• STUDIES OF CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PROCESS EFFECTS OF RELEASED INTO THE BY OCEAN • • • • • INDUSTRIAL WASTES GULF OF MEXICO DUMPING · THE LIBRARY OF fHE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS • A'T' AUSTJN • • • • UTMSI/PAML Proposal Number 77-17 PROPOSAL TO: OCEAN DUMPING PROGRAM National Ocean S΅rvey• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration U.S. Department of Commerce Rockville, Maryland 20852 • SUBMITTED BY: The University of Texas Marine Science Institute Port Aransas Marine Laboratory Port Aransas, Texas 78373 • PROJECT TITLE: Studies of Chemical and Biological Process Effects of Industrial Wastes Released into the Gulf of Mexico by Ocean Dumpinge AMOUNT REQUESTED: Budget Period, 1 May to 31 October 1977, $92,375 Project Period, 1 May 1977 ' to 15 May 1978, $199,148 • PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: -Date: 22-~~~/977 • Donald E. Wohlschlag, Ph.D.C/' Port Aransas Marine ~boratory Port Aransas, Texas 78373 Phone: (512) 749-6743 CO-PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS: I• Patrick L. Parker, Ph.De • UNIVERSITY OFFICIALS: • Date: Oswald A. Roels, Ph.D. Director, Port Aransas Marine Laboratory Phone: (512) 749-6781 Date: Creighton Burk, Ph.D. Nicol, Ph.D., DSc., F.R.S. • Director , University of Texas Marine Science Institute Phone: (512) 471-4816 Date: H. Eldon Sutton, Ph.D. • Vice-President for Research Phone: (512) 471-4363 • Proposed Project: Studies of Chemical and Biological Process• Effects of Industria l Wastes Released into the Gulf of Mexico by Ocean Dumping. • Introduction The purpose of this proposal is to evaluate effects and fates • As of waste materials, which are dumped into the Gulf of Mexico. outlined in separate research project sections by the principal and co-investigators below, the major emphasis will be on the nature of chemical and biological processes. The chemical processes of waste • modification, degradation, dispersal, and interactions with particulate materials in marine waters and the biological rate processes of growth, death, photosynthesis, respiration and metabolism• for various organisms will be determined under zero, to sublethal, • and up to lethal concentrations of the industrial wastes in marine waters that represent dumpsite conditions . The rationale of the approach to studying processes is that they are known to be quite sensitive and that they can be detected in waste ,. concentrations far below those usually associated with environmental • degradation. In this sense the proposed seawater studies of chemical and biological processes will be directed t6ward answering the questions posed in the 29 December 1976 memorandum, ''Reporting Schedule for the Gulf of Mexico Study Program,~' from E. R. Meyer to P. M. Cohen of NOS and their ''Conceptual Plan-Gulf of Mexico • Dumpsite Studies." There will be emphasis on the detection of stress causes before the appearance of environmental symptoms of stress effects. • 2 i• ; J • Particularly these studies will aid not only in the deterrnin<::ttioE. effects of the waste materials, of the chemical fates and biologica l but also in the prediction of the consequences of alterations of the normal chemical and biotic ocean environment. Moreover 1 special • emphasis will be directed toward the feasibilities of using the process rate study techniques in monitoring Gulf or other dumping sites. 1. • Although the comparative study of rates and rates of change in functional processes for chemical and biological species between normal ocean environme rits and those subjected to ocean dumping is considerable amount of available currently in its infancy, there is a For example, the history of Gulf of information on ocean dumping. Mexico dumping practices is fairly well known in terms of general The reports on dumping at "Deepwater • effects (Hann, et al., 1976) .. * A recent "Report to the Congress on • Dumpsite 106" are voluminous. Ocean Pollution, Overfishing, and Offshore Development, July 1974 through June 1975" assembled by the U. S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (1976) contains references to numerous study programs in the U.S. and abroad, with • special reference to oil spills, synthetic hydrocarbons and heavy metal problems. Relatively little research has been conducted on the effects that mixed wastes from given industries have on general • biological processes; most biological studies, for reasons related to laboratory controlled conditions, are limited to specific • ingredients of the wastes . H.oy w.·, Jr., T. F. Zapatka, M. C. Zapatka, and c. Baskin.. *Hann, 1976. History of ocean dumping in the Gulf of Mexico. TAMU-SG­77~201. 87p, 5 tables, 12 figs . • • 3 From the standpoint of ocean dumping effects on these chemical • · and biological processes , the primary aim is to interpret the process effects and fates on the two Gulf dumping sites according to their chemical and biological s~te characteri zations and the acoustical • tracking observations, which will be determined by other concurrent studies. It is anticipated that information on these site-specifi c characterizations will be cciordinated with the process studies by • the Chief Scientist of the Ocean Dumping Program. Secondary, but very important aims of the process studies will be (a) to develop and utilize techniques that will be universally pertinent and (b) • to derive rate information that will be useful for baseline site characterizations of general chemical and biological processes. Thus the study of processes that can be affected by ocean dumping • are both site-dependent with reference to the two sites under consideration and site-independent insofar as the chemical and biological processes are generalized in ocean environments . • General Procedures While the procedures for the separate projects in this study• are outlined in detail below, other operating procedures (as outlined in the NOS Ocean Dumping Program memorandum from Meyer , to Cohen mentioned above) and the general procedures for conducting• the individual projects involve several important considerations. 1. Reports. Bimonthly brief reports will be supplied by each Principal Investigator. Cooperate with the Dumping Program • Director and Staff in Preparing an interim report during • • 4 December 1977~ Final draft reports will be submitted by 15 March 1978 for consideration by the Dumping Program Staff , ·­ with a 15 May 1978 deadline for the revised reports. 2. Coordination . • a. The acquisition of the industrial waste materials will be arranged through the aegis of the NOS Ocean Dumping Project Directoro • b. Coordination of the various process studies with the site tracking and other pertinent characterization, the acoustical research will be handled through cooperation and consultation • with the Director of the Ocean Dumping Project. c. It is assumed that the proposed studies will involve no special considerations for laboratory handling of the • industrial wastes at sublethal levels. Any problems that might be anticipated should be called to the attention of the Principal Investigator (DEW) , the NOS Ocean Dumping • Project Director, and cognizant University of Texas officials for resolution. d. Budget. The coordination of the FY 77 · and FY 78 portions • of the costs is based on the initiation of projects on 1 May 1977 ' and the continuation beginning on 1 November 1977 without any breaks. There will be an additional algal • research project by Dr. Kamykowski to supplement that of Dr. Van Baalen during FY 78. A lead time of about two months for the construction of specialized equipment is 78, • necessary for several projects. The second half, FY • • • • • • • • • • • • 5 costs are also somewhat higher than the first half costs because of extra activities associated with analysis and synthesis o f data, costs of replacing equipment initially furnished, costs of travel to meetings, etc. as specified in the budgets for the individual projects. Any anticipated changes in the FY 78 budget or anticipated delays in funding the project initially should be coordinated with the Principal Investigator and the NOS Dumping Project Program along with cognizant University of Texas officials. Director , Note that the budget contains projected costs only for local boat time; if any particular waters or organisms from the Gulf central and western dumpsites are desired for particular investigation at the Port Aransas Marine Laboratory by the Ocean Dumping Program Manager, these changes in proposed activities should be coordinated with the Principal Investigator (DEW) for the enhancement of the proposed research. e. Facilities. The large array of facilities at the Port Aransas Marine Laboratory will be available as specified for the conduct of each of the projects. Special mention should be made of the natural ocean water facilities that are available for the laboratory work, computer terminal . facilities, the facilities for working with the larger fishes, and the laboratory setups for work with cultures and the co-principal of smaller biota. The PI (DEW) investigators will coordinate their existing laboratory facilities with research in progress; no special coordination or space problems are anticipated as a consequence of the Ocean Dumping studies. 6 )• Projects Chemical and Biological • The following sections contain descriptions of separate projects , personnel involved, brief expl anations of procedures and rationa l es , ' and FY 78 the bibliographies, and budgets separated into FY 77 • • Note that one component, Dr. Karnykowski's physiologicalcomponents. effects on phytoplankton, will not start until FY 78 . of the Port Aransas f acility, Dr. The role of the Director Oswald Roels, will be to pr ovide coordination of this and other related research activities and facilities for optimum performance . • • • • • • • • 7 • Title: Characterization and Transport Properties of ChemicalPollutants at Gulf Dumping Sites. Co-Principal Investigator : Patrick L. Parker • It is proposed to carry out two types of chemical studies as part of a NOAA sponsored investigation of ocean dumping in the Gulf of Mexico. Type one will be essenti a l ly support studies for the biological components and will focus on characterizing the • pollutants in the 11to be dumped mixtures" . This characterization will allow the biologist to make a mor e meaningful interpretation of their biological effects data. Type two studies will be• laboratory studies of the uptake a nd retention of pollutant molecules by marine particle s (clay, fecal, detritus). These studies will include selected trace metal s and organic molecules (chlorinated • and petr oleum hydrocarbons ) . Background The rationale for permitting the dumping of toxic materials • is based on the model that toxic substances are quickly changed so as to be unavailable to living organisms • so that no substantial biological damage is done. This change or loss may be due to two processe s, chemical decomposition and dispersion or dilution through vertical and horizontal transport. Vertical transport is generally associated with the sinking of particles. • There is a constant vertical transport of suspended material from the surface to the deep water. • This material supplies the .energy and matter which allows the benthic organisms to live • • 8 (Steph ens , Sheldon and Parsons, 1967) . If chemical pollutants are • •· strongly taken up by this material and injested by the benthos damage to valuable living resources could be done (Bryan , 1971; Overnell~ 1976) . Thus it becomes important to know the kinetics of the rates of uptake and release of typica l pollutants on natural substrates. Recent work has shown that clay minerals cannot alone absorb enough organic matter to account for the concentrations of total organic matter that commonly occur in fine-grained sediments from the Gulf of Mexico (Hedges, 1975). This suggests that detritus and fecal material are ac tive agents even in a gross sense. selective absorption properties of these substances for pollutants such as petroleum, chlorinated hydrocarbons and trace metals are not known. At this time some rather simple laboratory experiments will permit an evaluation of the role of ver tical transport and allow us • The t6 design meaningful field expe riments . • Statement of Work A. Chemical Characterization of NOAA supplies "to be dumped material" • In support of the biology components and in order to select molecules for the particulate-pollutant association studies, chemical analyses will be done on two samples of NOAA supplied, dump material . • 1. The levels of six trace metals in the two samples will be measured. It is proposed to analyze for Zn, Cu, Mn, Hg, Cr and Cd (Ni may be substituted for one of these) . • 2. The levels and type of petroleum hydrocarbons will be Aromatic determined in one sample provided it is petroleum related. hydrocarbons will be emphasized . • • 9 • 3. The levels and type of chlorinated hydrocarbon in one sample will be determined. Chlorinated molecules in the ethane, propane range will be emphasized, but chlorinated aromatics • will be sought . 4. Methods to be used will include GC, GC/MS, IR and UV spectra and atomic absorption for metals. • B. Particulate-Pollutant association. After establishing the type of pollutant of interest as described above, laboratory studies of the partitioning of natural and pollutant molecules between seawater and suspended particles will be done. A small data base of this type will permit an estimate • of the rate at which pollutants sink in the sea. Partition experiments will be carried out on two types of • organic molecules (chlorinated and petroleum H.C.) and two trace metals. At least three types of particles will be used (fecal, detritus, and inorganic). In all 12 systems will be studied . C. Methods The chemical methods to be used include gas chromatography • (GC), GC-mass-spectrometry (GC-MS) and various spectral techniques . The major equipment for these are on hand and the investigators are well established scientists. • D. Further Work • The preliminary work described here needs to be extended to the real field situation. Later work would include isolation and characterization of the particles that actually occur at the Gulf dump site followed by partition experiments using that material . • • 10 A good deal more needs to be done to identify the most active • · toxic substances in the dump material as soon a s the biological team has had a chance to establish the general toxic level of the material . • References Hedges, J. I. 1975. The Association of Organic Molecules with Clay Minerals in Aqueous Solutions. Papers from the Geophysical • Laboratory, Carnegie Institute of Washington . Stephens, K., R. W. Sheldon, T. R. Parsons. 1967 . Seasonal Variations in the Availability of Food for Benthos in a Coastal Environment . • Ecol. 48:852-855. Bryan, G. W. 1971. The effects of heavy metals (other than mercury) on marine and estuarine organisms. Proc. R. Soc. Lond Ser. B • 177:389-409. Overnell, J. 1976. Inhibition of marine algal photosynthesis by heavy metals. Mar. Biol. 38:335-342 . • • • • • • Budget • Title: Character ization and Transport Properties of Chemical Pollutants at Gulf Dumping Sites. • Salaries: • Co-Principal Investigator Patrick L. Parker, Ph .D. ($3315) .10 time for 11 months Richard S. Scalan , Ph.D. Res. Assoc. V ($2540) for 12 months .10 time • James Kenneth Winters, Ph.D . Res. Assoc. IV 1/2 mo. @ $2,000 Warren Pulich, Jr., Ph.D. Res. Assoc. II ($4612) .300 for 12 months • Research Assistant, 1/2 time Research Assistant, 1/2 time Total • Fringe Benefits {8.5%) VSL Reserve (1.2% of eligible salaries) Permanent Equipment • Supplies: Shop and Maintenance Services: Travel: • Communications, Xerox, and Shipping: Computer: Overhead (50% salaries):• Total • FY 77 1356 1270 1000 2306 2400 2400 10,732 912 129 3000 3650 . 2600 400 100 300 5366 27,189 FY 78 1959 1270 1000 23 06 2400 2400 11,335 963 136 4850 1700 900 300 5668 25,852 • 12 •· Effects of Waste Materials on the Growth of Representative Title: Types of Microalgae. Co-Principal Investigator: C. Van Baalen We shall endeavor to find out if waste ma terials inhibit the • growth of microalgae. Two experimental endpoints will be used to gauge possible toxicity, lethality and induction of growth lags. The test organisms will be two pennate diatoms, two green algae, • and two blue-green algae. In the event that toxicity is found, limited extent an effort will be made to identify the • then to a sensitive cellular process; e.g., photosynthesis, cell division, protein synthesis, nucleic acid metabolism, etc. It is understood that the appropriate waste materials to be tested will be supplied. It is further understood that the number • of waste material samples will be commensurate with the scale of this project, say two (2) or three (3) samples. • Algal Methodology. Pure cultures of microalgae of the types specified above will be grown in a synthetic sea water medium ASP-2 (1,2), using • 22.5 x 175mm Pyrex test tubes. A 1% co 2-in-air mixture will be bubbled through the growth tubes continuously. Growth (increase in cell number) will be estimated turbidimetrically and.the data reported in generations per day. Suitable untreated controls • t will be run. ! ! In the event that any volatile materials are suspect, then a closed type of algal culture system is available. It consists f • IIt of 600 ml flasks with several side arms which can be used to add • • 13 material or to carry out periodic gassing (addition of co2). The flasks are gently rotated in a water bath and growth may, if necessary, be followed turbidimetrically. • Results . The results will be reported in quantitative terms, as in hours as compared to generations per day, or as lag time s • appropr iate controls. As mentioned, if deemed advisable, an attempt will be made to localize the cellular site of toxicity for a given sample. If the chemical analyses study section • progresses far enough, then pure compounds present in the waste mixture can also be tested to see if they will mimic the toxicity • of the waste mixture. ·The closed type of growth system will be used only if the chemical analyses suggest it may have usefulness . Althou gh volatiles can be rapidly lost to the atmosphere, they • can possibly have immediate biological effects and thus could be of interest in any objective assessment of damage done in an ocean dumping program. • Take Horne Information. • The bioassays will show (1) if the given waste material is toxic to representative types of microalgae; (2) the levels required, as derived from dilution experiments. It should be panacea; recognized that the algal assay for toxicity is not a it cannot be used to readily predict or model all environmental • matters. The algal assay yields reproducible experimental information which sets boundary conditions. It will tell us about • • the toxicity or lack of toxicity of given waste material towards • microalgae. It will tell u s if there is a differential response: are some types of alga more sensitive than others? It can tell us, given sufficient cooperative chemical and biological work, • what the toxic chemicals are. Finally, the algal toxicity work can tell us what signposts to look for in the environment and what types of compounds should be suspect. • • REFERENCES Provasoli, L., J. J. A. McLaughlin, and M. R. Droop. 1957. The development of artificial media for marine algae. Arch . Mikrobiol. 25:392-428. • Van Baalen, C. 1~62. Studies on marine blue-green algae. Bot. Marina 4:129-139 . • • • • • • 15 Budget • Title : Effects of Waste Materials on the Growth of Representative Types of Microalgae. Salaries : • Co-Principal Investigator Chase Van Baalen ($3058) 11 months @ .1000 time Research Associate, .76 time • • Total Fringe Benefits (8.5%) VSL Reserve (1.2% of eligible salaries) Permanent Equipment: Supplies : Shop and Maintenance Services: • • Travel: Boat Time (local) : Communications and Shipping: • Computer: Overhead (50% of salaries) Total • • FY 77 FY 78 1251 1807 6250 6250 7501 8057 ' 638 685 75 75 750 750 150 150 3751 4029 12,865 13,746 • 16 Physiological Effects on P~ytoplanJ~ton Similar to Those •· Title : at the Dump Sites Co-Principal Investigator: Daniel Kamykowski Introduction • These studies are a field extension to the work with l aboratory Representative phytoplankton cultures proposed by Dr. C. Van Baalen . phytoplankton species will be obtained from the naturally occurring • phytoplankton community occupying the continental slope waters of The resulting clones will be exposed to the the Gulf of Mexico. • dump site pollutants . Methods Aliquots of unfiltered offshore seawater collected from a • number of depths throughout the photic zone will be enriched with nutrient media generally following the f/2 recipe of Guillard and Each seawater aliquot will be exposed to complete Ryther (1962). medium based on ammonium; and selectively perturbed media; i.e., (1) • (3) medium lacking vitamins. Dense (2) medium lacking silicate; • populations of the naturally occurring species should result. The different medium recipes may select for various components of the phytoplankton community. • Representatives of the resulting phytoplankton populations These cultures will will be isolated and maintained in culture. be exposed to a temporally-extended, graded series of whole and fractionated waste material characteristic :of the dump site. The • responses of the various phytoplankton species will be determined by their growth rates and by their assimilation ratios cl4c uptake/ Growth rates will be estimated • chlorophyll ~) compared to controls. through particle counts (Coulter Counter) or turbidity (Bausch • 17 and Lomb Spectrophotometer) . 14C uptake and chlorophyll ~ concen­tration will b e d etermined according to the methods in Strickl~nd and Parsons (1968). • Expected Hesults The growth rates will provide information on the long-term response of the phytoplankton population to the non-lethal concen­trations of waste material. The assimilation ratios will provide • information on the physiological response of the organisms irrespective of cell division . References Guillard, R. R. and J. H. Ryther. 1962. Studies of marine planktonic diatoms. I. Cyclotella nana Hustedt and Detouvla • confervacea (Cleve) Gran. Can. J. Microbial. 8:229-239. Strickland, J. D. and T. R. Parsons. 1968. A practical handbook of seawater analysis. Bull. Fish Res. Bd. Can. 167 . • • • • • 18 • Budget(FY 78 only) Title: Physiological Effects on Phytoplankton Similar to Those at Dump Sites. • FY 78 Salaries: Co-Principal Investigator Daniel Kamykowski, Ph .D . • 1550 ($1550) 6 months @ .1500 time 4500 Research Associate, 6 months Total 6050 • 514 Fringe Benefits (8 .5% ) VSL Reserve (1 .2% of eligible s a laries) 54 500 Permanent Equipment: • 1500 Supplies: Shop and Maintenance Services: 150 • Travel: Boat Time (local): 150 Communications and Shipping: 3025 • Overhead (50% of salaries): Total 11,943 • • ( • • 19 Title: Biologicl Effects: Marine Invertebrates • Co-Principal Investigator: J. A. C. Nicol • In order to evaluate the possible noxious effects of the materials being dumped at the Western Gulf Site we propose to • carry out laboratory testing on two representative oceanic organisms. One will be a benthic species of amphipod, the other a planktonic malacostracan, either a mysid or a sergestid shrimp. These are I• available for biological assay and they have been used extensively in experiments involving the testing of petroleum oils (Lee, 1977j Lee and Nicol, 1977). They breed in captivity and it is possible • to follow several generations in .a few months. Our initial work during the first period (6 months, May to October ) will consist of determining the biological effects of • three samples of the material being dumped by the Shell Chemical Company. To design experiments which will give information about long term effects of low levels of the pollutant it will be necessary, • as a baseline, to be in possession of data for acute effects. A series of rapid assays will be done to obtain data for mortalities vs concentrations and progressive mortalities in pollutant with duration of exposure . These will provide upper limits. From this basis we shall carry out a series of experiments that will involve • measurements of growth rates, feeding and fecundity on two selected species of crustaceans , benthic and planktonic. The animals will be exposed to a series of selected sublethal • levels of the pollutant. We shall measure growth and record moulting frequency, feeding rates, longevity, and number of young produced per female. The experiments will be carried out over several • • 20 generations in order that pos s ible persistent and accumulative •• P2 F3 effects of the toxicants on the and generations may be ascertained. The results will be analysed statistically, including one way analysis of var iance. • In conjunction with the microbiologists and with the advice of the chemists , standardized methods of procedure ~ill be developed to stabilize and store the samples of toxicants. Similarly, • standard methods of making up test solutions will be developed. It is anticipated that inf6rmation concerning the principal toxic constituents of the dumped materials will become available 1. to us. For the future, on the basis of the experiments carried out during the first semiannual period, we plan to look into the effects of toxic compounds found in the discharged material. Also, we wish • to explore the effects of the material on single organ systems. • References Lee, W. Y. 1977~ Survival of two species of amphipods in aqueous extracts of petroleum oils. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 8. In press. • Lee, W. Y. & Nicol, J. A. C. 1977~ The effects of the water soluble fractions of No. 2 fuel oil on the survival and behavior of coastal and oceanic zooplankton. Environmental Poliution. • In press . • • • • • • • • • • • • • Budget Title: Biological Effects: Marine Inverte brates Salaries: Co-Principal Investigator J . A. c. Nicol, Ph~D. ($ 8878 ) l~ months, full-time 9 rnont.hs at .. 0750 time Research Associate, Wen Y. Lee Ph . D .. , 1/2-time Research Ass istant, full time 'Tota l Fringe Benefits (8 .5% ) VSL Reserve (1.2% of eligible salaries) Permanent Equipment: Supplies: Shop and Maintenance Services: Travel: Communications, Xerox, and Shipping : Overhead (50% of salaries): Total FY 77 7041 27 00 4500 14,241 1210 86 2500 950 50 7121 26,158 FY 78 1837 ' 27 00 4500 9 , 037 768 86 12000 1000 150 4519 27,560 • 22 Sensitivity of Open Gulf Fishes to Ocean Dumping Wastes Title: Principal Investigator: Donald E. Wohlschlag • The purpose of this proposaJ. i s to determine a pollution effect and detection system by measuring the sul:lethal and chr onic metabolic effects on open Gulf of Mexico fishes that have been subjected to standard -and currently acceptable -ocean dumping pra9tices . • The rationale for such tests is based on the well known, but little applied , fact that stresses from natural variables or pollutants tend to reduce the metabolic scope for activity of fishes or other • organisms (Fr y 1947 ~ 1957, 1971). Metabolic scope is the difference between metabolism at maximum sustained activity and metabolism at the standard (rnaintenahce) leve l. Scope is a measure of "performance" • For practical reasons metabolism is capabilities (Brett 1971). measured in terms of oxygen consumption rate, or respiratory metabolism. From our experiments currently underway and from respiratory it is apparent that metabolism data over the past two decades , respiratory metabolism is sensitive to natural stresses like temperature and salinity. Over gradients as small as 1°c and 3-5 • ppt salinity, respiratory metabolism and scope for activity responses to some pollutants (at far below the usual sublethal levels derived from 96 hr LDSO experiments) are unusually high (Kloth ·and Wohlschlag• 1972; Wohlschlag 1976). The procedure for proposed experiments is based on the fact that scope for maximum sustained p e rformance must decline under stress • either by reducing the optimal maximum respiratory metabolic rate, • • 23 or by increasing the standard (maintenance ) rate in cases where the •· fish metabolic machinery can cope with the stress , or by both a decrease in the active level and an increase in the standard level. (A decrease in the standard level means loss of body weight, the • usual body functions, and usua lly death in a short time of several d ays to several weeks if maintenance r equi rements are not met for some common fishes at higher subtropical t emperatures.) The • procedure also involves acclimating fish for several days at a given temperature arid salinity and at a very low level of the pollutant that does not affect the fish visibly. The equipment in use includes • a large Blazka chamber for r apidly swimming fish, rotatabl e circular (annular) chambers for measuring the routine metabolism and routine swimming rates (say, about 1 length per second), and either the usual • flow-through chambers or the large Blazka chamber completely shut down for 4-12 hours for the standard metabolism measurements. The routine metabolic rate is useful as a measure of what a fish ordinarily is • and does in energetic terms both for maintenance and for operational requirements like swimming or foraging, assimilation, etc. There are several interesting justifications for this approach • aside from its sensitivity in measuring low-level pollution effects because the reduction in scope for activity of fishes can be made independently of: (a) ·normal exploitational effects of fisheries, • (b) knowledge of what the pollutants are in chemical terms, and (c) involvement of interactive effects of mixed pollutants. The use of larger fishes in the presently available gear allows for measurements of scope for size ranges at which large (. 24 fish may be relatively more sensitive than smaller fish of the very old and l arge fish there is same species t o stresses. For little "resilience" for compensation, inasmuch as most of the energy input is required f.or maint.enarce and routine operations , with little energy left for much growth. Smaller fish have a much larger relative component of total energy left for growth so "adaptations" to stresses , t hat they can possibly cope with especially natural stresses, by ''diverting" energy ordinarily used for growth. Quite often smaller fish of a given species oxygen and possibly other natural survive t emperature , salinity, larger fish to the e x tent that the extremes better than the independently of food abundance . populatiorls appear to be s tunted Not only does the above rationale apply to member s at the 11top of the food chain" or carnivore ecotrophic l evel, it also large r species of interest must involves the fact that most of the live for several years before sexual maturity and several years and thus must function as beyond (i.e., they are iteroparous ) Such organisms are overall integrators of their environment. valuable for study because ver y low, chronic stress levels can ultaimately and subtly have adverse population effects. (An order of magnitude change in size of such a population could be disastrous over a period of years in contrast to a population of microorganisms that can undergo a population size change of, say, 10 orders of magnitude in several days during a bloom.) Work Plan Two species of open Gulf fish will be sought for study, preferably a pelagic species and a demersal species that would normally be comrnon at the dump sites. • 25 • • Each species would be studied with scope determinations at a range of temperatures and salinities characteristic of low, ambient and high levelE~ for both summer and winter, and for both normal sea water and water ~t low pollutant levels that would not • have visibly noticeable effects on fish over a period of a week or more. The pollutants should be suppiied initially in somewhat • concentrated form, either directly or from the dumping site, so that experiment al concentrations can be determined to be sublethal, without resorting to acute acclimation. e For each species paired series of experiments will be set up to determine multiple r~gressions of respiratory metabolism to body size, temperature, salinity, and swimming rate so that polluted ancl • normal seawater effects can be compared. For each species there will be a spring-summer and a late autumn-winter series. Only A "clean" supplye healthy fish from "clean" waters will be used. of natural sea water is available at the laboratory; concentrations • will be made by natural evaporation in outdoor tanks; dilutions will be made with ion-free water . References 1971. Energetic responses of salmon to temperature .Brett, J. R. • A study of some thermal relations in the physiology and fresh­ Zool.11:99-~ water ecology of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). Am. 1947~ Effects on the environment on animal activity. Fry, F. E. J. • Univ. Toronto Studies Biol., Ontario Fish. Res. Lab. 68:1-62 . • • . 1957~ The aquatic respiration of fish. In M.E~ Brown, • --­ (ed.) The Physiology of Fishes. Academic Press, N.Y. 1-63 pp . . 1971. The effect of environmental factors on the physiology • --­ of fishes. In w. S . Hoar and D. J . Randall (eds. ) Fish Physiology, pp 1-98, vol . 6. Academic Press, N.Y. and London. Kloth, T. C. and D. E. Wohlschlag. 1972. Size-related metabolic • responses of the pinfish, Lagodo_~ rhomboides, to sa linity variations and sublethal petrochemical pollution. Contr . Mar. Sci. 16:125-137 . • Wohlschlag, D. E. 1976 . Analysis of freshwater inflow effects on metabolic stresses of fish in Corpus Christi, San Antonio, and Matagorda Bays. Report to Texas Water Development Board . • vii + 100 p . • • • • • • 27 • Budget Title: Sensitivity of Open Gulf Fishes to Ocean Dumping Wastes • FY 77 FY 78 Salar i es: Principal Investigator Donald E. Wohlschlag, Ph.D. 1549 2237 I • ($3786) 11 months at .10 time Research Associate (4 mo. + 6 mo . 4636 6954@ $1159/mo . ) Research Assistant 12 mo. 4500 4500 • @ $750/mo. Total 10,685 13,691 908 1164 • Fringe Benefits (8.5%) VSL Reserve (1.2% of eligible salaries) 110 137 4600 1000 Permanent Equipment: 800 800 Supplies: 1550 200 Shop and Maintenance Services: • 400 Travel: 1200 1000 Boat Time (local): 50 400 Conununications and Shipping: • 200 Computer: 5343 6846 Overhead (50% salaries) Total 25,246 25,838 • • • • .. TOTAL BUDGET SUMMARY , • Salaries: Professional Secretarial (1 mo . 77 · + 2 mos. 7 8) • • Total Salaries Fringe Benefits: (8.5% of salaries & wages) VSL Reserve (1.2% of eligible salaries) • Permanent Equipment: Supplies: Shop and Maintenance Services: • Travel: Boat Time (Local Collecting) : Communications, Xerox and Shipping: • Computer: Overhead (50% of salaries) : Total Costs • • • FY 77 ' 43,159 57 5 43,734 3,717 407 10,100 6,150 4,150 550 1,200 200 300~ 21,867 92,375 28 FY 78 FY 77 + FY 78 48,170 1,150 49,320 4,192 501 13,500 8,900 1,900 1,750 1,000 550 500 24,660 106,773 199,148 • 1 • CURRICULUM VITAE DANIEL KAMYKOWSKI PE RSONAL ADDRESS & TELEPHONE • Assistant Professor, Port Aransas Marine Laboratory University of Texas Marine Science Institute and Assistant Professor, Department of Botany, University of Texas at Austin Telephone: (512) 749-6733 EDUCATION • Loyola University, Chicago, Illinois B.S. Biology 1967 Scripps Institution of ·Oceanography Uniyersity of California, San Diego Ph.D. Oceanography 1973 • LANGUAGES English, German, French MEMBERSHIPS • American Society of Limnology and Oceanography Scri·pps Institution of Oceanography Alumni Association PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE • 1973-75 Killam Research Associate, Dalhousie University Halifax, N.S. 1975-Present University of Texas: Assistant Professor, Botany • Department and Port Aransas Marine Laboratory, University of Texas Marine Science Institute, Port Aransas, Texas 78373 • HONORS 1967 Alpha Sigma Nu Fraternity • • Kamykowski (2) PUBLICATIONS 1972 1. McCarthy, J.J. and D. Kamykowski. 1972. Urea and other • nitrogenous nutrients in La Jolla Bay during February and April 1970. Fishery Bulletin 70(4):1261-1274. • 1974 2. Kamykowski, 0. 1974. Possible interactions between phytoplankton and semidiurnal internal tides. Jour. of Mar. Res. 32(1):65-87. 1974. Physical and Biological Characteristics 3. Kamykowski, D. of an Upwelling at a Statioh off La Jolla, California during 1971. Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science 2:425-432 . 1976 4. Miller, J.R., K.S. Gordon and D. Kamykowski. 1976. Afrborne • water color measurements off the Nova Scotia coast. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing l= 5. Kamykowski, D.. 1976. Possible interactions between plankton • and semidiurnal internal tides. II Deep thermoclines and trophic effects. Journal of Marine Research 34: Diurnal vertical 1977 6. Kamykowski, D. and S.-J. Zentara . . 1977. migration of phytoplankton through a thermal gradient. Limnol. ! Oceanogr. 22:163-166 . Latitudinal • 7. Zentara, S.-J. and D. Kamykowski. 1977.relationships among temperature and selected plant nutrients along the west coast of North and South America. Journal of Marine Research 35: (In press) • • • • • • ClLRRICULUM VITAE WEN YUH LEE PERSONAL • ADDRESS & TELEPHONE • Research Associate, Postdoctoral University of Texas Marine Science Institute, Port Aransas Marine Laboratory Port Aransas, Texas 78373 • Telephone: (512) 749-6741 EDUCATION Taiwan University BSc. 1966 • Oregon State University M.S. 1971 University of Maine Ph.D. 1975 LANGUAGES • English, Chinese, Japanese MEMBERSHIPS American Society of Limnology and Oceanography• Chinese Society of Marine Sciences &Technology Marine Biological Association, U.K. PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE • 1967-68 1970-71 1971-73 • -Present Teaching Assistant, Taiwan University Research Assistant, Department of Agricultural Biochemistry, Oregon State University Research Assistant, Department of Oceanography, University of Maine Postdoctoral l~esearch Associate, University of Texas Marine Science Institute, Port Aransas Marine Laboratory • • • • • • • • • • • Lee ( /) HONORS 1975 First doctorate awarded by the Department of Oceanography, University of Maine 1975 Univer s ity of Maine research vessel named R/V LEE PUBLICATIONS 1972 1. Lee, W.Y. 1972. aquaculture . Publication, A working bibliography of marine University of Maine Sea Grant 94pp . 1976 2. Lee, W.T. and J.A.C. Nicol. 1976. The effects of the water soluble fraction of No. 2 fuel oil on the survival and behavior of coastal and oceanic zooplankton. Environ. Pollut. (in press) • CURRICULUM VITAE • JOSEPH ARTHUR COLIN NICOL PERSONAL • ADDRESS & TELEPHONE • • Professor, Department of Zoology and Department of Marine Studies University of Texas at Austin Port Aransas, Texas 78373 Telephone: (512) 749-6741 EDUCATION • McGill University BSc Zoology 1938 University of Western Ontario MA Zoology 1940 University of Minnesota • 1941 Oxford University D.Phil. Zoology 1947 DSc. Zoology 1961 LANGUAGES English, German • MEMBERSHIPS • American Society of Zoologists Marine Biological Association UK New York Academy of Sciences Fellow of the Royal Society, London PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE 1947-49 Assistant Professor of Zoology, The University of British Columbia . • 1953-54 Visiting scientist, Scripps Institution of Oceanography and Friday Harbor Laboratories • • I I • Nicol (2) Visiting scientist, Woods Hole Oceanographic • 1961 Institute . 1949-67 Experimental Zoologist, Plymouth Laboratory of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. • 1966-68 Visiting Professor, The University of Texas. 1967 Visiting Professor, Friday Harbor Laboratories of the University of Washington. Professor of Zoology and Director, Marine Institute, • 1968 University 0£ Oregon. 1968-Present Professor of Zoology and Professor, Department of Marine Studies, The University of Texas. HONORS • 1938 Scholarship in Biology, first class honors in Zoology, McGill University 1945-47 British Council Scholarship • 1953 Guggenheim Memorial Fellowship 1963 Woods Hole Oceanographic Instiute, Fellow .1967 Elected Fellow Royal Society of London • 1972 Erskine Fellow, University of Canterbury Christchurch; New Zealand PUBLICATIONS • 1938 l. Nicol, J.A.C. 1938. On the next of the Sora Rail (Porzana carolina Linn.). The Canadian Field Naturalist, 52:55-57. 1945 2. Nicol, J.A.C. 1945. The homing ability of the carrier pigeon: its value in warfare. The Auk 62:286-298. • 1946 3. Nicol, J.A.C. and J.Z. Young. 1946. Giant nerve fibre of Mysicola infundibulum (Grube). Nature 158: 167. 1948 4. Nicol, J.A.C. 1948. The giant nerve-fibres in the central nervous system of Myxicola (Polychaeta, Sabellidae). Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science 89:1-45 . • • • • • • • • • • • • • Nicol (3) Nicol, J.A.C. 1948. Giant axons of Eudistylia vancouveri 5. (Kinberg). Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada 42(3)107-124. ----­ 6. Nicol, J.A.C. 1948. The function of the giant axon of Myxicola infundibulum Montagu. Canadian Journa~ of Research, Q,-26:212-222 . 7. Nicol, J.A.C. 1948. The giant axons of annelids. The Quarterly Review of Biology 23:291-323. 1949 8. Nicol, J.A.C. 1949. The Weigert~Pal Method for paraffin­embedded material. I. Bulk staining and staining of paraffin sections. Canadian Journal of Research, Q, 27:1-3. 9. Nicol, J.A.C. 1949. The Weigert-Pal Method for paraffin­embedded material. II. Decalcification of material Canadian Jpurnal of Research, D, containing bone. 27:4-6. 1950 lOo Nicol, J.A.C. 1950. Autonomic nervous system of the ratfish. Nature 165: 854. 11. Nicol, J.A.C. 1950. Responses of Branchiomma vesiculosum (Montagu) to photic stimulation. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 29:303-320. 12. Nicol, J.A.C. 1950. The autonomic nervous system of the chimaeroid fish Hydrolagus colliei. Quarterly Journ~l of Microscopical Science 91(4):379-399 . 1951. Giant axons and synergis contractions 1951 13. Nicol, J.A.C. in Branchiomma vesiculosum. The Journal of Experimental Biology 28(1):22-31. 1952 14. Nicol, J.A.C. 1952. Autonomic nervous systems in lower chordates. Biological Reviews 27:1-49 . 15. Nicol, J.A.C. 1952. Studies on Chaetopterus variopedatus (Renier). I. The light-producing glands. The Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the ·United KlngdOm 30:417-431. ---­ 16. Nicol, J.A.C. 1952. Studies on Chaetcipterus variopedatus (Renier). II. Nervous control of light production. The Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the --~- Tinrted Kingdom 30:433-452. 17. Nicol, J.A.C. 1952. Studies on Chaetopterus variopedatus (Renier). III. Factors affecting the light response. The Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 31: 113-144. -­ • • • • • • • • • • Nicol (4) 18. Nicol, J.A.C. 1952. Colours of marine animals. The School Science Review 20: 208-218 . 19. Nicol, J.A.C. 1952. Luminescent responses in Chaetopterus and the effects of eserine. Nature 169:665. 20. Nicol, J.A.C. 1952. Muscle activity and drug action in the body-wa11 of the sabellid worm Branchiomma vesiculosum (Montagu). Physiol~gia Comparata et OecologJ_a 11( 4): 339-345. 1953 21. Nicol, J.A.C. 1953. Luminescence in polynoid worms. The Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the unlted ~-­ Kingdom 32:65-84. 1954 22. Nicol, J.A.C. 1954. The nervous control of luminescent The Journal of the Marine responses in polynoid worms. Biological Association of the ITnlted Kingdom 33:225-255. Effect of external milieu on luminescence 23. Nicol, J.A.C. 1954. The Journal of the Marine Biological in Chaetopterus. Association of the---united KingdOm 33:173-175. 1955 24. Nicol, J.A.C. 1955. Conduction in the giant axon of Myxicol9 infundibulum. Physiologia Comparata et Oecologia ~(1):101-117. 25. Nicol, J.A.C. 1955. Physiological control of luminescence in animals. The Luminescence of Biological Systems, 1955, ed. F. H. Johnson. American Association Advancement Science, pp. 299-319. Nicol, J.A.C. 1955. Ner~ous regulation of luminescence 26 . in the sea pansy Renilla kollikeri. Journal of Experimental Biology 32(4):619-635. 27. Nicol, J.A.C. 1955. Observations on luminescence in Renilla (Pennatulacea). The Journal of Experimental Biology 32: 299-320 • 1957 28. Nicol, J.A.C. 1957. Luminescence in polynoids. II. Different modes of response in the elytra. The Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the~ited Kingdom 36: 261-269. 29. Nicol, J.A.C. 1957. Spectral composition of the light of The Journal of the Marine Biological polynoid worms. Association of the United Kingdom 36: 529-538. 30. Nicol, J.A.C. 1957. Spectral composition of the light The Journal of the Marine Biological of Chaetopterus. Association of the---uriited KingdOm 36:629-642 . • Nicol (5) 31. Nicol, J.A.C. 1957. Observations on photophores and Quarterly luminescences in the Teleost Porichthys. • Journal of Microscopical -Science 98(2):179-188 . 1958 32. Nicol, J.A.C. 1958. Observations on luminescence in The Journal of the Marine Biological pelagic animals. Association of the---united Kingdom 37:705-752 . • 33. Nicol, J.A.C. 1958. Luminescence in polynoids. IV. The Journal of the Measurements of light intensity. Marine Biological Association of the United KingdOill 37: 33-4l. 34. Nicol, J.A.C. 1958. Observations on luminescence in • The Journal of the Marine BiologicalNoctiluca. Association of the Unitecr-Kln.gdom 37:535-549. 35. Nicol, J.A.C. 1958. Observations on the luminescence of Pennab.J.la phosphorea, with a note on the luminescence of Virgularia mirabilis. The Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United K:LrlgdOffi 37:551-563. • Nicol, J.A.C. 1959. Studies on luminescence. Attraction 1959 36. of animals to a weak light. The Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the---uDited KingdOm 38:477-479 • 37. Nicol, J.A.C. 1959. Digestion in sea anemones. The • Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United KlilgdOffi ~:469-476. Nicol, J.A.C. and G.Y. Kennedy. 1959. Pigments of • 38. Chaetopterus variopedatus (Polychaeta). Proceedings of the Royal Society~ 150:509-538. 1960 39. Nicol, J.A.C. 1960. Spectral composition of the light The Journal of the lantern-fish, Myctophum punctatum. of the Marine Biological Association of thelli1ited • RlngdOm 39:27-32. 40. Nicol, J.A.C. 1960. Histology of the light organs of Pholas dacylus (Lamellibranchia). The Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdo~ 39: 109-llLI-. 41. Nicol, J.A.C. 1960. The Biology of Marine Animals. Book, Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons Ltd., London. • --­ 42. Nicol, J.A.C. 1960. The regulation of light emission in animals . Biological Reviews 35:1-42. • • • • • • • • • • • • Nicol (G) 43. Nicol, J.A.C. 1960. Studies on luminescence. On the subocular light-organs of stomiatoid fishes. The Journal of the Marine Biological Association orthe United KillgdOffi 39: 529-548. -­ 1961 44. Nicol, J .A.C. 1961. Luminescence in marine organisms. The Smithsonian Report for 1960, pp. 447-456. (Reprinted from The Times Science Review, sumner 1960, London) . 45. Nicol, J.A.C. 1961. The tapetum in Scyliorhinus canicula. The Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the TiilTted Kingdom 41:271-277. -­ 46. Nicol, J.A.C. 1961. Photomechanical changes in the eyes of fishes. I. Retinomotor changes in Solea solea. The Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the-­United KmgdOm 41:695-698. -­ 47. Nicol, J.A.C. 1961. The mysterious and weird phenomenon of 'exploding' and 'rotating' phosphorescence of the sea --an affect of submarine earthquakes?u by Kurt Kalle. Extracted from Deutschen Hydrographischen Zeitschrift Vol. 13, No. 2, 1960. A Review written for nThe Marine Observer", 31(193):148-149. 1962 48. Nicol, J.A.C., G.L. Clarke, R.J. Conover and C.N. David . 1962. Comparative studies of luminescence in copepods and .other pelagic marine animals. Contribution No. 1285 from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. The Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the tlnlted Kingdom 42:541-564. -­ 49. Nicol, J.A.C. and E.J. Denton. 1962. Why fishes have silvery sides; and a method of measuring reflectivity. The Proceedings of the Physiological Society, 28-29 September, 1962. Journal of Physiology 163:13-15. 50. Nicol, J.A.C. 1962. Bioluminescence. Proceedings of the Royal Society~ 265:355-359. 51. Nicol, J.A.C. 1962. Animal luminescence. Advances Comparative Physiol. Biochem. (Edited by 0. Lowenstein) 1:217-273. 52. Nicol, J.A.C. 1963. Some aspects of photoreception and 1963 vision in fishes. Advances in Marine Biology ~:171-208. 53. Nicol, J.A.C. 1963. Iuminescence in animals. Endeavour 22(85): 37-41. I • • • • • • • • • • • Nicol (7) 1964 54. Nicol, J.A.C. 1964. Luminous creatures of the sea. Sea Frontiers 10(3):143-154• Nicol, J.A.C. and E.J. Denton. 1964. The chorioidal tapeta 55. of some cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes). The '-Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 44: 219-258. 56. Nicol, J .A.C~ 1964. Special effectors: luminous organs, Physiologychromatophores, pigments, and poison glands. of Mollusca 1: 353-381. 57. Nicol, J.A.C. 1964. Reflectivity of the chorioidal tapeta of selachians. The Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 21(5):1089-1100-.­ 58. Nicol, J.A.C. and E.J. Denton. 1964. On the orientationThe of reflecting crystals in the surfaces of fishes. Proceedings of the Physiological Society, 17-18 April, 1964. Journal of Physiology 172:43-54. 59. Nicol, J.A.C. 1964. Retinomotor Changes in flatfishes. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 22(2):513-520. 1965 60. Nicol, J.A.C. 1965. Migration of chorioidal tapetal pigment in the spur dog Squalus acanthias. The Journal of the Marine Biological Association of thelIDited K1ng0om 40: 405-427. --­ 61. Nicol, J.A.C. 1965. Studies on reflexion of light from silvery surfaces of fishes, with special reference to the bleak, Alburnus alburnus. The Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdorrl 45: 683-703. 62. Nicol, JeA.C. 1965. Polarization of light reflected from the silvery exterior of the bleak, Alburnus alburnus . The Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the Tinlted Kingdom. 45:705-709. 63. Nicol, J.A.C. 1965. Reflexion of light by external surfaces of the herring, Clupea harengus. The Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 45:711-738 . 64. Nicol, J.A.C. 1965. Direct measurements on the orientation of the reflecting surfaces in the tapetum of Squalus acanthias, and some observations on the tapetum of Acipenser sturio. The Journal of the Marine Biological Association of thellrlited KingdOm 45:739-742 • 65 . .Nicol, J.A.C. and E.J. Denton. 1966 . . A survey of reflectivity 1966 in silvery teleosts. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingoom 48:685-722 • • • • • • • • • • • Nicol ( 8) 1967 66. Nicol, J·.A.C. 1967. The luminescence of .fishes. Symposium Zoological Society of London 19:27-55. 67. Nicol, J .A.C. and A. C. G. Best. J_96 7. Reflecting cells of the elasmobranch tape tum lucidum. Contributions in Marine Science , University of Texas ~~:172-201. -~~~­ 68 . Nicol, J.A.C. 1967. The Biology of Marine Animals. 1967. Book, second edition:-Sir IsaacPitman & Sons Ltd., London. 1968 69. Nicol, J.A.C. and C. Van Baalen. 1968. Studies on the reflecting layers of fishes. Contributions in Marine Science, University of Texas 13:65-88. 1969 70. Nicol, J.A.C. 1969. Bioluminescence, Fish Physiology, Vol 3, Academic Press, New York pp. 355-400. 71. Nicol, J.A.C. 1969. The tapetum of the sturgeon. 1969. Contributions in Marine Science, University of Texas 14: 5-18 . 1970 72. Nicol, J.A.C. and H.J. Arnott. 1970. Reflection of ratfish skin (Hydrolagus colliei). Canadian Journal of Zoology 48 (1): 137-151. 73 . Nicol, J.A.C., H.J. Arnott and N. Maciolek. 1970. Retinal rapetum lucidum: a novel reflecting system in the eye of teleosts. Science 169:478-480. 1971. Physiological investigations of 1971 74. Nicol, J.A.C. oceanic animals. In Deep Oceans (eds. P.J. Herring & M.J. Clarke), p-.-225. Arthur Barker, London . 75. Nicol, J.A.C. 1971. Ocular reflecting pigments of some Malacostraca. ~·Exp. Marine Biol. Ecol. ~:235-248. 76. Nicol, J.A.C., H.J. Arnott and C.W. Querfeld. 1971. Reflecting spheres in the eyes of weakfishes (Sciaenidae) . Nature 223:130-133. 77. Nicol, J.A.C. 1971. Nervous System (Invertebrate). In McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology Vol. N, pp. 58-62 . 78. Nicol, J.A.C. 1971. Physiological Investigations of TtOceanic Animals. TT In Deep Oceans, P.J. Herring and M.J. Clark (eds.) Arthu:r-Barker, London, 1971, 225-246. 1972 79. Nicol, J.A.C., H.J. Arnott and C.W. Querfeld. 1972. Ta.peta lucida in the eyes of the seatrout ( Sciaenidae). Proc . Roy. Soc. ~ 180: 247-271. • • • • • • • • • • • Nicol (9) 80. Nicol, J.A.C., H.J. Arnott, G.R. Mizuno, E.C. Ellison and Occurrence of glyceryl tridocosa­J.R. Chipault. 1972. hexaenoate in the eye of the sand trout Cynoscion arenarius. Lipids 2:171-177. 81. Nicol, J.A.C. 1972. Riboflavin in the eyes of gars (Lepisosteidae). Can.~· Zool. 2.Q_:l211-1214 . 1973 82. Nicol, J.A.C. and H.J. Arnott. 1973. Tapeta lucida in the bony fishes (Actinopterygii): a survey. Can. ~· Zool. 51( 1): 69-81. 83. Nicol, J.A.C. and H.J. Arnott. 1973. Studies on the eyes of gars (Lepisosteidae) with special reference to the tapetum lucidum. Can.~· Zool. 51:501-508. 84. Nicol, J.A.C. and E.S. Zyznar. 1973. The tapetum lucidum in the eye of the Big-eye Priacanthus arenatus. J. Fish. Biol.. 5: 519-522 • 85. Nicol, J.A.C. 1973. Reflecting materials in the eyes of three teleosts, Orthopristes chrysopterus, Dorosoma cepedianum and Anchoa mitchilli. Proc. -Roy. Soc. (London) ~' 184:15-27. 1974• 1974 86. Nicol, J.A.C., H.J. Arnott, A.C.G. Best and S. Ito. Studies on the eyes of catfishes with special reference to the tapetum lucidum. Proc. R. Soc. (London) Ser. B, 183:13-36. ---­ 87. Ito, S. and J .A. C. Nicol. 1974. Isolation of oligomers of 5,6-dehydroxyinindole-2-carboxylic acid from the tapetum lucidum of the catfish. Biochem. ~· 143:207-217. 88. Nicol, J.A.C. and H.J. Arnott. 1974. Tapeta lucida in the eyes of goatsuckers (Caprimulgidae). Proc.. ~-Soc. (London) Ser.~' 187:349-352. 1974. Tm. tape~m lucidum 89. Wang, R.T. and J.A.C. Nicol. of gars (I.episosteidae) and its role as a reflector. Can. J. Zool. 52:1523-1530. Nicol, J.A.C. and B.A. Fineran. 1974. Studies on the 90. eyes of New Zealand parrot-fishes. Proc. B· Soc. (London) Ser.~' 186:217-247. 91. Nicol, J.A.C. 1974. Bioluminescenza, In: Vol. II of Enciclopedia Medica Italiana, II Edizione, Florence. 1975 92. Nicol, J.A.C. 1975. The tapetum lucidum in the eyes of cusk-eels. Can. J. Zool. 53:1063-1079. Ito, s. and J.A.C. Nicol. 1975. Identification of 93. decarboxylated S-adenosylmethioni~e in the tapetum lucidum of ~~e catfish. Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) Ser. B 190:33-43. • • • • • • • • • • Nicol (10) 94. Nicol, J.A.C. 1975. Studies on the eyes of fishes: structure and uJ.trastructure. In Vision in Fishes . New Approaches and Research (e