Parson's Female Seminary. They also had a school for boys. The following trustees paid for the school: Judge Townes $500, Judge Parsons $500, 
T. M. Rector $500, Ed. Harrington $500, J. B. Manor $250, and Borhens $250. C. Yellowly of South Carolina was the first teacher. The next in order were D. H. Bittle, Joe Rogers, and W. I. Wroe; 
T. E. Bittle taught off and on for fourteen years. He later moved to Virginia. 
The first store was built in 1868 near Manor on the Wilbarger Creek by Mawson. The second store was built in 1869 and owned by Wheeler. It was located near where the Methodist and Christian Churches now stand. The third store was owned by Browning. Among the business houses in the early days might be mentioned one which passed with the Volstead Act, that is, the saloon. At one time there were two in existence in little Manor. As a result there was a great deal of drinking. The drunk men would sometimes ride through the streets and shoot the lights out and terrorize the inhabitants. 
The first man laid to rest in the cemetery was Caine. His death was followed by that of Judge Townes. 
The first gin was owned by Harris. The process of ginning was very slow, and it took many to manage the crude machinery. There was also a gin out in the country about ten miles owned by Dave Eppright. 
When the war was first declared only a few took part, but later on more men were needed and every able-bodied man went to the front. Captain T. C. Gregg was among those who fought in the war. T. M. Rector, Campbell and Lee Giles fought with the Terry Rangers. Lee Giles was captured and died in a northern prison. Rufus Atwood of Manor died there also. Campbell Hill, Wm. Gregg, and Sterling Chamberlain fought under the command of Captain Gregg. John Boyce entered the service of the Confederacy in Ford's Calvary Regiment, and died of yellow fever at Brownsville, Texas, August 21, 1864. Aron T. Boyce entered the Civil War as a member of a company of Feightesnett Texas Calvary and participated in the battle of Cotton Plant and Arkansas Post, Harrisonburg, Nathez, and Mansfield. At the last engagement he was severely wounded in the left hand, returned home on a furlough and never again entered the army. Wm. Boyce enlisted in a company of Darrill's Calvary Regi­ment. He was captured January 11, 1865, in the Battle of Aransas Post. He was later exchanged and was twice wounded in the Battle of Chickamaga in the left shoulder, which rendered him unfit for duty. The Manor community was quiet during the reconstruction period following the Civil War. 
Bibliography 
Abrams, Mrs. M. C., Manor, Texas. 
Austin City Gazette, 1841-1852, Austin, Texas. 
Ballerstedt, H., Manor, Texas. 
Biographical History of Texas (various sources), published by 
Lewis Publishing Co., 1893. 
DeShields, Border Warfare in Texas, San Marcos, Texas, 1912. 
Diary of G. L. Loveless, Manor, Texas. 
Dove, Mrs. D. C., an unpublished manuscript containing a history 
of the settlement of Manor complied by the seventh grade history 
class taught by her in 1920 at Manor Public School. Mrs. Dove's 
present address is Waxahachie, Texas. 
Gregg, Mrs. M. B., Austin, Texas. 
Horne, T. M., Manor, Texas. 
Methodist Bulletin. 
Rector, T. M., Manor, Texas. 
Scrap Book of Mrs. M. C. Abrams, Manor, Texas. 
Srygley, Seventy Years in Dixie, Nashville, Tenn., in 1891. 
Wilbarger, Indian Depredations in Texas, Austin, Texas, 1889. 
The Cradle of Texas 
A brief history of the birthplRcc of "The Lone Star State" from the founding of 
Austin's Colony, in 1R2 1, to the annexation of the State to the 
United States. in 1845. 
By Emma D. Carter, 919 West Tenth St., Dallas, Texas 
Preface 
In this brief history of the birthplace of The Lone Star State I 
have endeavored to give a true account of the process by which a 
vast empire was wrought from the dreams of the early pioneers, 
who, inspired by a love of freedom and an earnest desire to see 
established a government of justice and equality, endured untold hardships and trials to make their dreams come true. The years between the founding of Austin's Colony in the Valley of the Brazos in 1821 and the date of the annexation of the State of Texas to the United States in 1845 is a quarter century unsurpassed in the world's history for deeds of heroism and examples of individual courage; and it has been my purpose to record anew a few of the many inspiring stories of that time. 
I have collected my material from newspapers published during that time; histories of Texas that were written shortly thereafter; per­sonal interviews with some who, as children, were told the stories by their parents who were participants in those stirring scenes. All is submitted in the hope that, if it invites criticism, it will be tem­pered with charity, as this is my first effort at historical narrative. 
One hundred years, to a high-school student, is almost forever, but in the life of a state it is just a little while. That the present State of Texas, with its area of more than two hundred and sixty­five thousand square miles, and its population of nearly five million people, should have grown-in this length of time-from the little band of a few hundred pioneers who followed Stephen F . Austin into the Valley of the Brazos, in 1821, is almost unbelievable, yet we have but to turn through a few pages of history to find that this is true. About 1819, the Republic of Mexico, which had just succeeded in overthrowing the rule of Spain, issued proclamation stating that grants of land would be given to anyone who would bring colonists to the State of Coahuila-Texas. Moses Austin, a citizen of Missouri, was one of the first to take advantage of this offer. He went imme­diately to San Antonio to get the necessary consents and signatures to his petition for a grant. As soon as the petition was granted Austin set out to Missouri to muster a band of colonists, but died before he could accomplish this. 
Stephen F. Austin, son of Moses Austin, having received per­mission to carry out his father's plans, mustered together a band of colonists which he conducted to Coahuila-Texas where he located on the lower Brazos River in 1821. Later Austin was called to Mexico City to have his grant affirmed. When he returned, in 1823, he found the colony almost broken up because of the failure of supplies and out­rages of the Indians. Nevertheless, he resolutely set about rebuilding the colony, and when the settlers had spread over the land from the Lavaca to the San Jacinto Rivers, and from the old San Antonio Road to the coast, Austin established San Felipe de Austin as the capital. Other settlements were soon established at Washington, Independence, and Bastrop, and it was within this comparatively small territory ex­tending west from a point on the Brazos River just north of Wash­ington through the present towns of Giddings, Bastrop, San Marcos, and San Antonio, thence southeast through Karnes City and Goliad 
to the Gulf of Mexico, thence to the mouth of the Brazos, that practically all the events of the early history of Texas took place. Hence, this territory may rightfully be called the Cradle of Texas. 
Two of the most interesting towns in Austin's colony were Wash­ington and Independence. Washington, located on the banks of the Brazos River, which was once navigable for some distance, is about six miles west of the site of the present town of Navasota. The "Belle Sulphur," which once made regular trips betwe€n Washington a11d the mouth of the Brazos, is said to have been the first steamboat ever known on Texas' waters. General Houston, as President of Texas, occupied the first large two-story house in Washington. This house was built almost entirely of cedar. It was here that Houston's eldest son, young Sam Houston, was born. In the Rocky, a little stream a few miles from the town of Washington, there is a forma­tion of rock like a casket through which clear water ripples. Here General Houston was baptized by Rev. Rufus Burleson. 
The first and last inaugural ball that was held in Texas during the days of the Republic took place at the inauguration of President Anson Jones over Hatfield's saloon. This room also served as a meeting place for Congress. 
Independence, a small village of about five hundred inhabitants, once called "The Athens of Texas," was nestled among the romantic hills which overlooked the broad valley of the Yegwa. These hills were covered with beautiful live oak trees from which long moss hung i·n waving festoons, which gave to the country an inexpressibly weird and romantic aspect. 
Baylor University, one of our foremost institutions of learning, was founded by R. E . B. Baylor and chartered by the Republic of Texas in 1845. It was first located at Independence with Dr. Rufus Burleson as president. The male and female departments were located on two hills which were separated from each other by a small stream called the Jordan, which to the students of the male department was not a "hard road to travel." 
Nowhere in the wide world could a better or more intelligent people be found than those who lived in and around Washington and Inde­pendence at that time. General Sam Houston, Colonel William P. Rogers, Dr. Rufus Burleson, General G. W. Crawford, the Forquars, Hendersons, Lotts, Lindleys, and many other noted families were among the early settlers. David Crockett, while on his way to San Antonio, passed through Washington, stopped at Independence and stayed in the home of Judge Coles, the alcalde of that principality. 
For a few years following 1823 everything was quiet in the State of Coahuila-Texas. Soon, however, Mexico, becoming alarmed at the steadily increasing colonies, forbade immigration. This angered the people so they refused to obey Mexico, and that state-in order to enforce her commands-established military posts in Texas, thus causing rebellion to break loose. 
Instead of taking notice of the rebellious condition of Texas as a warning, Mexico became more domineering, issuing a decree abolishing slavery. Finally, the citizens of Texas, having protested this unjust treatment without avail, met at Washington-on-the­Brazos, on March 1, 1836, to declare Texas independent of Mexico. On March 2, in an unfinished building without doors or windows, the convention adopted the Declaration of Independence within less than one hour after its first and only reading. After the Declaration had been adopted, a constitution, fashioned after that of the United States, was drawn up and Texas was declared a Republic. 
Let me add here that Mr. J. E. Deupree, an old pioneer of Texas now living at Ravenna, heard General Sam Houston at a barbecue given in his honor in 1857, give a graphic account of the proceedings of that famous convention. Houston said that while the convention was in session, a member arose and moved "That this convention do now adjourn and hasten to the aid of the Texans who are fleeing before the victorious Mexicans" ; and that he, Houston, told the convention to remain there and complete the Republic of Texas, and that he, himself, would go and meet the enemy and that they would have to march over his dead body before they could reach the town of Washington-on-the-Brazos. And as mentioned above, the con­vention did stay and complete its task, and General Houston did go· to the Texans' aid, and· lead them to victory at the glorious Battle of San Jacinto. 
"O, oft be that story of triumph repeated, 
When the Army of Mexico, broken, defeated, 
Gave way before Houston, brave Rusk and Lamar." 
Washington-on-the-Brazos was the capital of the provisional gov­ernment for nineteen days. Then it was moved to Harrisburg, thence to Galveston, from there to Velasco-where the treaty with Santa Anna was made-then to Columbia-where Sam Houston was in­augurated-and then to Houston in 1837. In 1839 it was moved to Austin; in 1842 returned to Washington, then again to Houston, but by order of President Houston it was taken back to Washington, where it remained until its final return to Austin. 
While the convention was in session at Washington, in the eastern part of the colony, Colonel William B. Travis and his men. were endeavoring to defend San Antonio. It was on February 24, 1836. that Colonel Travis, while defending the Alamo with his loyal band of Texans, wrote his immortal letter in which he asked for aid by stating, "I shall never surrender or retreat." and which he closed with the declaration, "VICTORY OR DEATH." The Texans were able to withstand the siege of the Alamo from February 23 to March 6, when the Mexicans were enabled to gain an entrance and swarmed into the fort and immediately massacred the few remaining heroes. 
About the middle of March Fannin, who, with about four hundred men was at Goliad, received orders to retreat. Because some of his men were out on scouting parties he did not immediately obey these orders, but waited the return of his men for several days. When they did not return-one party having been massacred near Refugio by General Urrea, and the other, under Ward, captured­Fannin tried to retreat but was surrounded and captured by General Urrea's army. At the time of their surrender it was agreed that the Texans should be treated as prisoners of war, but the Mexicans violated this agreement and shot the Texans down in cold blood after they were disarmed. 
The final battle of this war was fought at San Jacinto. Houston, by a forced march, brought his army to within firing distance of Santa Anna's troops, and on April 21, 1836, with about seven hundred men, he made a surprise attack and completely routed the sixteen hundred men under Santa Anna, the battle only lasting about fifteen minutes. 
On April 22, while rounding up the few scattered Mexican fugi­tives, James A. Sylvester and some other Texas calvarymen captured General Santa Anna, whom they found hiding in the tall grass near the battlefield, and carried him to General Houston. Santa Anna's private secretary, General Almonte, had previously surrendered. As neither Houston nor Santa Anna could understand the ,other, Moses A. Bryan, citizen of Austin's colony, was summoned as in­terpreter. In this way terms of peace were decided upon. Thus the long struggle was brought to an end, and Texas was at peace as a free and independent Republic. 
Finally, after the country had become settled again and the people of Texas had time to ponder over State troubles, they wished to be annexed to the United States. When the Congress of the United States learned of this the southern states immediately voted for, and the northern states against, annexation. The United States greatly desired to increase her possessions, but she also knew that if Texas became a part of the Union, war with Mexico would be unavoidable. However, in 1845, after much discussion, the southern states won and Texas became a State in the United States of America. 
While the towns of Washington ·and Independence played such a prominent part in Texas history, today they are little more than a memory. Where commercial buildings once stood, where churches of every denomination were well filled on the Sabbath, where the home of our beloved and honored President Houston once stood, where pretty cottages whose gardens of flowers once perfumed the air­now all are gone-only a few scattered families remaining. 
The State of Texas, in 1916, purchased fifty acres of land at the site of "Old Washington" as a State Park. Just at the corner of this park, and on the spot where stood the building in which the Declaration of Independence was signed, is a granite shaft, erected by the children of Washington County, inscribed on the different sides as follows: 
East, "Erected by the School Children of Washington County, July 4, 1899." South, "The Necessity of Self-Preservation, Therefore, Now Decrees Our Eternal Political Separation." 
North, "Here a Nation Was Born." 
At the time of the building of the H.&T.C. Railroad north from Houston, Washington had about two thousand inhabitants. The railroad asked the city for a donation of $11,000 to assist in building the road to that point. Some of the citizens thought they did not need a railroad and were successful in opposing the giving of this bonus. The railroad was finally located six miles east from the city of Washington and the city of Navasota was laid out to take care of the Washington trade. Naturally Navasota became the center of business activity and Washington was finally abandoned. 
Though most of the ancient landmarks at Washington, Independence, Goliad, and San Jacinto are gone, the Alamo still stands and through the years it has seemed to inspire each succeeding generation to greater achievements by whispering the story of its gallant defenders, theid steadfast belief in freedom and justice and their supreme sacri­fice, that these principles, which were given birth in The Cradle of Texas·, might live forever. 
Bibliography 
Bailey, Bettie Seward, Angus, Texas, March 17, 1924. 
Bringhurst, N. Houston, 403 Cleveland Court, San Antonio, Texas, March 27, 1924. 
Deupree, J. E ., Ravenna, Texas, March 24, 1924. 
Bryan, Judge L. R., 4310 La Branch St., Houston, Texas, March 28, 1924. Seward, 0. A., Independence, Texas, March 8, 1924. Stewart, John H., Box 229, Navasota, Texas, February 21, 1924. Texas Magazine, Vol. I, October, 1909, Texas Magazine Publishing 
Co., Houston, 1910. Garrison, George P., Texas, Houghton Mifflin & Co., Boston and New York, 1903. Gulick, Charles A., The Papers of M. Lamar, A. C. Baldwin & Sons, Austin, Texa~ Lubbock, F. R., Memoirs of F. R. Lubbock, C. W. Raines, Austin, Texas, 1900. Pennybacker, Mrs. A. J. H., A History of Texas. Mrs. P. V. Pen­nybacker, Austin, Texas, 1908. Thrall, Rev. H. L., Pictorial History of Texas. N. D. Thompson & Co., St. Louis Mo., 1879. 
Yoakum, H., History of Texas (Vol. I and II). Redfield, 34 Beek­man St., New York, 1856. 
Dallas Morning News, A. H. Belo & Co. 
Dallas Times-Herald, Times Herald Printing Co. 
Muse, Judge E. B., 505 West Tenth St., Dallas, Texas, February 
26, 1924. Randle, Mrs. Kathleen, 3519 Worthington St., Dallas, Texas, Feb­ruary 22, 1924. Walden, Mrs. Anna, 325 West Jefferson St., Dallas, Texas, March 6, 1924. 
Doans 
By Anita F. Dickenson, 2027 Pease St., Vernon, Texas 
Preface 
In writing this sketch of some events at Doans, I have endeavored to bring to the attention of the reader some conception of the lives and struggles of the brave pioneers of Northwest Texas, whose loyal lives and heroic deeds have helped make the great commonwealth of Texas what it is today. 
The men and women and young people of this generation are all 
debtors to the brave and heroic pioneers of yesterday. 
Doans, a typical sleepy, straggling, country town, was once the 
trading post of cowboys in clanking spurs and Indians with feathers 
and war horses. At present, it has only one or tv.:o stores, a school 
house-"meeting" house, and half a dozen or so farmers' homes. 
In its pleasant tranquility, it gives barely a suggestion of the wild, 
gay men or the wild, gay times it has witnessed in days gone by. It 
was once the last habitation on the famous Dodge City, Kansas, 
Cattle Trail, which trail began at San Antonio and ended in Dodge 
City. Here the cowboys received their last letters from sweethearts 
and mothers before reaching Dodge City. Over one hundred thou­
sand, and sometimes two hundred thousand cattle passed through 
Doans annually. There is still a glamour of romance about it and 
always will be to those who love the West. 
In 1879 a postoffice was established. Before that time, mail was 
brought from a hundred miles away. Doans has had a school since 
1883. Children came distances of twelve miles to this school on 
horseback, or more frequently, in lumbering wagons. Today there 
are many hundreds of people living in Wilbarger County. But when 
it was organized, only one hundred were living here and most of them 
lived at Doans. The Methodist Camping Ground was the former 
Council Ground for Indians where they divided their scalps and 
trophies after a raid. 
The Indians could not be tamed while buffaloes were plentiful. because they could exist on them; for while they had sufficient food ranging the plains they would not go to the fort for supplies; there­fore they would not come into contact with civilization, and thus continued in their wild state. The reason the Indians \\·ould not be compelled to go to the forts for supplies was because buffalo meat constituted a food that would sustain human life indefinitely. 
The Indians were so ignorant that when they receiYed their sup­plies they threw all of them away except salt. soap, flour, and calico. Why did they not throw these away also? Because, they used soap for tanning hides, and salt for curing meat; and as a means of pleasure they made hoks in the flour sacks, galloped o\·er the prairies, and scattered the flour to the four \\·;nds. After Yisiting the fort, Indians could be tracked for seYeral miles, or until trails of the white flour gaYe out. The cr.!icoes were not used as we use them, but were torn in strips and tied to their horses' tails for decoration. ..\fter the Indians were ginn lands by the gonrnment they leased them to the whites for money, which was freely spent in Doans and Vernon. 
The last Indian raid in Wilbarger County was made April 16, 1879. On April 14, a band of Comanches had raided the settlement which is now Quanah, and killed a >Ir. E arle. A day or so after the killing of Mr. Earle, Wilbarger County's first settler family had a fright from this same band. >Ir. Doan was returning from the pasture lands when something restrained him from gh·ing an Indian warwhoop to scare the women. l:'pon arri\·ing at his dugout, the women told him that some Indians were down by the corral. >Ir. Doan and family hurriedly gathered some supplies and bed clothing and fled to a groYe about half a mile away. In the morning >Ir. Doan crawled the entire distance back to his dugout. It was \Yhole and undisturbed; the only startling thing was smoke coming from the chimney. He cautiously crawled to the window and discovered the smoke to be coming from a log left in the fireplace the night before. It was lucky that they did run away, because some time later, the Indians of that band impassiYely informed >Ir. Doan that if they had found his family they \\'OU!d haYe scalped them. A treaty be­tween the Doan family and the Indians was smoked on the peace pipe. The Indians promised that they would neYer harm a Doan or anyone living at Doans. 
The West Texas members of the Confederacv made a treatv ·with the Indians in 1865 between the Confederate States and the I~dians, in which the Confedertae States promised the Indians fair treatment. The reason that it was made in 1865, after the war had ended, may be explained by the fact that ne\\'S traveled so slowly in these regions that the settlers probably did not know that the war was ended. The whereabouts of the Confederate copy of this treaty is not known, but the Indian treaty was brought to Doans where it remained in safety for nearly forty .years when it was destroyed in a fire at the Doans store in 1923. Only a scrap of the paper remains. 
In 1879, the Doans people went to Medicine Mound, in an adjacent county, to celebrate the Fourth of July. Even that long after the Civil War these people did not feel as loyal as they might toward the Union. Nevertheless, they were good sportsmen and they deter­mined that they would love their country, since they lived in it. They had a three-day rodeo and general holiday. They bulldogged steers and danced. On the Fourth they planted "Old Glory" (which the women had made) on one of the mounds. There it stood looking to the far horizon until whipped to rags by the West Texas breezes. 
In the spring of '82, one settler had a strange experience with an Indian. Mr. Boger was away and Mrs. Boger was doing the family washing. An Indian strode into the room where she was working; his bloody hands held a bloody butcher knife. Her first thought was that he had murdered her neighbors on Pease River and was going to murder her and the children. He asked for water and washed his hands. In broken English he commanded, "Come, follow me." With trembling knees and a quaking heart she followed him into the yard. On his horse was tied an antelope freshly killed. He cut off a hind quarter and gave it to her. Later they became great friends and she found out that he was Quanah Parker, the greatest chief of the Comanche tribe. 
No man was ever killed in Doans in a desperado fight or by murder; this is probably due to the good influence of Mr. Doan; but Doans did have quite a bit of shooting. "In the 'Cowboys' Saloon' the floor \Vas shot so full of lead that if the building had been moved from the spot, someone might think he had discovered a lead mine," said an old timer. When the cowboys got too "full" and noisy they were low­ered into a dry old well where they were kept until they became sober. This was Doans' jail and was very safe, for once in the well a man could not get out until the guard hoisted him out. In the slang of the cowboys, it was called the "calaboose." The border r enegades and thieves left Doans alone for they respected Doans-and perhaps the "calaboose." 
A certain Bill Kramer, said to have been a desperado, while shooting up the town of Harrold was killed by a ranger. He was brought to Doans and buried in Mrs. Ross's back yard. About a month later Reverend Mr. Milwee came from across the rfrer to preach the funeral. From miles around, cowboys came to their friend's funeral. Reverend Mr. Milwee had a difficult task, for there was not much good to be said about the man, and it would have been unfortunate for him to offend any of the desperado's friends. Therefore he quoted scripture and preached a beautiful sermon on the life hereafter. When he finished, the cowboys were 
94 "'7niversity of Texas Bulletin 
so appreciative that they passed a "four-gallon" hat and filled it with many silver dollars for the minister. 
Doans has never had any calamities, cyclones, etc., except the usual spring dust storms. However, in June, 1891, the Red River, which is very near Doans, converged with the North Fork about seven and a half miles away. The flood was eight miles across. Land, chickens, cattle, and all kinds of things were washed away. Three hundred days out of three hundred sixty-five the Red River is a bed of sand as far as eye can see its course, with very little water. But after the spring rains it is full of water, floods the low­lands, and looks like a river of blood. 
The Franklin Land-Cattle Company had many acres of land near Doans. Many English lords were interested in the company. Usually when the lords came to view their property they wore silk-topped hats and frock coats, and were "high-brow" to the rough cowmen. One lord was convinced that he wasn't getting all the profit he should. He came over, bought common duckings, and applied for a position as cowboy on his own ranch. He was employed only a very short time before he found out that the manager was shipping off cattle for himself that should have been sold for the lord. The lord made his identity known and promptly fired the manager. He probably accomplished his purp!>se the better because he came as a cowboy, while the other lords had been too aristocratic. 
At one time there was a canning factory at Doans which canned venison, quail, and wild turkey. Wheat and corn have been grown there. Cattle-raising was the main occupation at one time. It is almost purely an agricultural community now, however, and farming and cotton-raising hold sway. In the old days any wild game you could think of was near-ducks, wild cats, coyotes, wolves, wild turkeys, catamounts, cougars, buffalo, deer, and antelope. It was veritably a hunter's paradise. The last buffalo in this section was seen October 10, 1878. 
The people were always respectful and eager for religious services. A Sunday School to which a Quaker, a Jew, and a Catholic all went was a success. They all studied Cook's literature together and there was never a hint of a religious squabble. They had "preaching" once in a while. Reverend Mr. J. T. Hosmer was one of their beloved ministers. Whenever there was preaching the cowboys all came, stacked their guns and revolvers in a corner, and listened respect­fully. If a herd was pas~ing through, they left one of their number to watch the herd and the rest went to the service. 
Doans annually has a picnic in Watts' Grove, not far from the village, to which hundreds now come. It was started in the eighties with only six present. It has grown to be one of the largest gather­ings in West Texas. Political guns have been, and are "primed" at these meetings. Candidates for the Legislature or Congress try to make a favorable impression on the farmer folk who are, after all, the very heart of the nation. 
Bibliography 
Boger, Mrs. A. T., came to this county in 1882. Mrs. Boger was given the first teacher's certificate issued in Wilbarger County. 
Doan, C. F., came to Doans in 1878. Doans was named for him. 
Hough, Emerson, North of 36, D. Appleton and Company, New York, 1923. Ross, Mrs. Bertha, came to Doans in 1878. She was the first white child in the county. Watts, Mrs. Rena, moved here in 1892. She organized the Sunday School. 
History of Henderson County 
By James Easterling, Athens, Texas 
Foreword 
In writing this history of Henderson County, I have spent many hours of hard work, yet it has been the most interesting and fasci­nating work that I have ever done. Regardless of the prize, I feel that the pleasure I get out of it will more than repay me for the effort. Much of my history has been based upon the court and other records in this county, at the same time, the oral and traditional stories related to me have been of much help. I am greatly indebted to the Hon. J. J. Faulk for his encouragement and assistance. 
One of the main reasons that prompted me to write this essay was that I wanted to know something of the origin, growth, and develop­ment of my birth place. I have discovered, in writing a history of the county, that I was compelled to rehearse and dwell upon the acts and efforts of our pioneer fathers and that it is only the acts of man that make real history. 
Thus, in this brief history, which goes back a little more than a century, the crude methods of Indian civilization are revealed as well as the coming of the white man, the dark period of war, and an era of progress under the civilizing influence of our forbears. This essay has caused me to draw mental pictures of the privations and hardships of our pioneer fathers and I honor and revere their memory more today than I ever did. Their self-sacrificing example stimulates me to love the more my own little city, my country, state, and nation. 
The eastern section of the State of Texas, of which Henderson County is a part, was once known as the Old Nacogdoches District. There is perhaps no part of Texas more historic. Here James Bowie, 
the inventor of the Bowie knife, once lived. Through here David Crockett passed on his way to the Alamo. In the northeastern portion of this district the Kickapoos established their tepees. The tepees were the cause of "Big Foot" Wallace coming here. He was a terror to the redskins, and proved a great help to the early pioneers. The early settlers were homeseekers or adventurers from the older states. Being raised in a free country, they chafed under the rule of Mexico. These people were among the first to join in the fight to form a new republic. 
The Indians formed the worst opposition that the early settlers had to encounter. The tribes along the frontier consisted of the Shawnees, Delawares, Kickapoos, and the Cherokees. The latter were the most terrible and murderous tribe in the group. The other tribes very seldom made a raid until they were stirred up by the Cherokees. Two battles were fought on the soil of Henderson County with Indians; one on Caddo Creek near where Poynor and Frank­ston stand, but the principal one was on Battle Creek about four miles northwest from Chandler. The troops of the Republic were under the command of General Albert Sidney Johnston, Secretary of War of the Republic. Chief Bowles was the leader of the Indians. The massacre of the Williams and Killoughs families, near old Larissa, and the appointment of Bowles as a colonel in the Mexican Army, caused the friction. The first days' fight was short, but hotly contested. There were six Texans killed. The next day the two armies met near the N'eches River. The Indians were routed and Chief Bowles was shot in the head and killed. This battle occurred July 15, 1836. 
In later years it has been found that a white family by the name of Bowles had been massacred by the Indians in Georgia and that a small boy had been carried away by the Indians. It is probable that he became Chief Bowles, whose death has just been recorded. (See Reagan's Memoirs). No record can be found as to the estab­lishment of the Nacogdoches Municipality, but it is believed to have been in existence in the early part of the Nineteenth Century. This municipality exercised jurisdiction over all territory east of Austin from the Red River to the Gulf of Mexico. When Henderson County was severed from this municipality by act of April, 1846, it included the present counties of Henderson, Kaufman, Van Zandt, Rains, Rockwall, and the southern part of Hunt County. Later these counties were severed, leaving this county as it is today, bordered on the north by Kaufman and Van Zandt Counties, on the south by Anderson County, and on the east and west by the Neches and Trinity Rivers, respectively. 
The largest settlement in the county at this time was at Buffalo, 
on the Trinity River. When Henderson County was formed, Buffalo 
served as a temporary county seat. In 1846, by order of the court. 
Texas History Teachers' Bulletin 
the county was divided into precincts. In 1846 B. Shankle;; was elected sheriff, and A. J. Kimball was elected county clerk. It is probable that these \Vere the first men to hold these offices in the county. The first district court was organized at Buffalo in 1847. Honorable Bennett H. Martin was the district judge and A. J. Fowler was district attorney. 
Records fail to show that Buffalo was ever the permanent county seat of Henden>on County, notwithstanding the court was held there several years. The first term of the probate court was held at Buffalo, April 12, 1847. The first term was held at the home of :\:Ir. William Ware, January 11, 1847; then it was moved into the town of Buffalo. John Damon was first chief justice. In 1848 an election was held to select the county seat, by the vote of the people. Centerville received the majority of the votes and was declared the permanent county seat of Henderson county. All archives were moved to Centerville from Buffalo in 1848. The first term of the court was held at Centerville, September 11, 1848. B. Graham was chief justice. Centerville was located about six miles west of the present town of Eustace, near Twin Creek. It was located on 100 acres of land, on the J . P . Brown survey, given to the county for a county seat by J. H. Starr. The court continued to be held at Centerville until April 2, 1849, when it was moved back to Buffalo. The record, so far as I have been able to find, gives no reason why it was moved back to Buffalo. It is thought that the election was contested in district court which decided in favor of Buffalo. 
Perhaps the most interesting organization in the early days of Buffalo was a Lyceum or Debating Society. This society wai; com­posed of many leading men, notably, Judge John H. Reagan. (This was the place where he began his public career). It was organized January 28, 1847. Among its officers were John H. Reagan, James Boggs, and Stephenson. These men discussed popular, political issues, and other topics. Two of the questions in debate were: "Was it a better plan for the United States to invade Mexico or to compromise," and, "Are the works of nature more pleasing to the eye than the works of art?" 
By the Act of January 28, 1850, John Brown, John Ledbetter, Samuel Whitehead, J . B. Luker, and Adam Avant and Sullivan were appointed commissioners to select a site for the county seat of Henderson County. These men reported that they had selected two places-one in the center of the county, and the other about three miles north of the center. On August 24, 1850, an election was held and the center, which became the present town of Athens, received a majority of twenty-seven votes. Here was established a permanent county seat on August 19, 1850. The court records were moved from Buffalo to Athens, where J. B. Luker was first chief justice, J. Boggs sheriff, and E. J. Thompson county clerk. The first murder in this county was committed by Ed Day, charged with murdering his wife. This crime was on May Day, 1847, before Henderzon County was cut to its present size. On motion of A. J. Fowler, district attorney, the case was moved to Kaufman County. Tradition says that the accused man was tried and convicted there. 
On November 20, 1850, E. J. Thompson, county agent, was ap­pointed to sell at auction the town lots of Athens. The first court­house was built at Athens on block 3, lot 3, south. side of square, at a cost of $50.00. A later allowance of $15.00 was made for the construction of a stick and dirt chimney. It was built in October, 1850. This house and the lots were sold in 1855 and the proceeds of the sale given to W. B. Stirman for building a jail. The second courthouse was built in the center of the public square in 1860. It was a two-story building, weatherboarded, ceiled, and well built, with four brick chimneys. This courthouse burned down during the February term of district court, 1885. A new brick building was begun in 1885; it was completed at a cost of about $17,500.00. Mr. 
C. H. Hawn was the contractor, W. R. Dickerson was the county judge. This served well until the brick began crumbling and it was condemned by the commissioners' court in the year 1912. The present magnificent building took its place and was built and completed under Judge C. D. Owen's administration, at a cost of $135,000.00. It is a beautiful building and one of the best ar­ranged courthouses in this part of the State. It adorns our public square and is a monument to the court that built it, as well as to the architect and contractor. 
At the April term of Commissioners' Court, an order was passed setting aside the State and county tax for 1854 and 1855, to pay for a jail. It was built on a lot just east of Tom Graham's brick stores, with hewn logs and weatherboarding. It was built by W. B. Stirman at a cost of $1,200.00. (Mr. Stirman died here recently). This served well until 1881, when the present brick jail was built by Cain Brothers, who represented the King Iron & Bridge Co., of St. Louis. Missouri, at a cost of $15,000.00. 
Texas seceded from the Union February 1, 1861. When the news reached Henderson County military preparations were begun im­mediately. Three men most instrumental in organizing companies were Captain Howdy Martin, Captain Jerry Warren, and Captain Manion. Each of these three companies consisted of about 125 men. Of the men in Captain Martin's company only eight or nine Jived to return. There was never any actual fighting in Henderson County. 
At the time of the Civil War corn and cotton made up the chief products of the county. The raising of cotton was stopped and the fields were given over entirely to the raising of grain, one-tenth of which was given, under the law, to the support of the army and 
families of soldiers. The women made nearly all of the clothes the 
Confederate troops wore. 
After General Lee's surrender, April 9, 1865, the soldiers returning 
home found nothing but their farms and families, the latter destitute. 
Hardly had "reconstruction" begun when the negroes and carpet­
baggers took over the State and county offices. The cities, counties 
and State were under the rule of the most incapable men that ever 
held sway. The first. election after the war, in which white men 
voted, was most humiliating to them, but they buried their pride and 
voted. They knew that if they expected to gain control of their 
government, they would have to vote. They marched to the polls 
under the bayonet of negro troops. The result was, Governor Coke 
was elected governor. 
Then came a period of peace and progress. But the people were very poor. It is said that only two buggies were known to have been owned by residents of this county. Horses and wagons were mainly used as a means of travel, while oxen were used for the heavier work. The first regular stage coach line was run into Athens in 1859, and continued until the coming of the railroads. The first move to build a railroad in this county was in 1875. It was backed by private donations in land and provisions given by the reddents of the county. The road bed was nearly completed from Athens to the Kaufman County line when the project was abandoned. The first railroad built here was· the Narrow Gauge Line now known as the Cotton Belt. It was completed . to Athens in 1880. The citizens of the county gave the right-of-way and much land to induce the company to come to Athens. The next railroad came in 1898, and was an extension of the Dallas Trunk Line Co., from Kemp to Athens, which is now known as the Texas & New Orleans, and is a branch of the Southern Pacific System. The first automobile owned in the county was in 1910, but now there are thousands and they are proving the foremost means of transportation. 
In June, 1898, a company of fifty men was organized to go to the Spanish-American War. The war ended before the troops could sail. Later five or six men volunteered to go and do military duty in the Philippines. One of the blackest spots on the good name of our county was a lynching in the fall of 1899. A party of men called at the home of three citizens (farther and two sons) , and carried them off by force at night. Next day the three were found hanging to a tree. The lynchnig party was captured and tried, ten of the men being sentenced to serve life terms in prison. 
The period from 1900 to 1917 was a period of progress. More people were moving in and factories were being erected, mainly the potteries and brick and tile factories. Much land was cleared and planted in cotton and corn. In this county, as in most of the coun­ties of the South, cotton is the chief product. 
In 1914 the threatening war clouds of Europe were seen and many 
realized the danger to the United States. On April 6, 1917, word was fl.ashed over the wires that a state of war existed between the United States and Germany. There were about 700 troops enlisted in the army from Henderson County in 1917 and 1918. In the Liberty Loan drives and in the War Savings drive the county raised more than its quota and went over the top. The first soldier killed in the war from Henderson County was Brady Shelton, for whom the Athens American Legion Post is now named. There were seven soldiers from this county who died in action, although more died in the awful influenza epidemic that swept the country. It was with great rejoicing that the people received the news that Germany had signed the armistice on November 11, 1918. 
After the war there was a period of financial depression on ac­count of so much money having been invested in government bonds during the war, and every one was in a state of financial embarrass­ment, but we recovered in a measure in 1923, due to the increased value in cotton. 
On September 4, 5, and 6 the first exposition of the East Texas Cotton Palace was held in Athens. New buildings are going up now and it is probable that the 1924 exposition will surpass in quality any like exposition held in Texas. The present population of Henderson County is 35,000. With the development of coal and other mineral resources now in progress, the coming of the Texas Light and Power Company, and other industrial organizations, the county seems to be assured a steady and permanent growth. 
Bibliography 
Commissioners' Court Minutes, Book A. 
Commissioners' Court Minutes, Book B. 
Dallas Morning News, 1900. 
Laws of Texas, Vcl. III. 
Probate Court Records, Book A. 
Reagan, Judge John H., Memoirs, 1906. 
PERSONAL INTERVIEWS 
Davis, G. R., Athens, Texas. 
Faulk, J. J ., Athens. 
Jones, Earl, Athens. 
Meredith, A. W., Wills Point, Texas. 
Tower, C. A., Trinity, Texas. 
The Alabama Indians 
By Patsy Garner, Livingston, Texas 
Preface 
My aim in preparing this paper has been to trace briefly the 
origin, tradition, and history of the Alabamas that now live in Polk County. I have sought for material from residents who have lived and worked among the Indians, and from articles and histories and newspaper clippings. 
In 1688 when La Salle crossed the Trinity River at Swartout he found a large tribe of Indians on the west side of the Trinity. This territory, after the organization of the Republic, became a part of Liberty District. Later the territory formed a part of the following counties, carved from the original Liberty District: Liberty County, Polk County, and San Jacinto County. There is no way to determine definitely the exact location of the tribe, but it is supposed to have been near where the postoffice at Camilla is now located. This tribe was known as the Sini Indians. There were also Indians locater! on the east side of the river, but the tribe bore no particular name and was supposed to have been part of the Sinis or Muskogees. 
Another tribe of Indians, the Coshattees, also existed in the early part of the Nineteenth Century on the east side of the Trinity, a short distance below the old town of Drew's Landing, which place later became known as Maryana. At an early date in the Nineteenth Century, a tribe of Muskogees was found almost due east from Swartout about three miles. Their village was located on the Mc­Carde!l farm, and one of Polk County's largest creeks was named for the chief of this tribe, Long King. Still another tribe of Indians, supposed to have been Muskogees, lived ten or twelve miles west of Livingston, and at once time a tribe lived on a creek north of Liv­ingston. The creek got its name from the Indian chief, Long Tom. So far as is known the Sini Indians no longer exist and have not lived within a hundred years. All but a few of the Muskogees left about thirty-five years ago and went to Oklahoma. The Coshattees .as a tribe have also become extinct, although a few live with the 
Alabamas at Indian Village. 
The best known Indians in Polk County are the Alabamas, and 
this is because they have been here for many years. This tribe, like 
all other Indians, has a history going back in the past beyond all 
record; no one knows their origin either from written history or 
tradition. It is known from tradition, however, that prior to the 
Nineteenth Century they lived in what is now Alabama, and that 
state got its name thus: . This party of Indians was crossing that 
section of the country to escape a tremendous forest fire which was 
raging. Late in the afternoon, footsore and weary, they saw the 
flames making rapid progress toward them. The old chief came 
to the river side, however, plunged into the water and crossed to 
the other shore. Then he kissed the ground and shouted, "Alabama," 
meaning, according to some authorities, "Here we find rest." 
For the early history of the tribe we shall have to look at the 
white man·s records. Two chroniclers of De Soto's expedition tell 
of passing through the Alabama village of that time. They located 
it in ::Vlississippi, but it is very probable that it was in what is now 
the State of Alabama. Their records say that the Indians had well­
built log houses and that while they spent much time in hunting 
and fishing, they grew patches of corn and vegetables and many fruit 
trees. The Spaniards' cruel treatment of the Indians is too well 
known to need comment. This was probably the first time these 
Indians had encountered the whites. 
In the early part of the Eighteenth Century when the French sailed up the Alabama River for the purpose of establishing a fort, they found the Alabama Indians living much as De Soto's historians had described. The old French Fort Toulouse was established at the junction of the Coosa and Tallapoosa Rivers, just a mile from the Alabama village. According to the diary of a French officer of the fort, the Indians were friendly, bringing fruits and other farm prod­ucts, as well as the results of the chase, for barter with the French. It is to this diary that we are indebted for the account of the flight of the Alabamas from their ancestral hunting ground. In the fifty years of friendship with the French the band grew very strong, and they had learned to fear and dread the English, though perhaps what they knew of the English was only hearsay. 
In 1763, when France ceded her possessions in America to Great Britain and the soldiers of the fort knew they must leave, they agreed to leave quietly in the night so that they need not witness the grief of the Indians. The next morning when the Indians visited the fort they realized that they were to fall into the hands of the hated English and a great wail arose. Immediately a council was called and they decided to follow the French. Accordingly they burned their houses and the fort which they had helped to build, cut down their fruit trees, got into their canoes and drifted down to Mobile where they found their French friends. Here the good chief, Tomoth Le Mingo, discouraged and grief-stricken over the homeless condition of his people, sickened and died. He was given a military burial by the French and was called king and friend of the King of France. His last words have been preserved in both French and Indian. Translated into English they are these, "It has been good to li\·e, but when death comes one must meet it like a man." 
From }lobile the Alabamas migrated to N"ew Orleans, still follow­ing the French. They established themselves in a village on the }1ississippi River, about one hundred miles north of N"ew Orleans. From there they pushed westward, appearing in Texas in the early part of the Xineteenth Century. At first they came on hunting expeditions, only to return to their Louisiana homes. Gradually they stayed longer and longer, finally building a village on what is called Horsepen Creek in Tyler County. They had fertile 1.nnd anrl made plenty of farm produce. This land was purchased by a white man and the Indians were not allowed to move even their corn. They were driven out and the white man occupied the chief's home until he could build one for himself. For a short time they made their home at Peach Tree village, near the birthplace of John Henry Kirby, in Tyler County. 
They remained at Peach Tree Village until just before the battle of San Jacinto in 1836, when they went back to Louisiana. It is said that this move was made indirectly upon the advice of General Sam Houston who passed through and camped near their Yillage on his way to the old town of Washington just before the war with :\Iexico. Their own tradition says that General Houston, while camped near the village, sent for the chief and others prominent in the tribe, and held a council in whkh he informed them of the probability of an approaching war between the whites and Mexicans. He suggested to them the possible extent and the uncertainty of the war and ad­vised them that as there were only four or six hundred of them it would be better for them not to take part. He told them to remain neutral and prepare to move should the whites lose, othen\·ise :hey might be exterminated. 
It seems that they took his advice, and they went to Louisiana 
during the "Runaway Scrape." They remained in their new loca­
tion for two years, and when they returned to Texas they made 
a 	new settlement in Tyler County near their old home. This new 
village was known as Fencedin Village. They remained here until 
1854 when, through the influence of General Sam Houston, they 
were given the two sections of land which they now occupy. This 
land, which was donated by the State of Texas, is very poor sandy 
soil which overflows and washes away crops and fences almost eYery 
year. It was not given to them for farming purposes. They sub­
sisted mostly on the game which they killed, and the "Big Thicket" 
was not far away. 
From the time they settled at Indian Village until 1881 they were 
practically heathen. They believed in a multiplicity of spirits. good 
and evil, with "Abba Mingo," the chief in the sky above them all. 
They had their witches and medicine men and women who really had 
some good remedies. The tribe, as a whole, were superstitious and 
put two witches to death about fifty years ago. They kept up their 
dances and other festivals until after the coming of the missionaries 
in 1881. The missionaries alone know with what an enormous task 
they were confronted when they undertook to civilize and Christianize 
the tribe. The missionaries were often discouraged, but in their 
efforts to improve the Indians they became convinced of twfJ facts: 
1. The Indians had the ability to learn; 2. They were interested and 
wanted 	to learn. The good work which was begun by these missionaries has been carried on to the present day. At no time since 1881 have they been without a missionary. Mr. and Mrs. Chambers have labored with them for about twenty years and are very enthusiastic over the progress they have made, both along economic and educational lines. Every person at the village now, between the ages of twelve years and forty, is able to read and write. It is gratifying to Mr. and Mrs. Chambers to know that the Indians are progressive. 
The last ahief, John Scott, died March 3, 1913, at the age of 110 years. He was a man of sterling qualities, and since his death no chief has ruled the tribe. Up to the time of his death they main­tained their tribal laws and regulations, and only recently have they used state laws. While using tribal laws they inflicted only two punishments, which were death and banishment. 
Until three-fourths of a century ago they made practically no effort toward agriculture. The land donated to them by the State was net intended for agricultural purposes and is not fertile enough at present to produce foodstuff for their subsistence. Some of the Indians work at sawmills and others at any other public work at­tainable. They are in almost desperate circumstances and unless aid is given to them at once, the tribe will soon become extinct. 
About twenty-five years ago the first efforts were made to secure federal aid and two bills were introduced by Senator Chilton and Congressman Cooper, but neither bill passed. About four years ago, however, Congress made an appropriation of $5,000 to be used for educational purposes, and has made one small donation since then. The greatest need of the Indian people at present is a school in which home economics and agriculture are taught. These are the two essentials that they really need and should have. 
The Indians have Sunday school and church almost every Sunday. The organist plays well, although he has never taken a music les­son. Their religious services are very sacred and they worship reverently. Their services are carried on more systematically and more earnestly than they are in some of our churches. Absolute quiet reigns throughout the house from the time services start until they close except when they sing or the pastor delivers his sermon. No one talks and no one leaves. 
Among the chief characteristics of these Indians are their love of peace and their chastity and virtue. It is said that aside from a strain of Coshattee blood, there is no other blood in the village, and has never been but once. They are noted for honesty and veracity and abhor stealing. 
Our State and country should not be willing to let this race die out when it will take only a small appropriation to save it. The Indians are an asset to a community and their moral standards are in many respects superior to those of the white man. They are still skilled workmen, as was shown when a professor of the University of Penn­sylvania came down to the village several years ago and collected trunks of curios and handwork such as baskets, dresses, and blankets. These are now on display in a northern museum. This display is said to be one of the finest and most beautiful collections of Indian curios in the world today. 
Bibliography 
"The Alabama Indians," manuscript by Mrs. C. W. Chambers, copied from records in the Smithsonian Institute. "Koasati (Coasada) Indians," manuscript by Mrs. C. W. Chambers, copied from records in the Smithsonian Institute. "Our Indians," essay furnished by Mrs. J . W. Leggett, Livingston, Texas. 
"Texas Indian Tribe," subject of r eport. (Secretary Ballinger 
discusses needs of civilized Alabamas in Polk County.) Dallas News, 
January 6, 1911. 
"Indian Tribe, Village in Polk County," Houston Post. (Clipping, 
date of issue undetermined.) 
"Revival at Indian Village," Polk County Enterprise, September 
2, 1921. 
"The Alabama Indian Mission," Missionary Sui·vey. (Date of issue 
undetermined.) 
"Alabama Indians of Polk County," Reverend J. L. Davis, Mis­
sionary Survey, July 1924. 
"Work Among the Alabamas in Texas," Reverend C. W. Chambers, 
Missionary Survey, July, 1913. (Death of Chief John Scott.) 
An interview with Judge J . C. Feagan, Livingston, Texas. 
Austin, Texas-1821 to 1900 
By Walter Greig, Austin, Texas 
Foreword 
I have tried to give to the reader a complete, accurate, and con­crete history of the early days of Austin. As I am a resident of Austin, I take great pride and interest in the city. In order to have this account as nearly complete as possible, I have read books, magazines, visited the older residents of the city, and have spent much time in the State Library at Austin looking through old almanacs and newspapers, and visiting also the newspaper offices. Though much has been omitted for lack of space, I have endeavored to give only the most important. 
Not so many years ago, the first "covered wagon" of Anglo-Saxon civilization rolled across the border of the now Empire State of Texas. The advance was slow and hard against bitter odds, but it was sure, 
for the goal was great. This goal was the establishment of a republic of which Austin became the capitol. It was to this end that the pioneers worked and fought, spilling their blood on the green prairies that they might win. 
In 1821 Moses Austin obtained a contract from the authorities of the East~rn Internal Provinces, which included Texas, under the terms of which he was to settle three hundred American families in the province. Moses Austin died June 10, 1821, before he could comply with this contract, and his son, Stephen Fuller Austin, took up his work. Young Austin went to San Antonio and was recognized as his father's successor. Stephen returned to Texas in December, 1821, with a party of colonists. 
Owing to the Mexican disturbances in the government, Austin had to make several trips to Mexico City and one time had to remain a year before he could get the new government to recognize his colony. Finally, he returned to his colonists in Texas with the news that his mission was successful; so they immediately began to lay the foundation of Anglo-American civilization. During the year 1838, General Edward Burleson located a town on the present site of Austin and called it Waterloo. 
Congress Avenue, the principal street of Austin, is surpassed in the South only by Canal Street in New Orleans in its generous width. This now smooth paved thoroughfare, over which thousands of vehicles pass daily, was once the bed of a creek where clear springs broke from the banks of the stream and fed swimming pools in which the youths of the settlement swam, as had the Indians before the ad­vent of the white man. The creek that flowed down Congress Avenue came from above the site of the present capitol and flowed through the west part of the capitol grounds, crossed Congress Avenue just below Eleventh Street. Following the street line, the creek bed continued southward to about the point where the Majestic Theater now stands, and then ran eastward along a line between the Littlefield Build­ing and the Driskell Hotel, and thence southward to the river. Where Tobins's store now stands at the intersection of Eighth 
Street and Congress Avenue, the-re once flowed a beautiful spring. 
One block away, where the city hall is located, was a log cabin used 
as a school house. Eighth Street from the city hall to Tobins was 
in those days but a foot path, along which laughing school children, 
upon being released from study hall, raced to quench their thirst at 
the spring. 
Where the Bruggerhoff Building stands in the nine hundred block 
on Congress Avenue, was another spring, which still flows beneath 
the building through an outlet provided at the time of the construc­
tion of the building. This was really a large spring from which the 
residents of the infant city <lrew their water supply. 
Up to 1839, the Republic had no fixed capitol. The name Austin was proposed for the new city. In the spring of 1839 a committee from Houston was sent out to locate a place for the site of gonrnment for the Republic of Texas. Austin was chosen on this reference: "On east side of Colorado River; this league has a high commancLng bluff back for a mile and a quarter, far above high water marks running back with a rich, dry, smooth prairie. One mile of post oak lands gradually rising throughout. Through this survey runs diagonally a creek of pure and never-failing water. On the survey are four permanent springs with a fair stand of timber, oak, cedar, etc. The whole of this tract will do for building purposes. It will cost the State $21,000. On west end of same river, several springs run. The bank is high and has plenty of timbers with prairies inter­spersed. It is about two miles distant from and in full view of the mountains of the table lands." 
Many Indian tribes roamed around Austin, for in the early days it was but a frontier outpost. The Comanches far outnumbered the other tribes, although there were tribes of Caddoes, Cherokees, and Choctaws. Indians made several raids on Austin as it was then a town of only a few hundred. Even as late as 1842, the Indians were bold enough to invade the town, once penetrating as far as what now constitutes the heart of the business district. The majority of these raids were made by the Comanches, who loved to fight and plunder. 
In May, 1839, work started for construction of house for President Lamar on the hill now occupied by Saint Mary's Academy. A frame building on the hill now occupied by the city hall was erected for Congress. The building consisted of two large rooms. The north room was for the Senate Chamber and the south for the House of Representatives. 
Food was hauled from Houston to Austin in 1839. It took one 
month to make the trip and return. Bacon was $1.00 per pound, 
flour $100.00 per barrel. On the corner of what is now Congress 
Kvenue and Sixth Street, was the Bullock Hotel. It was a favorite 
place for young and old. 
On October 30, 1839, the first newspaper was issued and was called the Austin City Gazette. In January, 1840, a census was taken of the Capitol City. There were seventy-five families in Austin and 856 total population. Taxes for residents amounted to one-half of one per cent ad valorem on lands held by residents, one per cent on land held by non-residents. 
Austin is the only state capital in the United States which at one time was recognized as a world capital, where representatives of foreign ambassadorial rank resided. In 1840 Monsieur DeSaligny, Minister for France, came to Austin and immediately had erected one of the most palatial mansions of the city. George H. Flood came 
to Austin as agent for the United States and served also for the British Empire. 
General Houston had removed the capitol from Austin because of its exposed situation on the frontier. The citizens of Austin refused to give up the archives; so General Houston sent a band of thirty-five men to take them by force. In December, 1842, these men arrived in Austin to take the archives. They succeeded in loading them in the wagons, but by then the Austin citizens, finding out what was going on, charged on them. A cannon was fired but no one was hurt. Houston's men retreated quickly, with the Austin men close on their heels. They overtook the retreating party across Walnut Creek. After seeing the determination of the Austinites, Houston's men thought it best to give up the archives; so the citizens brought the archives back and kept them well guarded until they were later passed into the hands of the State Government in 1845. 
During 1846 a steamboat, Kate Ward, made its way from the Gulf of Mexico up the Colorado River to Austin. Regular landings for passengers, wharfage for the steamer, and other facilities were provided and fees were charged under an ordinance passed by the board of aldermen. Owing to the sparsely settled condition of the country, the steamer on regular schedule was abandoned before many trips had been made. 
On February 16, 1846, the first Legislature of the State convened at Austin. The Lone Star flag was lowered and the Stars and Stripes were raised. In 1849 a company of Mor~ons established a settlement at the foot of Mount Bonnell on the Colorado and built a grist mill. This is the first mill established in Austin. 
In the summer of 1852, foundation for the State capitol was laid at .the head of Congress Avenue, just in front of where the present capitol now stands. The corner stone was laid August 3, 1852. During this time there were stage coaches running between Austin and San Antonio, on what is now the old Post Road. After the close of the Civil War, Austin was headquarters for the United States army until 1870, when it was moved to San Antonio. 
The Houston & Texas Central Railroad completed its line into Austin on December 25, 1871, this being the first railroad to come to the city. This brought freight wagons from all points and Austin became an important trading center. In the same year a toll bridge was erected across the Colorado River at the foot of the Avenue. This bridge was later purchased by the county and made a free bridge. The courthouse and jail were erected in 1876. 
Austin's first street car line consisted of a car drawn by mules and about two miles of track. The first line ran from Nineteenth Street down the grade until it came to the creek at about Fourteenth Street and there followed the creek to Eleventh and Red River Streets. At Eleventh it ran south down Red River to Sixth Street and at Sixth, turned west till it came to Congress A venue, and from there ran north to Eleventh Street, where the courthouse now stands. The driver lived beyond Nineteenth Street, so at night, after he had left the car at the head of the hill at :Nineteenth, some of the boys would play pranks on him by giving the car a shove and ride down to the bottom of the grade and there leave it. 
On the morning of November 9, 1881, the janitor of the State Capitol made a fire in one of the stoves of the building to burn up some trash. There had been no fires in the building since the winter before and some of the flues in the other rooms were open. When the fire was made, the sparks ran from the pipe through an open flue into another room where it set fire to the contents of the room. Before it was discovered, the whole room was in flames, and before the · day was over, the capitol had burned down. A temporary capitol was immediately erected at Congress Avenue and Eleventh Street, across from the present courthouse. This, too, was later destroyed by fi re. 
Construction then began on a new capitol. On March 2, 1885, the corner stone of the new granite capitol was laid and it was dedicated on May 16, 1888. The red granite used in building the capitol was taken from Granite Mountain. The State gave three million acres of land to pay for construction. The cement used in construction was taken from the quarries at Oak Hill (Travis County). The value of the State's land at this time was Sl.00 per acre. In 1893 a large granite dam was constructed across the Colorado River, four miles above the city and was reached by electric car line. The dam was one thousand two hundred feet long and sixty feet high, making a backwater of twenty-one miles. It furnished electric power and water to the city and street car com­pany. A big flood in 1900 totally destroyed it. 
Bibliography 
American Sketch Book. 
Austin A rnerican. 
Austin Statesman. 
Brown, Frank, History of Austin. 
Brown, Frank, History of Texas. 
Greig, Mrs. Walter, Box 373, Austin, Texas. 
Kirk, Dr. L. H., 2511 Rio Grande Street, Austin, Texas. 
Smoot, Mr. A. K., State Library, Capitol Station, Austin, Texas. 
Texas Historical Quarterly. 
Wilbarger, Indum Depredations in Texas. 
Unii:ersity of Texas Bulletin 
The Sulphur Industry near Freeport 
By Hattie Mae Herbert, Freeport, Texas 
Foreword 
In my essay I have tried to give the origin of the sulphur industry in Texas with data on the exports, imports, and production of sulphur in the United States. I have tried to give in detail the facts pertaining to the mining, transportation, and purification of sulphur at Bryan :Wound and Hoskins-the two divisions of the Freeport Sulphur Company. At first I found it difficult to find reliable informa­tion, but was finally directed to Mr. Welborne, employed in Mr. Ben Cannon's office, where I obtained data in a book published by the company. I was also permitted to use a record of exports, imports, and production by the United States, Sicily, and Japan. J. A. Hebert informed me concerning employment. I obtained a booklet, Truth Abou t Sublimed S11lplrnr, from Stauffer's Chemical Company. From these sources, and the chemistry text book, I collected all the material for my essay. 
There are three great sulphur mining industries in the Gulf Coastal region of the United States, two of which are in Texas, and one in Louisiana. They are, Union Sulphur Company, located at Sulphur, Louisiana; Gulf Sulphur Company, located at Big Hill near Gulf, Texas, and the Freeport Sulphur Company, located near Free­port, Texas. The latter is the one with which my essay is principally concerned. The stockholders of the Freeport Sulphur Company re­side in New York but have an office force in Freeport, with C. A. Jones as the general manager. 
Before beginning the discussion of the mining, purification, and transportation of sulphur by the method employed at Bryan Mound and Hoskins, let us consider some of the characteristics of sulphur and its possible origin in the United States. It is bright yellow in color, hard and brittle. At ordinary temperatures sulphur is an insoluble, inodorous solid, a bad conductor of heat and a non-con­ductor of electricity. It is a highly inflammable substance, burning readily in the air at about 450 or 500 degrees F., and giving off suffocating fumes of sulphurous acid. Sulphur is used directly or indirectly in nearly all industrial plants and more particularly in the manufacture of fertilizers, paper, powder, and in many chemical and allied trades. 
One characteristic of important sulphur deposits of the Gulf coastal plains of the United States, especially those found in Louisiana and Texas, is that they are invariably found associated with subterranean masses or "domes." The exact origin 6f the domes is not known, but they were probably deposited from underground 
Texas History Teachers' Bulletin 
waters, chemically charged, which had absorbed salt, lime, and sulphur from places of deep-lying rock strata. 
The native sulphur of commerce was formerly derived chiefly from Sicily, where it occurred in beds of blue-clayey formation. It is native in two forms,-in transparent amber crystal3, as v:rgin sulphur; and in opaque, lemon-yellow crystalline masses, as volcanic sulphur. 
It is measured in two ways, by means of metric tons which are made up of 2,205 pounds, and by long tons, having 2,240 pounds. In recent years the United States has taken the lead in the production of sulphur, Sicily ranking second, and Japan third. In 1913 Sicily produced 345,548 metric tons, while the United States produced 311,590 long tons. Statistics show a constant increase in production by the United States during the years 1913 and 1922, while Sicily shows a variation during the same period of time. Records have also shown the United States to have produced 1,830,942 long tons in1922, while Sicily produced only 137,640 metric tons. In 1913 the sulphur import to the United States from all other countries was 14,641 long tons, and in 1922 130 tons, however, the sulphur exports from the United States to other countries.• for the year 1922 alone, was 490,098 long tons. 
The mines of the Freeport Sulphur Company are located at Bryan Mound, about four miles west of the harbor formed by the mouth of the Brazos River. The industry was begun at Bryan Mound in 1912 with two plants in operation, but as production has increased, the industry has been enlarged until there are now four plants. In addition to the Bryan Mound section the company also owns and controls another enormous deposit at Hoskins Mound, thirteen miles northeast of Freeport, which is now being developed. Construction of rail connections and complete sulphur mining equipment has re­cently been finished and operation has begun with one plant, sheet­metal, and blacksmith shops. 
The sulphur deposits near Freeport are found to underlie dome foundations many hundred feet below the surface and are surmounted by limestone caps. The above stated facts are characteristic of any gulf coastal plain mine, being found at Big Hill mine and the mine located at Sulphur, Louisiana. The sulphur is found in pockets or veins in porous gypsum and lime formations, containing a large percentage of water. Deposits have been encountered in drilled wells at depths ranging from 750 to 900 and 1,000 feet. It is produced directly from the beds in which it is contained by wells drilled similar to those used in the production of oil. The Frasch process of extraction is employed, that is, the holes are drilled and piped down through the overlying deposits to the bottom of the sulphur bed. Three pipes are used to raise the sulphur. The largest one is a 6-inch pipe and inside this is a 3-inch one which surrounds in turn 
Unil'ersity of Te;i_.as Bulletin 
a 1-inch pipe. Through the 6-inch pipe water, heated to a tempera­ture of about 330 degrees F., and under a pressure of 100 pounds or over, is forced into the sulphur beds and melts the sulphur. Its melting point is about 238 degrees F. Hot compressed air is forced down the 1-inch pipe, mingles with the liquid sulphur and lowers the specific gravity, and the sulphur flows into the 3-inch pipe and is raised to the surface by means of the compressed air lift. The sulphur issues through the pipes and at the surface enters a relay. Its color is a characteristic reddish-brown and it is in a liquid state. This is called crude sulphur, but tests almost invariably show it to be 
99.95 per cent pure and better. 
From the relay the molten sulphur flows through another set of pipes into bins or vats which are constructed from boards and are raised as the mass increases. The final height of a bin usually ranges from 30 to 50 feet. The mass promptly congeals on exposure, forming a massive block of yellow sulphur. As I have stated, the molten sulphur, when it issues from the pipes has a peculiar and characteristic color, a reddish-brown, but as the temperature de­creases it goes through a variation of colors until after a few hours it assumes a true sulphur yellow. After the sulphur has solidified the walls of the bins are torn down, leaving a huge block of solid sul­phur. In this condition it remains, unsupported, until ready for ship­ment, at which time it is broken up by blasting into lumps of varying sizes. For steamer shipment the lump sulphur is loaded by a self-pro­pelling locomotive hoist. For rail shipment box cars are used exclu­sively, and for loading a special kind of box-car loader is used. The loader is a combination of hoppers, shaker, and conveyor ,especially made to distribute the weight of sulphur in the cars. From the bin location the loaded cars are switched to solid trains and taken by rail to Texas City and Galveston or to shipside on the Freeport harbor. 
For transportation by steamer the sulphur is conveyed to the loading docks for vessels, located on the Freeport harbor about four miles from Bryan Mound, where it is loaded on Freeport sulphur boats or boats from foreign countries. The double-dump hopper steel cars are used exclusively for traffic from mines to docks. The cars are run upon the track ·at the top of the docks, the level of which is about fifty feet above mean low tide, and discharged into hoppers, of which there are six, provided with a large chute conveyer. This chute carries the sulphur from the hopper to the hold of the ship. For the past year, 1923, it is estimated that about 3,250 cars of sulphur were handled from the mines to shipside on the Freeport harbor and about 1,908 cars to Galveston and Texas City. 
The plants A, B, C, and D at Bryan Mound furnish power and are supplied with distributing pipes to conduct hot water to various portions of the field where wells are being steamed. In the plants there has been incorporated every modern device and arrangement calculated to make for operating efficiency. All structures are thoroughly fire-proof consisting of nothing but metal, brick, and concrete. The boilers are fired with fuel oil, their entire energy being devoted to the heating and pumping of water. The pumps and connections are of an intricate nature. These pumps take cold water from the point where it enters through concrete flumes beneath the· building to the boilers and heaters and distributes it under heavy pressure to the various wells under steam, a thousand feet below the surface. 
To run the plants and heat the necessary quantity of water an enormous amount of fuel oil is regularly consumed. To supply this demand, however, the Freeport interest controls important oil pro­ducing lands in Mexico which are being expanded and developed as required. To transport this oil a fleet of tank steamers is operated by the Freeport Sulphur Transportation Company. To make the voyage from Freeport, Texas, to Tampico, Mexico, and return takes about five days. 
Provisions for an ample water supply is a first essential. For this purpose the company has a water canal leading from the Brazos River, 31h miles distant. The canal is 30 feet wide and is exca­vated to a depth of 6 feet below mean low tide. The larger suction pipe used is 24 inches in diameter. This canal carries mine water supply only, the boiler supply being obtained from a series of driven wells pumped by air. 
Motor-driven centrifugal pumps, with a . combin!!d capacity of 20,000,000 gallons daily, deliver the water from the canal into reser­voirs. These reservoirs with pumping stations located conveniently near are found on each side of Bryan Mound. Each set of plants has an independent reservoir system holding large reserves. There is also a separate reservoir for boiler water near the plant, a division being made to separate the boiler from the mine water supply. This is made necessary by the fact that the waters for these respective purposes require different treatment, water being analyzed daily to indicate the necessary reagents. Also located at Bryan Mound, near the plants A and B, is the Freeport Oil Refinery. This is owned by the Freeport Sulph1,1r Company, but io; not directly connected with the mining or purification of sulphur. 
Plant E, located at Hoskins Mound, has just recently been com­pleted. It is larger than any of the plants at Bryan Mound, but like them, it is a wonderful example of working efficiency, having boilers developing 35,000 horse power. Sulphur is mined at Hoskins Mound by the same method as employed at Bryan Mound, and tests show the produce to be only slightly less pure, but still, contracts guarantee all sulphur mined by the Freeport Sulphur Company to be at least 99.5 per cent pure. The produce generally exceeds this purity and is always free from arsenic, tellurium, and selenium. 
For transportation the sulphur from Hoskins is sent by rail to Freeport for steamer shipment or sent by rail to Texas City and Galveston by way of Angleton. 
Some of the sulphur which is not shipped away is purified and made into flowers and other forms of sublimed sulphur by the Stauffer Chemical Company, located at the east end of Second Street in Freeport. This is done by the retort and chamber process, which is as follows: the crude sulphur of brimstone as it comes from the mines is liquified and all surface impurities are skimmed off. The liquid sulphur which remains is then transferred to hermetically sealed retorts, under which is a fire-box, where it is heated to a very high temperature and finally boiled to r:d it of all non-volatile im­purities such as sand, gravel, and silica-alumina. The pure vapors of sulphur that are given off are conducted to large, air-tight con­densing chambers where it deposits on the cool wall as flowers of sulphur. When the walls become warm the sulphur condenses to a liquid, then periodically the refined product is removed from the condensing chambers by means of an outlet and is cast into wooden cylinderical molds where a product known as roll sulphur is made. The various grades of sublime sulphur are made in the condensing chamber and the period of time consu.med in the making determines the lightness of the finished product, the lightest and most finely powdered being the very best grades. 
Bibliography 
Brownlee, Fuller, Hancock, Sohon, Whitsit, First Principles of Chemi~try, Allyn and Bacon Publishing Company, published in 1919. 
Freeport Sulphur Company, published by the company in 1923. 
Hebert, J. A., Engineer, Plant C and D, Box 415, Freeport, Texas. 
Truth About Sublimed Sulphur, published by San Francisco Sulphur Company in 1923. Welborne, J., Sulphur Company's Office, Freeport, Texas. 
Concho Country from 1684 to 1867 
By Margeret Kilgore, San Angelo, Texas 
Foreword 
In this essay stress has been placed on the different forces that played an important part in the develoment of the Concho country. Little is known of the very early history of this section but I was' fortunate enough to have a collection of clippings, letters, and manuscripts to read My mother, Mrs. B. G. Kilgore, was interested in marking old Fort Concho through the D.A.R., and had gathered much information about the history of this country. She had cor­responded with Judge R. C. Crane of Sweetwater, who is an au­thority on ·west Texas history, and had spent some time reading of this section at the State Library in Austin. After I had read and taken notes on the letters, two manuscripts of Judge Crane, the newspaper clippings, and a government report, I read parts in several histories, among them Garrison's Te:•:a.s . I also took notes on interviews with several old timers. Then the main difficulty lay in organizing the material and in deciding which to use and which to leave out. 
The Concho Country belonged to Spain until 1821, when Mexico won her independence. It then belonged to Mexico until 1836 when Texas won her independence. It was a part of the Republic of Texas u·ntil 1846 when Texas was admitted as a State. At the same time a large section called Bexar division was created, and from this Tom Green County was taken in 1875. It was very large then, but was later divided into thirteen counties. Among these we find the present Tom Green and the other counties that are so often spoken of as the Concho Country. 
The early history of this country, so new in development and yet so old in tradition, is very vague. Some think that Cabeza de Vaca and his followers wandered through it in 1535 and 1536, but the first expedition to this section, which we find on record, was made in 1684. The very early history of the great Concho Country is found only in the old Spanish records and journals. It is hard to separate fact from fiction, and many of these recently translated records are very misleading. They were based on reports colored by fancy, or to suit some purpose in view, for many of the journals were written to be sent back to Spain. Garrison, in his Te;.;a .s, said that the atmosphere of New Spain was exceedingly favorable to the production of myths, so we are not surprised that they grew rapidly. Another reason for the confusion was that the Indians often gave one name to several places. They usually called places for some one outstanding feature, for instance many rivers were called Pecos on account of their abundance of pece.s, or fi sh. 
In the Seventeenth Century there were many Indian nations, in­cluding the Conchos, Julines, Chocoliomos, and Jumas, east of the Rio Grande. These roving tribes were always to be found where the grass was greenest and where the game and fish were most plentiful,-visiting this country when it rained and leaving it during a drouth. In December, 1684, Juan Sabeta, an Indian of one of these tribes, the Juma or Jumanas, came to the Catholic Mission nearby El Paso with a request for missionaries to teach the Holy Faith to his people. He brought a rosy report of the country, telling of the Concho pearls and silver-tipped arrows set with them. So in 1684, Pudu Nicholas Lopez, the vice custodian, and the padres Juan de Zavaleta and Antonio Acebedo left for the east with a volunteer guard under Mendoza. The old report says that they went down the Rio de! Norte to the Concho junction where Acebedo remained. The party visited other parts, and on returning to Mexico, Lopez sent reports to Spain with a view of undertaking the conversion of the eastern tribes. He sent some of the famous Concho pearls to the Monarch in Spain, and two of the largest and most perfect of these are said to adorn the papal crown. 
The country was again left to the savage and bison until a second expedition was made twenty years later, but as in the first, no settlements were made. These expeditions were not very successful in a missionary way either; although, there were Indian converts, for Indian graves were found with rude crosses when Fort Concho was established in 1867. 
This section of Texas was supposed to be a desert waste, and be­tween 1705 and 1849 it was visited only by trappers, hunters, rangers, and surveying or hunting parties. But when the gold rush to Cali­fornia came in 1849, the government sent Captain Marcy to find a southern land route that would be open all the year round, because the paths across the mountains were not only uncertain but were often blocked with snow and made impassable during the winter months. As a result of this exploration, many made the weary march across the Continent going through a part of Texas. A fringe of forts was established on the frontier, including Forts Belk­nap, Phantom Hill, and Chadbourne. The latter, nearest to the present site of San Angelo, was named in honor of Theodore L. Chadbourne, and was established October 28, 1852, by Companies A and M, Eighth U. S. Infantry. About this time Burleson's Rangers spent several years here and in the surrounding country in order to keep down lawlessness and to help protect the new forts. 
In the fall of 1858 the longest stage line in the world was estab­lished along this old Marcy trail. It was called the Butterfield Over­land Stage Line and extended 2,700 miles, from St. Louis to San Francisco, entering Texas at Sherman and passing through the fringe of forts westward through Fort Stockton, Fort Davis, Fort Bliss, and El Paso. Fort Chadbourne played a very important part, for it was one of the division points. Leaving this fort south, this stage line passed through the Grape Creek section, crossed the Middle Concho near where Carlsbad now stands, and proceeded west to Horsehead Crossing where it was joined by what is known to the old settlers in this section, as the California Trail. This trail came from San Antonio by way of Fort Mason and Fort McKavett, crossed the South Concho near the present Christoval, and joined the Butterfield Overland at the previously mentioned Horsehead Crossing. 
August 31, 1860, Major George Thomas of Fort Chadbourne made a report to his superior officer of an excursion along the line of the Butterfield Overland. He and Fitzhugh Lee of Camp Colorado spent several weeks scouting with their men for fresh signs of Indians, but they failed to find a human being in this part of the country, except at the stage stands. There were other men here in 1860, besides Thomas and Fitzhugh Lee, who were later to distinguish themselves in the armies of the North and South. Many of them, like Kirby Smith, were doing garrison duty at one of the twenty-odd army camps and forts on the frontiers of Texas. General Robert E. Lee, then a brevet colonel, was in command of the department of Texas. On a tour he once passed through this section, and it is said that he spent two weeks in a little stone house that is still partially standing near Grape Creek. A few months before the Civil War he was called back to his native state, Virgin;a, to suppress John Brown's raid. He was succeeded by Major Thomas of Fort Chadbourne. 
The establishment of the Butterfield Overland Stage Line in 1858 really c.aused the flow of immigration to start toward West Texas. When all of the troops were withdrawn from Texas on account of the Civil War and when the one company of the First Infantry left Fort Chadbourne, (March 23,1861), the Indians became much bolder, and it is said that they pushed the settlements back fifty or a hundred miles. 
There were very few ranches and settlements here before 1867. The John Chishom (Chisholm) ranch was established in 1862, the Frank Tankersleys came in 1864 and set up a ranch near the head of the Concho, and there was another ranch near Big Lake. Small settlements were found at Kickapoo Spr;ngs, Lipan Springs, and Bismark Farm, and in about 1866 there was a mail station and repair shop at Ben Ficklin Crossing. 
The people at these places raised many cattle, but it was very difficult to get them to market, and it was not until 1867 (the year Fort Concho was established) that the cattle trails were established. It was a little before this that the railroad was extended as far west as Abilene, Kansas. There were five principal trails, and two of them came from this section. The oldest and most important of all the trails was the Chisholm. It led from the previously named Chisholm ranch and was named for John Chisholm, who is said to have driven the first cattle over this route to the Kansas shipping point. 
There were never any Indian villages in the Concho· Country, but roaming bands of Indians passed through from time to time. As has been said before, they came when the rain came and when food was plentiful; but sometimes there was no one here at all, as in 1860, when Major Thomas passed through. The Lipan, Kickapoos, Tonques, Comanches, and Apaches were frequent visitors, the latter considered about the worst tribe. The Indians feasted on the best of wild game, and at that time there were wild horses and wild cattle grazing on the range. The settlers usually received no warning of the approach of the Indians until a horse failed to appear or a cow came up with an arrow in its side. The savages were usually content with petty thieving, but sometimes they committed the most horrible murders. The night after a murder the Indians alW:\IYS held a wild war dance, swinging their victims' scalps around their heads. They would then disappear for a short time. 
Some of the Indian tribes were really friendly, and they often helped the settlers fight hostile tribes. It was a very unfortunate day for the few that lived around here when the friendship of the Kickapoos turned to fury. This tribe had been troubling the people in Bosque County and had been stealing from them, and Captain Totten and his men determined to free this country of every Indian. Some say that Totten was of the State militia, and others say that he was a Texas Ranger, but we know that he had two companies under him, and that he had been appointed by the provisional gov­ernor. He and his men followed the Kickapoos to Dove Creek, and on January 8, 1865, they fired into the midst of the Indian camp. The chief stepped forward and held up a tiny baby as a peace offering, but Totten hated the Indians so much that he ordered the baby shot. This made the Indians furious, and the battle then raged. Thirty whites were killed, but the Kickapoos disappeared without leaving a single dead body-and they returned often to retaliate. 
The next year, in 1866, a commission was appointed by the War Department to visit the abandoned forts on the Texas frontier, and to choose sites for twenty-six new posts or forts, for many of the old posts had been burned and pillaged by the Indians during the Civil War. The commission selected the site of Fort Concho for one of the posts. The selection of this site was largely due to a recommendation made by Major George Thomas, formerly of the Army of Texas. 
The new forts brought many pioneers to this section, and they were as a class brave, hardy, and self-reliant. "They were just such as would undertake, of their own will, pioneer work in a country not yet won either from nature or from the Indians, where there was much to dare and much to undergo," says Garrison. There were no gold mines to lure them, and they had no hope of suddenly becoming rich. Most of them wished to better their condition, and many far­sighted men, who loved the range, saw possibilities in this country and knew that the land would increase in value. Neighbors, though miles apart, were neighbors in the true sense of the word. 
The establishment of the fringe of forts, the Butterfield Stage Line, the California Trail, the cattle trails, the establishment of Fort Concho, the wonderful climate, the natural resources, and the type of settlers are responsible for the development of the Concho Country. 
Bibliography 
Bancroft, H., North American States and Texas. 
Barker, Potts, and Ramsdell, A History of Texas. 
Crane, Judge R. C., Sweet water, Texas-Interview published in 
San Angelo Standard, date not g;ven; from an unpublished manu­script; from the Butterfield Oi:erland. Frary, Mrs. C., 26 N". Magdalen, San Angelo, Texas, intervie\\·. 
·Garrison, George P., Te:.:a8. 
Homesley, Mrs., interview. 
Hunter, John Warren, "A Brief History of San Angelo," published February 1, 1914, in San Angelo Stcmdard. Kelly, Mr. W. S., 306 W. Beauregard, San Angelo, Texas, inten-iew. "Cattle Trails Vanishing," a clipping from the San Angelo 
Standard. An Escalantes letter (1778) in From the Land of Sunshine, (a California magazine, no date). Reports from War Department, published in San Angelo Strrndrud. 



The Cherokee Indians in Smith County 
By Mildred Stanley, Tyler, Texas, Route 5 
Preface 
In writing a history of the Cherokee Indians in Smith County, I have attempted to record their arrival in Smith County, their pros­perity and also their misfortunes while abiding here, and their final departure from this vicinity. I have looked upon the Indians, in writing a r ecord of their doings, with a sympathetic attitude and have endeavored to reveal their better nature by showing their true lives. In the collection of the material for this account, I encountered very little difficulty. I am much indebted to Miss Adele Henderson for her suggestions concerning material to be used, Mr. Tom Ingram for his narration of certain incidents of interest, and Dr. A. Wol­dert for his kindness in permitting access to his manuscript \\·hich conta:ns so much of value. On the information procured from the manuscript, I have based my account primarily. 
It was during the year 1822, before any colonist had come into Texas and before any band of colonists had contracted for land, that a group of Cherokee Indians, led by Chief Bowles, settled themselves in that territory which later became Smith, Rusk, and Cherokee Counties. In this territory, they had been promised lands by the Mexican Government, but since no steps were taken to mal:e valid such promises, it was decided by the tribes that certain chiefs should go to Mexico to treat for the titles to the lands upon which they were abiding. The chiefs returned, pleased with the outcome of the 
interview, having received in an order to the commandant-general the right to occupy the land as natives. Therefore, for fourteen years, the Indians held peaceful possession. At the end of that time, however, Texas became involved in the 
. revolution and the Cherokees were looked upon as a great power. A consultation consisting of delegates from all over Texas was held November 13, 1835, and the members entered into a solemn declara­tion stating that the Cherokees had received just titles to their lands lying north of the San Antonio road and Neches River, and that the government should appoint commissioners to treat with the Indians and establish a definite boundary and preserve a friendly feel­ing. As commissioners Messrs. Houston and Forbes were selected, and soon proceeded to the village of Bowles and there entered into a treaty with him, assigning the tribe to the lands decided upon. 
In this tract of wild groYes, fifty miles long and thirty miles wide, the wandering, more or less civilized tribe was confined. The Indians might dream of the vast mountainside, but here they were bound to bare reality and must content themselves. But even this tract, small to their far-seeing desires, was soon to be denied them. In 1837, the treaty, which had been signed by each member of the consultation, came before the Senate of Texas and was readily re­jected. After a prolonged discussion, the decision was made to allow the Indians to remain, but to give them no title to the lands. .Accordingly the Cherokees became established once more, and soon the tribe became larger and scattered throughout Cherokee, Smith, and Rusk Counties, an especially large settlement being located in Smith County. All, however, revolved about one center, the con­trolling power of their rugged Chief Bowles. 
Soon, the territory constituting central Smith County became dotted with wigwams of the Indians of this tribe, the mounds upon which they were constructed still remaining in a district south of Tyler. These wigwams were constructed in accordance with the general custom of the Cherokee tribe, which was practiced by standing up three poles and stretching tightly over them skins of animals. Mr. Tom Ingram, who lived for twenty-four years near the vicinity where stood the Cherokee Village, stated that bark was also employed in constructing the wigwams and great trees are still standing which sh()W the wounds caused by stripping off the bark. He stated also that between each village of wigwams there was always a trail, so straight that it seemed to have been marked off by a surveying instrument. For food each family cultivated small patches of corn and peaches. After the corn was gathered, it was prepared for food by mixing it with lye, which resulting eatable was called "soffica." Meat which composed a large part of their diet was rarely ever cooked. Instead it was cut into long strips one or two inches wide and one-half inch thick and hung up and allowed to dry. In that condition it was considered a delectable dainty. 
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121 
The political life of the Cherokees under Bo"·les remained similar to that of the great Cherokee Nation, from which the tribe had departed. For the elections, each voter was notified to meet at a certain place, the elections being held always on the same day, the second Monday in July. The convention was taken charge of by two or more leaders who summoned the most prom;nent candidate to follow them. Each nominator then stepped aside and called for all who favored his candidate to follow him. The number was counted aloud and the election announced. The first and second chiefs thus elected received $100.00 and the third chief $60.00 per annum. The officers held their tenure of office for four years. 
As first chief of the tribe of Cherokees, part of which inhabited Smith County, Bowles was chosen, who was an old and experienced leader, being, in 1839, eighty-three years of age. He \Vas, according to Reagan, a magnificent specimen of manhood, strongly Gallic in appearance. He had an English head, sandy-colored hair and grey eyes. At eighty-three years of age he was still strong and vigorous. From various accounts of the different locations of his headquarters, it appears that he changed his home at certain intervals in order to be among all of his people in the course of a year. Yoakum states 
that in 1838 the chief was making his headquarters at );eches Saline in the southwestern part of Smith County, eighteen miles southwest of Tyler, Texas. While Bowles was in this location Gen­eral Rusk, a leader of the Texas forces, made an expedition in August, 1838, against the Cherokees and Mexicans who had stolen horses and committed murders near Nacogdoches. Rusk's army set out for Bowles's village whither it was thought the offenders had fled. Upon reaching the Saline, however, it was discovered that the leaders of the horse thieves had escaped to the upper Trinity and their followers had dispersed. 
Later on in the same year, 1838, Bowles, in partnership with Dr. Debard, was making salt at Brooks Saline where ::.VIr. Ben D. Long of Bullard stated that his father, Mr. James D. Long, had made trips to purchase salt. At that time Bowles was still making his home in Smith County at a spring situated one hundred fifty yards slightly northwest of what is now the J. Q. Edwards place. 
Dur;ng these years of the habitation of the Cherokees in Texas, there had been comparative quiet and peace between the Indians and whites. In the course of time, however, grie\·ances had ac­cumulated. Just before San Jacinto it was known that the Indians in Smith County especially were disaffected and, therefore, it was deemed wise to take steps to prevent their joining the :\1exicans. For this purpose, General E. P. Gaines was dispatched to the vicinity of East Texas, but it was soon discovered the Cherokees had settled down in favor of the whites. At intervals many horses were stolen from the whites and a few murders committed; but the crime which 
Uni?:e1'sity of Texas Bu lletin 
caused the blood of all the Texans to surge was that one known to history as the Killough, Wood, and Williams massacre. 
The details of this terrible catastrophe are related by Mr. W. D. Killough who, at the time of its occurrence, was a baby of one year of age. He states that in 1837 his father, in company with the Williams and Wood families, moved to Texas. Upon arriving at the site where Old Larissa now stands, just south of the Smith County line, the settlers decided to stop and make their homes, although the nearest white neighbors were at Lacy's Fort, forty miles dis­tant. All went well until the fall of 1838. The entire harvesting of the year's crop had been completed except a small patch of corn which would engage the men only two hours. The workers left their homes at 1 o'clock, leaving their guns behind since they did not expect to be out long, and crossed over into a swamp. There they were suddenly attacked by the Indians and all were killed except Mr. Nathaniel Killough, who succeeded in escaping with his wife and child. That child is still living and is the wife of Dr. G. W. Matthews, of Garden Valley, Smith County. In all there were eighteen killed, including the entire Wood and Williams families and all the Killough family who remained except the three Mrs. Killoughs. These brave wome·n, after cleverly throwing the Indians off their trail, traveled through forests during the nights and, finally, with the aid of another group of Indians, succeeded in reaching Lacy's 
Fort. 
This crime was not the only one laid at the doors of the Cherokee 
Indians. Mexico had not yet given up Texas, and in 1838 planned 
a new invasion. Mexico's main object was to turn loose upon 
Texas all the Indian tribes from the Rio Grande to the Red River. 
Vincente Cordova at Nacogdoches had been in correspondence with 
the enemy at Matamoras. In July, 1838, he informed Manuel Flores, 
the In<lo-Mexican agent at Matamoras, that he had a commission to 
raise the Indians as auxiliaries to the Mexican Army, and wished 
to cooperate with Flores. In the meantime the commander of the 
Mexican forces sent word to Cordova to incite the Indians "to burn 
their (Texans') homes, and lay waste their fields." If the Texans 
should gather in groups, the Indians were to hang about them and 
steal. their horses. When the Texans discovered the plots, J ames 
0. Rice was sent with seventeen men to capture Flores, who was accompanied by twenty-five men. Flores was killed and on his body was found a message, among many others, addressed to Chief Bowles. It contained the same instructions which had been given Cordova, together with promises of land, if the instructions were carried out. It stated that the Indians need not expect anything from "those greedy adventurers for land, who wished even to deprive the Indians of the sun that warms and vivifies them and who would not cease to injure them while the grass grows and the water runs." 
In pursuance of the forcing of a departure of the Indians, President Lamar sent a message to Bowles, telling him that he must remove north of Red River; that six men had been appointed to estimate the value of the immovable property-not lands, but improvements on the lands-and to pay the Indians for such property. The three reasons given Bowles for such a step were, (a) the correspondence with Mexican authorities, (b) the killing of the whites, and (c) the enraged feeling of the public mind produced by such crimes as the Killough, Wood, and Williams massacre. It was also believed that Bowles had gathered an army preparatory to attacking the Texans, were they defeated by Santa Anna. Such formidable enemies could not be tolerated in the heart of the country and so they must leave "peaceably, if they would, forcibly, if they must." 
An interesting account is given of the interview between Bowles and Lacy, the Indian agent, by John H. Reagan, who accompanied Lacy when he presented Lamar's message to Bowles. In Reagan's words it is as follows: 
"When we reached the residence of Bowles he invited us to a fine spring near his home where he seated himself on a fallen tree. In the conversation which followed the interpretation of the message, Bowles stated that he would not make a definite answer as to the abandoning of the country until he could consult his chiefs; so it was agreed he should have ten days. 
"At the expiration of that time I again accompanied Lacy and his interpreter to the residence of Bowles. In the conversation that ensued, Bowles stated that his young men were for war, and that they believed they could whip the whites. He said that all the council was for war, but himself and Big Mush, one of his chiefs. He said that he knew that in the end the whites would whip them, but he added : 'It will cost you a bloody frontier war for ten years.' He said he had tried to hold the country for his tribe, but the other Indians claimed it as a common hunting ground and that in the course of three years they had killed one-third of his warriors; that then with the consent of Mexico he settled near Nacogdoches. He did not thereby acquire a treaty to the land, but was simply a settler without a title. He declared that General Houston had con­firmed their right to that country by treaty." 
Bowles admitted correspondence with John Ross, chief of the prin­
cipal tribe of Cherokees, with a view of uniting the tribes. However, 
he said that the crimes were committed by the wild Indians. He 
asked for time to gather crops, but Lacy did not have the authority 
to give it. The conference ended with the idea that war would 
come. 
Mrs. Sarah Aker, who lived among the Cherokees of Smith County, 
has handed down an interesting account of the effect the expulsion 
of the Cherokees had upon their sensitive natures. When news 
University of Te.ras Bulletin 
arrived that they must move, the Indian village was a sad sight and the quiet air was broken by pitiful wails of the women. Mrs. Aker was almost as distressed as were her Indian neighbors because of the news, for she had come to love them as neighbors, and considered them as friends. 
Not many days were required for the lining up of the forces on each side. Soon a long line of painted warriors stretched near a small creek, known as Indian Creek, in Smith County, ten miles north of what is now the J. Q. Edwards place. At the same time General Rusk was stationed at a spring one hundred fifty yards north of the J. Q. Edwards place, Smith County. Mr. Tom Ingram states that the first part of the battle of July 15, 1839, really began in Smith County four or five miles north of the J. Q. Edwards place and a running fight occurred the entire way from this location west across the Neches River, then on toward the northwest to Battle Creek where the main part of the fight occurred, northwest of what is now Chandler. At present on the site of this great Indian battle there are two graves of officers, probably Dr. Rogers and Colonel Sane, who were killed in this battle. 
After the Indians were routed from their thicket retreat, late 
in the afternoon of July 15, they retreated northwest up Battle 
Creek some two or three miles until they reached Van Zandt County. 
As the regiments under Rusk and Burleson advanced, the Indians 
gathered on a hill in Van Zandt County, from which position they 
were driven after a one and one-half hour drive. Three times 
Bowles attempted to rally his troops but at the third attempt, he 
was wounded and his confused forces retreated, leaving one hundred 
dead on the field and their loyal chief wounded. 
The scene of Chief Bowles's death is given in a letter dated 
Nacogdoches, July 27, 1887, from Mr. C. N. Bell, who was in the 
fight under Captain Robert Smith. He says: 
"Chief Bowles was wounded in the battle and after this Captain 
Smith, John Reagan, and I found him. He was sitting in the edge 
of a little prairie on the Neches River. The chief asked for no 
quarter. He had a holster of pistols, a sword, and a bowie knife. 
Under the circumstances the captain was forced to shoot him, as the 
chief did not surrender, nor ask for quarter. Smith put his pistol 
right to his head and shot him." Mr. Torn Ingram who, as a boy, lived 
near the vicinity of this fight, stated that he has often seen Bowles's 
skeleton near the Neches River. The skull remained for many years, 
but finally disappeared in 1857, after a barbecue held on the river. 
Thus the Cherokees were left without their greatest and most 
devoted chief. During the entire night following the day of the 
death of Chief Bowles, the hum of the Cherokee camp was heard. 
Probably the warriors were mourning for their dead chief and singing the song which they always sang at funerals, which sounds as follows: 
"Go shee peevie as she prom o long Go shee peevie as she prom o long She neerinee, she neeshe gayshee Palagoshe peevie as she prom o long.'' 
When morning came and the day looked down upon a blood-stained field, it was unoccupied by the brave warriors of the Cherokees, for they had departed, leaving Smith County without the wild, free life which it had once sustained and protected. 
Bibliography 
Brown, John Henry, Indian Wars and Pioneers of Texas, Austin, 
Texas, 1883. Ingram, Tom, oral information, Tyler, Texas, R.F.D. 5. Ingram, Mrs. W. J ., oral information, Tyler, Texas, R.F.D. 5. Moore, Mrs. Fannie, Indian Song, 235 Beckham, Tyler, Texas. Reagan, John H., Memoirs, New York and Washington, 1906. Woldert, Dr. A., History of the Cherokee Indians in Texas and the 
Life and Death of Chief Bowles, (in manuscript). Yoakum, H., History of Texas, Vols. I and II, New York, 1856. 
PROGRAM 
HISTORY SECTION 
TEXAS STATE TEACHERS' ASSOCIA.TIOX 
San Antonio, Texas 
Xovember 28, 1924 

J. R. REYNOLDS, Chairman, Trinity MRS. ETTA NELSON, Secretary, Commerce 
I 
"The extent to which the present adopted text-books meet our needs in the teaching of European History, with sug­gestions as to needed supplementary work." Miss Carrie Barnett, Assistant Professor of History, Sam Houston State Teachers' College, Huntsville. 
II 
"Opportunities for Research in Local History in Texas." 
W. P. Webb, Adjunct Professor of History, University of 
Texas. III 
"The 1924 Report of the N. E. A. History Committee." Miss Jonnie M. Colbert, Head of History Department, Gainesville Junior College. 
IV 
"The present Status of History Teaching in Texas.'' Miss Katherine Henderson, High-School Supervisor of History, State Department of Education, Austin. 
v 
"Some Fundamentals in the Teaching of High-School History." J. E. Conner, Superintendent City Schools, Odessa, Texas. 
All papers will be limited to twenty minutes. 
A LIBRARY OF TEXAS BOOKS 
It would be an excellent thing for each school in Texas to build up in connection with the general library what we might call a Texas shelf or library of Texas books. The editor of the Bu~letin would be glad to hea1· from teachers as to the books that have proved most helpful in the preparation 
of the local history essays. There are, of course, the text books and the standard histories which are used in class or for purposes of reference. Of late years, however, a number of books have been published which probably have not found their way onto the library shelves of Texas high schools. These books furnish interesting and valuable reading on Texas history and tradition, and many of them have the advantages of being first-hand accounts. I have set down below a list of books which I can recommend to history teachers for use in the local history work and as collateral reading in the teaching of Texas and Western history: 
The Andy Adams books, published by Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston. There are tive of these books and all of them deal with the cattle industry of Texas and the West. Andy Adams was himself a cowboy and drove cattle from Texas to the northern markets. Later he was a miner, and after his mining days were over he turned to writing. He set down about all the experiences that one could have in raising, herding, and driving cattle to the northern mar­kets. Adams has written his stories so true to life that many people thought he was writing history. His is the most remarkable fiction that we have on the West because it is so true to life. Andy Adams is remarkable in another respect, in that he is the first man to write truly and au­thoritatively on Texas subjects. He is the first Texas author, and as such, should be known and read by Texas boys and girls. · 
He has written the following books : Wells Brothers: The Young Cattle Kings; The Log of A Cowboy; Cattle Brands; A Texas Matchmaker; The Oittlet; Cattle Brands. 
Price, $2.00 each. Gillett, Captain J. B., Sia: Years With the Te.ras Rangers. 
J. B. Gillett, Marfa, Texas. This book gives the expe­riences of Captain Gillett, who served for six years in the Texas Rangers during the period just after reconstruc­tion. Price, $2.50. 
Saunders, George W., San Antonio, Texas, The Tmil Drfrers of Te:ras (two volumes). This book is filled with the personal experiences of the men who drove cattle from Texas north between the years 1867 and 1895. Emerson Hough used the first volume of this set in writing his North of 36. Price per volume, $3.00; both volumes, $5.00. 
Dobie, J. Frank, Legends of Te;i.·as. University of Texas Press. This is the third volume of the publications of the Texas Folk-Lore Society. It contains legends of buried treasure, of phantom stampedes, of bad men, legends of all sorts. This book is no"· going into the second edition. Price, $2.50. 
Lomax, John A., Cou:boy Ballads. Macmillan. A collec­tion of the best-known songs of the cow camp and cattle trail. Price, 75 cents. 
Garrison, George P., Te:ws. Houghton, Mifflin Co. A concise and readable account of Texas history. Price, $2.00. 
Wortham, Louis J., Fort Worth, A History of Te.rcts. Mr. Wortham has just finished the publication of a compre­hensive history of Texas. This is the only comprehensive history of the State that is not out of print. For price and terms teachers should address Mr. \Vortham at Fort Worth. 
The South1.1:estem Historical Quarterly, Austin, Texas. This magazine is issued quarterly by the Texas Historical Society and contains the most valuable sources of Texas history. The schools should preserve copies of this maga­zine that are sent to the library and have them bound each year. Back numbers or bound volumes may be had directly f!·om the Texas Historical Association at Austin. Price, S3.00 per year. A special price of S2.00 per year will be made to high schools. 
The above list constitutes but a nucleus for a librarv on Texas. All the volumes listed are in print and may be readily obfained from good book stores or from the pub­lishers. The editor of the Bulletin will be glad to furnish any further information in regard to these books. The editor would also welcome suggestions as to how libraries may be built up. 
The history teacher will be thoroughly justifiable in applying to the school board, through the superintendent or principal, for an appropriation of $25.00, \Yhich is suf­ficient to purchase all these books except Wortham's history. That is a small amount and an enterprising teacher will haYe no difficulty in raising it.