University of Texas Bulletin No. 1728: May 15, 1917 The Texas History Teachers' Bulletin (Volume 3, No. 3) Published by the University six times a month and entered as second-class mail matter at the poatollce at AUSTIN, TEXAS · The benefits of education and of useful knowledge, generally dUlused through a community, a.re essential to the preservation of a tree govern­ment. Sam Houston Cultivated mind is the guardian genius of democracy. • • • It is the only dictator that freemen acknowl­edge and the only security that free­men desire. Mirabeau B. Lamar B76-417-1700 The Texas History Teachers' Bulletin Xo. 1728: }fay 15, 1917 (Volwne 5, No. 3) EDITORS : The History Staff of the University of Texas EUGENE C. BARKER WILLIAM R. MANNING FREDERIC DUNCALF FRANK BURR MARSH W. E. DUNN CHAS. W. RAMSDELL MILTON R. GUTSCH THAD W. RIKER Managing Editor MILTON R. GUTSCH COX"l'J -~~-~ 0 00 0 0 1 ---­ 73 26 1 911126< 352 .72 ;;;:;e~i~;;~;;;;;;;;;;;; :~.~i;1.~ -~~ _;; .o~i,l--.F-:_o__,I-·-99 .28 D. Students with one preparatory course in History University Course Ancient A -------------. ... -----------­ M J<: ---------------··----------­ AM 'l'otal --------·--------­Medieval A -­------------------­---­-­ M --­----­------------------­ E ----------­---------------­ Am ·------------------------­T9tal -----------------­English A --------------------------­ M --------------------------­ E· Am ------------------------­ Total totaL___________ 0-rand Per cent__. -------------­A. - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 .021 Grades -B. 0 0 0 -G 0 0 0 l -1 2 0 0 0 0 - 0 - 2 .042 c. -D. F. E. Q. and w. Total Pass Fail - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - - - ---­---­- - -­ 0 0 0 0 0 0 ,0 0 6 6 3 0 6 21 12 9 0 0 0 ·o 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 5 2 3 - 4 5 -­- 3 0 3 16 10 -­-­6 -­ 10 11 8 9 42 24 18 0 1 0 0 4 5 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .0 - - -­ - - -­ 0 0 ( . 4 5 - - -­- ----­-­ -­-­ 10 12 8 1 13 47 25 ::2 .212 .26 .17 .021 .276 .531 -~9 I 'l'exas 11 istory 'l'eacltei·s' Bulletin E. Students without any accredited vreparatory course in History Grades University Course A. B. C. D. E. F. Q. and W. Total Pass Fail - --­- --­-----­-­-­ Ancient ----------· -------------­ 16 64 87 105 53 0 92 417 272 145 Medieval --------------------·--­ 5 22 115 167 55 43 249 656 309 347 English ---------------··-------­ 2 8 3 6 2 9 28 58 19 39 Total ----------------··-·-·· ­ 23 94 203 278 110 52 369 1131 600 531 Per cenL--------------·----­ .02 .C84 .18'2 .245 .087 .046 .326 .53 .47 Students Four accredited history courses (1899 grades)---------------------­Three accredited history courses (3031 grades)---------------------­Two accredited history courses (1263 gradesl---------------------­One accredited history course (47 grades)-----------------------­No accredited hist or y course (1131 grades)---------------------­ F. Summary Grades In Per Cent ---·-------------------­ A. ll. C. D. E. F. .039 .123 .275 .258 .084 ,023 .031 .130 .258 .266 .JOO .036 .054 .13i .268 .253 .072 .025 .Wl .042. . 212 .260 .17 .021 .02 .084 .182 .245 .087 .046 1 Q . and W. Pass Fail .197 .70 .30 .175 .686 .314 .188 .720 .280 .276 .531 .469 .326 .53 .47 MILTON R. GuTscn, University of Texas. SOURCE READINGS IN TEXAS HISTORY1 [The three letters which follow are selected more or less at random from originals in the Austin Papers belonging to the University of Texas. Taken together they illustrate some of the difficulties which Austin had constantly to contend with in the establishment of his colony and the founding of Texas--unfamiliarity of the people with Mexican local government, criticism of their officials, insubordination, unwillingness to pay taxes, distrust of each other, squabbles over land. In all the colonial history of the United States, no man more completely dominated his colony than did Austin. No individual is more nearly entitled to the full credit for establishing an American commonwealth than he. The letters need little explanation. The first was written to Josiah H. Bell, one of Austin's closest friends and warmest supporters, answering criticisms which Bell and others had made of the ayunta­miento, the local municipal government. The other two illustrate difficulties in preventing confusion in land titles. A good intro­duction to the first letter can be obtained by reading the selections which appeared in this Bulletin in February and May, '1916, pages 41-45, 12·20. The letters are printed without change.] VII. SOME OF. STEPHEN F. AUSTIN'S DIFFICULTIES IN THE FOUNDING OF TEXAS Austin to Josiah H. Bell April 4 1829 Mr. J. H. Bell Dr Sir, I have heard with regret and surprise of the numerom reports and rumors that are in ciculation and fomenting the public mind-when I first heard of. them I paid but little at­tention to them for they were so absurd and unfounde.d that I thought they would correct themselves. I also felt confident that the good sense of the people would point out to them the necessity of harmony and union, and the justice of at least en­ 'This department is added to the Bulletin for the use of teachers of Texas history in the grades. Teachers who wish additional copies for their pupils should write to the History Department of the Uni­versity of Texas. References to several books suitable for parallel reading will be found at the end of each chapter of the State text on Texas History. Texas H1.story Teache1·s' BuUetin 6:3 quiring into the truth of rumors before they were received . as facts. It is reported, as I am told, that the colony is to be loaded with taxes to build a splendid court house for the lawyers to strut in-all the answer that is necessary to this rumor is, that it is folse: The law requires certain duties of the Ayuntamiento and the members can be severely punished if they are not strictly at­tended to, and they cannot be discharged without some funds. The Ayto [Ayuntamiento] of last year did not comply with their duty in any one particular-they did nothing that th~ people ever heard of, and they were therefore popular but it cost me and Williams2 a great deal ·of labor and it required all I could do to keep them from being fined severely3-they contracted a debt of upwards of four hundred dollars which was turned over to this Ayto to be paid. It is necessary to have a secretary who understands both languages4 and a salary of 1000 dollars was offered to Williams­the other necessary expences will be two hundred dollars more at least for Blank books, stationary, fire wood, house rent­Indian expenses,5 post office account etc., these items make $1600. It is by law the ·duty of the Ayto to provide a safe and secur<.~ place to keep the public records in, and it is also a duty due to the people of the jurisdiction. The records are now kept in a log cabin, in danger of being destroyed by fire, and are dayly becoming defaced by wet and exposure and it was intended to try and build a fire proof room of brick merely large enough for the object, and to put up a frame house similar to the one built by Cooper which would have cost about three hundred dollars to serve as a court bouse or office for the Alcalde. The law requires that there should be a jail and it was intended to try and put up a small one. This is the extent of what was contemplated provided funds could be raised. The plan that was adopted as to raising funds, was to make an estimate • Austin's private' secretary, Samuel M. Williams. 'By the government for failure to discharge their duties. • Spanish and English. All official correspindence must be carried on in Spanish, while the colonists as a rule spoke only English. 'Buying presents for the Indians to keep them at peace. 64 Unive1·sity of Texas Bulletin of all the expences, including every thing under the supposition that the buildings would all be put up and 4700 dollars was the highest estimate, of this sum 100 would be raised by the ferry' and it was calculated that about 1500 could be raised by the tax on stores, groceries, Lawyers and doctors, and out of the sale of town and out lots in this place making a sum of 1600 dollars,7 without calculating anything from fines on drunkards, a law by the bye which I will insist shall be inforced with the utmost rigor, not because I delight in punishing a drunkard but because it is time to stop the confusion and disol'der they have heretofore produced-agreeably to this calculation there would have been about $3000 to raise by .taxes on property, but it was not intended to raise this sum all at once. The · system that was intended to pursue was to raise enough first to pay off the old debt and to meet the common current ex­r.enses, and then to make an exhibit of the same to the people­to procure the best data that could be obtained as to the ex­pence of a small building for the records and another for a court house, or for · only one of them, and also for a small jail, and if it was found after making an experiment that the funds could be raised to build them, it was intended to raise them and not otherwise, and never to raise them all at once, but gradually as they were needed-and if from the unproduc­tiveness of some of the sources of revenue that were .calculated on, it was found that the tax on property would be oppressive, it was intended to lower it and only to raise as much as was necessary and no more. I did believe that enough could be raised to defray the common expenses and to build the office for the records this year and that the jail could be built next year but I am now inclined to think that nothing can be raised and that the municipal Govt. must totally stop and be sus­pended. Arrangements .were made to procure a secretary-but they are broken up-there will be no secretary and the only way I see of getting along is for me to do all the writing that has to be done in Spanish. It is a much heavier burden than is supposed but it seems that when I undertook the colony I "The ayuntamiento leased the public ferry across the Brazos River at San Felipe. 'For these taxes see this Bulletin, February, 1916, pages 42-45. Texas History Teachers' Bnlletin inlisted myself for life. I am getting weary and less .ratient than I onee was, tho I will not "give up the ship" while I live and the people shall have the use of my time and labur so long as I can be of use to them in any way except one. I never will be alcalde if I can avoid it for if I undertake the oath required by that office I will rigidly execute it and if I do I can hope for nothing but abuse and misrepresentation. The people are too much disposed to . listen to those who have more to say, and less to lose than any body in the country. Honest men will beeome disgusted and will fly the country rather than accept of an office. Another report is that no petition will be recd. unless drawn up by a lawyer-that report is totally false and I cannot but be surprised that any one should have believed it for one mom~n~. They have no idea of their rights or of the constitution or they never would have believed such a rumor. The Alcalde made a set of court rules and posted them up in his office. I never read them untill this day and I serid you a copy of the articles which I presume gave rise to the reports-they regulate the number of times that a person may speak, which is no more than is done in all courts. There is a report that the Alcalde will allow no suits to he brmight before the Gommissioner8 this is also false . Some have insisted that he should issue process all over the colony for all sums and he has done so I believe in a few instances-for the future he will do so no more but compel all suits within th.: jurisdiction of a commissario to be brought before that offi'cer­ the jurisdiction of a commisario is 100 Dollars and no more. Excessive and illegal fees have ben allowed to the sheriff, but this alcalde followed the example of the last one. I believe that the fee bill was not published last year because it was feared the sheriff would make a clamor, and it appeared thflt whoever abused the Alcalde was listened to whether he was right or wrong. Williams has translated the fee bill and it was published a few days ago. There appears to be a great prejudice against Major League• "The comisario was an officer with somewhat the same powers as our justices of the peace. •Hosea H. League, the alcalde. University of Texas Bulletin and the most scurrilous and unjust abuse is heaped upon him. I believe that all this is unjust and unfounded so far as I can understand or know of his acts-and I am ·of opinion that it has all originated from personal animosity and nothing else. The ears of the people have been tickled and irritated by the cry of party party and corruption untill they begin to doubt whether there is an honest man in this place or in the world. I believe that this cry of party and corruption etc. is all false, and that it is gotten up by personal enemies of Leagues for the express purpose of trying 1:Jo distroy hini. 1l belling to no party and will engage in no personal animosities but I do say, justice compels me to say that League is an injured and per­secuted man or I am more deceived than I ever was before in my life-he has been challenged and threatened with clubs and death-I know not for what. It iS said the people will rise and mob him-I cannot understand for what. He has one fault which has injured him greatly-he is too irritable-his personal enemies are if possible more so--all is combustable matter ready to blaise out at every trifle and thus the best interest[s] of the colony are actually sported with by a set of hot headed madmen, let the people frown upon all these inflamitory beings alike, and they will all learn to keep their tempers, and not be wantonly playing with the public tran­quility, the character, and best interests of the Colony, and let them investigate both sides of every question before they con­demn or approve. As regards the lawyers, they abuse each other-and charge each other with unfair practices etc., all this in the natural order of things-they do the same in all countries, but I have never before seen a people who paid any other attention to such quarrels than to treat them with contempt. In this country the lawyer who is most active in getting the ears of the people has generally succeed~d in enlisting their feelings in his favor :and in ro"ilsing their inflamitory passions or creating violent prej­udices against his opponent. I totally disapprove of this course in all. It is both criminal and contemptable in the lawyer who does it-and displays a want of common sense in the people to be operated on by such means. The people descend from the lofty dignity of souvereigns when they suffer their passions Texas History Teachers' Bulletin to .be enlisted in the disputes and animosities of a gabling lawyer. You wish the lawyers put down; the way to do it is for the people to curb their contentious dispositions, and instead of calling on lawyers sheriffs and Alcalde, call in their neighbors and settle their disputes by means of arbitrations-in this way they will be put down-they fatten on the dissentions of the people. I do believe that a lawyer would get rich by picking to pieces the property of one hundred Americans, where he would starve on 20,000 of any other people on earth. The truth is the people of this colony are better off and might be happier than any other people on earth-and it is also true that they are now on the broad road to total ruin. They are distroying themselves. Most of the evils that now exist, or are supposed to exist have their origin with the people themselves-they are too much disposed to run into extreems, at one time withholding all confidence, and suspecting or doubt­ing every thing and opening their ears to idle rumors, and at another showing the most perfect indifference as to who are elected to manage their affairs or .whether the laws are executed or not. At the last election for Alcalde but few votes were taken in any part of the colony, and part of those that were given in, were ·worse than thrown away. At the late militin. election about 150 votes were taken out of upwards of five hundred-in the 3d company out of about 140 men 44 votes were taken, in the 4th company out of 106 men 14 votes were taken-it was considered a matter of no consequence altho, those who are now elected are to be commisisoned by the Governor and unless they resign or are broke are officers for life and rise by regular promotion as vacancies occur to the highest rank in the Regiment. It is considered a matter of no importance to elect an alcalde to administer justice, an Ayuntamiento to manage our civil matters and officers to lead us into battl{'. Notices for elections are treated with indifference and contempt, and in this way the be.<:t and dearest intere!'Jts of the Community are wantonly sported with, and are as likely to fall into the hands of a fugitive vagabond or an ignorant fool as into those of an honest or intelligent man. A community that tramples · on so sacred a privilege as the election franchise deserves to suffer. But if a talking, inflamitory and artfull demagogue University of Texas Bulletin opens his mouth, all is attention, these same officers whose elec­tion was of no consequence are suspected, watched, and often [abusednand cursed and condemned by the awfull ... ion, without investi [gation]. . . This inconsistency . . . ous situation, there is . . ling that will lead to ruin if it is not checked.10 The public must repose confident in some one and ·believe that there is some honesty in the world-or they are fost. Their own wild passions will distroy them. If they will have confidence in me and apply to me to explain what they do not understand, I will attend to their requests-their enquiries shall all be answered so far as I can answer them. The laws cannot be published in print so that every man will have a copy of them and there is no other way but for the people to come and read the manuscript translations that are in the office, or to have confidence in some one. I am bold to say that I have done nothing to forfeit the confidence of the people of this Colony-and yet I have no doubt but that I shonld be abused if I was alcalde as much as any body else. I hope you will all be satisfied as to the reports which I have noticed and that there will be no more excitement on that ground and I also hope that in future the people will enquire before they judge or condemn. I have written in haste and expressed my feelings frankly. I am uneasy and concerned to see so much unnecessary excite­ment. Would it not have been better to have ascertained the truth of all these matters before passion was indulged? What I have said to you I say to all, and if you think proper to show my letter you can do so to who you please. S. F.A. It is very important to send in the reports of births and death.~ agreeably to the advertisement oil that subject and I hope it will not be neglected, for the Ayto are obliged to make this return every three months or be fined---I have explained this matter fully to Cap. Baily but it is not understood. "The letter has been mutilated here by the clipping of Austin's signature. 1'exas History Teachers' Bulletin San Felipe de Austin April 7. 1829 Austin to Weightman: Dr Sir, When you spoke to me relative to the league of land on the Bernard next above Mr. G. Huffs I informed you that the place was entered for Mr. Elisha Mioore on the 1st of January last. I was willing that Mr. Griffith for whom you applied should have the place, provided Mr Moore would relinquish, but if Moore does not relinquish his right of prior entry no other person can get it. I have this day recd. information from Mr Moore that he will not relinquish his entry-in this state of the business M:r. Moore's right [will] hold good in preference to any other, and the labor or improvements made by Mr Griffith or any other person will be lost by him unless 1\fr. Mioore voluntarily chuses to pay for them. In order that this subject may be fully understood by you and all others I will give you a correct statement of what has passed relative to this League of Land. About two years ago it was promised to J. H. Bell for his mother in law provided she removed to the country by the 1st of l\fay last, she did not coine, and for Mr. Bell's accomodation the time was extended to the 1st of January last and the land was reserved for her until then. Mr. Bell paid the commis­i;ioncr's fees to him, as I understood; he paid nothing towards the surveying nor an~1 office fees. On the 1st day of January Mr. T. l\f:. Duke called on me with a letter from Mr Moore and applied for the same land for Mr :Moore, and on that day it was entered for him. Mr. Bell after­wards made arrangement<> at this place with. Mr. Duke (as they both informed me) for Moore to pay him, Bell, the amt. he had paid to the Commissioner, and I thought the matter was all finally settled and understood by all parties. In this state of the business you called on me about three weeks ago and stated that you had removed two families on to this same league and applied for it, for Mr Griffith. I informed you what had passed, and that the place had been entered for Mr. Moore since the 1st day of January last, and t.hat I had written to Mr. Bell early in January that the place was entered for Moore, and that Bell University of Texas Bitlletin and Duke had made an arrangement relative to the fees that were paid by the former to the Commissioner, and that I could not give you any permission to occupy the place, and if the families that were then on it continued, it would be at their own · risk, and that Mr. Moores prior entry would entitle him to the place unless he reliquished it. As I before observed Moore in­forms me through his agent T. M. Duke that he· will not re­linquish. This settles the question at once. I shall return the league to the Commissioner as entered for Mr. Moore on the 1st day of Jany last which is the day it was entered as you can convince yourself by reference to my letter to Mr Bell before refered to, and the title will be made to l\ir l\.foore and all improvements made by you or the families who are on it, or by any others who go on it without permission from :Moore will be lost. I have always given the preferen~e to actual settlers when they occupied places not promised to others previously, tho agreeably to law no such settlement can give any person any right to demand a title, as a matter of right, unless the ·settlement was made after having first obtained a regular permission from the Empresario or Commissioner. In this case Mr Griffith has gone on to a place that was [entered 1) by Moore before Griffith came to the country, and you as the agent of Griffith was fully in­formed of the true situation of the land before he went on to it-you informed me that Mr. Bell told you to go on to it and that he relinquished his claim to you. Mr Bell had no right to tell you any thing of the kind, for he had no claim to relinquish. The promise to him expired on the 1st of January, and Moores entry was made on that day and Bell was informed of that fact some time between the 5th and 10th of January by my letter to him. After taking a candid view of the whole matter you cannot fail to be convinced that Mr ~ores right is a good one, and I expect that you will cause the families you have placed there to move off immediately, unless they remain with Moores permis­sion. If they do not remove, Mr Moore ·can compel their removal immediately after the arrival of the Commissioner Yours respectfully STEPHEN F. AUSTIN Texas History Teachers' Bulletin .Austin to Josiah H. Bell April 16 [1830) Dr Sir, I have not yet heard ,of the arrival of the comr.11 at St Antonio, tho I expect he has arrived there, and I think it probable that he will be here some time next month-he will not be able to attend to business for some time after his arrival here. I shall advertise the time when he will be ready to receive applications, and it will be necessary for Mrs Powel to come up at that tim.e. I find that it will be necessary for me to insist that the com­missioner shall attend to the duties which the law require8 him to attend to, and if he does so, I shall be totally relieved from the vexation of distributing land to the settlers, for the law imposes all that duty on the commissioner, but heretofore the comr. imposed it all on me-he will be compelled to form some general rules on the subject and to follow them with very great rigor, or there will be much confusion. I wish to get a complete list of all those who have not yet recd. land, in order to convince the commissioner of the necessity of his staying here until the business is all finished, for if I do not do this, he will only remain a short time and leave m~ as the other commissioners have [be] fore the business is half finished. I have [asked] the favor of Mr Ingram to get a list of all in that section, and I must ask the favor of you to aid him in doing so. Things are getting on better here, and there is some more harmony than there was. The people must be more particular in electing a man for Alcalde. If it will not injure you too much I think you ought to be the next Alcalde-many persons speak of you-in fact I do not think there would be any oppo­sition at all. I have been spoken to by many, and I wish to get that idea out of their heads, for I am compelled to visit the United States next fall, and I shall spend the season there. It will not do for me to be Alcalde. I have n.ot the same patience that I once had. I have also other things to attend to of much "The land commissioner appointed by the Governor to extend titles to settlers for 'their land. University of Texas Bulletin more importance. to the colony than settling little neighborhood disputes about cows and calves. There are some erronious impressions about the Ayuntamiento, amongst the settlers-those kind of impressions are very> injur­ious and ought to be corrected. Mr Ingram can give you much in­formation on [this?] and I will promptly afford all the informa­tion in my power to any one who will write me or take the trouble to inquire. Our Academy subscription goes on very well there is over 1300 dollars subscribed and I think we shall be able to get a brick building. I am anxious to see the matter su~ceed for I think it will be attended with much public good. I will be down and try and spend some time in that quarter after the commissioner arrives. My respects to Mrs. Bell. Yours s. F. _\USTIN. SUGGESTIONS 1. Write in your own words an account of the difficulties with which Austin had to contend, as disclosed in these letters. 2. Describe the early settlers of Texas, as shown by these letters. Compare them with your neighbors of the present day. 3. What impression of Austin do you get from these letters? 4. What was the attitude of the early settlers toward local political duties Y Compare them with the citizens of today. EUGENE C. BARKER. HISTORY IN THE UNIVERSITY SUMMER SESSION Eleven courses in history will be given the first term of the summer session of the University of Texas, and four the second term. The history faculty for the frrst term will consist of Professors Manning and Riker and Dr. Gutsch of the University of Texas, Pr.ofessor Boucher of Washington University and Professor Fleming of Louisiana State University. For the sec­ond term the history faculty will be made up of Professor Barker of the University ;0f Texas and Professor Brooks of Georgia University. History 2, 3, 4, and 5 are open to all Summer School Students, but History 2 is recommended for those who have not previously had a college course in history. History 3, it will be observed, can be completed in the first term ; History 5 in the two terms together. History 2 and 4 can ·be continued by corresponden~e or in succeeding summer sessions. History 5 also is given by oorrespondence. The advanced courses-three in the first term and two in the second-may be counted independently. The,v are open only to students who have credit for two college courses in history. Observe that two-thirds of the long session History 25 are given, one in the first and one in the second term. Ad­·1anced courses cannot be continued by correspondence. FIRST TERM 2(f) . The Early Middle Ages, 395-814.-This course is a general survey of the history of Western Europe from the time of the final division ,of the Roman Empire by Theodosius to the end of the reign of Charlemagne. The work will be carried on by means of informal lectures, discussions, textbook, and sup­plementary reading · in the library. Especial emphasis will be placed upon the development of the civilization -0f the Germanic peoples. Dr. GuTSCH. 2(w). The Feudal Age, 814-1300.-The subject-matter of this course will be the disruption of the Carolingian Empire; the rise of feudalism; the development of feudal institutions; the University of Texas Bitlletin development of France, Germany, and Italy under the feudal regime: the secular and religious activities of the Medieval Church; and the Crusades. Dr. GUTSCH. 3(f). The Transition from the Middle Ages to Modern Europe.-The making of the national states of Europe, with a. study of the great nation-builders such as Richelieu, the Great Elector and Peter the Great. Adjunct Professor RIKER.. 3(w). The Old Regime and the French Revolution.-A study of the political, social, and economic aspects of the Old Regime, and the intellectual agitation which reached its climax in the French Revolution. Adjunct Professor RIKER. 3(s). Europe Since the French Revolution.-The dawn of liberalism in Europe thrsmgh the external influences of the French Revolution and the career of Napoleon; the struggle of both nationalism and ~iberalism. to blot .out the priuciples of the old regime; the cre'ation of the modern states of Italy and Germany; and the development of nationalist differences and rivalries, which culminated in the outbreak of the Gr<'at War. Adjunct Pr.ofessor RIKER. 4(s). History uf England Since 1763.-A general study of the history of England during the last two centuries, with special emphasis -on the growth of the British Empire, and on the rela­ tions of England with other powers leading to the present Euro­ pean war. Lectures, assigned readings in a textbook, and library reading and reports. This course is equivalent to the spring­ term's work in History 4 of the long session. Adjunct Professor l\fA.NNING. 5(f). The Am.erican Colonies and the Revolution, 1492-1783. -This course deals with the planting and development of the English colonies in America, their relations with the British government, the causes, nature, and pr-0gress of the Revolution, and the government under the Confederation. Instruction will be given by lectures, parallel reading, and frequent quizzes. Assistant Professor BoucHER. 5(s). Division and RMmion, 1860-1914.-This course will deal chiefly with the development of the controversy over slavery and state rights, the Civil War, the problems of reconstruction, the Texas History Teachers' Bulletin 73 subsequent great -industrial, social, and political developments, and the later international relations of the United States. Pro­fessor FLEMING. H.1 A. [=46(s)]. Origin and Development of the Latin American Countries.-The importance of the Latin American countries and of our diplomatic, commercial, and industrial re­lations with them has been forced upon the attention of the .. people of the United States by the recent internal troubles iu Miexico, by agitations concerning the abandonment or retention of the Monroe Doctrine, by the opening of the Panama Canal, and by the European War. The purpose of this c.ourse is to show how they came into existence through the break-up of the Spanish and Portuguese colonial empires; how their indepen­dence was established and recognized; how their governments were organized; how each country has developed into its present territorial, political, social, and economic conditions, and ho"· each has been related to the others, to the United States, and to the European powers. The work will consist of lectures, library reading, and reports. A reading knowledge ·Of Spanish is highly desirable, though not indispensable. This is the equiv­alent of the spring term of History 46 A., but may be counted as an independent one-third advanced .course. Prerequisite: Two full courses in history. Adjunct Professor MANNING D.1 A. [=25 (f) ]. The American Revol1ttio11, 1750-.1783.­Special emphasis will be placed upon the causes of the Revolu­tion-differences between England and the colonies in political theory and practice. Less emphasis will be pnt upon the mili­tary phases than upon such questions as the