TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW Bureau of Business Research The University of Texas at Austin TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW VOL. XLV, No. 12, DECEMBER 1971 Editor, Stanley A. Arbingast; Associate Editor, Robert H. Ryan; Managing Editor, Graham Blackstock Editorial Board: Stanley A. Arbingast, Chairman; John R. Stockton; Francis B. May; Robert H. Ryan; Robert B. Williamson; Graham Blackstock CONTENTS Articles 257: The Business Situation in Texas, by Francis B. May 261: Aging Texans: Problems of Accident and Health, by Graham Blackstock 268: Industrial Growth in Texas, by Governor Preston Smith 270: The Changing Texas Housing Pattern, by Charles P. Zlatkovich 272: Texas Construction, by Stanley A. Arbingast Tables 258: Selected Barometers of Texas Business 259: Business-Activity Indexes for Twenty Selected Texas Cities 261: Factors Contributing to Accidents among the Aging, by Sex, Texas, 1969 262: Accidents Involving Persons Sixty-Five Years of Age and Over in Texas, 1969 265: Payment of Nursing-Home Charges 266: Patient Distribution According to Principal Source of Payment, by HUD Region 266: Increased Monthly Charges, FHA-Assisted Nursing Homes, December 15, 1967-January 15, 1969 267: Selected Services or Facilities in FHA Nursing Homes 271: Texas Metropolitan Housing Patterns, 1960-1970 (Number of housing units) 271: Texas Metropolitan Housing Patterns, 1960-1970 {Percentage of total housing units) 273: One-Family, Two-Family, and Apartment-Building Dwelling Units Authorized in Texas, January through October, 1966-1971 273: Estimated Values of Building Authorized in Texas 274: Nonresidential Building Authorized in Texas, January through October, 1966-1971 274: Weekly Department-Store Sales in Four Texas Metropolitan Areas 276: Local Business Conditions Barometers of Texas Business (inside back cover) Cbarts 25 7: Estimated Personal Income, Texas 258: Comparison of Consumer Prices and Wholesale Prices, United States 25 8: Crude-Oil Runs to Stills, Texas 258: Crude-Oil Production, Texas 259: Industrial Production, Texas 25 9: Industrial Production-Total Manufactures, Texas 25 9: Industrial Production--Durable Manufactures, Texas 259: Industrial Production--Nondurable Manufactures, Texas 260: Prices Received by Farmers--All Farm Products, Texas 260: Total Unemployment, Texas 267: Total Nonagricultural Employment, Texas 267: Manufacturing Employment, Texas 269: Industrial Production--Minerals, Texas 269: Industrial Electric-Power Use, Texas 274: Total Building Authorized, Texas 274: Residential Building Authorized, Texas 274: Nonresidential Building Authorized, Texas Index 285: TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW, 1971 BUREAU OF BUSINESS RESEARCH Business Research Council: James R. Bright, Abraham Charnes, Lawrence L. Crum, Jared E. Hazelton, George Kozmetsky Director: Stanley A. Arbingast Assistant to the Director: Florence Escott Statisticia.n: John R. Stockton Consulting Statisticia.n: Francis B. May Systems Analyst: David L. Karney Cooperating Faculty: C. P. Blair, Charles T. Clark, Lawrence L. Crum, Clark C. Gill, William T. Hold, Gary L. Holstrum, Robert K. Holz, Jerry Todd, Ernest W. Walker, Robert B. Williamson Administrative Assistant: Margaret Robb Research Associa.tes: Graham Blackstock, Earlene Call, Margaret Fielder, Ida M. Lambeth, Robert M. Lockwood, Carroll Molm, Robert H. Ryan, Barbara Terrell, Charles P. Zlatkovich Research Assistant: Edward Hildebrandt Statistical Associa.te: Mildred Anderson Statistical Assistants: Constance Cooledge, Glenda Riley Statistical Technicia.n: Kay Davis Computer Programer: Lawrence Grossman, Jr. Cartographer: Charles W. Montfort Librarian: Merle Danz Administrative Secretary: Mary Ann Greatly Administrative Clerk: Margaret Eriksen Senior Secretary: Linda Brenner Senior Oerk Typist: Linda Lunsford Senior Clerks: Robert Jenkins, Salvador B. Macias Oerks: Robert Deane, Karen Schmidt Offset Press Operators: Robert Dorsett, Daniel P. Rosas COVER DESIGN BY PENELOPE LEWIS Published monthly by the Bureau of Business Research, Graduate School of Business, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texu 78712. Second-class postage paid at Austin, Texas. Content of tbJI publication is not copyrighted and may be reproduced freely, but acknowledgment of source will be appreciated. The views expreued by authors are not necessarily those of the Bureau of Business Research. Subscription, $4.00 a year; individual copies 35 cents. THE BUSINESS SITUATION IN TEXAS Francis B. May Estimated Texas personal income, after rising 2 percent in September, declined 3 percent in October. The decline was not enough to reverse the general upward movement of this index during the year. For the first ten months of the year the index averaged 7 percent above the level for the first ten months of 1970. Even with the decline the index was still 7.6 percent above that of October 1970. During the first ten months of this year the Consumer Price Index published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the United States Department of Labor averaged 4.5 percent above the January-October 1970 level. The increase was less than the 7-percent average increase in estimated consumer income in Texas during the ten-month period, a fact which means that Texas residents, as a group, had an increase in their purchasing power of approximately 2 percent. Retired persons on fixed incomes and persons receiving fixed incomes from sources other than retirement funds, suffered a decline in real income. This group has seen the purchasing power of its income steadily diminished during this protracted period of rapid inflation. The results of Phase I bring real hope to this group that their distressing loss of purchasing power will be lessened in rate, if not eliminated. October data for the principal monthly price indexes, the Consumer Price Index and the Wholesale Price Index, show that Phase I produced substantial results in slowing the rate of inflation during that month. Between September and October the Consumer Price Index rose 0.2 percent. This represented an annual rate of increase of 2.4 percent compared with an annual rate as high as 6 percent to 7 percent earlier this year and in some months of 1970. The Index of Wholesale Prices in October rose only O. l percent. In some previous months of this year this Index rose as much as 0.8 percent to 1.0 percent in a single month. Whether these favorable results in slowing the rate of inflation can be continued in the future depends on the success of Phase II controls. October crude-oil production declined 3 percent to 108.2 percent of average monthly output during the 1957-1959 base period. During the first ten months of this year the index averaged 1 percent below the level for the comparable 1970 period. This index has declined since reaching an all-time peak of 133.5 percent in October of last year. Easing of the oil-tanker shortage and resumption of shipments from North Africa and the Middle East have caused a gradual decline in demand for crude oil of Texas ESTIMATED PERSONAL INCOME, TEXAS Index Adjusted for Seasonal Variation -1957-1959=100 300--------------------------------------.------------------...---------,..--------~300 250l--~~~--l-~~~~-+-~~~~-t-~~~--+~~~~-+-~~~~t-~~~-t-~--:;~~~250 lool---19_6_4____L.___19_6_5___J____19_6_6__...J.___1_9_6_7__-"----1-9-68____,,,___1~9~6~9--....i..---1~9~70-:---"---:.-19~7~1:---.... SOURCE: Quarterly measures ofTexas personal income made by the Office of Business Economics, U.S. Department .of Commerce. Monthly allocations of quarterly measures, and estimates of most recent months, made by the Bureau of Busmess Research with regression relationships of time, bank debits, and insured unemployment. ongm. The Texas Railroad Commission has raised the SELECTED BAROMETERS OF TEXAS BUSINESS December allowable from 62.5 percent of total permitted (Indexes-Adjusted for seasonal variation-1957-1959=100) production in November to 63 percent. This small percentage increase interrupts a sequence of seven successive reductions in monthly allowable production. Declining inventories of oil of Texas origin were given as the reason for the increase in the allowable. This change is expected to result in actual production of 3,060,846 barrels a day, up 9,426 barrels a day over estimated November output. Much of Texas oil is produced from old wells in fields discovered many years ago. Evidence of this fact is provided by the December total allowable of 3,339,400 barrels a day, which is expected to result in actual production of only 3,060,846 barrels daily. This underproductioI) of 8.34 percent is caused by the inability of many old wells to produce at their full allowable capacity. When the index of Texas production was at its peak of 133.5 percent in October of last year, virtually no reserve producing capacity was left in the state. It was estimated that little reserve producing capacity was left in the country. If all imports had been shut off this country would have been in a serious predicament. It is unlikely that a total shutoff of imports from the Middle East and North Africa would occur, but another Arab-Israeli conflict would cause serious problems, as other such incidents have shown in the recent past. The United States must increase the availability of domestic crude oil by improving incentives for drilling. During the first nine months of the year fewer wells were drilled than during the first three quarters of 19 7O. Comparison on the basis of thousands of feet of hole drilled indicates the same conclusion. Less drilling occurred in the country during the first nine months of 1971 than during the same period in 1970. The oil is there, but it can be discovered and produced only by drilling for it. Crude-oil runs to stills rose 5 percent above the seasonal average in October. At 144.3 percent of the 1957-1959 average monthly runs, the index was 2.3 percent above that for October 1970. It was the highest October value in the history of the index. In fact the index has been above the COMPARISON OF CONSUMER PRICES AND WHOLESALE PRICES, UNITED STATES lndes Adj1ulod for Seuonal I'ariarion -1957-1959 =100 u5r--.---r---.----i----.---.----.-----.--~-~-~u5 1'0 /' 1.(0 v 135 / 135 130 / 130 CONSUMER PRICES/125 125 /' ,,. 120 120 .. 115 /""' ,,.,.. [,---" ,----115 ___....... 110 110 ,.-WHOLESALE PRICES ~~ ,......., 105 --·"' ... 105 ,. ,____,,,., ~--' ' ... 100 ---~ - 100 95~19~61;-'-~19~6~2~19~6~~~~67......L~19-196__71~95 3 1~96,-'-:1~96~5-'--:1~966_.J_1~9-68--1.__9..J_1_970_L._1_9_ 258 Percent change Year-to date Year-to-average date Oct 1971 1971 Oct Sep average from from Index 1971 1971 1971 Sep 1971 1970 Estimated personal income 249.lp 256.2p 245.6 3 7 Crude-petroleum production 108.2P 11 i.6P 122.1 3 Crude-oil runs to stills 144.3 138.0 141.7 5 Total electric-power use 319.4p 330.lp 294.8 3 10 Industrial electric- power use 253.5p 260.6p 246.1 3 8 Bank debits 348.8 380.0 346.3 8 13 Urban building permits issued 205.4 268.8 241.1 -24 27 New residential 211.0 243.6 214.2 -13 47 New nonresidential 192.9 297.2 284.2 -35 10 Total industrial production 179.4p 181.8p 179.2 -1 Total nonfarm employment 147.8p 147.4p 147.3 ** ** Manufacturing em ployment 146.1p 145.2p 145.9 1 -5 Total unemployment 117.2 123.0 120.7 5 22 Insured unemployment 106.5 99.2 100.0 7 28 Average weekly earn- ings-manufacturing 158.3p 156.5p 157.0 Average weekly hours- manufacturing 97.8p 97.1 p 98.9 ** p Preliminary. ** Change is less than one half of 1 percent. CRUDE-OIL RUNS TO STILLS, TEXAS Jndez Adjuated for Se..one/ Variation-JH1~IJSt•JOO 350 350 300 300 250 250 200200 150 150 .. . 100 ....,,,,, ' ~ 100 50 so 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 196• 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 NOTE: Shaded area• indicate period• o! decline ol tot.al busineu activity in the United St.at... CRUDE-OIL PRODUCTION, TEXAS 350 uo 300 300 2$0 250 200 150 150 ..I'\. f\ ~p... -"\: TOO v -100 ....... 50 50 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 196• 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 NOTE: Shaded area• indicate period• o! decline ol toU.l bus1neaa activity in the United St.at••· INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION, TEXAS* Index Ad1usted for Season•/ V•t1•t1on-J951-19S9.s 100 3JO r---.--r----.--...---.--.----.--....---.--....---.--.----.----350 300 2JO t---t----lt----t--t----t----lt---t--t---t-___,t---t--1---t--1----1 lJO 2~ t---t----lt----t--!---t---if---t--t---t--l---t--l---4----l---I 200 I~ uo 100 JO ~ t---+--t----t--t----+--t----+--!---t--1---t--1----4----!---I 19'7 19J8 19J9 1960 1961 1962 1963 196' 196J 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 • Man11lacture1 and minen.h (1nclud1n1 crude-oil and natun.1-ga• product1on). NOTE: Shaded area• todtcate pcr1od1 of decllne of total bu11ne11 acuvuy 1n the Untted State•. SOURCE Federal Reserve Ban). of Dallas. corresponding 1970 level in each of the first ten months of this year. Total refining capacity in the state was 3,283,379 barrels a day as of January 1, 1969. This volume was more than 25 percent of total United States refining capacity as of that date, placing Texas in the number-one position among the thirty-nine refining states (including Alaska and Hawaii). Increasing U.S. dependence on imported crude oil may soon be accompanied by increased dependence on imported refined products, including gasoline refined outside of this country. Oil-producing nations intend to expand their refining capacity and to see to it that they earn the higher profits to be obtained from refined products. This will exacerbate our balance-of-payments problem and contribute to our foreign-exchange problems as well as our national-defense problems. BUSINESS-ACTIVITY INDEXES FOR TIVENTY SELECTED TEXAS CITIES r \.djusted season va>:·a io,-1957-1959=100) Percent change Year-to date Year-to average date Oct 1971 1971 Octp Sep average from from City 1971 1971 1971 Sep 1971 1970 Abilene 153.0 156.8 151.6 2 6 Amarillo 225.1 234.6 217.1 4 6 Austin 421.4 449.9 403.1 6 19 Beaumont 171.7 173.9 179.5 1 1 Corpus Christi Corsicana 195.7 160.2 198.6 181.9 197.9 175.3 1 -12 17 6 Dallas 362.6 384.6 360.1 -6 6 El Paso 192.4 204.5 181.7 -6 12 Fort Worth 191.7 233.4 221.6 -18 19 Galveston 130.2 171.9 141.4 -24 6 Houston 318.8 341.8 303.3 -7 9 Laredo 244.1 263.8 273.8 -7 8 Lubbock 185.7 207.5 189.8 -11 8 Port Arthur 116.8 140.9 135.9 -17 14 San Angelo San Antonio 187.0 241.3 197.3 267.9 199.5 251.5 -5 -10 15 14 Texarkana 213.6 228.6 222.1 7 2 Tyler 195.8 197.6 185.7 1 3 Waco 230.3 235.5 216.7 2 8 Wichita Falls 157.3 154.1 149.3 2 11 P Preliminary. DECEMBER 1 971 Total electric-power use in the state declined 3 percent to 319.4 percent of the 1957-1959 average. Industrial power use declined by the same percentage. Both indexes averaged well above 1970 levels for the first ten months of the year. Texas electric-power plants are fueled either by natural gas or, where it is available, by lignite. Our total natural-gas reserves in the state have declined from a peak of 125 .4 trillion cubic feet on December 3 1, 19 7 0. It is not yet certain whether increased incentives to find new gas reserves will be sufficient to provide the needed exploration and discovery. Natural gas is a clean fuel that does not present the kinds of pollution problems provided by other INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION TOTAL MANUFACTURES, TEXAS /nde• Ad;uated for Se.son•/ Var1•t1on-/951-J959 • 100 350 uo 300 300 2JO 250 200 200 ~ uo AA 150 ~ 100 100 .50 50 1957 19'8 19J9 1960 1961 1962 1963 196• 196J 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 NOTE: Sh&ded area• 1nd1cate penod• of decline of total bu11ne• 1 a ct1v1ty in the Un1 u·d State• SOURCE~ Federal Reu:rve Sa.nk of Dalla1 INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION DURABLE MANUFACTURES, TEXAS lnder Ad)l..tsted for SeHon•/ V•rl•tion-1957-1959 • JOO 2JO 1----1--f---+--___,f---+----+--+---+--+---+--+---+--+---+---i 250 uo l--t--l---t---11---+---+--t,_.--:::;;;;/'""-/=t--t--+--t--+--t--f uo .50 1----1--f---+--___,f---+----+--+---+--+---+--+---+--+---+---1 so 19'7 19JI 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 196• 196J 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 NOTE: Shaded area1 lndicate period• of dechne of total bu11ne11 activity in the United States, SOURCE: Federal Re1erve Bank of Dallas. INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION NONDURABLE MANUFACTURES, TEXAS /ndu Adjuded for Seuon•/ V•,,•tion-1951-1959 •JOO 350 300 300 1----1--f---+--___,f---+----+--+---+--+---+--+---+--+---t----1 250 250 1----1--f---+--___,f---+---+--+---+---!---+--+---t---r---t----1 200 200 1----l--f---+--___,f---+---+--+---+--+---+--+---t---r:--:1>...--t ~, ~-" uo uo l--t--l---t---11---+---+-+--:--:-±=+-~=--t--+--t--+-"i__,.......-- _ 100100 t::bj::tj;~~+=t=t=t=+=+=+=t 50 19J7 1958 19'9 1960 1961 1962 1963 196• 196J 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 NOTE: Shaded area.a mdu::ate penod1 of dechne of total bu1tne11 achv1ty 1n the United State•. SOURCE: Federal Ruerve Bank of Dallu 259 mineral fuels, such as production of radioactive spent fuel, which provides a disposal problem. After sprinting to an August peak of 305 .1 percent of its 1957-1959 average the index of total construction authorized has declined to a reduced level of 205.4 percent of its base-period value. Declines in both residential and nonresidential construction authorized caused the drop in the total index. Residential building permits issued declined from an index value of 252.0 percent in August to 211.0 percent in October. Nonresidential permits dropped from 411.8 percent in August to 192.9 percent in October. For the entire United States total building permits issued declined in August and September but rose sharply in October. The prices of most new buildings are exempted from Phase II price controls by the Cost of Living Council. This is expected to buoy new construction during the remainder of the year. Building costs have been rising almost one percent a month. Price controls in the face of these rising costs could present problems, particularly since it is by no means apparent that labor costs will be held to the 5.5-percent goal of the federal Pay Board. Building trade-union contracts have been providing for increases in the neighborhood of 10 percent a year. The recently approved coal miners' union contract provides for raises averaging 10 percent a year over the next three years, about the same as the previous rate of increase in the building trade unions. Total industrial production declined 1 percent in October with allowance for seasonal influences. October declines in nondurable manufactures and in mining offset rises in durable manufactures. During the first ten months of this year the industrial-production index averaged only l percent above that for the same period of 1970. Although the performance of the Texas index of industrial production has been sluggish, it has advanced slightly over January-October 1970 levels. The national index of industrial production has not done as well. For the JanuaryOctober period of this year it has averaged 1 percent below levels for the same period of 1970. Total nonfarm employment in the state during October advanced a fraction of a percentage over that for September. During the first ten months of the year it has remained at virtually the same level that it maintained during PRICES RECEIVED BY FARMERS ALL FARM PRODUCTS, TEXAS lndu Adju.t~d for Sr.a•onal Variation-1910-19J4;;J00 300 t----+---+--+--+--+---+--+---+---+--+---+--t--1---1--~k300 ---~ 200 t---+---t--+--T--t--t--t---+---t--+---+-+---+-+-~ 200 150 t---+---t--+---+--t--t--t---+---t--+---+-+---+-+-~ 150 100 t---+---t--+--t---r--t--t---+---t--+---+-+---+-+-~100 50 t--t-----t--t--+-+--+-t--+-----t-+--+--+--+-+-~ 50 1957 1951 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 NOTE: Shaded area.a 1nd1cate period o! dechne of total bu•1neaa activity 1n the United State• SOURCE: U.S. Department of Agriculture January-October 1970. One of the factors that has held nonfarm employment in the state down has been the decline in the manufacture of transportation equipment. In Texas this industry consists in large part of establishments in defense-oriented manufacture of aircraft and parts. Employment in establishments manufacturing aircraft and parts dropped from 63,000 in October of last year to 43,000 in October of this year. Cutbacks in defense expenditures and phasing-out of old production contracts brought in this decline. The loss of these high-paying jobs had a negative effect on service industries and on related manufacturing activities in the communities in which these plants are located. For many years population in Texas has grown at a rate above the national average. A high rate of population growth combined with a sluggish economy means increased unemployment. Total unemployment during the first ten months of this year averaged 22 percent above the level of 1970. A high rate of activity in construction was not enough to offset a low rate of growth of manufacturing activity. Manufacturing employment alone averaged 5 percent below the January-October 1970 level. ·The effects of manufacturing unemployment inevitably spread to the nonmanufacturing sectors. Average weekly earnings in manufacturing averaged 5 percent above 1970 earnings during the first ten months of this year. This increase was only slightly above the 4.5-percent increase in the Consumer Price Index. Inflation consumed the wage gains of manufacturing workers, leaving them with virtually no increase in purchasing power. Average weekly earnings in October increased 1 percent. This increase was due to a 1-percent increase in hours worked in manufacturing, as the· Phase I freeze prevented increases in hourly rates of pay. The sluggishness of the Texas economy in September, with eight of the significant barometers of Texas business activity showing declines and two showing no gains, continued into October, with major indexes showing declines or no gains. Future progress depends upon the effects of Phase II in generating public confidence that will lead consumers to spend more and business to expand its level of operations. Powerful influences are being exerted against continued restraint. It should be remembered that the history of nations with uncontrolled inflation has been resulting economic disaster. TOTAL UNEMPLOYMENT, TEXAS /nde.. Adj u ated for S e•son•/ Vat1at1on-1951 · 1959 • 100 350 350 300 300 250 250 200 200 150 150 ,. /\ v--~ .,,, \'\ _, "'-. fl' 'i-1 ' 100 100 ~ ..;.../ """\J 6' ~ A. .. fl. . 50 ..,, 50 " Y'ivvv 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 SOURCE: Ten• Employment Commua1on. Data adJu•ted for aeasonal variation by the Bureau o! 8uaine •• Resear ch. NOTE: Shaded a rea.a indicate period• of decline of total buai.nue activity tn the United Statu AGING TEXANS: PROBLEMS OF ACCIDENT AND HEALTH Graham Blackstock* Although public sentiment and public policy are tending more and more toward the development of measures which will help older Texans maintain their independence, or a degree of self-sufficiency, in their home environments, rather than being institutionalized, often the circumstances of aging bring physical disabilities which require hospitalization or residence in a nursing or custodial home. Accidents among the Aging Texas Senior Citizens Accident Study A frequent cause of institutionalization among older citizens is accident. In an effort to ascertain "how, where, why, and to what extent older persons are involved in injury accidents" the Texas Safety Association undertook for the Governor's Committee on Aging a survey of physicians, hospitals, and older Texans. The Texas Medical Association, the Texas Hospital Association, and the Texas Nurses' Association assisted in the development of the questionnaires and urged the cooperation of their memberships in the conduct of the survey. Mature women volunteers, after careful briefing, interviewed the older citizens. General Findings In addition to gathering information on the various aspects of accidents included in the survey, the study revealed areas where additional research is needed for more detailed and more specific data. Besides identifying causes of accidents and circumstances conducive to their occur rence, the study also indicated areas where accidental injuries to persons over sixty-five are not significant. The findings of the survey should be generally useful in the development of accident-prevention programs for the aging. The survey data show that one out of every seven persons in the over-sixty-five population of Texas suffered injury from accident during the twelve-month period of the survey. On the basis of available population statistics the total of such accidents comes to 144,627. Women sustained injuries at a rate of two for every one male. * The author is deeply g.ateful to several individuals and agencies for the facts, and many of the ideas, presented in this article: Mr. J. Watt Hornburg, director of the Division of Nursing and Convalescent Homes in the Texas Department of Health; Mr. Elmo L. Fischer, executive director of the Texas Association of Homes for the Aging; Mr. Calvin N. Preece, director of the Texas Safety Association; Mr. Sid Rich, director of the Texas Nursing Home Association. Factors Contributing to Accidents Basic to the occurrence of accidents among older people is general debility, the inevitable accompaniment of advancing age, and the contributing factor most often named by respondents, both men and women. Second in preva·lence as a factor, among both males and females, is illness, or disease. These two factors alone are involved in 58.45 percent of the reports for women. Good general health, seemingly, would greatly reduce the incidence of accidents. The facts that physical handicap was the fourth-most prevalent contributing factor among women in the survey, but seventh in frequency among men, and that women's reports listing physical handicap as a factor were 3.64 times the number for men, are interpreted as indication that physical handicap is a greater accident problem for women than for men. Although more than twice as many reports were submitted on women as on men, two reports for men for every one for women listed intoxication as a con tributing factor; this factor was lowest in prevalence for women and fourth-most-prevalent for men. Statistics on the prevalence of various contributing factors for men and women are presented in the accompanying table. Table 1 FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO ACCIDENTS AMONG THE AGING, BY SEX TEXAS, 1969 Male Female Percent Percent total male total female Factor Total Number accidents Number accidents 284 39.83 Illness and disease 244 76 25.68 168 23.56 Eyesight Debility 381 97 32.77 133 33 11.15 100 14.03 Physical handicap 79 17 5.74 62 8.70 Mental 59 20 6.76 39 5.47 Medication 32 10 3.38 22 3.09 Intoxication 37 26 8.78 11 1.54 Drugs 5 2 .07 3 .04 39 15 5.07 24 3.37 Others TOTALS 1,009 296 99.40 713 99.63 Source: Texas Safety Association, Texas Senior Citizens Accident Study, p. 39. Type of Accident The survey classified accidents by type, as Home, Traffic, Work, and Other (a catchall for a minor segment which includes accidents in public places). The largest group by far, for both men and women, was accidents in DECEMBER 1 971 the home. With 48.92 percent of all accidents to men and 68.63 percent of all accidents to women falling in this category, the findings indicate that this area should receive further study for specific, effective accident prevention. Traffic accounted for a large share of the accident injuries to both men and women in the over-sixty-five age bracket, second only to home accidents. Nearly one fourth of such traffic accidents involved the victims as pedestrians. For the general population during 1969 only 1.35 percent of traffic injuries happened to pedestrians, a startling difference in rate which indicates that a comprehensive pedestrian safety program is needed for Texans sixty-five and older. Place of Occurrence Although some overlapping occurs in the survey's categories for type of accident and for place of occurrence, data from the two breakdowns are compatible, with the home as the place of occurrence for the largest number of accidents involving older people, and streets and highways the scene of the second-largest number of accidents. A large majority of home accidents occurred in urban residences, a not surprising fact in view of population distribution. Considerably smaller numbers of accidents occurred in Table 2 ACCIDENTS INVOLVING PERSONS SIXTY-FIVE YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN TEXAS, 1969 Male Female Total Type of accident Traffic 217 202 419 Home 410 1,155 1,565 Work 77 24 101 Other (mainly "public") 39 59 98 All types 743 1,440 2,183 Place of occurrence Street or highway 224 225 449 Farm home 94 116 210 Urban home 286 767 1,053 Public building 43 106 149 Industrial premise 31 5 36 Other 7 24 31 All places 685 1,243 1,928 Cause of accident Traffic collision 162 147 309 Power mower or tools 51 7 58 Electric current Drowning 0 1 1 Fire 17 17 34 Hot substance 2 8 10 Firearms 6 2 8 Falls 299 1,003 1,302 Poisoning 3 4 7 Suffocation 2 4 6 Excessive heat 2 2 4 Excessive cold 3 4 All causes 547 1,196 1,743 Severity of injury Fatalities 43 42 85 Incapacitation (varying duration) 265 588 853 · · · No data, or inadequate basis for reporting. Source: Compiled from Tables 10-27, Texas Safety Association Texas Senior Citizens Accident Study, pp. 41-61. ' public buildings and complexes, in industrial areas, and in miscellaneous locations. Causes ofAccident In agreement with the data on type of accident and place of occurrence relative to frequency of incidence, the two most often listed causes of accidents were falls (most commonly in the home) and traffic collisions (on streets and highways). Most frequently listed of all was falls, nearly 40 percent for men and over 50 percent for women. An interesting revelation of the survey was the fact that two kinds of falls-bathtub and stairs-popularly considered the dominant types of falls among the elderly, contributed only in small measure to the total number of falls. Among men not quite 5.03 percent of the total falls occurred in bathtubs and 4.02 on stairs; among women bathtub falls were 3.84 percent and stair falls were 6.18 percent of total falls. Thus, contrary to popular opinion, about 90 percent of total falls for both men and women were attributable to other causes. Some discrepancies among the data for number of traffic accidents classified as to type of accident, as to place of occurrence, and as to cause of accident are explainable semantically, according to the directors of the survey, on the basis of differences of meaning attached to the words "collision" and "traffic accident." Parts of the Body Injured Survey findings reveal that multiple injuries are very common. An average of 1.4 parts of the body per accident was reported by men, an average of 1.3 parts of the body, by women. With both men and women the hip was the part reported injured most often, being involved in nearly 11 percent of the injuries to men and in more than 20 percent of the injuries to women. With falls the major cause of accidents, a high percentage of hip injuries is almost inevitable. No clearly discernible reasons for a large percentage of head injuries-10.20 percent for men and 6.91 percent for women-emerged from the study, unless head injuries are associated in high degree with falls. Nature ofInjuries The most frequently reported injuries were fractures, lacerations, and contusions, with fractures ranking as most frequent for both men (29.55 percent) and women (47.08 percent). For men the second-most-frequent injury was lacerations (29 .44 percent); for women it was contusions (20.11 percent). No reason for this diversity in pattern for men and women was discernible from the study. Texas total cash receipts in 1970 from all groups of agricultural commodities were $3,136,861,000, of which $1,945 ,754,000 came from livestock products and $1,191,116,000 from crops. Severity ofInjury Reports indicated that 5 .13 percent of accidents involving males sixty-five or older resulted in death, 2.5 percent of those involving females. Incapacitation in some degree (one day to permanent) was reported for 265 men and 588 women, but for various reasons the time element in the disability cases was not specifically indicated, although requested. Nursing and Custodial H omes When older Texans, as a result of accident or deterio rating health, are no longer able to maintain themselves in the independence of their individual homes, they can find care and security in nursing and custodial homes. These institutions in Texas are predominantly privately owned, only 10 percent being nonprofit nonproprietary establishments. Since 1953, when the Nursing Home Licensing Law was enacted, they have operated under state regulation. Licenses are obtained through the Division of Nursing and Convalescent Homes of the Texas State Department of Health after the nursing or custodial home has passed inspection for meeting the minimum standards set by the Texas Board of Health. Applications for initial license, which must be in affidavit form, are issued in close cooperation with local health officers and city fire mar shals. Nursing and custodial homes are important elements in the two major government health-care programs, Medicare and Medicaid. In an effort to reduce health-care costs and to leave space in hospital facilities for patients who need more intensive care than nursing homes provide, Medicare makes use of extended-care facilities which meet Medicare standards. Extended-care facilities (ECF's) are nursing homes which offer the combination of services needed in postoperative and recuperative treatment, formerly available only in hospitals, thus serving as half way houses between hospital and home. These facilities can operate for a fourth the daily patient charge of hospitals (now $100 in some localities) because they do not have the expense of purchasing, maintaining, and operating the critical equipment which hospitals must keep available but which nursing-care patients do not need. With health-care costs rising rapidly, and recognized as the most inflationary segment of the economy, nursing homes thus possess a high potential for assisting in the fight against inflation. Since 65-70 percent of Texas residents qualify for Medicaid, licensed nursing and custodial homes must meet the standards for participation in that program. For such patients monthly vendor payments are made by the Texas Welfare Department directly to the home. Classification of the homes and of the patients is required. Three categories of these institutions are recognized under Medicaid: skillednursing-care homes, which provide intense, twenty-fourhour nursing care for the very sick, with supervision by a registered nurse, and with licensed vocational nurses, at least, in charge of all shifts; Intermediate 3 nursing homes, which provide moderate-level care for patients whose needs are not so great, with supervision by licensed vocational nurses, but with direct services by aides and orderlies; and Intermediate 2 nursing homes, or custodial homes, which are not actually nursing homes, for residents who need no nursing care, but only assistance in daily personal hygiene and routine living. The three types of institution have different sets of requirements, to accord with their varying functions, an'd if the same home offers facilities for residents in two, or all three, of the classifications it must provide architecturally separate physical plant and separate staff for each. An interagency contract between the Texas Health and the Texas Welfare Departments requires frequent surveys as a continuing check on fulfilment of Welfare requirements, both as to physical conditions and medical and nursing services (quarterly) and as to compliance with Title 6 of the Social Security Act relative to civil rights (at least annually). As of June 30, 1971 , 8 91 licensed nursing and custodial homes, with 66,583 beds, were operating in Texas: 797 nursing homes, with 56,393 beds; 94 custodial-care homes, with 10, 190 beds. Since 1960 more new nursing homes have been built in Texas than in any other state, the number of such facilities having nearly doubled between 1960 and 1965. They are built mostly with conventional funds, since the federal agencies which would make loans, such as the Federal Housing Administration and the Small Business Administration, set up standards which make amortization extremely difficult. The relatively few FHAassisted homes is apparent from the fact that only 68 such homes from the entire Southwest participated in a 1969 survey made by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. The average cost of a Texas nursing-home bed in a home built with conventional funds is between $3,000 and $3,500; with FHA or SBA funds the cost is about $6,000. Monthly Welfare payments authorized per resident as of June 30, 1971, were $405 for skilled-nursingcare homes, $305 for moderate-nursing-care (Intermediate 3) homes, and $236 for custodial homes. HUD Survey of FHA-Assisted Nursing Homes A national survey of FHA-assisted nursing homes, made as of January 15, 1969, by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, provides interesting facts for a comparison of the nursing-home situation in the Southwest with that in other regions of the country. Data for the Southwest can be accepted as fairly representative of Texas in most aspects. Location and Size ofHomes in the Survey Four hundred FHA-assisted nursing homes across the country participated in the survey, although not all filled in every blank in the questionnaire. The study was detailed and wide, eliciting information on vacancies, characteristics of patients, cost per patient per day, monthly charges per bed, and other related aspects. The resulting data were analyzed and compared on the basis of the six numbered HUD regions: I. Northeast, II. Mid-Atlantic, III. Southeast, IV. North Central, V. Southwest, and VI. West. At that time the 400 participating nursing homes provided 37 ,548 beds and serviced 32,610 patients. They were located in forty-six states and the District of Columbia, with 70 percent of the nursing homes and 77 percent of the beds in metropolitan areas, and 30 percent of the homes and 23 percent of the beds in nonmetropolitan areas. These ratios reveal that nursing homes were larger in metropolitan areas, where they averaged 102 beds, than in nonmetropolitan areas, where the average was 74 beds. The overall nursing-home average, regardless of location, was 94 beds. In the Southwest the 68 homes averaged 105 beds each (11 beds larger than the national average), with metropolitan homes averaging 127 beds (25 beds larger) and those in nonmetropolitan areas averaging 70 beds ( 4 beds smaller). Characteristics ofPatients Age distribution. The median age of nursing-home patients was closely consistent among all six districts, clustering between 78.2 and 79.9 years. The national median age was 79.1; that of the Southwest was 78.8. This difference of less than a year in median age was produced by an age distribution in which the Southwest had slightly larger percentages than the national ratios for patients in the younger age brackets, and slightly smaller percentages in the older age brackets, the only exception occurring in the 75-79 age bracket, where 22.5 percent of patients in the Southwest fell, as against 21.8 percent for the nation. Generally, fewer than 5 percent were below 60 (Southwest, 6.5 percent); 7.6 percent were in their nineties (Southwest, 7.1 percent); and the highest concentrations were in the 75-79-year bracket (nation, 21.8 percent; Southwest, 22.5 percent) and the 80-84-year bracket (nation, 22.2 percent; Southwest, 21.9 percent). Sex distribution. The total number of patients for whom sex was reported in the survey were divided in a ratio of 28.2 men to 71.8 women. In the Southwest the proportion of men was very slightly larger, 29.2 men to 70.8 women. No reason was given in the report on the survey for this dramatically wide gap between these two segments of the nursing-home population. Two causes probably influence the ratio: the greater longevity of women and the fact that with older couples the wife often is able to care for an invalid husband or relative at home, whereas the husband generally is not competent in such care. Racial distribution. Across the nation races were represented in the nursing homes in a proportion of 93.6 percent whites, 4.6 percent blacks, 0.3 percent American Indians, 0.7 percent Spanish Americans, 0.5 percent Orientals, and 0.3 percent other races. As would be expected, the percentage of whites in the nursing homes of the Southwest (91.7) was reduced by increased components of blacks ( 4.9 percent), American Indians ( 1 percent-largest percentage of the six regions), and Spanish Americans ( 1.8 percentlargest percentage of the six regions). Patients of Oriental descent in the Southwest were too few to be recorded in significant percentage, under 0.05 percent. Stage of illness of patients. More than two thirds (67.0 percent) of nursing-home patients in the national survey were chronically ill, with slightly less than a third (33.0 percent) convalescent. Patients in the Southwest were slightly healthier (65. 7 percent chronically ill; 34.3 convalescent). The data for mobility of patients aren't very significant, since definitions of "ambulatory patient" vary greatly from institution to institution. Period of residency. The average period of residency as reported by the participating homes ranged from less than three months to more than two years, a range reflecting wide variations in the type of patient for which the homes provide facilities. The median for all regions was 6.6 months, with a spread from 4. 7 months in the Northeast to 8.4 months in the Southwest. Periods of residency for Medicare patients were considerably shorter than for all patients, the median for reporting homes being 1.8 months (Southwest, 1.9 months), with remarkable similarity in length of period for all six regions in a range from 1.6 to 1.9 months. On an overall basis 27.8 percent of Medicare patients admitted exhausted their benefits, but 48.5 percent of those who lost their benefits stayed on under some other financial arrangement. In the Southwest a smaller proportion (21.1 percent) remained long enough to exhaust the Medicare benefits, but a larger proportion (56.7 percent) remained after losing them. Distance of residence from nursing home. Slightly more than five sixths (83.8 percent) of the total number of patients for whom distance of residence from the nursing home was reported lived within twenty-five miles of the home. Perhaps the more greatly diffused population and the broader expanses of space in the Southwest reduced that proportion to 78.4 percent, the smallest ratio of all the regions. Nationally 10.7 percent lived between twenty-five and fifty miles from the nursing home (Southwest, 13.8 percent); 5.5 percent lived fifty or more miles away (Southwest, 7.8 percent). Patten t-employee ratios. Since the ratio between total patients and total number of employees is usually an accurate index to the quality of service, this relationship can be meaningful. Across the nation total employees with the participating nursing homes were 86.8 percent of total patients. Four regions had somewhat lower ratios: Southeast (85.8 percent), North Central (84.2 percent), Southwest (82.4 percent), and West (79.3 percent). The higher ratios in the Northeast (96.1 percent) and Mid-Atlantic (99.5 percent) regions lifted the national ratio closer to the generally accepted rule-of-thumb standard of one employee for each patient. Because of the extended dry weather in 1970-1971 final estimate for the total combined winter wheat crop in Texas and Oklahoma is less than 100 million bushels. Cost of Operation The HUD survey collected data on the cost of operating nursing homes in eight categories. The total of these costs, averaged on a per-patient per-day basis, ranged from $10.00 to more than $25.00. The total U.S. average daily cost for one patient was $15.78. Three regions operated on a lower average daily cost per patient, the Southwest at the lowest rate of all, $13.3 5; three operated on a higher daily cost, the Northeast having the highest rate, at $20.82. The median daily cost per patient for the Southwest was $12.28, in a spread of medians from that low to a high of $20.00 in the Northeast. The national median was $15.21. Nursing homes in the Southwest followed rather closely the national distribution of cost by category: administration, 14.8 percent (Southwest, 12.9 percent); plant, 9 .8 percent (Southwest, 9.4 percent); housekeeping, 5.5 percent (Southwest, 5.2 percent); nursing care, 36.2 percent (Southwest, 37.4 percent); food, 15.2 percent (Southwest, 15.6 percent); interest payments, 6.5 percent (Southwest, 7.5 percent); taxes, 4.4 percent (Southwest, 5.2 percent); and other costs, 7.6 percent (Southwest, 6.8 percent). Homes in the Southwest allotted a significantly smaller share only to administration. Somewhat surprisingly, their tax load took .8 percent more of total costs than did the national average, and their interest payments accounted for a full percent more of total costs. Although the median daily nursing-care cost per patient in the Southwest constituted a larger share of total daily cost per. patient than did the national median, this cost factor for homes in the Southwest ($4.45) was lower than that for the nation ($5.60) and was the lowest of the six regional medians, which ranged to $7. 7 0, in the Northeast. Charges per Patient Monthly patterns. In each establishment monthly charges per patient varied with the type of accommodation provided and its SMSA or non-SMSA location. Of the 32,610 patients in FHA nursing homes on the middle of January 1969, 10 percent were in private rooms, 70 percent were in semiprivate (two-bed) rooms, and 20 percent were in wards (three or more beds). With monthly charges for a bed ranging from less than $200 to more than $900, the median charge for the national total was $453 per month per bed; for a private room it was $610; for a bed in a semiprivate room it was $451 ; and for a ward bed it was $413. Median charges for beds in homes located in metropolitan areas were considerably higher: $ 4 7 4 overall, $650 for private rooms, $472 for a bed in a semiprivate room, and $427 for a bed in a ward. Median monthly charges for beds in homes in nonmetropolitan areas were lower than national average medians by wider marginsfrom $62 lower for a ward bed ($356), to $173 lower for a private room ($437), with semiprivate beds ($ 363) down by $88 and the overall median ($367) down by $86. Thus median charges for beds in nonmetropolitan areas overall were three fourths the average median charge for a bed in the SMSA's; for private beds the median charge was two thirds that in the SMSA's; for semiprivate beds it was three fourths the SMSA charge; for ward beds it was four fifths the SMSA charge. Gaps between charges in SMSA and non-SMSA homes increased with increased expensiveness of the accommodation. The range in median monthly charges among the six HUD regions was from the Southwest's low of $349 to the Northeast's high of $684. Source of payment. Payments of charges for nursing home beds came from various sources-private funds ( 45 percent), Welfare payments (18.7 percent), Medicare (23.4 percent), Medicaid ( 11.6 percent), and other sources, including Veterans Administration ( 1.3 percent). Median monthly charges per bed classified according to principal source of payment and SMSA-non-SMSA location offer some interesting comparisons: Table 3 PAYMENT OF NURSING-HOME CHARGES (Median monthly charges) Principal source of payment Location Total of all Private Welfare homes sources funds payments Medicare Medicaid Other All homes $453 $461 $314 $556 $435 $437 Metropolitan areas $474 $477 $336 $573 $463 $448 Nonmetropolitan areas $367 $383 $276 $481 $369 $421 Source: Compiled from U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Survey of FHA-Assisted Nursing Homes, Tables 25-27, pp. 38-40. The regional distribution of patients in FHA nursing homes on the basis of principal source of payment suggests that the relatively lower income levels in the Southwest are an important factor in the financing of nursing-home charges (Table 4). The percentages of patients who met the monthly charges through public-assistance funds, such as Medicaid and Welfare, were greater in the Southwest than in the ·national totals; and the percentages making use of sources which required a fairly high level of personal income, such as private funds and Medicare, were smaller in the Southwest. Increasing rates. Comparison of charges as reported in the HUD survey of _January 15, 1969, and those of a similar survey made as of December 15, 1967, thirteen months earlier, reveals conclusive evidence of the rapid rate at which health costs are spiraling. Overall increases occurred in the medians of national averages for all categories. The national median for the average monthly charge, regardless of type of accommodation, rose 12.4 percent, from $403 to $453. For private rooms charges rose 10.3 percent, from $ 5 5 3 to $ 610; for semiprivate rooms, 11.4 percent, from $405 to $451; for wards, a surprising 18.7 percent, from $348 to $413. The relatively larger increase for ward beds was explained in large part as the result of the construction of new ward facilities, to accommodate the 28-percent growth in the number of ward patients during 1968, with only a 15-percent gain in the total number of patients. This Table 4 PATIENT DISTRIBUTION ACCORDING TO PRINCIPAL SOURCE OF PAYMENT Private HUD region Total funds Total 100.0 45.0 Metropolitan 77.3 35.5 Nonmetropolitan 22.7 9.5 Southwest 100.0 39.5 Metropolitan 74.0 31.3 Nonmetropolitan 26.0 8.2 BY HUD REGION Percentage distribution of payment Median monthly Welfare Medicare Medicaid Other charge 18.7 23.4 11.6 1.3 $453 12.9 19.0 8.9 1.0 474 5.8 4.4 2.7 0.3 367 24.3 17.2 17.9 1.1 $349 14.9 14.7 12.2 0.9 376 9.4 2.5 5.7 0.2 318 Source: Data from U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Survey ofFHA-Assisted Nursing Homes, Table 31, p. 44. disproportionate growth in the number of ward patients is still further evidence of increasing health-care costs, which are driving more patients to relatively less expensive accommodations. In response to a query relative to priorities among leading causes of rising costs, and thus increasing charges, 89.4 percent of 349 homes ranked salaries and wages first as a cause; only 0.6 percent failed to place this category of cost among the first three causes. Department of Labor estimates indicated that the increased minimum wage, effective February 1, 1969, would add 2.8 percent to nursing-home monthly payroll costs. Most of the homes which did not consider salaries and wages the No. 1 cause of rising costs (8.2 percent) ranked in first place increased staff, a cost category which makes a second factor in increasing payrolls. A large majority ( 60.3 percent) placed additional staff among the top three causes of rising costs. In the Southwest rising pay was placed first by a larger proportion (90.9 percent), all the other homes in the region placing it second, and increased staff was ranked first by 7 .6 percent, and among the first three by a total of 5 4.5 percent. No other category approached those two in frequency of placement among the top three causes: nationally food costs were ranked first by 0.6 percent of the responding homes, second-and third-place ratings bringing the total to 71.4 percent (Southwest 0.0 and 81.8 percent); medical supplies received 0.3 percent of first-place ratings, with a total of 21.8 percent including second-and third-place positions (Southwest 0.0 and 25.8 percent); other supplies were rated 0.0 and 7. 7 percent (Southwest 0.0 and 6.1 percent); taxes were rated 0.3 and 24.9 percent (Southwest 0.0 and 18.2 percent); insurance was rated 0.0 and 2.9 percent (Southwest 0.0 and 0.0 percent); improvements to facilities were rated 0.6 and 8.9 percent (Southwest 0.0 and 9.1 percent); and the catchall category for remaining costs, in which Medicare administration was most frequently specified, was rated in first place by 0.6 percent, with second-and third-place rankings bring the total to 2.7 percent (Southwest 1.5 and 4.5 percent). Services included. Practice varied greatly in the provision of twelve questionnaire-listed services and facilities for were available in all homes-medications, wheel chairs, hand feeding, and continence care-a group most likely to be needed by aging patients even though not suffering from critical illness. The ratio of homes making extra charges for these universally available services and facilities ranged from 91.1 percent charging extra for medications to 28.6 percent charging extra for hand feeding. Similarly broad ranges existed with most of the other listed services. It is obvious from Table 6 that the cost of health care for aging residents in a nursing home is appreciably larger than the regular basic monthly charge. Major Problem Area for the Aging And it is obvious also that the increasing costs of such health care create a crucial problem for many older Texans, especially for those whom circumstances force into nursing homes. In the economic scale many lie between those with incomes sufficiently ample to meet their own bills for health care and those with incomes sufficiently meager to qualify for assistance from government agencies. Those in Table 5 INCREASED MONTIILY CHARGES FHA-ASSISTED NURSING HOMES DECEMBER 15, 1967-JANUARY 15, 1969 Median monthly charge Dec. 15 Jan. 15 Percent Characteristic 1967 1969 increase All patients $403 $453 12.4 By principal source of payment Private funds 419 461 10.0 Welfare 294 314 6.8 Medicare 490 556 13.5 Medicaid 397 435 9.6 Other 373 437 17.2 By type of accommodation Private rooms 553 610 10.3 Semiprivate rooms 405 451 11.4 Wards 348 413 18.7 which information was supplied by 395 responding nursing Source: Adapted from U.S. Department of Housing and Urban homes, and in custom as to charges. Only four of the twelve Development, Survey ofFHA-Assisted Nursing Homes, p. 10. this in-between group are the ones whose life savings are ESTIMATES OF NONAGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT threatened by the health problems of age. IN TFXAS With those qualifying for government aid the burden is merely shifted from the shoulders of the patient to the Employment __P_e_rc_e_n_t_ch_an_g_e__ shoulders of the taxpayer, who is already carrying ponderOctP Oct 1971 Oct 1971 1971 from from ously heavy burdens. The questions seem to be How can Industry {thousands) Sep 1971 Oct 1970 health-care costs be reduced? How can they be best met? Total nonagricultural This problem was the focus of much serious considera employment 3,670.2 ** tion during the week of November 28 in the sessions of the Manufacturing 706.9 ** 2 second White House Conference on Aging. It undoubtedly Durable goods 372.8 ** 4 will command the careful, even anxious, attention of Lumber and wood products 22.2 ** 5 Congress. Furniture and fixtures 17.7 5 Table 6 Stone, clay, and glass products 30.0 1 SELECTED SERVICES OR FACILITIES Primary-metal industries 34.2 1 IN FHA NURSING HOMES Fabricated-metal products 54.7 1 Machinery, except electrical 68.2 ** 1 Number of homesl Percentage distribution Oil-field machinery 27.6 ** 4 Available Available Electrical machinery and equipment 45.3 ** -11 Not Extra extra Not Extra extra Transportation equipment 71.4 1 -17 Service or facility available charge charge available charge charge Aircraft and parts 43.0 -2 -32 Oxygen S 358 32 1.3 90.6 8.1 Instruments and related Laboratory 101 286 8 25.6 72.4 2.0 products 14.1 ** 6 X-ray 157 234 4 39.8 1.0 No No 59.2 Other durable goods 15.0 -1 2 Medications 360 35 91.1 8.9 Wheel chairs 188 207 47 .6 52.4 Nondurable goods 334.1 ** ** Walkers 185 208 0.5 46.8 52.7 Food and kindred products 86.5 1 Hand feeding 113 282 28.6 71.4 Incontinence care 154 241 39.0 61.0 Meat products 17.5 ** 4 Occupational therapy 84 99 212 21.2 25.1 53.7 Textile-mill products 6.5 ** 8 Physical therapy 43 311 41 10.9 78.7 10.4 Apparel and fabricated Personal laundry service 2 7 186 182 6.8 47.1 46.1 textiles 64.5 ** 4 Television-each room 187 128 80 47.3 32.4 20.3 Paper and allied products 16.3 -1 4 1 Reports from 395 nursing homes. Printing and publishing 41.6 1 2 ... No data, or inadequate basis for reporting. Source : U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Survey of Chemicals and allied products 62.6 ** 3 FHA-Assisted Nursing Homes, p. 47. Industrial chemicals 35.3 ** 2 Petroleum and coal products 38.9 ** 1 Other nondurable goods 17.2 -1 4 TOTAL NONAGRICULTURAL ** Nonmanufacturing 2,963.3 2 EMPLOYMENT, TEXAS Mining 102.5 2 lafles Atlj..tefl J•r SeHoael J'ariadoa -l957-19S9s.JOO 350 350 Crude petroleum and natural gas 96.1 2 300 300 Contract construction 211.0 3 250 250 Transportation 148.5 2 3 Communication 54.7 ** 200 200 Public utilities 48.3 ** 2 150 uo i..--..... Trade 907.2 ** 3 100 100 Wholesale trade 264.3 ** 3 Retail trade 642.9 ** 3 50 50 Building materials, hardware, and farm equipment 34.2 1 4 General merchandise 137.0 2 2 ~ 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 196• 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 Food stores 105.0 1 3 NOTE: Shaded areas indicate pc.nods of dcchnc of lotaJ business activity in the United States. SOURCE: Texas Employment Commtss.ion. Dai111 ad1usted for seasonal variation by the Bureau of Business Research. Automotive dealers and service stations 96.5 ** MANUFACTURING EMPLOYMENT, TEXAS Apparel and accessories 39.8 ** 3 Other retail trade 230.4 -1 3 uo------.--.--...----.--..--~--r--r--.-~-..,--,--,350 Finance, insurance, and real JOO JOO estate 199.9 ** 3 Banking 51.1 ** 2 250 250 Services 603.6 ** 2 200 200 Hotels and lodging places 39.0 -4 2 Laundries and cleaners 31.3 -1 5 IJO 150 '-- Other services 533.3 ** 3 ,_ ~ 100 100 Government 687.6 2 3 Federal 158.6 ** 1 50 50 P Preliminary. 1957 1951 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 196• 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 * * Change is less than one half of 1 percent. NOTE: Shaded a.re:a• indlcate period• o{ dcchnc of total bu•1neu activity in the United St.ate.a. Source: Texas Employment Commission in cooperation with the SOURCE: Texas Employment Commiuion. Data adjusted !or sea•onal varlation by the Bureau of Bus iness Research. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. 267 DECEMBER 1971 INDUSTRIAL GROWTH IN TEXAS* Governor Preston Smith It is indeed a privilege for us to host this fourth annual Governor's Industrial Expansion Awards Luncheon and to take part in honoring the more than 19,000 industries which make up our Texas manufacturing family. Today, Texas industry produces more than 8,500 products in nearly all of the more than 400 different types of industrial plants which are classified by the United States Bureau of the Budget. Texas industry accounts for more than 4 percent of the total value added by American industry and more than 5.5 percent of the value of all U.S. products exported. Nearly four out of every one hundred manufacturing jobs in the United States are held by Texans, and that adds up to more than $4.5 billion in wages annually. Texas industries each year account for more than 6 percent of the nation's total capital expenditures for new plants and equipment. It is fitting, therefore, that through this conference we recognize our Texas industries for the increasingly significant contributions they have made toward the building of modern-day Texas. This conference, however, has become more-a forum through which we can come together from throughout this state to take an in-depth look at what we as leaders of government, private industry, and citizens of Texas can do to insure the continued and dynamic growth of Texas industry. A year ago, at this conference, we were concerned that our Texas industry did not have available the same tools to finance industrial expansion which nearly every other state had. As Jim Harwell has noted, we made significant strides in the last session of the Legislature to better aid industry in financing expansion in Texas. Within the last year we have also done much to expand Texas' position in international trade. Indeed, it was our pleasure to officially open the first Foreign Trade Office of the State of Texas in Mexico City early this month. Through this Office the Texas Industrial Commission will work with each and every Texas manufacturer who desires to develop new markets throughout Mexico, which has a potential market for more than $2 billion in Texas products. Soon after the first of the year the United States government will follow suit by opening the first World Trade Center in the Western Hemisphere in that same city. For Texas manufacturers this will mean the opportunity, working through our Industrial Commission, to participate in well-planned industrial trade shows attended by potential buyers of their products. To further stimulate the sale of Texas-manufactured products abroad, the Commission will use this Mexico City office as a base for an expanded *Remarks by Governor Preston Smith at the Governor's Conference on Industrial Expansion, Municipal Auditorium, Austin, Texas, October 14, 197 1. program of foreign-trade missions throughout Latin America. We will continue to expand this type of service to Texas industries-hopefully through additional offices in Europe and Japan in the coming years-for we see it as a golden opportunity to enhance corporate opportunities and to stimulate the creation of new jobs in Texas communities. There are many ways in which we can aid in the expansion of local industries. One of the most important is by providing vitality in municipal services-by insuring that our communities have adequate police protection, fire protection, health and medical facilities, and all of the other services which make a community a natural base for industrial expansion. At our request the Legislature, in its latest session, created the new Department of Community Affairs as a part of the Office of the Governor. Through this new agency we at the state level will commit additional resources and expertise to aid local leaders build better communities. It is vitally important for us to recognize that Texas' industrial growth is predominantly from within. In addition to the expansion of plants which are already located in Texas, 23 percent of the new plants we attract each year are branch plants of Texas companies. More than one of every seven Texas companies is a multiplant operation with plants in a number of communities. Only 12 percent of our new plants each year are branch plants of nationally headquartered companies. Even more significant is the fact that 64 percent of our new plants in Texas are completely new enterprises. There is no doubt that in the years to come winners of this Governor's Industrial Expansion Award will be from among those new companies which are being organized this very year. Fully recognizing our great potential, the Texas Industrial Commission has entered into a pilot program to provide direct assistance to growing Texas industries. This program began a little more than a year ago with pilot projects in three Texas cities-San Antonio, Fort Worth, and Odessa. Though the program is just beginning, a number of companies have already been aided. From this nucleus we hope to build a highly specialized and technical staff within the Industrial Commission to aid industry-in the development of new markets, the training of plant workers, and a myriad of other aspects of management so vital to success and profitable growth. The expansion of industry is indeed vital to our state, for it is through the expansion of industry, particularly in our smaller communities and rural areas, that we have our greatest opportunity to attain balanced growth in our state. Not only is this important on the state level, but also important on the national level. During the recent National Governors' Conference in Puerto Rico we sponsored a resolution, which passed by a vote of 48-2, urging Congress to provide tax incentives to industry for location in our smaller cities and towns. At the state level we are also exploring new ways to solve the problem of too much unplanned growth, at too fast a rate, in our urban areas. That this problem needs to be solved is brought forcefully home by the fact that in the last decade 72 percent of our total population growth occurred in only 3 Texas counties. On the other hand, we have 64 Texas counties, or approximately one quarter, which have consistently lost population in each census since 1930. The economy of these 64 counties has historically been related to agriculture-in 1930 some 227,000 people were employed in agriculture in these counties. Today, fewer than 61,000 people in these same counties earn their living on the farm. This represents a loss of more than 165,000 jobs in basic income-producing industry. This is particularly significant in light of the fact that fewer than 300,000 Texans are engaged in agricultural employment today. In addition to these 64 counties, Texas has 22 counties which have been consistently declining in population since 1940, 6 counties which have been declining in population since 1950, and 24 counties which lost population for the first time in the last decade-for a total of 116 counties in which there is a declining population trend. Only 48 of the state's 254 counties have consistently gained in population in each census taken since 1930. Of these 48, 23 are designated Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area counties, and 16 are immediately adjacent to metropolitan counties. In 1970 these 48 counties accounted for 68 percent of the state's total population. In the decade of the '60's over 73 percent of the state's new manufacturing plants were located in these 48 counties, and their share of new manufacturing employment was nearly as great. There is another story to tell, however, in that 16 Texas counties that had consistently declined in population from 1930 to 1960 gained population in the last decade. Looking at what happened in these counties reveals an important fact-the primary reason for the upturn was the expansion of industry. Together, these 16 counties attracted almost INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION MINERALS, TEXAS* Index Adjusted for Seasonal Variation-1957-1959=100 350 ------------....--...---.--...----.-.....,...-., 350 JOO 300 250 250 200 200 150 150 - .__,,.,.., ,_. -~~ 100 100 50 so 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 196A 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 • Includes crude-oil and natural-gas production. NOTE: Shaded area• indicate period• of decline o! total bu1tnc.. activity in the United State•. SOURCE: Federal Re•erve Bank of Dallas. DECEMBER 1971 30 percent of their present total employment in manufacturing during the decade of the l960's, a fact which provides evidence that the disturbing trends can be reversed , that industrial expansion is the key, and that we must-through every means at our disposal- -enhance, stimulate, and strengthen our expansion efforts in other low-population counties throughout our state. At the request, and by appropriation, of the Legislature, the Industrial Commission has just begun a two-year project in the heart of the largest belt of counties which have consistently lost population. Through this pilot project we will concentrate on using all state, local, and federal resources at our disposal. In this special project we hope to develop effective programs that can be applied on an extended basis to other counties for which economic growth and industrial expansion are keys to survival. On a much broader front, the Industrial Commission has begun the initial development for a Comprehensive Statewide Rural Industrial Development Plan. It is the objective of this plan to identify, as an extension of the Goals for Texas program, the needs _·and desired levels of growth for each of the twenty-one local regions in this state, to identify each area's potential for industrial expansion, and to launch an effective strategy and development program for future industrial expansion. This represents a decentralization of the state's economic development effort so that we may deal with the needs and the potential of each area on a very localized and specialized basis. We commend the members of the Texas Industrial Commission for their commitment in undertaking such a massive and challenging task, for we believe no half-way measure will be sufficient. We can bring about more balanced growth in Texas, but to do so will require positive action. It will require your personal involvement and that of your fellow Texans. As you can see, the captains of industry that we honor today have much more to do with our future than with our past. It is in our hands-those of us in government and those of you in positions of both private and public leadership throughout this state-to implement a new and positive course for future action. It is within our resources and within our power to build an even better climate for industrial growth. Let us not fail to act decisively. INDUSTRIAL ELECTRIC-POWER USE, TEXAS .--........-.....--.-'-•d..,."-A....:dJ~••.,... ···-••d....:f..-••_s._ ••_.1_v.,....,_,._,io,....•--'9..,.s_1-1_9s..,.9=_100~-...-----,--...., 350 ~-+---1--+--+--+--+--+---+---1--+---+--+---+-+--t 300 l&a. l>I'A 250 200 150 l--l.,.--d,,.,,c.~~~+---+--t---l----l---t---+--+--+-+--l 100 50 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 196A 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 NOTE: Shaded area• indicate pen od• of de cline of total bua1neu activity in the United State•. 269 THE SHIFTING TEXAS HOUSING PATTERN Charles P. Zlatkovich A significant shift in the Texas housing pattern occurred during the l 960's, as revealed by publication of the advance report of the 1970 census of housing results. Texas had a net gain of 649,593 housing units between 1960 and 1970, and nearly half of them (48.29 percent) were in multipleunit structures. The number of housing units in multipleunit structures (duplexes and apartments) increased by 91 percent, from 345 ,016 in 1960 to 658,675 in 1970. While multiple-unit structures contained only 10.94 percent of all the housing units in Texas in 1960, they accounted for 17.32 percent of all Texas housing in 1970. Conventional single-family homes, the traditional mainstay of Texas housing, declined in popularity during the 1960's. While such units provided 87.89 percent of all Texas housing in 1960, the net gain in single-family homes was only 44.59 percent of the net gain in all housing units during the l 960's. The result was a decline in the percentage of single-family housing units to 80.49 percent of total housing units in 1970. Mobile homes, a variant form of single-family housing which increased in popularity during the l 960's, account for the remainder of Texas housing units. The number of mobile homes in Texas more than doubled during the decade, from 36,878 in 1960 to 83,156 in 1970, accounting for 7.12 percent of all net new housing units in the decade. All living quarters are classified by the Bureau of the Census as either housing units or group quarters. A housing unit is defined as a house, apartment, group of rooms, or single room occupied or intended for occupancy as separate living quarters. Group quarters are living arrangements for institutional inmates or other groups of five or more unrelated persons. Group quarters are located most frequently in institutions, boarding houses, military barracks, college dormitories, fraternity and sorority houses, hospitals, convents, and ships. Information on group quarters is not collected in the census of housing. Housing units are counted whether they are occupied or vacant, except that vacant units intended only for seasonal or migratory occupancy are not included in the housing characteristics data for the 1970 census. There are 20,554 such units in Texas, just over one half of one percent of the total number of housing units in the state. Of the 3,802,546 housing units existing in 1970 that are considered in this article, 2,219,757 (58.38 percent) were occupied by owners, 1,212,374 (31.88 percent) were occupied by renters, and 370,415 (9.74 percent) were vacant. Vacant units are not counted in the census of housing if they are no longer fit for human habitation because of an interior unprotected from the elements, or if there is positive evidence that the unit is to be demolished or is condemned at the time of enumeration. All data presented in this article were developed by comparison of the 1960 and the 1970 censuses of housing reports. Thus, the information covers all housing units in Texas, except as noted above. Construction and other housing data frequently reflect only that portion of housing units for which local building permits are issued and recorded, and would therefore exclude many units in rural areas or in cities and towns which do not report building permits. It is important to note that all places are included in data from the census of housing. The comparison of 1960 and 1970 totals yielded the net change during the decade. The data for Texas' twenty-five standard metropolitan statistical areas (SMSA's) were adjusted to reflect current boundary definitions, including the addition of the new Killeen-Temple SMSA. The shifting housing pattern differed widely in various parts of the state. Texas' twenty-five SMSA's, which contained 93 percent of all net new housing units in the state, added an almost equal number of single-and multiple-family housing units, with single-family units taking a slight edge. Just under 5 percent of all new metropolitan housing units were mobile homes. The nonmetropolitan portion of Texas (counties located outside SMSA's) presents a radically different picture. Construction of new single-family homes barely outdistanced demolitions and abandonments in the nonmetropolitan areas of Texas, producing a net gain of only 1,371 such units in the ten-year period. The gain in housing units in nonmetropolitan areas was dominated by multiple-unit structures (61.44 percent) and mobile homes (35.54 percent). As a result, the percentage of total nonmetropolitan housing provided by single-family dwellings declined from 94.52 percent in 1960 to 90.5 3 percent in 1970. Mobile homes, which had been more common in metropolitan areas than in the nonmetropolitan portion of Texas in 1960, now provide a higher percentage of housing in the nonmetropolitan regions of the state than in the SMSA's. They are particularly well suited for use in remote areas where transportation of material and skilled labor to the job site would increase the cost of conventional housing. The metropolitan areas also present a varying picture. Four SMSA's (Abilene, Brownsville-Harlingen-San Benito, Corpus Christi, and Waco) experienced a net loss in the number of single-family homes. One of these, BrownsvilleHarlingen-San Benito, was the only Texas SMSA to have a net decline in total housing units. In Abilene, Corpus Christi, and Waco the number of multiple-family housing units more than doubled while single-family houses declined in number. In these and other Texas cities, as older areas containing single-family houses are cleared, they are being replaced by apartments. Significantly the number of housing units in multiple-unit structures increased in all Texas SMSA's. Mobile homes, thought to be increasing in popularity all over Texas, declined in number in five SMSA's (Amarillo, El Paso, Midland, Odessa, and Waco), although most of the declines were rather small. The closing of military installations in Amarillo, El Paso, and Waco, and the changing nature of the oil industry in Midland and Odessa probably account for the decline. TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW TEXAS METROPOLITAN HOUSING PATIERNS, 196CH970* (Numbe1 of housing units) 1960 Census of Housing 1970 Census of Housing Net change 1960-1970 Total Number Number Number Total Number Number Number Total Number Number NumberStandard metropolitan statistical area units single multiple mobile units single multiple mobile units single multiple mobile Abilene 39,718 34,884 4,195 639 40,314 34,712 4,843 759 596 -172 648 120 Amarillo 46,900 38,993 6,871 1,036 53,795 44,352 8,686 757 6,895 5,359 1,815 -279 Austin 65,439 55,851 8,911 677 100,290 69,448 28,683 2, 159 34,851 13,597 19,772 1,482 Beaumont-Port Arthur-Orange 97,737 85,354 11,628 755 104,244 88,986 13,308 1,950 6,507 3,632 1,680 1,195 Brownsville-Harlingen-San Benito 42,083 37,408 4,049 626 40,517 35,260 4,493 764 -1,566 -2,148 444 138 Bryan-College Station 14,482 12,716 1,661 105 18,339 13,599 4,041 699 3,857 883 2,380 594 Corpus Christi 83,582 74,818 7,751 1,013 88,796 73,749 13,218 1,829 5,214 -1,069 5,467 816 Dallas 374,017 305,893 65,437 2,687 528,852 372,319 148,278 8,255 154,835 66,426 82,841 5,568El Paso 85,937 61,709 21,727 2,501 101,083 71,881 26,728 2,474 15,146 10,172 5,001 -27 Fort Worth 194,879 168,625 24,529 1,725 257,810 201,303 50,910 5,597 62,931 32,678 26,381 3,872Galveston-Texas City 51,003 41,754 8,755 494 61,675 48,410 11,886 1,379 10,672 6,656 3,131 885 Houston 464,092 393,674 66,590 3,828 667,363 492,890 161,158 13,315 203,271 99,216 94,568 9,487 Killeen-Tern pie 35,255 29,014 5,075 1,166 46,728 34,488 9,922 2,318 11,473 5,474 4,847 1,152 Laredo 17,200 15,436 1,568 196 19,237 16,499 2,369 369 2,037 1,063 801 173 Lubbock 49,307 41,907 6,518 882 58,383 46,181 10,812 1,390 9,076 4,274 4,294 508 McAllen-Pharr-Edinburg 47,711 43,843 3,354 514 48,994 44,209 3,833 952 1,283 366 479 438 Midland 22,336 19,239 2,564 533 22,806 19,658 2,675 473 470 419 111 -60 Odessa 29,408 25,638 2,348 1,422 30,414 26,173 3,094 1,147 1,006 535 746 -275 San Angelo 22,066 19,898 2,019 149 24,868 21,480 2,941 447 2,802 1,582 922 298 San Antonio 206,593 172,923 31,051 2,619 260,599 203,940 51,709 4,950 54,006 31,017 20,658 2,331 Sherman-Denison 25,887 24,195 1,404 288 31,451 26,642 3,968 841 5,564 2,447 2,564 553 Texarkana** 21,254 19,765 1,407 82 23,956 20,559 2,681 716 2,702 794 1,274 634 Tyler 28,709 26,786 1,814 109 33,833 30,378 2,975 480 5,124 3,592 1,161 371 Waco 50,471 45,372 4,696 403 52,319 44,184 7,765 370 1,848 -1,188 3,069 -33 Wichita Falls 40,942 33,971 5,981 990 44,478 36,651 6,657 1,170 3,536 2,680 676 180 TOTAL SMSA 2,157,008 1,829,666 301,903 25,439 2,761,162 2,117,951 587,633 55,560 604,136 288,285 285,730 30,121 TOT AL NON-SMSA 995,945 941,393 43,113 11,439 1,041,384 942,764 71,042 27,596 45,457 1,371 27,929 16,157 TOTAL TEXAS 3,152,953 2,771,059 345,016 36,878 3,802,546 3,060,715 658,675 83,156 649,593 189,656 313,659 46,278 * Data adjusted to current boundary definitions. 1970 data do not include 20,5 54 housing units vacant on a seasonal and migratory basis for which detailed information is unavailable; such units were included in 1960 data. ** Texas portion only. TEXAS METROPOLITAN HOUSING PATTERNS, 1960-1970* (Percentage of total housing units) 1960 Census of Ho.using 1970 Census of Housing Net change 1960-1970 Number Percent Percent Percent Number Percent Percent Percent Number Percent Percent Percent Standard metropolitan statistical area units single multiple mobile units single multiple mobile units single multiple mobile Abilene 39,718 87.83 10.56 1.61 40,314 86.10 12.01 1.88 596 28.86 108.73 20.13 Amarillo 46,900 83.14 14.65 2.21 53,795 82.45 16.15 1.40 6,895 77.72 26.32 -4.04 Austin 65 ,439 85.35 13.62 1.03 100,290 69.25 28.60 2.15 34,851 39.02 56.73 4.25 Beaumont-Port Arthur-Orange 97,737 87.33 11.90 .77 104,244 85.36 12.77 1.87 6,507 55.82 25.82 18.36 Brownsville-Harlingen-San Benito 42,083 88.89 9.62 1.49 40,517 87.02 11.09 1.89 -1,566 -137.16 28.35 8.81 Bryan-College Station 14,482 87.81 11 .47 .72 18,339 74. 15 22.04 3.81 3,857 22.89 61.71 15.40 Corpus Christi 83,582 89.52 9.27 1.21 88,796 83.05 14.89 2.06 5,214 20.50 104.85 15.65 Dallas 374,017 81.79 17.50 .71 528,852 70.40 28.04 1.56 154,835 42.90 53.50 3.60 El Paso 85,937 71.81 25.28 2.91 101,083 71.I I 26.44 2.45 IS,146 67.16 33.02 .I8 Fort Worth I94,879 86.53 12.59 .88 257,8IO 78.08 19.7 5 2.I 7 62,93 I 51.93 41.92 6.15 Galveston-Texas City 51,003 8 l.87 17.16 .97 61,675 78.49 19.27 2.24 10,672 62.37 29.34 8.29 Houston 464,092 84.83 14.35 .82 667,363 73.86 24.15 1.99 203,271 48.81 46.52 4.67 Killeen-Temple 35,255 82.30 14.39 3.31 46,728 73.81 21.23 4.96 1 I ,473 47.71 42.25 10.04 Laredo 17 ,200 89.74 9.I2 1.14 19,2 37 85.77 12.31 1.92 2,037 52.I 8 39.32 8.49 Lubbock 49,307 84.99 I 3.22 l.79 58,383 79.IO I8.52 2.38 9,076 47.09 47.31 5.60 McAllen-Pharr-Edinburg 47,7 I I 91.89 7.03 1.08 48,994 90.24 7.82 1.94 I,283 28.53 37.33 34.14 Midland 22,336 86.13 11.48 2.39 22,806 86.20 11.7 3 2.07 470 89.15 23.62 -12.77 Odessa 29,408 87.18 "/.98 4.84 30,4I4 86.06 I0. 17 3.77 1,006 53.18 74.16 -27.34 San Angelo 22,066 90.J 7 9.15 .68 24,868 86.38 11.82 l.80 2,802 56.46 32.91 10.63 San Antonio 206,593 83.70 15.03 l.27 260,599 78.26 19.84 1.90 54,006 57.43 38.25 4.32 Sherman-Denison 25,887 93.47 5.42 I. I I 31,451 84.71 12.62 2.67 5,564 43.98 46.08 9.94 Texarkana** 2 I,254 92.99 6.62 .39 23,956 85.82 J l. J 9 2.99 2,702 29.39 47.15 23.46 Tyler 28,709 93.30 6.32 .38 33,833 89.79 8.79 1.42 5,124 70.10 22.66 7.24 Waco 50,47 I 89.90 9.30 .80 52,319 84.45 14.84 .71 1,848 64.29 166.07 1.78 Wichita Falls 40,942 82.97 14.6I 2.42 44,478 82.40 I4.97 2.63 3.536 75.79 19.12 5.09 2,157,008 84.82 14.00 1.18 2,761,162 76.7 I 21.28 2.01 604, I 36 47.72 47.29 4.99 Total NON-SMSA Total SMSA 995,945 94.52 4.33 1.15 1,041,384 90.53 6.82 2.65 45,457 3.02 61.44 35.54 Total TEXAS 3,152,953 87.89 I0.94 1.17 3,802,546 80.49 I 7.32 2.I9 649,593 44.59 48.29 7.12 • Data adjusted to current boundary definitions._ 1970 d~ta do no.t include 20,5 54 housing units vacant on a seasonal and migratory basis for which detailed information is unavailable; such units were included m 1960 data. •• Texas portion only. 271 DECEMBER 1971 Examined separately, Texas cities reflect their individuality in housing-pattern changes. Houston, the state's largest SMSA, increased its supply of housing units by 44 percent, and accounted for 31 percent of all new housing in Texas. The increase in single-family homes exceeded that of multiple-housing units, but the share of Houston housing provided by multiple-unit structures increased from 14.35 percent to 24.15 percent. Interestingly, despite the absence of zoning in the city of Houston, mobile homes remained relatively less popular in the Houston SMSA than in aggregated Texas metropolitan areas. Local zoning practices are frequently cited as an obstacle to the increased use of mobile homes. The number of housing units in the Dallas SMSA increased by 41 percent, and comprised nearly 24 percent of the statewide increase. Dallas added more duplexes and apartments than single-family dwellings, and has the second-highest percentage of multiple-unit housing of all Texas SMSA's. San 'antonio, which increased its housing supply by 26 percent, had fewer new housing units than smaller Fort Worth, which posted a 32-percent increase. San Antonio and Fort Worth ended the l 960's with rather similar housing patterns. The El Paso SMSA posted an 18-percent net increase in the number of housing units. El Paso had the highest percentage of multiple-unit housing among SMSA's in Texas in 1960, but added a larger proportion of singlefamily homes than did the state's larger SMSA's during the l 960's, and by 1970 ranked third in percentage of housing provided by multiple units. The Beaumont-Port ArthurOrange SMSA, though smaller than the El Paso SMSA in population, has more housing units. The gap between the two narrowed somewhat during the l 960's, as BeaumontPort Arthur-Orange increased its housing supply by less than 7 percent. The largest percentage increase in housing units of any SMSA in the state was posted by Austin, with over 53 percent. More than 5 6 percent of the increase was comprised of multiple-family housing units. Austin now has the highest percentage of such units in the state, and the lowest percentage of single-family housing units. The top seven SMSA's, each with more than 100,000 housing units, contain slightly more than half (50.47 percent) of all the housing units in Texas. During the l960's, 81.83 percent of all new new housing units in Texas were located in these seven areas. Six of the top seven SMSA's lead the state in new housing units added during the l 960's. The exception, Beaumont-Port Arthur-Orange, was outdistanced by a number of smaller SMSA's, including Killeen-Temple, the state's newest SMSA, which ranked seventh among all the SMSA's in net increase in housing during the l 960's. The new SMSA also has the highest percentage of mobile homes of any SMSA in Texas. Comparison of the 1960 and the 1970 censuses of housing provides an overview of the shifting Texas housing pattern in the l 960's. The statistics tell much about where the action was in the Texas construction industry during the past decade. They also reveal the changes in housing preferences across the Lone Star State. TEXAS CONSTRUCTION Stanley A. Arbingast Forecasters said in December 1970 and January 1971 that they expected 1971 would prove to be an exceptionally good year for construction in Texas. Data collected by the Bureau of Business Research from permit-issuing places in the state for the January-October period prove that their optimism was justified. The most dynamic segment of the construction industry, new dwelling units authorized, was up 36 percent over permits for the comparable reporting period for 1970, but nonresidential construction, with values up 10 percent, made an unexpectedly high showing, too. By the end of this year the number of new dwelling units authorized in Texas urban areas will be well over 100,000. If the present rate of authorizations continues, the number will probably top 115,000. On October 31 the number of authorizations for all types-one-family, twofamily, and apartment units-had already reached 99 ,041. The total of new one-family units permitted was 41,064, almost 11,000 above the total authorized for JanuaryOctober in any year since 1963. This showing is remarkable as a total which does not include mobile homes, new structures in subdivisions outside of incorporated communities, and dwellings in rural areas. The Houston SMSA leads in new units authorized for the ten-month period (27,545). Dallas follows with 24,619, and Fort Worth ranks third with 7 ,540. Substantial percentage drops through October, however, were recorded in the Odessa, Sherman-Denison, and Waco SMSA's. Significantly, the number of duplexes authorized is almost double that for 1970. The increase in this type of dwelling is due to the desire of developers and owners to make more effective use of land as prices for lots continue to escalate. Purthermore, many families, especially young couples and older couples, prefer to own duplexes because they can live in one unit and rent the other. The rate of authorizations for new apartment units continues dynamic. The number of permits for this type of dwelling reached 5 5 ,15 3 by the end of October, slightly over 3,000 above the number of permits issued in the previous banner year, 1969. Since only a few apartment buildings are built outside the limits of incorporated places, the total of 55,15 3 is considered to be more representative of total activity in this segment of home construction than the 41,064 permits for one-family structures. Home building in Texas during 1972 should continue at an accelerated pace. The backing of demand built up during 1970, when interest rates were at an all-time high, has not yet been satisfied. Builders expect that houses in the $25,000-35,000 price range will move fastest next year. It is understandable why builders will probably wish to concentrate on construction of homes in this price range, but the desire of a large number of families for new homes among those who can't afford to pay $25,000 or more for a new dwelling will probably have to remain unsatisfied. This is a particularly unfortunate situation in Texas, where many families for the first time have an income adequate for better living conditions. Hopefully, leaders in the homeconstruction industry will be able to divert some of their efforts from building medium-and higher-priced dwellings to satisfying the demand for lower-cost housing. If they make this adjustment the entire state will benefit. A shortage of labor skilled in techniques needed in home construction is one problem facing Texas builders. The return of Viet Nam veterans is expected to alleviate the shortage to some degree, but the most promising possibilities are ( 1) upgrading the skills of those already in the labor force, and (2) increasing the number of persons trained in the building trades in Texas vocational schools. How Phase II of the President's program to control inflation will affect home construction is still something of a puzzle. Generally, the building of new dwellings is excluded from price controls. However, costs of materials and the amounts bid by subcontractors can be expected to increase, and builders may have to raise prices to retain profit margins they consider adequate. Mortgage rates will probably remain steady until January 1. At that time many economists foresee a slow build-up in interest charges. The Texas 10-percent increase in the value of nonresidential construction for January-October was not expected. Most forecasters felt that homebuilding would be up substantially and that nonresidential construction would be down but not down enough to keep the industry from setting a new high in 1971. Inflation did contribute substantially to nonresidential construction costs, but not enough to offset the increase in value of authorizations. The amount of the nonresidential total is impressive because it was confined for the most part to banks and office structures, retail establishments, buildings for elementary, secondary, and higher-educational purposes, hotels and motels, and churches. The total does not include amounts spent at the sprawling new Dallas-Fort Worth airport, nor does it include the value of many new factories under construction outside city limits. Examples: chemical plants in the Gulf Coast area and the new structure being built by Westinghouse between Round Rock and Georgetown. The outlook for the nonresidential construction category for next year is promising. Plans for gigantic new ONE-FAMILY, TWO-FAMILY, AND APARTMENT-BUILDING DWELLING UNITS AUTIIORIZED IN TEXAS* January through October 1966-1971 (Value in thousands of dollars) One-family dwelling units Two-family dwelling units Apartment dwelling units Total all types No. of No. of No. of No. of Year Value units Value units Value units Value units 1966 426,806 27,495 10,766 1,196 124,887 18,946 562,459 47,637 1967 482,535 30,518 16,266 1,715 172,808 26,590 671,609 58,823 1968 496,781 30,440 18,725 1,776 337,066 50,427 852,572 82,643 1969 442,705 26,184 16,440 1,458 377,928 52,065 837,073 79,707 1970 442,327 28,341 16,461 1,536 341,790 43,131 800,578 73,008 1971 703,587 41,064 39,478 2,824 432,079 55,153 1,115,144 99,041 • In urban places reporting building permits. DECEMBER 1971 office structures in Dallas and Houston have been announced. Among Texas cities Houston has had marked success during the past two or three years in attracting the headquarters and research facilities of several large corporations, each of which has needed tremendous amounts of office and research space. Some apprehension has been expressed that Houston, in particular, has overbuilt for its office needs. However, as one Houstonian, highly knowledgeable concerning the office-space situation there recently remarked, "If you don't have the space, the headquarters don't come." It is difficult, of course, to assess how much the ready availability of space affects a decision to relocate, but the pull is undoubtedly strong. The Texas index of total construction authorized continued to push upward through October. The year-to-date average stood at 241.1, almost sensationally above the January-through-December average of 201.2 for 1970. The year 1971 will set a record in spite of rising costs of material and labor and considerable uncertainty concerning ESTIMATED VALUES OF BUILDING AUTIIORIZED IN TEXAS* Percent change Jan-Oct 1971 Oct Jan-Oct Oct 1971 from 1971 1971 from Jan-Oct Classification (thousands of dollars) Sep 1971 1970 ALL PERMITS 200,883 2,501,148 -28 28 New construction 178,509 2,231,198 -28 28 Residential (housekeeping) 111,720 1,262,880 -18 47 One-family dwellings 60,830 768,206 -26 62 Multiple-family dwellings 50,890 494,674 -5 29 Nonresidential buildings 66,789 968,318 -40 10 Hotels, motels, and tourist courts 1,590 29,829 19 -1 Amusement buildings 729 23,764 -58 -56 Churches 2,081 26,136 60 -11 Industrial buildings 7,636 81,108 88 -17 Garages (commercial and private) 1,083 33,388 83 116 Service stations 792 13,068 27 4 Hospitals and institutions 5,381 54,159 100 -42 Office-bank buildings 15,960 277,990 -58 33 Works and utilities 3,872 60,709 -80 73 Educational buildings 10,974 173,488 -55 38 Stores and mercantile buildings 13,841 157,555 Other buildings and structures 2,850 37,124 7 44 Additions, alterations, and repairs 22,374 269,950 -28 24 SMSA vs. NON-SMSA Total SMSAt 175,539 2,247,688 -31 29 Central cities 130,565 1,562,217 -30 25 Outside central cities 44,974 685,471 -32 38 Total non-SMSA 25,343 253,459 1 18 10,000 to 50,000 population 12,679 128,304 4 6 Less than 10,000 population 12,664 125,155 4 34 * Only building for which permits were issued within the incorporated area of a city is included. Federal contracts and public housing are not included. t As defined in 1960 Censes and revised in 1968. Source: Bureau of Business Research in cooperation with the Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce. the general state of the economy, but next year should be NONRESIDENTIAL BUILDING AUTHORIZED IN TEXAS* even better. 'January through October 966-1971) Value Percentage change TOTAL BUILDING AUTHORIZED, TEXAS• Year {thousands of dollars) over preceding year Index Adjusted for Se.aon•l V•"•flon-1951-1959•100 350 350 1966 657,198 300 300 1967 746,490 14 I 1968 675,810 -9 all 250 250 1969 869,734 29 I I l I"'I 1970 883,673 2 200 I J •..I "1111 ,J ~ 1971 968,318 10 I .rl I lllJ llJ I • uo 150 . . • A. 1\.1 •Ml .Ml/ \Ill 1 . . 1"' .,,. •" .......,.. v In urban places reporting building permits. '"' . 100 100 rv~~ ' 50 EKL Y DEPARTMENT-STORE SALES 19J7 "" 19'9 1960 1961 1962 196' 196' 1966 1967 1968 1970 1971 11 rou TEXAS \fETROPOLITAN AREAS 1963 1969 • Include• a.ddition•, alteration•, and r·epain. NOTE: Shaded areu i.ndica.te perlod• of decline of total busine.. ac t1vity in the Un1ted States Percentage change in dollar volume of retail sales from same period a year ago Four weeks Jan2,1971 One week ended ended to Metropolitan areas Oct 2 Sep 25 Sep 18 Sep 11 Oct 2, 1971 Oct 2, 1971 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING AUTHORIZED, TEXAS• hdu Adj1uud /or Su1onal J-11rielio11-1951 . 1959 =JOO Dallas -6 14 14 12 4 3'0 350 El Paso -5 8 -4 s Houston 5 20 II 8 11 II 300 300 San Antonio -7 7 II s 4 7 250 250 • • Change is less than one half of I percent. /\ Source: Research Department, Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas. 1.JI 200 200 I I • IY uo JI Al"' JU! 150 l .A . /\Al W' • ., /' ..I. J Ulo'l\. "",.-. . . r 100 ~ 100 A..} .,.._,,. rw"" REVENUE RECEIPTS OF THE STATE COMPTROLLER \. ~ .. (Values in thousands of dollars) 50 1957 1951 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1961 1969 1970 1971 Percent change •Exclude• addltion1, alteratlon•, and repair•. NOTE: Shaded area.a indlcate perioda o! decli.ne~! total bu1ineu acdvlty ln the United State.. Sep 1971 Oct 1971 from Sep 1971-Sep 1970-Sep 1970NONRESIDENTIAL BUILDING AUTHORIZED, TEXAS* Account Oct 1971 Oct 1970 Oct 1970 Jndu Adjuated for Seuon•J V•ri•tlon-1951-1959•100 450 ..--.--.......--.-......-....---....-...............-"""T"-....-........-........-..-....,...--, 050 TOTAL $457,721 $422,688 8 Ad valorem and 400 400 inheritance taxes 5,906 5,631 5 350 350 Natural-and casingheadgas production taxes 18,190 17,114 6 300 300 Crude-oil production .. II• ~ ..,, taxes 30,506 30,171 250 1 I ,111• J ""' I . 250 Other gross receipts and I 1111111\j /Ill ,. production taxes 11,553 8,668 33 200 200 I I u I \IU 11111 II ll I A I 1111 II ~ ,, II Insurance companies and 150 11 ...... 111\j 'I. IVJ 150 other occupation taxes 1,127 1,156 3 I j JI olll I/\ I II V Limited sales, excise, and I 100 100 .,..., r"'tl .., ~· "· II use tax 28,725 30,910 7 Motor-fuel taxes (net) 57,450 55,769 3 so 50 Cigarette tax and licenses 34,237 32,542 5 Alcoholic-beverage taxes 1U7 1951 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 196' 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 and licenses 13,651 12,411 10 • Exclude• addition•, alteration•, and repaiu Automobile and other sales taxes 24,892 15,856 57 All licenses and fees 22,397 21,341 5 Franchise taxes 2,257 2,362 -4 Mineral leases, land sales, rentals, and bonuses 6,001 2,989 101 Oil and gas royalties 6,767 7,965 -15 Interest earned 13,541 14,182 -5 Unclassified receipts 6,779 6,079 12 NOTE: Shaded area• indicate period• of decline o{ tot.al but1nett activity in the United State• The Killeen-Temple area, which the Bureau of Business Other miscellaneous Research has been reporting in the "Local Business Conrevenue 5,714 3,634 57 ditions" section of Texas Business Review as the separate Federal aid for highways 39,263 40,876 -4 Federal aid for public counties of Bell and Coryell, is now officially designated welfare 82,469 74,351 11 a standard metropolitan area, according to an announceOther federal aid 43,003 35,356 22 ment recently received from the Office of Management Donations and grants 3,293 3,325 -1 and Budget in the Executive Office of the President. Source: State Comptroller of Public Accounts AV AILABILl1Y OF UNPUBLISHED DAT A ON COUN1Y PERSONAL INCOME (Print-outs from Magnetic Computer Tapes) In the May 1967 issue of the Survey of Cu"ent Business the Regional Economics Division, Office of Business Economics, U.S. Department of Commerce, announced the publication of a new series on personal-income components in metropolitan areas. Initially published for selected years from 1929 through 1962, the series has been supplemented by annual additions which were presented in the August 1968, May 1969, May 1970, and May 1971 issues of the Survey of Cu"ent Business to extend the personal-income reports through 1969. The personal-income reports identify the amounts received by individuals as wages and salaries, property income, profits, and transfer payments. The earnings have been identified additionally by industrial sectors including government, farm, and nonfarm, with nonfarm earnings shown by seven major industrial sources. The detailed system of data files developed for these regional income estimates has made feasible the extension of personal-income estimates to counties not included in standard metropolitan statistical areas. Detailed files on personal income by source in Texas have been made available to the Bureau of Business Research for all counties of the state including those in standard metropolitan statistical areas. The unpublished data files on metropolitan and nonmetropolitan counties, described as tables 5.01 through 5 .07 in the May 1970 and May 1971 issues of the Survey of Cu"ent Business, have been purchased from the Department of Commerce by the Bureau of Business Research for further distribution. Printed copies of the unpublished data (print-outs from magnetic computer tapes) will be provided by the Bureau at the rate of $10 for each single county or metropolitan area. The journey-to-work pattern in multiple-county SMSA's makes it undesirable to give full coverage to individual counties within an SMSA. The extensive range of detail on county personal-income sources offers new insights into the regional composition of both consumer and industrial markets. Texas residents pay 50 cents sales tax. BUREAU OF BUSINESS RESEARCH THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN Box 7459 Austin, Texas 78712 LOCAL BUSINESS CONDITIONS Statistical data compiled by Mildred Anderson, statistical associate, Constance Coo/edge and Glenda Riley, statistical assistants, and Kay Davis, statistical technician. The indicators of local business conditions in Texas which are included in this section are statistics on bank debits, urban building permits, and employment. The data are reported by metropolitan areas in the first table below and by municipalities within counties in the second table. Standard metropolitan statistical areas (SMSA's) in Texas are defined by county lines; in the first table the counties included in the area are listed under each SMSA. Since the Longview-KilgoreGladewater area is functioning as a significant metropolitan complex in its region, although not officially designated as an SMSA by the Bureau of the Census, data for this area have been included in the table for SMSA's. In both tables the populations shown for the SMSA's and for the counties are the preliminary population counts of the 1970 Census. In the second table the population values for individual municipalities are also preliminary counts of the 1970 Census, unless otherwise indicated. Population estillUltes made for municipalities in noncensus years are commonly based on utility connections, and these estimates are subject to the errors inherent in a process dependent on base ratios derived in 1960. The values of urban building permits have been collected from participating municipal authorities by the Bureau of Business Research in cooperation with the Bureau of the Census of the U.S. Department of Commerce. Inasmuch as building permits are not required by county authorities, it must be emphasized that the reported permits reflect construction intentions only in incorporated places. Permits are reported for residential and nonresidential building only, and do not include public-works projects such as roadways, waterways, or reservoirs; nor do they include construction let under federal contracts. The values of bank debits for all SMSA's and for most central cities of the SMSA's have been collected by the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas. Bank debits for the remaining municipalities have been collected from cooperating banks by the Bureau of Business Research. Employment estimates are compiled by the Texas Employment Commission in cooperation with the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor. Footnote symbols are defined on pp. 277 and 284. INDICATORS OF LOCAL BUSINESS CONDITIONS FOR ST AND ARD METROPOLITAN STA TIS TI CAL AREAS October I 971 Percent change Percent change from from Oct Sep Oct Oct Sep Oct Reported area and indicator 1971 1971 1970 Reported area and indicator 1971 1971 1970 ABILENE SMSA BRYAN-COLLEGE STATION SMSA Jones and Taylor Counties; population 113,959 Brazos County; population 57 ,978 Urban building permits (dollars) 780,895 -59 108 Urban building permits (dollars) 2,418,794 167 166 Bank debits, seas. adj. ($1,000) 189,997 -1 6 Bank debits ($1,000) 86,610 -10 ** Nonfarm employment 41,850 1 2 (Monthly employment reports are not available for the Bryan- Manufacturing employment 5,940 8 College Station SMSA). ** Unemployed (percent) 3.2 -11 9 CORPUS CHRISTI SMSA AMARILLO SMSA Nueces and San Patricio Counties; population 284,832 Potter and Randall Counties; population 144,396 Urban building permits (dollars) 4,744,604 -49 3 Urban building permits (dollars) 4,993,885 -26 388 Bank debits, seas. adj. ($1,000) 543,827 3 1 Bank debits, seas. adj. ($1,000) 551,910 6 11 Nonfarm employment 95,000 ** 1 Nonfarm employment 66,500 2 5 Manufacturing employment 11,150 -1 4 Manufacturing employment 8,630 1 3 Unemployed (percent) 4.2 -13 -18 Unemployed (percent) 3.8 3 3 DALLAS SMSA AUSTIN SMSA Collin, Dallas, Denton, Ellis, Kaufman, and Travis County; population 295,516 Rockwall Counties; population 1,555,950 Urban building permits (dollars) 20,843,672 -41 70 Urban building permits (dollars) 29,005,090 -52 -41 Bank debits, seas. adj. ($1,000) 926,815 -1 23 Bank debits, seas. adj. ($1,000) 10,933,636 -10 SNonfarm employment 136,400 1 5 Nonfarm employment 721,200 1 ** Manufacturing employment 12,260 2** Manufacturing employment 141,925 ** -7 Unemployed (percent) 2.4 4 ** Unemployed (percent) 3.2 -6 ** (Values for the construction of the Dallas-Fort Worth Regional BEAUMONT-PORT ARTHUR-ORANGE SMSA Airport ($45.5 million] are not included because the projected Jefferson and Orange Counties; population 315,943 airport is not within an urban permit-issuing area.) Urban building permits (dollars) 2,721,898 -52 22 Bank debits, seas. adj. ($1,000) 523,021 5 4 EL PASO SMSA Nonfarm employment 121,200 1 3 El Paso County; population 359,291 Manufacturing employment 38,000 1 2 Urban building permits (dollars) 6,584,924 -56 28 Unemployed (percent) 5.5 8 10 Bank debits, seas. adj. ($1,000) 687,655 -13 10 Nonfarm employment 118,600 1 2 BROWNSVILLE-HARLINGEN-SAN BENITO SMSA Manufacturing employment 25,900 1 3 Cameron County; population 140,368 Unemployed (percent) 4.5 6 6 Urban building permits (dollars) 1,334,968 -58 6 Bank debits, seas. adj. ($1,000) 174,914 12 6 FORT WORTH SMSA Nonfarm employment 39,400 1 3 Johnson and Tarrant Counties; population 762,086 Manufacturing employment 6,160 3 8 Urban building permits (dollars) 9,393,844 -68 -47 Unemployed (percent) 7.1 7 15 Bank debits, seas. adj. ($1,000) 1,954,636 -15 4 Percent change from Oct Sep Oct Reported area and indicator 1971 1971 1970 FORT WORTH SMSA (Continued) Nonfarm employment 291 ,800 ** -2 Manufacturing employment 72,92S ** -14 Unemployed (percent) 4.8 -8 20 (Values for the construction of the Dallas-Fort Worth Regional Airport [ $4S.S million] are not included because the projected airport is not within an urban permit-issuing area.) GALVESTON-TEXAS CITY SMSA Galveston County; population 169,812 Urban building permits (dollars) 2,113,664 ** 194 Bank debits, seas. adj. ($1,000) 232,061 -17 3 Nonfarm employment S9,200 ** 8 Manufacturing employment l l,2SO -1 6 Unemployed (percent) S.l ** 2 HOUSTON SMSA Brazoria, Fort Bend, Harris, Liberty, and Montgomery Counties; population 1,985,031 Urban building permits (dollars) S3,211,81 l 33 41 Bank debits, seas. adj. ($1,000) 9,S02,629 -8 13 Nonfarm employment 88S,900 ** 1 Manufacturing employment 148,200 ** 2 Unemployed (percent) 3.0 -3 20 KILLEEN-TEMPLE SMSA Bell and Coryell Counties; population 159,794 Urban building permits {dollars) l,9Sl,732 -30 -63 Bank debits ($1,000) 130,S67 4 lS (Monthly employment reports are not available for the Killeen-Temple SMSA.) LAREDO SMSA Webb County; population 72,859 Urban building permits {dollars) S9S,82S 28 86 Bank debits, seas. adj. ($1,000) 76,071 -14 ** Nonfarm employment 2S,1 so 1 1 Manufacturing employment l,S 10 2 1 Unemployed (percent) 9.4 4 4 LONGVIEW-KILGORE-GLADEWATER METROPOLITAN AREA Gregg County; populatioq. 75,929 Urban building permits (dollars) 887,241 -9 4 Bankdebits($1,000) 124,lSl -4 2 Nonfarm employment 3S,800 * * 1 Manufacturing employment 10,130 -2 ** Unemployed (percent) 4.9 7 11 (Building permits and bank debits are included for those portions of Kilgore and Gladewater in Rusk County and Upshur County.) LUBBOCK SMSA Lubbock County; population 179,295 Urban building permits (dollars) 2,442,901 -19 -18 Bank debits, seas. adj. ($1,000) 38S,l 7S -19 1 Nonfarm employment 66,200 ** 4 Manufacturing employment 7,800 ** 14 Unemployed (percent) 3.9 -7 3 McALLEN-PHARR-EDINBURG SMSA Hidalgo County; population 181,535 Urban building permits (dollars) 2,08S,924 82 Bank debits, seas. adj. ($1 ,000) 1S0,03S 1 12 Nonfarm employment 40,900 1 -4 Manufacturing employment 3,370 10 -23 Unemployed (percent) 7.1 3 18 MIDLAND SMSA Midland County; population 65,433 Urban building permits {dollars) 4,028,011 1,186 2,166 Bank debits, seas. adj. ($1,000) 178,719 -*; *~ Nonfarm employment 62,200 ** Manufacturing employment S,340 7 Unemployed (percent) 3.8. -. S 36 Percent change from Oct Sep Oct Reported area and indicator 1971 1971 1970 ODESSA SMSA Ector County; population 91,805 Urban building permits {dollars) 1,2S7,9SS 142 136 Bank debits, seas. adj. {$1,000) 141,164 -4 2 Nonfarm employment 62,200 ** ** Manufacturing employment S,340 ** 7 Unemployed (percent) 3.8 -S 36 (Employment data are reported for the combined Midland and Odessa SMSA's since employment figures for Midland and Ector Counties, composing one labor-market area, are recorded in combined form by the Texas Employment Commission.) SAN ANGELO SMSA Torn Green County; population 71,047 Urban building permits {dollars) 343,1 S8 -29 -34 Bank debits, seas. adj. ($1 ,000) 113,267 -s lS Nonfarm employment 24,1 SO 1 ** Manufacturing employment 4 ,160 -1 6 Unemployed (percent) 3.2 -14 -16 SAN ANTONIO SMSA Bexar and Guadalupe Counties; population 864,014 Urban building permits (dollars) 11,943,120 3 27 Bank debits, seas. adj. ($1,000) 1,633,940 9 4 Nonfarm employment 29S,200 1 2 Manufacturing employment 3S,100 ** s Unemployed (percent) 4.S -12 2 SHERMAN-DENISON SMSA Grayson County; population 83,225 Urban building permits (dollars) 296,014 -39 -84 Bank debits, seas. adj. ($1,000) 92,160 -6 11 (Monthly employment reports are not available for the Sherman-Denison SMSA.) TEXARKANA SMSA Bowie County, Texas, and Miller County, Arkansas; population 101,198 Urban building permits (dollars) 216,702 -28 13 Bank debits, seas. adj. ($1,000) 122,16S -9 6 Nonfarm employment 40,000 ** -2 Manufacturing employment 9,110 ** -12 Unemployed (percent) S.4 4 -25 (Since the Texarkana SMSA includes Bowie County in Texas and Miller County in Arkansas, all data, including population, refer to the two-county region.) TYLER SMSA Smith County; population 97 ,096 Urban building permits (dollars) 912,665 45 8 Bank debits, seas. adj. ($1,000) 207,111 ** 4 Nonfarm employment 39,350 ** 2 Manufacturing employment 12,160 ** 3 Unemployed (percent) 3.S -17 5 WACO SMSA McLennan County; population 147,553 Urban building permits {dollars) 1,764,230 -27 4 Bank debits, seas. adj. ($1,000) 283,067 -3 17 Nonfarm employment 59,100 ** 1 Manufacturing employment 12,000 ** 4 Unemployed (percent) 3.7 -10 3 WICHITA FALLS SMSA Archer and Wichita Counties; population 127,621 Urban building permits {dollars) 451,615 -84 -45 Bank debits, seas. adj. ($1,000) 224,484 2 9 Nonfarm employment 49,300 ** 3 Manufacturing employment 6,120 2 14 Unemployed (percent) 2.6 -10 -13 (Employment data are reported fo~ the combi~ed Midland and Odessa SMSA's since employment figures for Midland and Ect?r Counties, composing one labor-market area, . a~e recorded m **Absolute change is less than one half of 1 percent. combined form by the Texas Employment Commiss10n.) DECEMBER 1971 INDICATORS OF LOCAL BUSINESS CONDITIONS FOR INDIVIDUAL MUNICIPALITIES OCTOBER 1971 Urban building permits Bank debits COUNTY City Population Oct 1971 (dollars) Percent change from Sep Oct 1971 1970 Oct 1971 (thousands of dollars) Percent change from Sep Oct 1971 1970 ANDERSON Palestine 27,789 14,S2S 34,900 -S2 -82 20,369 -12 s ANDREWS Andrews 10,372 8,62S S6,7SO 694 42 8,4S2 6 s ANGELINA Lufkin 49,349 23,049 361,770 -Sl s ARANSAS Aransas Pass 8,902 S,813 82,710 so 12,414 - 6 -2 ATASCOSA Pleasanton 18,696 S,407 6,083 - 6 -2 AUSTIN Bellville 13,831 2,371 110,000 111 7,939 - 1 9 BAILEY Muleshoe 8,487 4,S2S 14,376 10 -lS BASTROP Smithville 17,297 2,9S9 600 - 92 -63 2,843 11 - 8 BEE Beeville 22,737 13,S06 4S,9Sl -94 687 20,S08 BELL (In Killeen-Temple SMSA) Bartlett Belton Harker Heights Killeen Temple 124,483 1,622 8,696 4,216 35,S07 33,431 144,900 71,722 787,360 S77,379 7S -43 s -S9 1S9 178 84 -87 1,790 4S,113 69,332 30 1 8 - s 22 14 BEXAR (In San Antonio SMSA) San Antonio 830,460 6S4,1S3 11,319,929 - 4 23 1,612,SS9 - 7 4 BOWIE (In Texarkana SMSA) Texarkana 67,813 S2,179 169,102 -2S - 2 118,96S ** 6 BRAZORIA (In Houston SMSA) Angleton Clute Freeport Pearland 108,312 9,770 6,023 11,997 6,444 S2,000 78,97S 6,77S S73,600 178 110 so -7 140 -3S -62 384 20,026 6,493 32,231 8,434 6 2S -10 -1 19 21 12 6 BRAZOS (Constitutes Bryan-College Station SMSA) Bryan College Station S7,978 33,719 17,676 800,883 1,617,911 - 2 7S,008 11,602 -11 1 - 1 11 BREWSTER Alpine 7,780 S,971 38,8SO -16 244 S,50S -2 BROWN Brownwood 2S,877 17,368 77,664 -S4 41 BURLESON Caldwell 9,999 2,308 4,336 2 lS BURNET Marble Falls 11,420 2,209 6,838 10 CALDWELL Lockhart 21,178 6,489 122,08S - 2 - 56 9,796 13 19 CAMERON (Constitutes BrownsvilleHarlingen-San Benito SMSA) Brownsville Harlingen La Feria Los Fresnos Port Isabel San Benito 140,368 S2,S22 33,S03 2,642 1,297 3,067 lS,176 460,300 221,878 3,700 631,800 -82 -SS 30 -32 -66 64 619 73,7S4 72,080 2,179 2,678 6,478 8,073 4 -18 -30 -30 61 -16 16 -2 6 ** 47 -2 278 TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW Urban building permits Bank debits Percent change Percent change from Oct 1971 fromCOUNTY Oct 1971 Sep Oct (thousands Sep OctCity Population (dollars) 1971 1970 of dollars) 1971 1970 CASTRO 10,394 Dimmitt 4,327 28,S41 2S CHEROKEE 32,008 Jacksonville 9,734 139,100 244 26,393 ** 6 COLEMAN 10,288 Coleman S,608 18,430 47 lS,921 -11 COLLIN 66,920 (In Dallas SMSA) McKinney lS,193 209,700 7 113 16,042 10 -1 Plano 17,872 2,030,086 21 134 19,676 -4 27 COLORADO 17,638 Eagle Lake 3,S87 S,039 -38 -34 COMAL 24,16S New Braunfels 17,8S9 423,771 17 -37 23,602 -12 13 COOKE 23,471 Gainesville 13,830 381,SSO 9 lSO 19,762 3 9 Muenster 1,411 19,000 S8 -S3 3,832 13 10 CORYELL 3S,311 (In Killeen-Temple SMSA) Copperas Cove 10,818 370,371 9 4 4,60S s 10 Gatesville 4,683 9,727 2 4 CRANE 4,172 Crane 3,427 so 3,317 21 43 DALLAS 1,327,321 (In Dallas SMSA) Carrollton 13,8SS 2,428,010 78 282 1S,88S 4 27 Dallas 844,401 14,S36,0l 8 -60 -SS 10,229,SOS s 4 Farmers Branch 27,492 1,293,364 1S8 -74 21,704 -14 18 Garland 81,437 3,602,14S -S7 13 67,269 2 2 Grand Prairie S0,904 2,409,980 -17 -43 30,0S8 -21 1 Irving 97,260 1,869,236 43 -10 80,730 -16 6 Lancaster 10,S22 308,1 so -66 -82 7,60S -8 -14 Mesquite SS,131 1,708,331 -lS -26 27,SS7 -6 18 Richardson 48,S82 1,143,4SS -16 46 79,671 23 68 Seagoville 4,390 194,016 2S 22S 7,304 1 -3S DAWSON 16,604 Lamesa ll,SS9 130,SOO 219 20,048 -7 8 DEAF SMITH 18,999 Hereford 13,414 37S,8SO 624 -1 DENTON 7S,633 (In Dallas SMSA) Denton 39,874 708,393 -S4 36 76,0lS 3 21 Justin 741 13,220 1,3SS 8 11 Lewisville 9,264 1,499,120 -8 17,468 8 43 Pilot Point 1,663 60,000 -33 27S 3,400 3 lS DE WITT 18,660 Yoakum S,7SS 30,800 -82 -6 13,6SO 3 18 EASTLAND 18,092 Cisco 4,160 4,210 -16 -8 ECTOR 91,80S (Constitutes Odessa SMSA) Odessa 78,380 1,2S7,95S 142 136 137,461 -1 ** 46,638 (In Dallas SMSA) Ennis 11,046 12,114 19 22 2,322 21,500 -8S ELLIS Midlothian 2,S18 -7 3S Waxahachie 23,717 12 10 13,4S2 1S9,400 26 30 3S9,291 EL PASO (Constitutes El Paso SMSA) 322,261 6,S84,924 -S6 28 669,7S8 8 10 El Paso 18,191 9,277 140,8SO S6 -30 17,777 9 3 DECEMBER 1971 279 Urban building permits Bank debits Percent change Percent change from Oct 1971 from COUNTY Oct 1971 Sep Oct (thousands Sep Oct City Population (dollars) 1971 1970 of dollars) 1971 1970 FANNIN 22,705 Bonham 7,698 73,000 -51 13,370 -3 10 FAYETTE 17,650 Schulenburg 2,294 5,100 -71 -56 FORT BEND 52,314 (In Houston SMSA) Richmond 5,777 428,700 9 548 10,975 -12 20 Rosenberg 12,098 168,921 350 82 9,879 ** GAINES 11,593 Seagraves 2,440 15,300 410 2,234 -19 2 Seminole 5,007 405 -99 -91 6,103 -23 9 GALVESTON 169,812 (Constitutes Galveston-Texas City SMSA) Dickinson 10,776 14,458 -5 19 Galveston 61,809 1,667,611 38 423 154,462 -12 6 La Marque 16,131 195,053 368 508 17,410 -10 7 Texas City 38,908 251,000 -71 -32 37,132 9 1 GILLESPIE 10,553 Fredericksburg 5,326 56,000 -47 -8 18,453 2 4 GONZALES 16,375 Nixon 1,925 4,300 -82 192 GRAY 26,949 Pampa 21,726 62,400 122 380 40,368 2 11 GRAYSON 83,225 (Constitutes Sherman-Denison SMSA) Denison 24,923 202,951 171 103 31,294 3 3 Sherman 29,061 93,063 -77 -94 61,553 14 11 GREGG 75,929 (Constitutes Longview-Kilgore- Gladewater Metropolitan Area) Gladewater 5,574 25,066 -48 433 8,266 24 13 Kilgore 9,495 117,375 213 20,272 1 13 Longview 45,547 744,800 -16 -11 95,613 -7 -1 GUADALUPE 33,554 {In San Antonio SMSA) Schertz 4,061 47,000 21 1,166 43 -10 Seguin 15,934 23,185 2 8 HALE 34,137 Hale Center 1,964 0 Plainview 19,096 103,000 -50 -85 55,238 4 -2 HARDEMAN 6,795 Quanah 3,948 35,000 298 5,808 -9 -24 HARDIN 29,996 Silsbee 7,271 12,182 8 ** HARRIS 1,741,912 (In Houston SMSA) Baytown 43,980 3,057,828 305 732 74,170 15 22 Bellaire 19,009 - 60,102 65 17 65,653 2 25 Deer Park 12,773 543,458 329 39 12,012 1 -3 Houston 1,232,802 43,898,171 33 48 8,954,065 4 13Humble 3,278 454,598 483 156 10,881 14 -4La Porte 7,149 179,583 -36 -5 4,521 -9 -27 Pasadena 89,277 1,444,103 -10 -56 127,199 3 2South Houston 11,527 148,500 -47 Tomball 2,734 21,661 15 29 HARRISON 44,841 Hallsville 1,038 1,126 -11 -11Marshall 22,937 214,047 -73 28,335 5 -8 HASKELL 8,512 Haskell 3,655 0 4,869 9 Urban building permits Bank debits Percent change Percent change from Oct 1971 from COUNTY Oct 1971 Sep Oct (thousands Sep Oct City Population (dollars) 1971 1970 of dollars) 1971 1970 HAYS 27,642 San Marcos 18,860 365,800 16 79 16,113 -2 11 HENDERSON 26,466 Athens 9,582 18,599 4 10 HIDALGO 181,535 (Constitutes McAllen-Pharr-Edinburg SMSA) Alamo 4,291 6,320 -41 450 3,388 -5 -1 Donna 7,365 47,500 70 310 4,264 -14 16 Edinburg 17,163 1,270,575 747 322 33,560 -1 47 Elsa 4,400 3,605 -26 -9 McAllen 37,636 445,510 -63 -1 55,935 6 22 Mercedes 9,355 8,212 -21 33 Missioo 13,043 86,250 -62 -29 17,543 -11 10 Pharr 15,829 66,676 2 3 5,880 -19 -10 San Juan 5,070 47,600 16 327 4,792 4 26 Weslaco 15,313 115,493 -65 -37 21,5 52 14 46 HOCKLEY 20,396 Levelland 11,445 102,950 8 2 19,101 -14 -15 HOOD 6,368 Grandbury 2,473 3,085 -14 15 HOPKINS 20,710 Sulphur Springs 10,642 218,100 30 136 29,398 3 9 HOWARD 37,796 Big Spring 28,735 14,050 -80 -71 59,380 2 10 HUNT 47,948 Greenville 22,043 219,850 -31 4 28,810 -8 -3 HUTCHINSON 24,443 Borger 14,195 7,850 -68 -71 JACKSON 12,975 Edna 5,332 26,930 -4 -58 11,083 -10 8 JASPER 24,692 Jasper 6,251 41,265 -46 255 17,910 6 3 Kirbyville 1,869 3,406 16 1 JEFFERSON 244,773 (In Beaumont-Port Arthur- Orange SMSA) Beaumont 115,919 1,766,865 -46 2 330,322 4 3 Groves 18,067 128,598 -84 -12 16,830 5 16 Nederland 16,810 12,562 7 13 Port Arthur 57,371 114,937 -91 -40 92,460 -14 1 Port Neches 10,894 387,885 180 17,975 -1 2 JIM WELLS 33,032 Alice 20,121 356,612 64 -49 41,202 -19 ** JOHNSON 45,769 (In Fort Worth SMSA) Clebume 16,015 571,605 218 320 22,932 -4 KARNES 13,462 Karnes City 2,926 2,075 -94 32,392 (In Dallas SMSA) Terrell KAUFMAN 14,182 144,725 -2 246 22,033 7 10 3,904 2,654 3,291 3 4 KIMBLE Junction 33,166 KLEBERG 28,711 288,850 -4 -5 25,223 2 Kingsville ** 36,062 LAMAR 23,441 333,865 -51 177 Paris 17,770 LAMB 6,738 350 -99 9,178 4 -17 Littlefield DECEMBER 1971 281 Urban building permits Bank debits Percent change Percent change from Oct 1971 from COUNTY Oct 1971 Sep Oct (thousands Sep Oct City Population (dollars) 1971 1970 of dollars) 1971 1970 LAMPASAS 9,323 Lampasas 5,922 128,000 -58 357 11,596 ** 2 LAVACA 17,903 Hallettsville 2,712 6,050 -53 6,635 28 31 Yoakum 5,755 30,800 -82 -6 13,650 3 18 LEE 8,048 Giddings 2,783 65,552 -7 8,850 28 22 LIBERTY 33,014 (In Houston SMSA) Dayton 3,804 6,300 -86 -82 7,343 -11 12 Liberty 5,591 71,949 -37 92 14,652 -12 -11 LIMESTONE 18,100 Mexia 5,943 8,550 -15 -58 9,642 ** -1 LLANO 6,979 Kingsland 1,262 7,616 -13 53 Llano 2,608 6,000 -84 7,315 1 10 LUBBOCK 179,295 (Constitutes Lubbock SMSA) Lubbock 149,101 2,393,070 -18 -19 353,365 5 2 Slaton 6,583 825 -99 -67 5,925 1 7 LYNN 9,107 Tahoka 2,956 0 4,413 5 -15 McCULLOCH 8,571 Brady 5,557 141,260 289 11,807 8 20 McLENNAN 147,553 (Constitutes Waco SMSA) McGregor 4,365 500 -97 -98 5,227 5 -5 Waco 95,326 1,721,630 -28 6 269,504 1 17 MATAGORDA 27,913 Bay City 11,733 46,250 223 363 25,930 -14 8 MAVERICK 18,093 Eagle Pass 15,364 257,300 41 161 13,539 -6 5 MEDINA 20,249 Castroville 1,893 600 -96 1,478 -13 6 Hondo 5,487 48,340 162 -54 5,627 3 5 MIDLAND 65,433 (Constitutes Midland SMSA) Midland 59,463 4,028,011 170,591 -3 6 MILAM 20,028 Cameron 5,546 15,450 -74 -56 9,341 8 ** Rockdale 4,655 15,850 -75 47 7,732 5 9 MILLS 4,212 Goldthwaite 1,693 6,482 -2 2 MITCHELL 9,073 Colorado City 5,227 6,791 18 8 MONTGOMERY 49,479 (In Houston SMSA) Conroe 11,969 1,181,000 16 -48 46,290 2 28 MOORE 14,060 Dumas 9,771 217,328 63 407 NACOGDOCHES 36,362 Nacogdoches 22,544 1,916,471 125 NAVARRO 31,150 Corsicana 19,972 125,422 -74 74 34,149 NOLAN 16,220 Sweetwater 12,020 33,660 -34 571 21,087 3 12 282 TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW Urban building permits Bank debits COUNTY City NUECES (In Corpus Christi SMSA) Bishop Corpus Christi Port Aransas Robstown Population 237,544 3,466 204,525 1,218 11,217 Oct 1971 (dollars) 3,942,300 56,194 Percent change from Sep Oct 1971 1970 -56 -1 -39 -52 Oct 1971 (thousands of dollars) 3,488 437,034 1,001 18,468 Percent change from Sep Oct 1971 1970 12 -32 -6 -6 -21 -60 -25 -14 ORANGE (In Beaumont-Port Arthur-Orange SMSA) Orange 71,170 24,457 305,988 86 469 52,149 7 PALO PINTO Mineral Wells 28,962 18,411 82,983 407 -92 28,596 3 -16 PANOLA Carthage 15,894 5,392 106,380 -74 111 5,983 5 6 PARKER Weatherford 33,888 11,750 184,425 12 237 25,645 - 4 2 PARMER Friona 10,509 3,111 56,100 -57 -12 30,349 55 PECOS Fort Stockton 13,748 8,283 60,300 230 -68 14,423 20 50 POTTER (In Amarillo SMSA) Amarillo RANDALL {In Amarillo SMSA) Amarillo (See Potter) Canyon 90,511 127,010 53,885 8,333 4,540,185 453,700 -33 349 541,559 11,500 -1 -23 10 21 REEVES Pecos 16,526 12,682 23,900 -36 24 24,164 18 13 REFUGIO Refugio 9,494 4,340 24,500 5,886 27 - 9 RUSK Henderson Kilgore 34,102 10,187 9,495 116,365 117,375 33 213 - 1 23,376 20,272 2 1 30 13 SAN PATRICIO {In Corpus Christi SMSA) Aransas Pass Sinton 47,288 5,813 5,563 82,710 322,340 50 297 696 12,414 10,663 6 4 - 2 13 SAN SABA San Saba 5,540 2,555 3,300 -77 -90 10,256 - 3 6 SCURRY Snyder 15,760 11,171 61,350 -56 159 17,477 - 5 2 SHACKELFORD Albany 3,323 1,978 0 3,344 -10 8 SHERMAN Stratford 3,657 2,139 3,000 -40 16,841 25 13 SMITH (Constitutes Tyler SMSA) Tyler 97,096 57,770 912,665 51 29 189,630 4 STEPHENS Breckenridge 8,414 5,944 0 SUTTON Sonora 3,175 2,149 3,500 -42 4,367 39 45 TARRANT (In Fort Worth SMSA) Arlington Euless Fort Worth Grapevine North Richland Hills White Settlement 716,317 90,643 19,316 393,476 7,023 16,514 13,449 5,095,185 510,780 4,887,595 109,395 351,100 178,769 6 -59 -69 -43 -39 -52 31 -49 -21 104 14 72 101,195 24,906 1,743,342 10,461 19,035 5,423 -3 4 -11 5 ** -11 -13 79 3 40 11 -20 DECEMBER 1971 283 Urban building permits Bank debits Percent change Percent change from Oct 1971 from COUNTY Oct 1971 Sep Oct (thousands Sep Oct City Population (dollars) 1971 1970 of dollars) 1971 1970 TAYLOR 97,853 (In Abilene SMSA) Abilene 89,653 770,970 -60 106 169,146 2 6 TERRY 14,118 Brownfield 9,647 21,950 -71 -79 21,695 -2 -11 TITUS 16,702 Mount Pleasant 8,877 115,300 -45 107 24,021 -1 26 TOM GREEN 71,047 (Constitutes San Angelo SMSA) San Angelo 63,884 343,158 -29 -34 115,361 -3 15 TRAVIS 295,516 (Constitutes Austin SMSA) Austin 251,808 20,739,172 -41 69 871,706 -4 23 UPSHUR 20,976 Gladewater 5,574 25,066 -48 433 8,266 24 13 UPTON 4,697 McCamey 2,647 2,559 20 35 UVALDE 17,348 Uvalde 10,764 81,632 -69 -15 24,810 -6 9 VAL VERDE 27,471 Del Rio 21,330 172,589 44 -42 21,899 -2 3 VICTORIA 53,766 Victoria 41,349 564,553 4 -37 113,061 3 4 WALKER 27,680 Huntsville 17,610 272,500 -73 -57 26,667 4 21 WARD 13,019 Monahans 8,333 1,258,650 14,022 •• 20 WASHINGTON 18,842 Brenham 8,922 829,930 -80 210 27,816 2 21 WEBB 72,859 (Constitutes Laredo SMSA) Laredo 69,024 595,825 28 86 76,979 -8 •• WHARTON 36,729 El Campo 8,563 438 -- 116,859 26 23,950 20 2 WICHITA 121,862 (In Wichita Falls SMSA) Burkburnett 9,230 24,739 4 725 9,739 10 Iowa Park 5,796 1,413 -93 -96 4,130 •• 8 Wichita Falls 97,564 425,463 -85 -45 195,449 2 11 WILBARGER 15,355 Vernon 11,454 113,358 122 -44 26,366 9 8 WILLACY 15,570 Raymondville 7,987 146 44,200 12,301 26 ** WILLIAMSON 37,305 Bartlett 1,622 1,790 30 -5 Georgetown 6,395 287,300 106 436 12,415 11 48 Taylor 9,616 91,400 333 84 16,505 -8 -7 WINKLER 9,640 Kermit 7,884 6,845 -38 -49 WISE 19,687 Decatur 3,240 1,254,500 6,425 13 22 YOUNG 15,400 Graham 7,477 65,200 67 Olney 3,624 15,000 200 127 7,749 16 32 ZAVALA 11,370 Crystal City 8,104 36.475 -34 -48 6,527 7 18 * For 1970 unless otherwise indicated. * * Absolute change is less than one half of 1 percent. . • • No data, or inadequate basis for reporting. 284 TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW INDEX TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW VOLUME XLV 1971 Copies of A Classified and Selective Index: TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW, 1927-1961 are available upon request from the Bureau of Business Research, The University of Texas at Austin 78712. For subsequent years an annual index is published in each December issue. The semiannual statistical issue of the Review appears in August; the annual issue is published in February. SPECIAL ARTICLES, TABLES, CHARTS, MAPS, AND PHOTOGRAPHS Construction Articles Robert E. Norwood, "Measuring Texas Housing Needs" (June, pp. 124-126). Charles P. Zlatkovich, "The Shifting Texas Housing Pattern" (Dec., pp. 270-272). Tables Building Authorized in Texas-Top Thirty Cities (July, p. 150). Nonfarm Building Authorized in Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (Feb., p. 34). Number and Type of New Housing Units Authorized Quarterly in Texas, 1967-1971 (May, p. 110). One-Family, Two-Family, and Apartment-Building Dwelling Units Authorized in Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas, February 1971 (Apr., p. 78). Selected Statistics on Housing Authorized in Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas, Texas, 1956-1970 (May, p. 111). Texas Metropolitan Housing Patterns, 1960-1970: Number of Housing Units (Dec., p. 271). Texas Metropolitan Housing Patterns, 1960-1970: Percentage of Total Housing Units (Dec., p. 271). Three-and Four-Family Dwellings Authorized as Percentage of Total Multiple-Family Dwellings (Aug., p. 169). Values of Housing Permits Issued-Texas, 1960-1970 (Apr., p. 79). Charts Estimated Total and Indicated Average Values of Apartment Units Authorized Annually in Texas, 1958-1970 (May, p. 111). Estimated Total and Indicated Average Values of One-Family Housing Units Authorized Annually in Texas, 1958-1970 (May, p. 110). One-Family Homes and Apartment Units Authorized in Texas, 1958-1970 (Jan., p. 10). Finance Article Robert D. Mettlen, "Texas in the Seventies: 14. Savings and Loan Associations-Past and Future" (Apr., pp. 73-76). Tables Charter Characteristics of FSLIC-Insured Savings and Loan Associations in Texas, 1965-1969 (Apr., p. 75). Comparative Distribution of Savings Associations by Asset Size, Number, and Type of Charter, Texas and the United .StatesDecember 31, 1969 (Apr., p. 76). Comparative Percentage Distribution of Savings Associations by Asset Size and Number, Texas and the United States-December 31, 1969 (Apr., p. 76). Number of FSLIC-Insured Savings and Loan Associations Operating in Texas, 1959-1969 (Apr., p. 74). Savings Capital, Mortgage Loans Outstanding, and Total Assets of All Insured, FHLB-Member Savings and Loan Associations in Texas, 1960-1970 (Apr., p. 73). Structural Characteristics of Texas Savings and Loan Associations December 31, 1969 (Apr., p. 75). Charts Growth of Total Assets of Insured, FHLB-Member Savings and Loan Associations in Texas and the U.S. (Apr., p. 74). Savings Growth in Insured, FHLB-Member Savings and Loan Associations in Texas and the U.S. (Apr., p. 75). Foreign Trade Article Henry Malcolm Steiner, "The Mexican Border Industrialization Program" (July, pp. 145-149). Tables Businesses under the Mexican Border Industrialization Program (MBIP), 1969 (July, p. 145). Minimum Daily Salaries in Selected Border Cities, 1970-1971 (July, p. 145). Map Twin-City Plants along the Mexico-U.S. Border (July, p. 148). General Business Tables Annual Averages of Monthly Indexes of Consumer Prices and Percentages of Change, 1966-1970 (Feb., p. 22). Annual Averages of Monthly Indexes of Estimated Personal Income in Texas and Percentages of Change; 1966-1970 (Feb., p. 22). Comparison of the Percentage Increases in the Index of Texas Personal Income and the Index of Consumer Prices, 1966-1970 (Feb., p. 22). Income and Labor Article "Evaluation of Personal-Income Estimates" by Joe H. Jones (Apr., p. 83). Tables Texas Nonagricultural Employment Trends (May, p. 96). Texas Personal Income as Estimated by the Bureau of Business Research and as Measured by the U.S. Department of Commerce (Apr., p. 83). Chart Total Manufacturing Employment in Texas, 1970 (Feb., p. 26). Industry Articles Stanley A. Arbingast, "Texas Industry, 1970" (Feb., pp. 26-31). Preston Smith, Governor of Texas, "Industrial Growth in Texas" (Dec., pp. 268-269). Tables Indexes of Chemicals and Allied-Products Industry, 1960-1970 (Feb., p. 30). Industrial Development in Texas by Standard Industrial Classification Major Group, 1970 (Feb., p. 29). Manufacturing Employment: United States, Texas, the West South Central States, and Selected States in Other U.S. Regions, 1969 and 1970 (Feb., p. 2 7). New Manufacturing Plants and Expansions in Texas by Metropolitan Area, 1970 (Feb., p. 31 ). Texas Manufacturing Activity, 1968 and 1963 (Feb., p. 31). Texas Mohair Production, 1967-1969 (Apr., p. 72). Charts Average Weekly Earnings-Manufacturing Industries, Texas (Feb., p. 24). Average Weekly Hours-Manufacturing Industries, Texas (Feb., p. 24). Total Manufacturing Employment in Texas, 1970 (Feb., p. 26). Transportation-Equipment Manufacture (Feb., p. 29). Marketing Articles Gabriel M. Gelb, "Texas in the Seventies: 13. Marketing Comes of Age" (Mar., pp. S2-S7). Linda Crawford, "Texas Livestock Auctions" (Sept., pp. 188-193). Tables Agency Ratings of Principal Media on Three Marketing Criteria (Mar., p. S7). Circulation of Selected Daily Newspapers and Population Growth, Largest Texas Cities, 1960-1970 (Mar., p. SS). Community Antenna Television Systems in Texas, 1960-1970 (Mar., p. S6). Comparison of Advertising Linage in Selected Texas Newspapers, 1968-1970, A (Mar., p. S6). Comparison of Marketing Efforts in Texas with Those in Adjacent States; and in Texas Urban Centers with Those in Other U.S. Centers, A (Mar., p. S4). Evaluation of Current Texas Marketing Efforts {Mar., p. S3). Receipts of Livestock at Texas Auction Markets, 1968 and 1969 (Sep., p. 190). Television Stations in Texas, 1960-1970 (Mar., p. S6). Chart Growth Curve for Texas Livestock Auctions (Sept., p. 188). Map Texas Livestock Auction Markets, March 1, 1970 (Sept., p. 189). Photos Area of the Bid Starter and the Auctioneer (Sept., p. 191). A Texas Livestock Auction Building (Sept., p. 191). Tagged Calves Awaiting Their Turn with the Auctioneers (Sept., p. 192). Weighing Animals after Sale (Sept., p. 193). Personnel Problems Article F. J. Kelly, M.D., "Industry, the Disadvantaged, and Medicine" (June, pp. 127-130). Tables Comparison of Major Physical Defects Found in Urban Disadvantaged Minority {4,3S6) and Rural {91,087) Population (June, p. 130). Hiring the Hard-Core Unemployed (June, p. 128). Major Medical Findings of 4,3S6 Pre-Employment Examinations (June, p. 129). Population Articles Benjamin Bradshaw and Dudley Poston, "Texas Population in 1970: 1. Trends, 19S0-1970" {May, pp. 97-109). Dudley L. Poston and Benjamin S. Bradshaw, "Texas Population in 1970: 2. Trends in Age Composition, 1940-1970" (Oct., pp. 209-218). Tables Age Composition, 1970, and Indexes of Aging, 1940-1970-Texas, State Economic Areas, and Counties (Oct., pp. 210-212). Age Composition, 1970, and Indexes of Aging, 1940-1970-Texas Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas and Constituent Counties (Oct., p. 214). Population and Net Migration for Texas Counties and State Economic Areas 19SO-l970 (May, pp. 98-102). Population and Net Migration for Texas Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas and Constituent Counties 19S0-1970 (May, pp. 106-107). Texas Counties Classified by Population Increase or Decrease, 19S0-1960 and 1960-1970 (May, p. 108). Chart Percent of Population under 18 Years, and Over 6S Years: Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan State Economic Areas (Oct., p. 213). Maps Net Migration for Texas Counties and State Economic Areas, 1970 (May, p. 104). Population Changes in Texas Counties and State Economic Areas, 1960-1970 (May, p. 103). Indexes of Aging for Texas Counties and State Economic Areas, 1970 (Oct., p. 21S). Resources Article W. L. Fisher, "Texas in the Seventies: 12. Mineral Resources and Industries" (Jan., pp. 4-8). Principal Minerals Currently Mined and Utilized in Texas (Jan., p. 8). United States Crude-Oil Production for the Six Largest-Producing States, January-February 1971 (May, p. 93). World Oil Reserves, 1970 (May, p. 93). World Oil Reserves, 1970 (May, p. 94). Charts Production Trends of Texas Chemical Raw Materials (Jan., p. 6). Production Trends of Texas Constructional Materials (Jan., p. 7). Production Trends of Texas Mineral Fuels (Jan., p. 5). Production Trends of Texas Minerals (Jan., p. 8). Value of Texas Mineral Production (Jan., p. 5). Social Problems Articles Graham Blackstock, "Aging Texans: Continuing Independence" (Nov., pp. 237-243). Graham Blackstock, "Aging Texans: Problems of Accident and Health" (Dec., pp. 261-267). Tables Accidents Involving Persons Sixty-Five Years of Age and Over in Texas, 1969 (Dec., p. 262). Factors Contributing to Accidents among the Aging, by Sex, Texas, 1969 (Dec., p. 261). Increased Monthly Charges, FHA-Assisted Nursing Homes, December 15, 1967-January 15, 1969 (Dec., p. 266). Patient Distribution According to Principal Source of Payment (Dec., p .. 266). Payment of Nursing-Home Charges (Dec., p. 265). Selected Services or Facilities in FHA Nursing Homes (Dec., p. 267). Chart Budget of the State Office of Aging (Nov., p. 239). Maps Texas Title III Grants and Multipurpose Centers (Nov., p. 240). Locations of Local Committees on Aging (Nov., p. 241). Transportation Article Thomas Lorenc, "A Department of Transportation for Texas?" (Aug., pp. 165-168). Charts Existing State Departments of Transportation (Aug., p. 168). The Model Department of Transportation (Aug., p. 166). Organization of the lnteragency Council on Transportation (Aug., p. 166). Relationship among Members of the Interagency Council on Transportation (Aug., p. 165). REGULAR COLUMNS AND FREQUENTLY PUBLISHED TABLES AND CHARTS Agriculture Table Index of Prices Received by Farmers in Texas (Apr., p. 70). Chart Prices Received by Farmers-All Farm Products, Texas (Feb., p. 23; Dec., p. 260). DECEMBER 197 1 Construction Column "Texas Construction": by Robert M. Lockwood (Mar., pp. 58-59; Sept., pp. 194-195; Nov., pp. 243-245); by Francis B. May (July, pp. 149-151); by John R. Stockton (Aug., pp. 169-170); by Robert B. Williamson (Oct., pp. 219-22 3); by Stanley A. Arbingast (Dec., pp. 272-274). "Texas Construction: The Shrinking Housing Unit," by Robert M'. Lockwood (May, pp. 110-111). "Texas Construction, 1970," by Robert B. Williamson (Feb., pp. 32-34). "Texas Construction: Financing the Single-Family Home," by Graham Blackstock (Jan., pp. 9-11). "Texas Construction: Housing a Prop for the Economy?" by Graham Blackstock (Apr., pp. 77-80). "Texas Construction: New Towns and Communities," by Graham Blackstock (June, p. 130-131). Tables Estimated Values of Building Authorized in Texas (Feb., p. 32; Mar., p. 59; Apr., p. 77; May, p. 110; June, p. 131; July, p. 151; Sept., p. 194; Oct., p. 220; Nov., p. 245; Dec., p. 27 3). Nonresidential Building Authorized in Texas, January through October, 1966-1971 (Dec., p. 2 7 4 ). One-Family, Two-Family, and Apartment-Building Dwelling Units Authorized in Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas, August 1971 (Oct., p. 218). One-Family, Two-Family, and Apartment-Building Dwelling Units Authorized in Texas, January through October, 1966-1971 (Dec., p. 2 7 3). Selected Characteristics of Year-Round Housing: Selected Texas SMSA's, 1970 (Oct., p. 219). Growth of House-Trailer Registrations Compared to New Housing Units Authorized in Texas, 1968-1971 (Nov., p. 244). Charts Housing Starts and Interest-Rate Levels, 1965-1971 (Oct., p. 219). Nonresidential Building Authorized, Texas (Jan., p. 9; Feb., p. 33; Mar., p. 58; June, p. 126; July, p. 151; Aug., p. 170; Sept., p. 195; Oct., p. 218; Nov., p. 244; Dec., p. 274). Residential Building Authorized, Texas (Jan., p. 9; Feb., p. 33; Mar., p. 58; Apr., p. 79; June, p. 131; July, p. 151; Aug., p. 170; Sept., p. 195; Oct., p. 220; Nov., p. 244; Dec., p. 274). Total Building Authorized, Texas (Jan., p. 9; Feb., p. 33; Mar., p. 58; June, p. 131; July, p. 151; Sept., p. 195;0ct., p. 218;Nov., p. 244; Dec., p. 274). Finance Article Ernest W. Walker, "Securities Registration in Texas" (Nov., pp. 246-247). Tables Dollar Volume of Applications Withdrawn, Fiscal Year 1970-1971 (Nov., p. 247). Securities Registration in Texas, 1969-1970 (Nov., p. 246). Securities Registrations in Texas: Renewals, Fiscal Years 1961-1971 (Nov., p. 247). Dollar Value and Percent Increase of All Applications and Original Applications Authorized for Sale during Fiscal 1961-1971 (Nov., p. 247). Chart Securities Registration in Texas (Nov., p. 247). General Business Column "The Business Situation in Texas": Joe H. Jones (Jan., pp. 1-3, 11; June, pp. 121-122); Francis B. May (Feb., pp. 21-24; May, pp. 93-96; Oct., pp. 205-208; Dec., pp. 257-260); Robert H. Ryan (Aug., pp. 161-164); John R. Stockton (Mar., pp. 49-51 ; Sept., pp. 185-187; Nov., pp. 233-236); Robert B. Williamson (Apr., pp. 69-72; July, pp. 141-144). Tables Barometers of Texas Business (always on back cover; J an.-Dec.). Business-Activity Indexes for Twenty Selected Texas Cities (Feb., p. 25; Apr., p. 72; May, p. 96; July, p. 143; Aug., p. 164; Sept., p. 186; Oct., p. 207; Nov., p. 235; Dec., p. 259). Estimates of Nonagricultural Employment in Texas (Jan., p. 3; May, p. 95). Hours and Earnings in Texas (Feb., p. 28). Indexes of Consumer Prices, U.S. and Houston, Texas (June, p. 122). Index of Wholesale Prices, United States (Apr., p. 70). Local Business Conditions (Jan., pp. 12-20; Feb., pp. 35-48; Mar., pp. 60-68; Apr., pp. 84-92; May, pp. 112-120; June, pp. 132-140; July, pp. 152·160; Aug., pp. 171-184; Sept., pp. 196-204; Oct., pp. 224-232; Nov., pp. 248-256; Dec., pp. 276-284). Nonagricultural Employment Selected Labor-Market Areas (Jan., p. 3; June, p. 123). Selected Barometers of Texas Business (Jan., p. 2; Feb., p. 24; Mar., p. 50; Apr., p. 71; May, p. 95; July, p. 144; Aug., p. 162; Sept., p. 186; Oct., p. 206; Nov., p. 234; Dec., p. 258). Weekly Department-Store Sales in Four Metropolitan Areas (Dec., p. 274). Charts Business-Activity Indexes for Twenty Texas Cities (Apr., pp. 80-82; Oct., pp. 221-223). Comparison of Consumer Prices and Wholesale Prices, United States (July, p. 142; Nov., 235; Dec., p. 258). Consumer Prices-United States and Dallas, Texas (Apr., p. 70). Estimated Personal Income, Texas (Jan., p. 1; Feb., p. 21; Mar., p. 49; Apr., p. 69; May, p. 93; June, p. 121; July, p. 141; Aug., p. 161; Sept., p. 185; Oct., p. 205; Nov., p. 233; Dec., p. 257). Industrial Production Charts Crude-Oil Production, Texas (Feb., p. 23; May, p. 94; July, p. 143; Oct., p. 206; Dec., p. 258). Crude-Oil Runs to Stills, Texas (Feb., p. 23; May, p. 94; Oct., p. 206; Dec., p. 258). Industrial Electric-Power Use, Texas (Feb., p. 23; Dec., p. 269). Industrial Production-Durable Manufactures, Texas (Feb., p. 25; Apr., p. 71; May, p. 96; June, p. 123; July, p. 142; Aug., p. 163; Sept., p. 187; Oct., p. 208; Dec., p. 259). Industrial Production-Nondurable Manufactures, Texas (Feb., p. 25; Apr., p. 71; May, p. 96; June, p. 123; Aug., p. 163; Sept., p. 187; Oct., p. 208; Dec., p. 259). Industrial Production, Texas (Feb., p. 25; Mar., p. 51; July, p. 142; Sept., p. 187; Oct., p. 208; Nov., p. 236; Dec., p. 259). Industrial Production-Total Manufactures, Texas (Jan., p. 3; Feb., p. 25; Mar., p. 51; Apr., p. 71; May, p. 96; Aug., p. 163; Oct., p. 208; Nov., p. 236). Industrial Production-Minerals, Texas (Nov., 236; Dec., p. 269). Labor Force Table Estimates of Nonagricultural Employment in Texas (Feb., p. 27; June, p. 123; Aug., p. 164). Charts Manufacturing Employment, Texas (Jan., p. 2; Feb., p. 25; Aug., p. 163; Dec., p. 267). Total Nonagricultural Employment, Texas (Jan., p. 2; Sept., p. 187; Oct., p. 208; Dec., p. 267). Total Unemployment, Texas (Jan., p. 2; Feb., p. 25; June, p. 122; July, p. 142; Nov., p. 235). AUTHOR INDEX Arbingast, Stanley: "Texas Industry, 1970" (Feb., pp. 26-31); "Texas Construction" (Dec., pp. 272-274). Blackstock, Graham: "Texas Construction: Financing the SingleFamily Home" (Jan., pp. 9-11); "Texas Construction: Housing a Prop for the Economy?" (Apr., pp. 77-80); "Texas Construction: New Towns and Communities" (June, pp. 130-131); "Aging Texans: Continuing Independence" (Nov., pp. 237-243); "Aging Texans: Problems of Accident and Health" (Dec., pp. 261-167). Bradshaw, Benjamin S.: "Texas Population in 1970: 1. Trends, 1950-1970," with Dudley L. Poston (May, pp. 97-109); "Texas Population in 1970: 2. Trends in Age Composition, 1940-1970," with Dudley L. Poston (Oct., pp. 209-218). Crawford, Linda: "Texas Livestock Auctions" (Sept., pp. 188-193). Fisher, W. L.: "Texas in the Seventies: 12. Minerals and Mineral Industries" (Jan., pp. 4-8). Gelb, Gabriel M.: "Texas in the Seventies: Marketing Comes of Age" (Mar., pp. 52-57). Jones, Joe: "The Business Situation in Texas" (Jan., pp. 1-3, 11; June, pp. 121-123); "Evaluation of Personal-Income Estimates" (Apr., p. 83). Kelley, F. J., M.D.: "Industry, the Disadvantaged, and Medicine" (June, pp. 127-130). Lockwood, Robert M.: "Texas Construction" (Mar., pp. 58-59; Sept., pp. 194-195); "Texas Construction: The Shrinking Housing Unit" (May, pp. 110-111). Lorenc, Thomas: "A Department of Transportation for Texas?" (Aug., pp. 165-168). May, Francis B.: "The Business Situation in Texas" (Feb., pp. 21-24; May, pp. 93-96; Oct., pp. 205-208; Dec., pp. 257-260); "Texas Construction" (July, pp. 149-151). Mettlen, Robert D.: "Texas in the Seventies: 14. Savings and Loan Associations-Past and Future" (Apr., pp. 73-76). Norwood, Robert E.: "Measuring Texas Housing Needs" (June, pp. 124-126). Poston, Dudley L.: "Texas Population in 1970: 1. Trends, 1950-1970," with Benjamin S. Bradshaw (May, pp. 97-109); "Texas Population in 1970: 2. Trends in Age Composition, 1940-1970," with Benjamin S. Bradshaw (Oct., pp. 209-218). Ryan, Robert H.: "The Business Situation in Texas" (Aug., pp. 161-164). Smith, Governor Preston, "Industrial Growth in Texas" (Dec., pp. 268-269). Steiner, Henry Malcolm: "The Mexican Border Industrialization Program" (July, pp. 145-149). Stockton, Joho R.: "The Business Situation in Texas" (Mar., pp. 49-51; Sept., pp. 185-187; Nov., pp. 233-236); "Texas Construction" (Aug., pp. 169-170). Williamson, Robert B.: "Texas Construction, 1970" (Feb., pp. 32-34; Oct., pp. 219-221); "The Business Situation in Texas" (Apr., pp. 69-72; July, pp. 141-144). Zlatkovich, Charles P., "The Shifting Texas Housing Pattern" (Dec., pp. 270-272). BAROMETERS OF TEXAS BUSINESS (All figures are for Texas unless otherwise indicated.) All indexes~~ based on the average months for 1957-1959 except where other specification is made; all except annual indexes are adjusted for seasonal variation unless otherwise noted. Employment estimates are compiled by the Texas Employment Commission in cooperation with the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor. The symbols used below impose qualifications as indicated here: p-preliminarydata subject to revision; r-revised data; *-dollar totals for the fiscal year to date; t-employment data for wage and salary workers only. Oct Sep Oct Year-to-date average 1971 1971 1970 1971 1970 GENERAL BUSINESS ACTIVITY Estimates of personal income (millions of dollars, seasonally adjusted) •• $ 3,575p $ 3,677p $ 3,324r $ 3,524 $ 3,280 In.come payments to individuals in U.S. (billions, at seasonally adjusted annual rate) . . . . . •• $ 872.3p $ 871.5p $ 813.6r $ 853.8 $ 799.9 Wholesale prices in U.S. (unadjusted index) .... 121.4 121.5 117.8 120.7 117.0 Consumer prices in U.S. (unadjusted index) Sales of ordinary life insurance (index) .....•...........• 142.6 303.1 142.3 302.2 137.4 292.0 140.7 284.3 134.7 262.5 PRODUCTION Total electric-power use (index) .... Industrial electric-power use (index) Crude-oil production (index) •........ Average daily production per oil well (bbl.) Crude-oil runs to stills (index) ....... . Industrial production in U.S. (index, 1967=100) Texas industrial production-total (index) ..... Texas industrial production-total manufactures (index) Texas industrial production-durable manufactures (index) Texas industrial production-nondurable manufactures (index) Texas industrial production-mining (index) •. Texas industrial production-utilities (index) Urban building permits issued (index) •....... New residential building authorized (index) New nonresidential building authorized (index) 319.4p 253.5p 108.2P 16.7 144.3 106.3p 179.4p 199.2p 198.4p 199.8p 131.9p 284.7p 205.4 211.0 192.9 330.lp 260.6p ll1.6p 17.2 138.0 106.1 p 181.8p 201.3p 197.7p 203.7p 135.5p 284.7p 268.8 243.6 297.2 277.0r 226.2r 133.5r 18.3 141.0 103.7r 179.3r 1~4.3r 200.6r 190.1r 142.5r 265.1r 188.5 151.4 243.3 294.8 246.1 122.1 17.8 141.7 106.1 179.2 197.5 198.3 197.0 134.7 281.7 241.1 214.2 284.2 268.4 228.6 123.3 17.3 134.5 107.2 178.2 198.6 212.1 189.6 133.6 262.2 189.5 146.1 259.3 AGRICULTURE Prices received by farmers (unadjusted index, 1910-14=100) Prices paid by farmers in U.S. (unadjusted index, 1910-14=100) 304 414 304 413 275 394 291 409 276 389 Ratio of Texas farm prices received to U.S. prices paid by farmers . • . . . . . . . . . . . . ...•. 73 74 70 71 71 FINANCE Bank debits (index) . . . . . . . . . . • • . . . . Bank debits, U.S. (index) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348.8 420.4 380.0 421.9r 324.1 372.1 346.3 401.0 307.5 350.5 Reporting member banks, Dallas Federal Reserve District Loans (millions) ................... . .• $ 7,013 $ 7,003 $ 6,253 $ 6,821 $ 6,070 Loans and investments (millions) ..•....... Adjusted demand deposits (millions) ....... . Revenue receipts of the state comptroller (thousands) Federal Internal Revenue collections (thousands) •• $ 10,288 • . $ 3,521 .. $239,619 •• $902,336 $ $ $ $ 10,017 3,491 218,102 634,345 $ 9,033 $ 3,329 $228,921 $729,388 $ 9,937 $ 3,548 $ 297,986 $2,526,957* $ 8,696 $ 3,278 $ 263,000 $2,157,215* Securities registrations-original applications Mutual investment companies (thousands) ... .•. $ 26,958 $ 21,338 $ 14,166 $ 48,296* $ 42,938* All other corporate securities Texas companies (thousands) Other companies (thousands) .....•. ..... . . $ 31,443 • $ 40,615 $ $ 32,488 31,573 $ 15,882 $ 32,322 $ $ 63,931* 72,188* $ $ 25,430* 45,240* Securities registration-renewals Mutual investment companies (thousands) . • $ 26,598 $ 70,969 $ 41,648 $ 97,567* $ 100,966* Other corporate securities (thousands) ... . $ 262 $ 0 $ 661 $ 262* $ 670* LABOR Total nonagricultural employment in Texas (index)t Manufacturing employmeht in Texas (index)t .... Average weekly hours-manufacturing (index)t 147.8p 146.1 p 97.8p 147.4p 145.2p 97.lp 146.5r 149.7r 97.8 147.3 145.9 98.9 147.2 154.1 98.8 Average weekly earnings-manufacturing (index)t Total nonagricultural employment (thousands)t .......... . 158.3p 3,670.2p 156.5~ 3,661.8 151.7~ 3,637.9 157.0 3,638.1 149.6 3,635.9 Total manufacturing employment (thousands)t Durable-goods employment (thousands)t ........... . Nondurable-goods employment (thousands)t ......... . Total civilian labor force in selected labor-market 706.9p 372.8p 334.1p 706.7p 373.9p 332.8p 724.lr 390.2r 333.9r 707.2 373.9 333.4 747.1 412.5 334.6 areas (thousands) ....................... . Nonagricultural employment in selected labor-market 3,515.1 3,520.8 3,497.9 3,515.9 3,492.0 areas (thousands) ....................... . Manufacturing employment in selected labor-market 3,314.4 3,306.7 3,291.5 3,287.9 3,288.4 areas (thousands) ......................... . Total unemployment in selected labor-market areas 589.1 589.8 603.6 590.4 630.0 (thousands) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percent of labor force unemployed in selected 133.6 142.1 127.2 148.3 121.1 labor-market areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . 3.8 4.0 3.6 4.2 3.5 BUREAU OF BUSINESS RESEARCH RETURN REQUESTED THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN SECOND-CLASS POSTAGE PAID AT AUSTIN, TEXAS AUSTIN, TEXAS 78712 YOUTH, MEDIA, AND ADVERTISING by Don L. James Research Studies in Marketing No. 15 The importance of the youth segment of the population to marketing is attested by a recent study of students from the fourth grade through high school as potential consumers. Dr. Don L. James conducted a survey among young people in this educational range to ascertain their interest in the main forms of mass media-television, radio, magazines, newspapers, and direct mail-and their attitudes toward advertising in these media, thus obtaining information useful in establishing guidelines for advertisers in the mass media who wish to attract the youth market. This resulting report contains a perceptive description of the youth market, an informative background analysis of earlier studies which present data for other aspects of the youth market, and a detailed discussion of the findings resulting from the survey of youth attitudes toward the various communications media and media advertising. The author analyzes the survey data to reveal information on student habits in utilization of the media, their attitudes and opinions relative to the media, relationships among the various categories of data, and the implications of student attitudes for marketers interested in selling the youth market. The discursive presentation is supported by twelve figures, forty-six tables, and five appendixes, one of which presents the fact-gathering questionnaire. Dr. James is assistant professor of marketing at Southern Illinois University, at Carbondale. His Youth, Media, and Advertising is No. 15 in the Bureau of Business Research Studies in Marketing series. xi+ 137 pp. $4.00 (Texas residents add $.20 sales tax.) Bureau of Business Research The University of Texas at Austin