TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW VOL. XXXVI, NO. 7 JULY 1962 153 : THE BUSINESS SITUATION IN TEXAS by Francis B. May 156: THE TEXAS COTTON COMPRESS INDUSTRY: GEOGRAPH­ICAL TRENDS by Tuffiy Ellis 160: TEXAS BUILDS TO JIIEET ITS HOSPITAL NEEDS by Charles O. Bettinger 163: ACCOUNTING CAN MEASURE EXECUTIVE PERFORMANCE by Robert R. Irish 166: LOCAL BUSINESS CONDITIONS Editor: John R. Stockton Managing Editor: James J. Kelly BUSINESS RESEARCH COUNCIL John Arch White, Dean of the College of Business Admin­istration (ex officio); John R. Stockton; W. E. Adams; Jessamon Dawe; G. H. Newlove; B. H. Sord; W. T. Tucker; and E. W. Walker. BUREAU OF BUSINESS RESEARCH Director: John R. Stockton Associate Director and Resources Specialist: Stanley A. Arbingast Assistant to the Director: Florence Escott Statistician: Francis B. May Administrative Assistant: Juanita Hammons Research Associate: Charles 0. Bettinger, Alfred G. Dale, Marie Fletcher, James J. Kelly, Ida M. Lambeth, Robert M. Lockwood, Elizabeth R. Turpin, Frances Vick Research Assistant: Andre Bouchard, Malcolm Cooper, Thomas V. Greer Administrative Secretary: Margaret F. Smith Senior Secretary: Elsa Acker, Cynthia Bettinger Senior Clerk Typist: Claire Howard, Josephine Knippa, Verline Luetge, Sherilyne McCoy, Elnora Mixson, Marilyn Whites Senior Clerk: Bess Guggolz, Mary Lou McDaniel Cartographer: Roberta Steele, Tim M. Duffee Library Assistant: Merle Danz St.atistical Technician: Eva A. Arias Statistical Assistant: Mildred Anderson, Carol Laws Clerical Assistant: Ken Richardson Off set Press Operator: Robert Dorsett, Daniel P. Rosas COOPERATING FACULTY Charles T. Clark: Associate Professor of Business Sta­tistics Robert H. Ryan: Special Instructor in Business Writing Published monthly by the Bureau of Business Research, College of Busi­neos Administration, The University of Texas, Austin 12. Second-class postage paid at Austin, Te1'aa. Content of thi~ publication is not copy­righted and may be reproduced freely. Acknowledgment of source will be appreciated. Subscription, $3.00 a year; individual copies, 25 centa. AFTER HOLDING STEADILY AT 128% OF THE 1957-59 average, the seasonally adjusted index of Texas business activity rose to a new all-time high value of 137.1% in May. This was a 7% increase over April and a 12% increase over May 1961. The sharp rise in the index is a potent reminder that the recovery from the 1960 re­cession has not yet spent its force. The upward movement of the index was assisted by advances in most of the barometers of Texas business. The seasonally adjusted index of miscellaneous freight carloadings in the Southwestern district rose 1 % in May to a level of 79% of the 1957-59 average. At this figure the index was still 18% below its May 1961 value. This index has had a value below the 1957-59 average every month since May 1960. The current value is its high for the year. Seasonally adjusted production of crude petroleum rose 3% in May. At 90.1 % of the 1957-59 average the index was only a fraction of a percentage point below its ~fay 1961 value. The index has not been abo>e 100% since February 1960. It reached its lowest value since February 1960 in April of this year when it touched 87.77c . A better grasp of the meaning of this figure results if we consider that average daily production per well in the state in April was 12.6 barrels. It is understandable why drilling activity is below the levels of former years and state revenue from oil production has declined. The num­ber of days' production allowed by the Railroad Com­mission in May was 8, the same as for April. Total pro­duction in May increased because of allowables granted to new wells and because of technical factors that affect the rate of production of individual wells. TEXAS BUSINESS ACTIVITY JULY 1962 153 A tabulation of the number of days' production allowed by the Railroad Commission in recent years is shown helow: Number o.f Producing Days Allowed 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 12 12 10 9 9 January 16 11 11 10 8 8 February 15 9 12 10 10 8 March 18 16 8 11 9 9 8 April 16 8 12 8 8 8 May 8 8 June 15 8 10 8 July 13 9 9 8 8 8 August 13 11 9 8 8 September 13 12 9 8 8 October 12 11 9 8 8 November 12 11 9 8 8 December 12 12 10 9 9 122 104 101 57Total 171 123 Only ;,7 producing days have been allowed for the first seven months of 1962. Sixty producing days were allowed during the first seven months of 1961. If the remaining months of this year follow the pattern of 1961, producing days in 1962 will total 98, a substantial drop from last year. Employment in oil and gas production continues to decline, as it has for the past several years. May em­ ployment of 111,600 was clown 800 from the 112,400 in May 1961. These are jobs that paid $114 a week in May. Thousands of these jobs have disappeared since 1957. Other jobs have been lost due to the decline in drilling and exploration. Improvement in the state's economy has been slowed by loss of these highly paid jobs. The seasonally adjusted index of crude runs to stills rose 4 % in l\lay. This was the second consecutive monthly increase in the index. Gasoline prices continued to fluc­ tuate from ma1·ket to market. There is a titanic strnggle for the gasoline market in progress, with some of the major oil companies fighting to increase their share of the market. It will probably continue for the next several months if not longer. Total electric power consumption rose 1% in May after seasonal adjustment. At 131.5% of the 1957-59 average the index was 10% above May 1961. Unusually warm weather is increasing the use of air conditioning and rais­ ing the index. Industrial power consumption increased 2% in May after seasonal adjustment, adding to the rise in total power consumption. At 122.6% of the 1957-59 average this index was 11 % above May 1961. Sales of ordinary life insurance rose 17% in May after seasonal adjustment. At 121.4% of the 1957-59 average the index was 7% above May 1961. Sl'asonally aclju~.ted average weekly earnings in Texas manufaduring in May held at the April value. Average weekly hou rs and average hourly earnings both remained at their April levels. The a1·erage length of the work week was 41.6 hours. Average hourly earnings were $~.:J l. Data on hours and earnings were supplied hy the Texas Employment Commission. According to data supplied by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, insured unemployment in Texas declined slight­ ly to 2.6% of average covered employment in May. This was substantially below the national average of 4.0% for that month. A comparison of Texas with neighboring states is shown below. Insured unemployment rate 4.7 New Mexico Louisiana 3.8 Oklahoma 4.2 2.6 Texas 4.0 u. s. Texas usually has a low rate of insured unemployment. It is apparent that the Texas economy is progressing surprisingly well in view of its depressed oil-producing sector. Other factors are pushing the state's economic indexes upwan.l. Construction is one of these factors. The state's flourishing chemical industry is another. SELECTED BAROMETERS OF TEXAS BUSINESS ( 1957-59= 100) Percent change May 1962 May 1962 May Apr May from from Index 1962 1962 1961 Apr 1962 May 1961 Texas business activity. . . 137 .1 128.2 122.2 + 7 + 12 Miscellaneous freight carload­ings in S.W. district. 79.0 78.4 96.4 + -18 Crude petroleum production . 90.1* 87 .7r 90.5 + 3 •• Crude oil runs to stills. . .111.9 107.7 106.1 + 4 + 5 Total electric power consumption 131.5* 130.2* 119.5r + 1 + 10 Industrial power consumption ... . 122.6* 120.2* 110.7r + 2 + 11 Bank debits ....137.4 128.7 122.2 + 7 + 12 Ordinary life insurance sales .. 121.4 103.8 113.1 + 17 + 7 Total retail sales... . ..114.4* 110.7r 105.0r + 3 + 9 Durable-goods sales ........ . 120.7* 112.4r 101.4r + + 19 Nondurable-goods sales .. 111.1 * 109.9r 107.9r + 1 + 3 Urban building permits issued..129.3 113.7 127.3 + 14 + 2 Residential . . . 119.6 120.1 103.4 •• + 16 Nonresidential .. 141.l 99.9 173.2 + 41 -19 Total industrial production . 112 110 107 2 + 5 + Average weekly earnings manufacturing ...............112.4* 112.7 107.7 •• + 4 Average weekly hours­manufacturing 102.0• 102.0 101.2 ** + Adjusted for seasonal variation. *Preliminary. rRevised. "*Change is less than one-half of one percent. After declining in April, the seasonally adjusted index of urban building permits issued in the state rose 14% in May. At 129.3% of the 1957-59 average volume of permits, the index was 2% above May 1961. A large rise in the volume of nonresidential permits caused the increase in value of the index. The cumulative value of permits for both residential and nonresidential construc­tion for the first five months of 1962 was 16% above the like 1961 period. Cumulative data show total residential pe1·mits for the first five months of the year to be 26'7r above the same period of 1961. Nonresidential permits fo1· the first five months ran 3% above the like period of 19Gl. Permits for additions, alterations, and repairs on both kinds of structures for the first five months of the year were 4% ahead of the first five months of last year. A 7% increase for housekeeping dwellings was moderated by a 1% increase for nonhousekeeping kinds of structures. At 119.6% of the 1957-59 average, the May index of TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW residential permits issued was less than 1% below its April value. It was 16% above its May 1961 level. Resi­dential permits have advanced from a value of 107.8% in January of this year to their current high level. At its current value, the index of residential permits is 10.9% above its January level. Texas has a higher popu­lation growth rate than the nation. Per capita personal income is growing at the national rate. A combination of rising income and rapid population growth means a strong demand for residences. After dropping 36% in April, the seasonally adjusted index of nonresidential permits rose 41% in May, pulling the index of total pennits up with it. Nonresidential per­mits are subject to very large month-to-month changes that affect the entire index. A look at the components of the indexes of residential and nonresidential permits is revealing. In the residential sector, apartment construction is still a strong factor as it has been for some time. The cumulative value of permits for apartments for the first five months of this year is up 110% over the like 1961 period. Cumulative permits for one-family dwellings are up 15% over the first five months of 1961. In the nonresidential sector, the cumulative value of permits for the January-May 1962 period was up strongly over 1961 for hotels and motels, industrial buildings, churches, service stations, and office buildings. Permits for public works and utilities, educational buildings, and mercantile buildings were down from the totals for the first five months of 1961. Nationally, total new construction put into place rose in May due to a rise in private construction. Private construction of both residential and nonresidential struc­tures rose more than seasonally with housing accounting for most of the rise. Actually construction lags behind permit issuance by a period whose length depends on the size and type of structure. Current high levels of con­struction reflect a high level of value of permits in recent months. Current high levels of permits imply continued high level of construction as the summer progresses. ESTIMATES OF TOTAL RETAIL SALES Percent change May Jan-May-----------­1962 1962 May 1962 May 1962Jan-May 1962 from from from Classification (millions of dollars) Apr 1962 May 1961 Jan-May 1961 TOTAL 1,034.9 4,778.6 + 8 + 9 + 10 Durable goods• 385.2 1,773.7 + 16 + 19 + 23 Nondurable goods 649.7 3,004.9 + 4 + 3 + 4 *Contains automotive stores, furniture stores, and )umber, building material, and hardware stores. Total May retail sales in Texas rose to 114.4% of the 1957-59 average after allowance is made for seasonal factors. At this value the index was 3% above its April level. Increases in the sales of both durable and non­durable goods contributed to the rise. Seasonally adjusted sales of durable goods rose 7% above April. All categories of durables showed increases in May sales that were of greater-than-seasonal ampli­tude. May sales of automobile dealers usually rise 9% above April. Sales this May were up 16% over April. They were 24% above May of last year. Automobile pro­duction in May was at high levels, and current indica- JULY 1962 tions are that the high rate will be maintained during June. The 1962 models have been well received by motorists. Instead of the usual 14% rise in !\lay, sales of fur­niture and household appliance stores rose 22'7~ . They were 14% above !\fay 1962. Sales of furniture stores rose 24%. A strong upturn in nonfann housing starts has provided an expanded market for home furnishings. In April housing starts were running at a seasonally ad­justed annual rate of 1,542,000 units for the nation. RETAIL SALES TRENDS BY KINDS OF BUSINESS Source: Bureau of Business Research in cooperation with the Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce Percent change Normal seasonal* Actual J•n-May Number of 1962 reporting May May 1962 May 1962 from establish-from from from Jan-May Kind of busi ness men is Apr Apr 1962 May 1961 1961 DURABLE GOODS Automotive storest 300 + 9 +is +23 +27 Furniture & household appliance storest ....147 +14 +22 +14 +10 Lumber, building material, and hardware stores. ..242 + 4 +14 7 +10 + NONDURABLE GOODS Apparel stores .. 241 + 1 -8 + + 3 Drug stores 171 + 3 + 7 + + 4 Eating and drinking places ... 86 + 5 + 6 + 2 + Food stores ..........350 + 3 + 3 + 2 + Gasoline and service stations 65 +2 + 6 +10 + 6 General merchandise storest ......263 + 6 + 4 + 4 + 6 Other retail storest. .....259 + 7 +13 + 4 + 5 *Average seasonal change from preceding month to current month. t includes kinds of business other than classification listed. Building permits for home construction in Texas show that Texas has not been lagging in home construction. Permits for new residential construction for the January­April period were 29% above the corresponding 1961 period. Sales of lumber, building material, and hardware stores usually rise 4% in May. Actual sales in May rose 14% to a level 7% above May 1961. Sales of farm implements rose 10%. Hardware sales rose 15%. Lumber and build­ing material dealers enjoyed a 14% increase in May sales. Seasonally adjusted sales of nondurable goods in the state rose 1% over April. The different categories of goods in this sector showed mixed results with enough increases to give total sales of nondurables a slightly greater than seasonal rise. Instead of the usual 1% increase in !\fay, total sales of apparel declined 8%. Family clothing stores with a 2% rise and men's and boys' clothing stores with a 1'7c increase were unable to show enough strength to halt the overall drop. Drug stores and restaurants showed greater than sea­sonal increases in sales in '.\lay. Gasoline and sen-ice sta­tions also showed a strong pick-up, rising 6'7c instead of the usual 2%. "Other" retail stores, a category which includes florists, nurseries, and jewelry stores, showed an increase in sales of almost twice the usual seasonal amount. 155 The Texas Cotton Compress Industry: Geographical Trends BY TUFFLY ELLIS Graduate Student, The Department of History, The University of Texas IN THE EIGHTH CENSUS REPORT OF THE UNITED STATES, 1860, one commentator remarked that "the growth of the culture and manufacture of cotton in the United States constitutes the most striking feature of the industrial history of the last fifty years." During this period cotton husbandry spread from the seaboard states of the At­lantic to the blacklands of Texas. Cotton production was driving men ever westward. By 1860 the limits of the Cotton Kingdom seemingly had been reached. One historian, Charles W. Ramsdell, writing in the Mississippi Valley Historical Review, aptly put it: "Obviously, there was a geographic limit beyond which . . . the growth of cotton was unprofitable. . .. While the small farmers and stockmen pushed steadily out into the central section of Texas, driving the In­dians before them, the cotton plantations and the mass of slaves lagged far behind." It was approximately one hundred years ago that men believed that the limits of cotton expansion had been reached. Even today many are unaware of the tremen­dous change that has taken place in the areas of cotton production. Although the move has been ever westward, it is only within the last four decades that the West has emerged as the dominant producing region. Texas is by far the largest producer of cotton, a po­sition it has held for about eighty years. But within the state, as the accompanying maps indicate, there has been a highly significant shift in the geographical areas of production, from east to west, comparable to the national pattern as shown in Table 1. In his valuable study, The Natural Regions of Texas, Elmer Johnson has divided the state into four major sections and a number of sub­sections. Rainfall and physiography constitute the funda­mental conditions involved in Johnson's division. Each of the four principal regions-the East Texas Plains, the Prairies Province, the Middle Texas Province, and the Western High Plains-has played an important role in the Texas cotton industry. In the 1820's, when Americans came to Texas and started growing cotton, they cultivated land in the East Texas Plains, along the Red River, and on the rich al­luvial lands adjoining the Brazos and Colorado rivers in the Texas Prairies. Cotton production in pre-Civil War days was thus closely limited to areas along the coast and near navigable rivers, but Texas rivers are not navigable very far inland as a rule. To go beyond this region posed the problem of moving cotton to market. In 1859, the year of highest production prior to the war, Harrison County in East Texas and Brazoria, Matagorda, Fort Bend, Wharton, Austin, Colorado, Washington, Fay­ette, and Grimes counties in the Brazos and Colorado river regions were the major cotton producing tracts in Texas. Today these counties as cotton producers are of little importance. At first thought the shift in production may be considered as principally an agricultural matter. Such is not the case, however. The whole economic structure of the state has been affected by the movement, some areas favorably, others adversely. One industry that has felt serious repercussions from the westward movement is the cotton compress industry-a vital link on the farm­to-market cotton road. As cotton is ginned, the seeds are separated from the lint, and then the latter is baled. From the gin the bulky bale, weighing about 500 pounds, is sent to a cotton compress. Here the bale is compressed to about one-third or one-half of its former size, depending on whether it is to go to domestic or foreign mills. Although the bale is reduced in size, the weight remains virtually the same. The prime purpose of compressing the cotton is to aid and cheapen transportation. The cotton compress plant, with its heavy equipment and warehouse, requires a capital investment often Table 1 LEADING COTTON PRODUCING STATES 1920a 1940b 1960b Texas Texas Texas South Carolina Arkansas California Georgia Mississippi Mississippi Oklahoma Georgia Arkansas Arkansas South Carolina Arizona aBased on Statistics on Cotton and Related Data, 19$0-1956, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture Bulletin No. 99 (Washington, 1957), p, 63. bBased on Supplement to ibid. (Washington, 1961), p, 87. amounting to hundreds of thousands of dollars. For this reason compresses have never been as numerous as gins; the latter serve as feeders to a compress within a given area. Naturally, the financial welfare of a particular compress is linked closely to cotton production in its region. At the peak of the season the compress may em­ ploy as many as several hundred men in its operations. With its large concentration of capital, type of equip­ ment, and numbers employed, the compress industry rep­ resented one of the earliest efforts at industrial develop­ ment in the state. Prior to 1870 the only compresses located in Texas were at Houston and Galveston, and at the latter city cotton compressing was a major industry. During the seventies and eighties a number of changes took place in the state that had a direct bearing on the growth of the compress industry. Mention was made of the principal areas of produc­tion in 1859. Ten years later the cotton counties had re­duced their production by an average of 49% with even sharper declines in Brazoria and Matagorda counties along the coast and Fort Bend and Wharton counties inland. Harrison County in East Texas also dropped in output. The movement at this time was westward in the East Texas Plains and northwestward in the blackland counties of Travis, McLennan, and Falls, in the Texas Prairies. Although the compress industry had not shifted, cotton production had. The Census of 1880 reported that 52% of the state's cotton production for 1879 came from an area north of the thirty-second parallel and east of the ninety-eighth meridian. The largest yields, averaging 0.54 bales per acre, came from the Red River region. Significantly, the Black Prairie lands were now yielding 35% of the total crop. In the ten years since 1870 cotton production had moved seventy-five miles further into the hinterland. By 1880 the northern Black Prairies were a major cotton producing area and by 1890 were dominant. In addition to the rich soils of the new areas, two other factors were vital to the shift in areas of production; one was the construction of railroads, the other, im­migration. When the first shots were fired at Fort Sumter, Texas had only 462 miles of track leading out of Houston. After the war construction was resumed, and by 1890 the state had 8,710 miles of railroads. During this same period the state experienced a large growth in population. This was largely a result of immigration; NATURAL REGIONS OF TEXAS JOJO I 2" I JO 100° ,. Source: After Elmer H. }olin1011. at first from the Old South and later from Europe, principally Germany. Immigrants came by the thousands. The population had stood at 602,432 in 1860, by 1900 it had increased to 3,048,710. The compress industry followed closely behind the movement of cotton production inland. In addition to the facilities in Houston and Galveston in 1880, Denison, Waco, and Texarkana had compress plants. Four years later there was a total of 20 compresses; Austin, Belton, Dallas, Fort Worth, Jefferson, Palestine, Paris, Sherman, and Corsicana had facilities to provide for the growing production. The industry now developed rapidly in the hinterland. The large compress at Corsicana was in many respects typical of the inland plants. With a capacity of 1,000 bales a day, it could reduce a bale to a density of 30 pounds per cubic foot. A local observer had this to say about the plant: "It is visited by great numbers during the busy time, who are gratified to witness the enormous power of the compress." The industrial revolution was having its effect in Texas, and this was perhaps nowhere better exemplified, outside of railroad development, than in the compress industry. . Waco in the heart of the rich blacklands, rapidly be­came the most important cotton market in Central Texas during the eighties. By 1888 it had two l~rge compresses, and, according to one report'. tl:ey were un­able to handle the business and another 1s rn the process of construction with the most improved and costly machinery." By 1890 the state had forty compresses l~c~ted m.ostly in the East Texas Plains and the Texas Pra1nes reg10ns; Houston and Galveston were still compress centers, but the shift was definitely to the northwest of the ports and slightly to the southwest. Also, by 1889 cotton pro­duction had passed the ninety-eighth meridian and moved COTTON PRODUCTION IN TEXAS 1909 LEGEND r==Js.low 5,000 bales [2~:'.:'.:::'.:illJs .000.10,000 bales r==J10.ooo.1s.ooo bales l~ff\~·!_~'i·1Above 15,000 boles Sourcl!: U.S. "'""au of the Censu1. into the Middle Texas Province. However, there was only one compress in this region. By far the largest of the geographical sections of the state, the Middle Texas Province extends from the top of the Panhandle down to the Rio Grande. The climate of the section is subhumid throughout, but moisture conditions vary considerably because of the physiographical and geological makeup of the division. During the decade beginning with 1890, railroads and farming pushed further into this area, and cotton pro­ duction rose accordingly. In 1900 Texas was producing 25 % of the nation's cot­ton, at a time when national production was increasing at a steady pace. The compress industry was also grow­ing and hy this time represented a multimillion-dollar investment with several thousand workers in its em­ploy during the season. The hlacklands of the Texas Prai­ries continued to be the center of production, but the movement continued westward and southward. Even though production was spreading west of the one­hunclreclth meridian and south of the twenty-ninth paral­lel, these lands were still primarily grazing areas. Be­ tween 1900 and 1910, however, cattle raising was giving way to the cultivation of cotton in some parts. ~ortions of the plains strip from San Angelo through Abilene to the Red River became fields of cotton. Childress and Hall counties and even Oklahoma, were included in this moveme~t. Cotton was found to grow quite well in the subhumid regions. The compress industry followed the trend of move­ment of cotton production and plants were built to take care of the business developing in the new areas. Bal­linger, Brady, Hamlin, Memphis, and Sweetwater all had compresses by 1914. During the same period a great deal of activity was taking place in the Coastal Prairies around Corpus COTTON PRODUCTION IN TEXAS 1959 LEGEND t==Jselow 5,000 boles [)::::::::::::::::::::::J s.000.10,000 bales c=J10,ooo.1s,ooo bale s hlfil!;ij1 }7-jAbove 15,000 boles Source: U.S. Burenu of tli e Ce11s1u. Christi, and by 1919 the Lower Rio Grande Valley was included among the state's cotton producing areas. A pioneer in the South Texas and Lower Rio Grande Valley compress industry was John Kelly Cain. Cain had come to Sulphur Springs from Mississippi as a compress book­keeper, and by 1909 he was operating his press in Italy, Texas. Realizing the future of the industry in South Texas, he moved to the region in 1913 and established the Aransas Compress Co., the first in South Texas, at Harbor Island in Corpus Christi Bay. Cain brought Negro compress workers and their families from Italy when he came, and these were the first Negro families at Aransas Pass. Cain's compress was demolished by a hurricane in 1916 and, after being rebuilt, again in 1919. Finally, in 1927, he moved his operations to Corpus Christi. His new plant, built at a cost of $1,500,000, employed up to 100 men at the peak of the season. Today, the Aransas Compress Co., in addition to its press facilities, has storage space for 185,000 bales of cotton. Seventy-five men are employed permanently and as many as 250 dur­ing the busy season. TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW Cain built, bought, and sold compresses throughout South and Central Texas. At one time or another his holdings in South Texas included compresses at Robs­town, San Juan, Raymondville, Edinburg, and Harlingen. During the 1920's cotton became a major crop in the Eastern High Plains and the Red River Rolling Plains, both in the Middle Texas Province. Tens of thousands of acres west of the one-hundredth meridian were plant­ed in cotton by 1930. In the five-year period from 1923 to 1927, the eastern portion of Texas produced 18% of the cotton crop; the North Central Texas Plains, 23.6% ; the Southern Prairies, 14%; and the High Plains, 4.5%. The Northern Black Prairies were still the dominant producer, with 30.3% of the total crop. Scattered areas, including the Lower Rio Grande Valley, accounted for the rest. Irrigation on the High Plains and in the Rio Grande Valley were making these areas increasingly important. TABLE 2 OF COMPRESSES BY GEOGRAPHICAL AREAS East The Middle Western Texas Texas Texas High Plains- Plains Prairies Province Trans-Pecos Ports• 1890a 7 28 0 9 1929b 21 35 44 4 29 1960c 26 44 8 11 •Galveston and Houston only. aBased on Tezas State Gazetteer and Business Directory, 1890-91, pp. 518, 611, 1126. bBased on Marine Classification of Cotton Compresses, Warehouses, Wharves and Storage Yards, 1929-1990, pp. 29ff. cBased on Marine Classification of Cotton Compresses, Warehouses, Wharves and Storage Yards, 1960-1961, pp. 44ff. The decade of the 1920's is the midpoint in the po­sition of cotton production in the state. The northeastern part, by the extensive use of chemical fertilizers, was holding its own in production figures; but in percent­ages it was losing ground. After 1930 this section began to decline rapidly as western acreage increased; today there is relatively little production in this once-profitable region. Retrospectively, it is quite obvious what has happened regarding the shifting tides of cotton culture not only in Texas but nationally as well. During the period from 1910 to 1920 and even as late as 1930 it was much more difficult to appreciate the trends. Cotton was, after all, a warm weather and humid climate type of plant. The High Plains were warm enough during the sum­mers, but the growing season was shorter and moisture was lacking. Could cotton be grown on fifteen to twenty inches of rain? Compressmen, or at least some, saw the reality of change and began to make the shift from one section of the state to another. One such man was H. F. Under­wood. Underwood had started in the compress business around 1893 at Corsicana. Over the years, with his son Arch Underwood, he acquired or built seven compresses in East Texas. The movement to the west with the Underwoods started in 1924, when the elder member realized that not only was cotton production being cut back in East Texas (this was clear from the smaller operating revenues of his plants) but that better and cheaper cotton was being grown in West Texas. To the Underwoods their future as compressmen was in the western rather than the eastern po1iion of the state. Today, Arch Underwood and his two sons have twelve compresses and a number of cotton warehouses in West Texas scattered from Pecos past Lubbock to Quanah. Another interesting venture in West Texas is that of the Farmers Cooperative Compress. It is one of the state's few cooperative compress endeavors. Farmers Cooperative was founded in 1948 by an organization of farmer-owned cooperative gins. Today, Farmers Cooperative operates four Webb 80" compresses. Their first compress was purchased from B. L. Anderson and Associates and moved from one Lubbock location to another. The second press, installed in 1952, was purchased from the Anderson interests and moved from Shavmee, Oklahoma. The third and fourth compresses were pur­chased in 1955. The former was originally installed at Tyler, later moved to Dallas, and finally set up in West Texas. The fourth was an old Webb 90" installed at Bonham. Later it was moved to Hugo, Oklahoma, and then finally back to Texas. When this press wore out in 1959, it was replaced by a Webb 80" from Sulphur Springs. It will be noted that compresses are frequently moved from one area to another. This has been characteristic of the industry's history and is due to the long life of the machinery and to the costliness of new compresses. A compress may be dismantled at one location and in­stalled at a new one without extraordinary cost. The Western High Plains and Trans-Pecos country, the fourth of Johnson's Texas geographical divisions, was once the land of the great ranch country. Ranching is still important but to a much lesser degree than for­merly. In the northern portion wheat is grown on a large scale. In the central counties of the Western High Plains and in several counties of the Trans-Pecos region a fine grade of cotton is cultivated. As in the Rio Grande Valley and the Eastern High Plains, irrigation has made this possible. The compress industry in these areas, as elsewhere, set up facilities to take advantage of the new production and to provide the needed services. In 1929 there were four compresses, two in ·western High Plains and t\YO in the Trans-Pecos country. The former region now has six. As Table 2 indicates, the cotton compress industry has accommodated itself to the shifting fields of cotton pro­duction and has continued to play its vital role as the hub of the cotton industry. This has been done at great cost to the industry as well as to some towns; the eco­nomic dislocation caused by the Joss of a compress in one community has been the financial gain of another that has become a cotton center. The industry has kept abreast of the challenge put to it by the changing geo­graphical fields of production. Compresses are to be found in all the major cotton producing areas of the state with a high concentration in the High Plains. This westward concentration of both cotton production and of the compress industry in all probability will continue. TEXAS BlJILDS TO MEET ITS HOSPITAL NEEDS by Charles 0. Bettinger HOSPITAL CONSTRUCTION IN TEXAS UNDER THE IIILL­ Burton Act continues to grow. Projects now in planning, under construction, in audit, or awaiting audit currently total over $128 million. Federal funds going into this program account for about one-third of this amount, or $45 million. The Hill-Burton Act assists only nonprofit institutions up to a maximum of 50%. It is administered in Texas by the Texas State Department of Health. The amount of hospital construction in Texas is fur­ther emphasized by comparison with the United States totals. Total construction of all hospitals in the United States, including private and government-owned, amount­ed to $1,005 million in 1960 and $1,157 million in 1961. Texas, with over $128 million currently allocated under the Hill-Burton program alone, ranks as one of the major areas of hospital building in the nation. This planned expansion in Texas hospital construction will be well suited to the state's needs due to the constant work and surveillance of the Texas State Department of Health. The new capacity currently planned totals 6,249 beds. Of this total number of beds, 1,447 nursing home beds and 481 mental hospital beds are being created. Area Planning In addition to increasing the specialized facilities of the state, the entire approach to hospital planning is being given a closer look. United States and Texas officials are working hand in hand to develop a sound basis for pres­ ent and future hospital construction. In the past, much construction was based on the immediate needs for hos­ pital facilities due to the shortage which existed im­ mediately after World War II. Far too little attention was given to the future needs of the community. Often other hospital building in the same area was ignored. The end result was often a duplication of facilities and services, a shortage of many needed facilities, and an overall shortage by the time construction was completed. The new era in Texas hospital construction is coming into being. Surveys and studies are now conducted to determine the needs of an area before construction begins. Primary attention is now being given to the areas of intense hos­pital construction and population growth. Dr. Jack C. Haldeman of the Public Health Service in Washington has outlined some of the major factors to be considered in planning stages. Some of the factors he mentions are: ( 1) the present availability of beds, facilities, and services; (2) population characteristics-including cur­rent and future demographic changes; ( 3) utilization by major clinical departments and length of stay; (4) patient origin in existing facilities; (5) services needed and the availability of staff for the provision of such services; and ( 6) the structural and functional obso­lescence of existing facilities as determined by qualified personnel. Historically, the small size of the staff of the state administrative agency of the Hill-Burton program has been one of the problems in handling such a large social and economic program. Supervision of projects under construction to insure federal specifications has consumed most of the staff's time. Older area planning was largely based on existing bed facilities per thousand persons. In addition to this method of analysis, Texas is now mod­ernizing its planning technique to include most of the factors mentioned previously. Classification and tabulation of existing facilities will be one of the largest jobs. Three broad classifications of hospitals might be chosen to represent the type of area in which the hospital is found. For example, a city hospital might be characterized by extensive laboratory equipment, a large number of beds to meet the needs of the densely populated city area, and a staff which in­cluded highly specialized technicians and physicians. CURRENT MILLION-DOLLAR HILL-BURTON PROJECTS IN TEXAS* Name and location Total cost Federal share Denton State Schoolt $15,213,500 $2,206,760 City-County Hospital, Houston 11,026,000 1,500,000 St. Paul's Hospital, Dallas 10,924,730 1,600,000 Methodist Hospital, Houston 7,727,000 1,000,000 Scott & White Memorial Hosp., Temple 7,675,000 1,500,000 Memorial Hospital, Corpus Christi 6,500,000 3,250,000 St. Elizabeth Hospital, Beaumont 6,209,979 1,000,000 Harris Hospital, Fort Worth 5,856,158 1,850,000 R. E. Thomason Gen. Hosp., El Paso 5,648,750 2,600,000 U. of T. Med. Br., Outpatient Fae., Galvestont 5,210,000 2,205,000 Southwest Tex. Meth. Hosp., San Antonio 5,100,000 1,950,000 Spohn Hospital, Corpus Christit 4,628,892 1,100,000 Galveston County Memo. Hosp., LaMarque 4,050,000 1,550,000 Baptist Memo. Hosp., San Antoniot 4,041,000 1,734,000 Santa Rosa Hosp., San Antoniot 3,890,000 1,946,000 St. Mary's Infirmary, Galveston 3,236,460 1,600,000 Shannon West Texas Memo. Hosp., San Angelo 2,320,220 646,176 Hillcrest Memo. Hosp., Waco 2,204,350 760,000 Memorial Hospital, Garland 2,000,000 1,000,000 Municipal Hospital, Denison 1,800,000 900,000 Knapp Memo. Meth. Hosp., Weslaco 1,800,000 800,000 Terrell State Hospital, Terrellt 1,768,750 666,000 Mercy Hospital, Brownsville 1,726,000 863,000 Memorial Hospital, Beeville 1,630,000 816,000 Torbett, Hutchings, Smith Hosp., Marlin 1,060,000 605,000 *Includes projects in planning, under construction, in audit, and await­ing audit. tincludes more than one federal allocation. Source: Division of Hospital Services, Texas State Department of Health TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW On the other hand, a large suburban community might be in the same metropolitan area but very inaccessible to the city hospital because of the necessary travel across the city in heavy traffic. In this instance, the sub­urban area would require a hospital which may be called a "community hospital." The needs of the community hospital are considerably different from those of the city hospital. Normally, much less specialization is required by a community hospital, and more emphasis is placed on the needs of the community which require immediate attention such as emergency equipment and facilities. tion for federal funds in terms of present and future needs. On the other hand, not all hospital construction is un­der the Hill-Burton program and subject to the rather strict federal requirements of construction. A nationwide summary shows that only 15% of total hospital construc­tion is financed with federal funds under the Hill-Burton Act. The Texas percentage of federal financing is rough­ly twice the national average. Also, since federal funds finance a maximum of 50% of the total, hospital con­struction in Texas is predominantly done under the Simplified Floor Plan Scott and White Memorial Hospital, Temple, Texas To 16 bed nursing unit I I I I gi I :.01 '; I -"1 ~i "Cl .... o ,I I I I To 16 bed int~nsive care nursing unit Adapted from drawing by Ellerbe and Company The rural hospital has yet another set of requirements due to the type of area which it serves. This hospital will normally serve a wide but sparsely populated area, and the facilities required must be geared to the person­nel available and the services needed. Specialized institu­tions such as mental institutions and nursing homes have obvious special requirements which must be considered. To cope with the problem of hospital location, the state administrators have established areas of relative need in the state. Recent changes in this analysis include setting up "intermediate areas," those areas outside the larger metropolitan areas where community hospitals are needed. One such area is between Dallas and Fort Worth. Until now the suburban areas have been penalized under the "beds-per-thousand-persons" plan because of the large amount of bed space in the city hospitals. In the future, however, federal funds will be allocated on the basis of the ability of a proposed hospital to meet the particular needs of the community. Some proposals have been men­tioned that would even require groups planning hospital construction to justify such construction in their applica­surveillance of the state administrators and is subject to proper planning and coordination of effort. It is through this planning on a statewide basis that Texas hopes to meet its hospital requirements. New Trends in Hospital Construction Hospital construction in Texas is attempting to meet the challenge of the population explosion, especially in suburban areas. The solution of the problem is not simple, however. In addition to the factor of population growth, hospital construction costs have increased. Higher labor and maintenance costs and the fact that equipment is increas­ingly more expensive to build and install have had an influence on the increase. Likewise, hospital staff and personnel are in critically short supply. To cope with these problems, hospital builders in Texas have incorpo­rated new designs to reduce costs and offer bett~r serv­ices during construction and after completion of the project. One outstanding hospital is being construct­ed in Temple, the Scott and White Memorial Hospital ---~--­ designed by Wyatt C. Hedrick, Architect-Engineer, of Fort Worth. This hospital has employed the relatively new circular floor pattern in its design; the nursing station for each floor is in the center with the patients' rooms arranged around the nurse's station. A simplified fl oor plan of one wing is shown in the ac­companying diagram. This design enables the nurses to see all of the patients in a ward from their station. Proponents of this plan feel that better nursing and hos­pital services can be o!Tered with less effort on the part of the attendants. The Temple hospital further central­izes its operations with a cloverleaf formation of these circular units with the head nurse's station, the exami­nation and treatment headquarters, the pantry, the nurses lounge, and the janitorial services in the center of the <'love rleaf. B II.DI G CONSTRUCTION IN TEXAS !min -Ad1u•t~J for ..,uonal ~ariati11n -1957-1959 • 100 200 200 lSO I 5-0 I I 1/\ J'v W\A .IN vY' 100 I 00 )V,J ) ~ I !\A • '.r4 bN /!L.tv ~ sot--­ 5-0 ~ 0 J9~ St 'S2 SJ S4 'SS '56 '57 '58 '59 '60 '61 '62 Another attempt to reduce construction and architectu­ral costs is found in the use of modular dimensioning in hospital design. One such technique is for the archi­tect to dimension in multiples of four inches on a four­inch grid. All com ponents of the construction necessarily must he in the same module or multiples of four inches, including lumber, bricks, windows, and other construction materials. This provides for considerable saving of draft­ing time and of labor and material, with the elimination of unnecessary brick cutting, lumber sawing, and other problcllls associated with the use of odd sizes. Hospital construction across the nation has led the modular design according to an estimate by the Modular Building Stand­anls Association which stated that 16% of all hospitals currently planned are using some form of modular di­mensioning. The United States Corps of Engineers now requires all government-owned hospital projects to be designed with the use of modular coordination. With the expansion of modular-designed construction the use of larger components becomes more practical. Wall panels, floor panels, and other component parts <'an he hutlt and assembled in the factory. With the use of fewer ancl larger components, labor costs, which have been lllounting considerably faster than material <'osts, can he re* . . $ Annual rate of deposit turnover... . .. 7,S88 12.1 + 2 + 13 5 2 Postal receipts• ........ . .......... .$ Building permits, less federal contracts $ G,075 433,715 -31 +508 -13 +927 Bank debits (thousands) .............$ 9,143 + 7 6 GALVESTON (pop. 67,175) End-of-month deposits (thousands) i . .$ Annual rate of deposit turnover..... . 10.230 10.7 1 + G + + Retail sales .. ... .. ...... ...... ..... . + Gt + 29 + 23 Apparel stores . .. ............. ... . Automotive stores ... ....... . .. .. . Food stores ....... ............... . Furniture and household appliance stores Postal receipts• .......$ + 1t + 9t + St + 14t 82,S79 -9 + 55 + 9 + 38 -G -1 + 45 -1 + 18 + 5 GRANBURY (pop. 2,227) Postal receipts• . . .... .. . . ..........$ Bank debits (thousands) . ............$ End-of-month deposits (thousandsH.. $ Annual rate of deposit turnover. . . . . . 3,373 1,428 2,017 8.4 + 4 2 + -1 + 3 + 11 + 9 Building permits, less federal contracts $ 1,236,539 +202 +44S Bank debits (thousands). . .$ End-of-month deposits (thousands) i ..$ Annual rate of deposit turnover...... Employment (area) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Manufacturing employment (area) . Percent unemployed (area) .... ...... 101,882 60,147 19.7 52,800 10,930 7.8 1 + 3 1 1 + 8 + 13 -2 + 14•• + 2 + 4 GRAND PRAIRIE (pop. 30,386.) Postal receipts• ....................$ 22,146 Building permits, leas federal contracts $ l,824,50G Bank debits (thousands) . . . . . . ..... . . $ 18,682 End-of-month deposits (thousandsH.. $ 9,927 -15 + 72 + 11 -8 -4 +s11 + 10 + 8 Annual rate of deposit turnover. . . . . . 21.6 + 16 8 Employment (area) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455,400 + + 2 GARLAND (pop. 38,501) Retail sales Manufacturing employment (area) . Percent unemployed (area) . . . . . . . . . . 104,400 3.1 + 6 + 7 -31 Automotive stores ···· ······· ····· + 9t Postal receipts• . .... ... ........$ 33,4G5 Building permits, less federal contracts $ 1,621,934 + 42 •• + 3 + 31 + 11 + 19 GRAPEVINE (pop. 2,821) Bunk debits (thousands) . .. ... . $ End-of-month deposits (thousands)t . . $ Annual rate of deposit turnover. .... . Employment (area) . . . ... . . . . . . . ... Manufacturing employment (area). Percent unemployed (area) ..... 30,254 14,986 24.0 455,400 104,400 3.1 + 5 2 + 8 + + 1 G + 21 + 3 + 22 + 2 + 7 -81 Postal receipts• ................... .$ Building permits, less federal contracts $ Bank debits (thousands) ........... . . $ End-of-month deposits (thousands) i . .$ Annual rate of deposit turnover.. . .. . 3,006 27,499 2,940 2,786 12.8 + 6 + 28 + 6 + s + 6 -16 +279 + 16 -4 + 21 GREENVILLE (pop. 19,087) GATESVILLE (pop. 4,626) Retail sales ........................ . Apparel stores . . ................. . + Gt + It + 34 -12 + 16 -8 Postal receipts• ........ ...... ......$ Bank debits (thousands)... . $ End-of-month deposits (thousands) t .. $ Annual rate of deposit turnover. 5,480 4,999 5,897 11.0 + SG•• 8 + 2 + 24 + 11 + 1 + 8 Automotive stores Drug stores Lumber, building material, and hardware stores............ . Postal receipts• ...... .. ............$ + 9t + St + 4t 21,599 + 48 + 8 + 63 -10 + 28 + 8 •• + 14 Building permits, less federal contracts $ 166,990 + 12 -45 GIDDINGS (pop. 2,821) Bank debits (thousands) ............ . $ End-of-month deposits (thousands) i ..$ 15,168 14,238 + 19 -4 + 2 -17 Postal receipts• ... ... .. ............$ Building permits, less federal contracts $ Bank debits (thousands) . . . . . $ End-of-month deposits (thousands)t ..$ Annual rate of deposit turnover... 3,530 44,200 2,986 8,G91 9.6 + 27 + 22 + 8 2 + •• + lG + 4 + 3 + 2 Annual rate of deposit turnover. 12.5 HALE CENTER (pop. 2,196) Postal receipts• ....................$ 1,817 Building permits, less federal contracts $ 1,000 + 24 + 20 -99 + 18 + 23 -84 Bank debits (thousands) . . ......$ 2,359 -13 + 6 GLADEWATER (pop. 5,742) End-of-month deposits (thousands) i . .$ Annual rate of deposit turnover. . . . . . 4,241 6.2 -13 -2 + 19 -14 Postal receipts• ...... .. ... . .... . . . . $ Bank debits (thousands) . ....... .....$ End-of-month deposits (thousands)t .. $ Annual rate of deposit turnover. .... . Employment (area) .. . Manufacturing emplo~e~t .(~;~~j : Percent unemployed (area) . ........ . 6,42G 8,471 5,501 7.6 28,500 5,640 8.2 + 2 -19 + 1 -18 4 3 + s + 15 + + 4•• -2 -26 HARLINGEN (pop. 41,207) Postal receipts• ................ . ...$ Building permits, less federal contracts $ Bank debits (thousands) .............$ End-of-month deposits (thousands) i .. $ Annual rate of deposit turnover..... . 32,013 116,950 34,259 25,589 16.0 + 14 -11 -26 +SS + 5 7 1 4 + _1____s__. 170 Percent change Percent change Local Business Conditions Local Business Conditions May 1962 May 1962 May 1962 May 1962 May from from May from from City and item 1962 Apr 1962 May 1961 City and item 1962 Apr 1962 May 1961 HEMPSTEAD (pop. 1,505) JASPER (pop. 4,889) Postal receipts• ....................$ Bank debits (thousands) ....$ End-of-month deposits (thousandsH.. $ Annual rate of deposit turnover..... . 4,148 1,350 1,922 8.3 + 15 + 8 4 + 14 -3 + 20 + 1 + 17 Retail sales .... . ..... .. ............ . Automotive stores ....... . ... ... . . Postal receipts• . . . .............. .. .$ Building permits, less federal contracts $ Bank debits (thousands) ........... . . $ + St + 9t 7,443 50,603 9,220 + 10 + 20 + 11 -51 + 6 + 19 + 48 + 21 + 19 + 10 End-of-month deposits (thousands);.. $ 10,145 + 2 + 20 HOUSTON (pop. 938,219) Annual rate of deposit turnover. ... 11.0 + 8 - 5 Retail sales .................. ...... . Apparel stores ... .. ... . ... .... ... . Automotive stores ............... . Drug stores ...... . . .. ........... . Eating and drinking places....... . Food stores .......... . . .. .... .... . + 7t + lt + 9t + It + 5t + St + 11 -5 + 12 + 6 + 6 + 7 + 7 + 7 + 12•• + 2 + 3 JUSTIN (pop. 622) Postal receipts• ............ .... .. . . $ Bank debits (thousands) .. .... .. .... .$ End-of-month deposits (thousands);.. $ Annual rate of deposit turnover. 557 1,434 737 23.4 -15 + 7•• + 10 + 9 + 19 + 16 + 6 Furniture and household appliance stores ... .. ... ...•.... General merchandise stores........ . + St + lOt + 66 + 2 + 35 1 KATY (pop. 1,569) Liquor stores . . . . . . ... . ...•. Lumber, building material, + St and hardware stores.. . . . . . . . . . . . + 9t Postal receipts• ... . ......... . ......$ 1,740,000 Building permits, less federal contracts $34,622,887 Bank debits (thousands) ............$ 3,318,713 End-of-month deposits (thousands); . . $ 1,378,629 + 6 + ++ 30 + 14 -4 + 9 + 9 + 9•• + 18 + 8 Building permits, less federal contracts $ Bank debits (thousands) ...$ End-of-month deposits (thousands);.. $ Annual rate of deposit turnover.. KENEDY (pop. 4,301) 18,000 1,706 1,663 12.0 +481 + 19 -5 + 26 -68 + 22 -5 + 32 Annual rate of deposit turnover. . . . . . 28.3 + 15 + 9 Retail sales Employment (area) Manufacturing employment (area) . Percent unemployed (area) . . . 521,000 93,950 3.6 + 1 -1 •• + 2•• -20 Lumber, building material, and hardware stores............ . Postal receipts• .. .... ..............$ Building permits, less federal contracts $ + 4t 3,007 15,150 + 57 -12 + 26 -8 -17 +158 HENDERSON (pop. 9,666) KILGORE (pop. 10,092) Postal receipts• ....................$ 12,257 + 12 + 2 Postal receipts• . . . .. ....... . . ......$ 14,158 + 10 + 17 Building permits, less federal contracts $ 52,875 - 8 -14 Building permits, less federal contracts $ 68,990 + 37 -87 Bank debits (thousands) . . $ End-of-month deposits (thousands);.. $ 7,047 16,200 -16 -1 -3 + 9 Bank debits (thousands) ........$ End-of-month deposits (thousands);.. $ 12,286 12,481 5 4 - 1 5 Annual rate of deposit turnover. ... . 5.2 - 17 -10 Annual rate of deposit turnover..... . Employment (area) .. . . .. .... . 11.6 28,500 + 1 + 8•• Manufacturing employment (area) . 5,540 4 - 2 HEREFORD (pop. 7,652) Percent unemployed (area) ..... 3.2 3 -26 Postal receipts• ............... .. ...$ Building permits, less federal contracts $ 7,390 114,650 + 5 -10 + + 2 KILLEEN (pop. 23,377) Bank debits (thousands) . . ....... .$ End-of-month deposits (thousands);.. $ Annual rate of deposit turnover. .. .. . 12,495 11,333 12.5 -11 -10 -2 3 + 6 -13 Postal receipts• . ... . . ... ... . . ......$ Building permits, less federal contracts $ Bank debits (thousands) .............$ End-of-month deposits (thousands); .. $ 35,472 983,153 13,423 10,820 -3 +114 + 11 + 14 + 41 + 67 + 18 + 30 Annual rate of deposit turnover... . . 15.9 + 2 - 6 HUMBLE (pop. 1, 711) Building permits, less federal contracts $ Bank debits (thousands) .............$ 12,400 2,627 -91 + 1 + 46 + 16 KINGSVILLE (pop. 25,297) Postal receipts• ....... . ............$ 12,889 + 3 + 7 End-of-month deposits (thousands);..$ Annual rate of deposit turnover. . .. . . 2,772 11.2 3 + 4 -2 + 18 Building permits, less federal contracts $ Bank debits (thousands) ... . ......$ End-of-month deposits (thousands);.. $ Annual rate of deposit turnover..... . 35,769 11,042 12,565 10.7 -96 + 10 + 3 + 10 -89 + 8 + 6 + 2 IOWA PARK (pop. 3,295) Building permits, less federal contracts $ Bank debits (thousands) .............$ End-of-month deposits (thousands)t.. $ Annual rate of deposit turnover... 123,000 3,562 4,077 10.6 + 66 + 16 + 1 + 9 + 80 + 19 + 16 + KIRBYVILLE (pop. 1,660) Postal receipts• ....................$ Bank debits (thousands) .. $ End-of-month deposits (thousands); .. $ 3,381 2,292 3,080 3 + 4 + 15 Annual rate of deposit turnover..... . 9.1 - 13 JACKSONVILLE (pop. 9,590) Postal receipts• ..... .... ..... ......$ 16,883 Building permits, less federal contracts $ 85,600 Bank debits (thousands) .............$ 10,885 End-of-month deposits (thousands);.. $ 8,772 Annual rate of deposit turnover. 14.6 -5 +330 + 4 + 1 LA FERIA (pop. 3,04 7) - 9 Postal receipts• ..... ...............$ -62 Building permits, less federal contracts $ + 7•• Bank debits (thousands) . . . . .... ...$ End-of-month deposits (thousands);.. $ + 4 Annual rate of deposit turnover..... . 1.841 2,200 1,900 1,234 17.8 -14 -81 + 39 -7 -47 -8 -89 + s + JULY 1962 171 Percent change Percent change Local Business ConditionsLocal Business Conditions May 1962 May 1962 May 1962 May 1962 May from from May from from Apr 1962 May 1961 City and item 1962 Apr 1962 May 1961City and item 1962 LONGVIEW (pop. 40,050) LA MARQUE (pop. 13,969) Postal receipts* .......$ 6.749 -20 -14 Retail sales Building permits, less federal contracts $ 151,040 + Sl + 96 Food stores + St + 6 -1 Bnnk debits (thousands) ... .$ 8,261 •• + Lumber, building material, 7 J'nd-of-month deposits (thousands) i ..$ 6,0S4 6 + 7 and hardware stores... .... ... . + 4t + 27 -17 Annual rate of deposit turnover ...... 16.0 + + 11 Postal receipts• ...$ 49,472 + + 6 Employment (area) 52,800 1 •• Building permits, less federal contracts $ 744,400 + 28 -3 Mnnufacturing employment (area) . 10,930 1 + 2 Bank debits (thousands) .. ...........$ 53,S18 + 9 + 16 Percent unemployed (area) . 7.8 + 8 + End-of-month deposits (thousands) i . .$ 37,048 -4 + 2 Annual rate of deposit turnover. 17.0 + lS + 11 Employment (area) .. . ........ . 28,500 1 ••LAMESA (pop. 12,438) Manufacturing employment (area). 5,540 4 -2 Retail sales Percent unemployed (area) .... . . . .. . 3.2 s -26 Automotive stores .... .... + 9t 8 + Drug stores + St + Lumber, building material, LOS FRESNOS (pop. 1,289) and hardware stores . + 4t -2S Postal receipts• . .. .. . $ 11,941 -8 + 10 Postal receipts• ....................$ 1,204 + 41 + 71 Building permits, less federal contracts $ 99,400 -79 -47 Building permits, less federal contracts $ S,000 + s -25 Bnnk debits (thousands) ........... .. $ 15,747 8 + 21 Bank debits (thousands) ......... .... $ 1,672 + 78 + 80 End-of-month deposits (thousnndsH .. $ 19,265 2 + 82 End-of-month deposits (thousands) i .. $ 1,115 -6 -17 Annual rate of deposit turnover.. 9.7 2 -7 Annual rate of deposit turnover .. . 17.4 + 81 + 45 LAMPASAS (pop. 5,061) LOWER RIO GRANDE VALLEY (pop. 352,086) Postal receipts• .... ........... .. .$ 5,195 11 12 + + (Cameron, Willacy, and Hidalgo Counties) Bank debits (thousands) . .. $ 8,273 18 6 End-of-month deposits (thousands) i. .$ 6,874 + + + + Retail sales ······· ·········· ······ + 6t + 5 + s Annual rate of deposit turnover .. 14.5 17 1 + + Apparel stores + 1 t -8 -4 .. ·········· + Automotive stores 9t + 11 + 10 Drug stores . ..... St •• 2 LA PORTE (pop. 4,512) + Food stores .. . .............. -6 + St + Building permits, less federal contracts $ 814,800 +2672 +s78 Furniture and household Bank debits (thousands) . . .. ...$ 8,898 appliance + 9 stores + 14t 2 -19 + End-of-month deposits (thousandsJi..$ 2,957 -6 Gasoline and service stations. + 2t 2 -2 Annual rate of deposit turnover... .. . lS.8 + 11 General merchandise stores . + 6t -38 -18 Lumber, building material, and hardware stores. . . . . . . . . .. + 4t + 23 + 7 LAREDO (pop. 60,678) Nurseries . . . . . . . . . . 6 -11 + Postal receipts• ......... ........... $ S5,0l7 Postal receipts• + 18 ....... ············ + 4 -s Building permits, less federal contracts $ 84,'120 + -80 Building permits, less federal contracts. 3 -38 Bank debits (thousands) . . . .. $ 35,867 + 4 + 17 Bank debits (thousands) . + lS + End-of-month deposits (thousands>* .. $ 24,81S 5 + 18 End-of-month deposits (thousands) i. 1 + Annual rate of deposit turnover . 16.7 2 -s Annual rate of deposit turnover. 16.1 + + 13 LLANO (pop. 2,656) LUBBOCK (pop. 128,6.91) Postal receipts• . . . . . . . . $ 2,514 + S2 7 Building permits, less federal contracts $ 15,800 + Retail sales ··· ·· ···· ················ + 6t -6 + 20 Bank debits (thousands) . . ... . . $ S,862 46 4 Apparel stores 28 4 .. ...... . ..... + 1t -­ + + End-of-month deposits (thousandsH .. $ 8,676 + 4 Automotive stores ... 9t 11 39 2 + -+ Annual rate of deposit turnover . 12.9 42 6 Furniture and household + + appliance stores + 14t -4 + 16 Postal receipts• . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$ 159,572 -17 ••LITTLEFIELD (pop. 7,236) Building permits, less federal contracts $ 4,000,505 + 12 + 11 Retail sales ... Bank debits (thousands) . . . . . . .......$ 203,955 + 2 + 15 + 6t -4 27 Automotive stores ... + End-of-month deposits (thousands) t .. $ 120,S65 -s 8 + 9t -4 44 + Gasoline and service stations . ... + Annual rate of deposit turnover. 19.9 6 + 2t + 18 + 10 + + Postal receipts• . . . . . . . . . $ 5,710 -S5 13 Employment (area) 51,100 •• + Building permits, less federal contracts $ Manufacturing employment (area) . 5,800 4 174,900 + 2 + -13 +275 Bnnk debits (thousands) ........... $ Percent unemployed (area) . S.9 8,751 -7 -13 -7 + 24End-of-month deposits (thousnndsH .. $ 9,295 -11 ­2Annual rate of deposit turnover. . ... . 10.6 + 5 + 20 LUFKIN (pop. 17,641) LOCKHART (pop. 6,084) Retail sales Postal receipts• .... ........ ........$ 3,787 Automotive stores ............... . + 9t -19 + 1 -lS Building 1>ermits, less federal contracts $ 11,475 -12 Postal receipts• ...............$ 21,045 + 4 -7 8 -37 Bank debits (thousands) . . .. .. ..... .. $ Building permits, less federal contracts $ 97,700 -83 -88 End-of-month deposits (thousands) i . .$ 6,406 + + 15 Bank debits (thousands) . . . $ 27,326 + 10 + 14 Annual rate of de1>osit turnover . + s End-of-month deposits (thousands) i . .$ S0,059 6 + 20 4,497 9.7 + + 9 + 8 Annual rate of deposit turnover. 11.2 5 -s + 172 Percent change Percent change Local Business Conditions Local Business Conditions May 19S2 May 19S2 May 19S2 May 19S2 May from from May from from City and item 19S2 Apr 19S2 May 19Sl City and item 1962 Apr 1962 May 1961 McALLEN (pop. 32,728) Retail sales ... Apparel stores ... . ... . .. . . .. . . ... . Automotive stores ...... ......... . Postal receipts• . . . . .... . ...$ Building permits, less federal contracts $ Bank debits (thousands). . ..... $ End-of-month deposits (thousands) i . .$ Annual rate of deposit turnover. McCAMEY (pop. 3,375) + + + st It 9t 2S,470 379,595 30,580 24,S23 14.9 -12 -15 -9 -4 + 24 + 11 •• + 10 + s -1 + 11 -7 + 18 •• + 18 -14 MIDLAND (pop. 62,625) Retail sales Drug stores Furniture and household + St appliance stores + 14t Postal receipts ................... . . $ 92,251 Building permits, less federal contracts $ 1,739,460 Bank debits (thousands) . . .....$ 131,628 End-of-month deposits (thousands) i .. $ 93,988 Annual rate of deposit turnover. . . . . . 16.5 Employment (area) 55,000 Manufacturing employment (area) . 2,770 Percent unemployed (area) . . 3.S + 11 -13 + 5 +159 + 1 -4 + 4 •• + 1 + 9 + 8 -10 -1 + 30 + 5 -12 + 9 + 2 + 20 -3 Postal receipts• . . .. . . . .............$ Bank debits (thousands) . . ........ . . $ End-of-month deposits (thousandsH.. $ Annual rate of deposit turnover..... . 2,442 l ,79S 1,778 11.5 -21 s 9 + 1 -22 -s -10 + 3 MIDLOTHIAN (pop. 1,521) Building permits, less federal contracts $ Bank debits (thousands) . . ..........$ End-of-month deposits (thousands) t .. $ Annual rate of deposit turnover. 39,000 1,071 1,407 8.9 +540 + 14 -4 + 17 +453 •• 3 + 2 McGREGOR (pop. 4,642) Building permits, less federal contracts $ Bank debits (thousands) .. .. .. .......$ End-of-month deposits (thousandsH.. $ Annual rate of deposit turnover..... . 7,500 3,121 5,109 7.3 -59 •••• -s + 17 + 12 + s MISS.ION (pop. 14,081) Postal receipts• . ...................$ Building permits, less federal contracts $ Bank debits (thousands) . . .. . .......$ End-of-month deposits (thousands) i . .$ Annual rate of deposit turnover.. . .. . 8,142 31,950 10,834 8,685 15.3 + 11 -11 + 23 ++ 19 + s + 35 -18 s -8 McKINNEY (pop. 13, 763) Postal receipts• . ...................$ Building permits, less federal contracts $ Bank debits (thousands) .............$ End-of-month deposits (thousands)t.. $ Annual rate of deposit turnover. . . MARSHALL (pop. 23,846) Retail sales Apparel stores .. . ... . ......... . .. . Postal receipts• .... ...... .........$ Building permits, less federal contracts $ Bank debits (thousands) . . . .$ End-of-month deposits (thousands)t.. $ Annual rate of deposit turnover. 10,772 43,520 9,S5S 9,249 12.6 + st + 1t 2S,72S 188,56S 16,973 19,150 10.0 + 11 -11 + 4 + 1 + 5 + 11 -2S + 7 +SS -24 -12 -18 + 4 -7S + 5 + 7 2 7 s + 8 -46 -1 -13 + 1 MONAHANS (pop. 8,567) Postal receipts• ....................$ Building permits, less federal contracts $ Bank debits (thousands). . ...$ End-of-month deposits (thousands) i .. $ Annual rate of deposit turnover.. . .. . MUENSTER (pop. 1,190) Postal receipts• . . $ Building permits, less federal contracts $ Bank debits (thousands) .............$ End-of-month deposits (thousands) i . .$ Annual rate of deposit turnover. 8,691 107,725 10,317 7,724 15.1 1,097 3,800 2,115 1,788 18.5 NACOGDOCHES (pop. 12,674) Retail sales Apparel stores . . . . . . . ......... . Postal receipts• .... ... .......... . .. $ Building permits, less federal contracts $ + It 12,374 39,255 + s +130 + 1 -11 + 9 + 5 -S7 + 6 9 + 7 + 2 -6 -40 + 12 -27 1 + 5 9 -9 -86 + 17 + 4 + 5 + 17 -s -93 MERCEDES (pop. 10,943) Bank debits (thousands) . . .......$ End-of-month deposits (thousands) i . .$ Annual rate of deposit turnover..... . 16,553 15,467 12.9 + + 6 •• 8 + 10 + 3 + 6 Postal receipts* ............. .$ Building permits, less federal contracts $ Bank debits (thousands). . . .. . ... $ End-of-month deposit• (thousands) t .. $ Annual rate of deposit turnover. 4,780 18,239 S,S26 4,169 19.3 ++ 9 + 21 + 2 + 20 + 5 -80 -12 + 7 -17 NEDERLAND (pop. 12,036) Building permits, less federal contracts $ 335,104 Bank debits (thousands) . . ......$ 5,466 End-of-month deposits (thousands) i . .$ 3,691 Annual rate of deposit turnover. . . 17.1 + + + 7 8 + + + 41 5 9 4 MESQUITE (pop. 27,526) Postal receipts• . ... ... . .. ... . ......$ 13,253 Building permits, less federal contracts $ 2,253,522 Bank debits (thousands) . . . . .....$ S,448 End-of-month deposits (thousands)t.. $ 5,884 + 8 +194 8 8 + 2S + 9S + 7 + 30 NEW BRAUNFELS (pop. 15,631) Postal receipts• ... ... .... . ....... ..$ 18,300 Building permits, less federal contracts $ 1,114,254 Bank debits (thousands) . ........... .$ 11, 711 End-of-month deposits (thousands) i .. $ 11,537 Annual rate of deposit turnover. 11.9 -9 +2259 + 8 -5 + 11 + 4 +380 + 2 + 7 8 Annual rate of deposit turnover. . . . . . Employment (area) Manufacturing employment (area) . Percent unemployed (area) . . . . . . . . . . 12.S 455,400 104,400 3.1 + + + 9 1 s -21 + 2 + 7 -81 ODESSA (pop. 80,338) Retail sales ... . ... . .. .. ............ . Apparel stores ................... . General merchandise stores. + 6t + It + 6t + 10 8 + 1 + 6 + 3 7 MEXIA (pop. 6,121) Postal receipts• ...... . . .. ..........$ Building permits, less federal contracts $ Bank debits (thousands) . . . .$ End-of-month deposits (thousands) i . .$ Annual rate of deposit turnover. . . 5,994 22,500 3,877 4,235 10.9 + 35 -93 + 10 -2 + 11 + 12 +181 •• 7 + 4 Postal receipts• ........... .. .......$ Building permits, less federal contracts $ Bank debits (thousands) . . .. $ End-of-month deposits (thousands) t .. $ Annual rate of deposit turnover. Employment (area) Manufacturing employment (area) . Percent unemployed (area) . .... 67,073 625,395 80,808 69,568 14.2 55,000 2,770 3.6 -s -23 + + 4 + 5.. + 1 + 9 4 -24 + 8 + 10 + 4 + 2 + 20 -3 Local Bu iness Conditions City and item May 1962 Percent change May 19G2 May 1962 from from Apr 1962 May 1961 Local Business Conditions City and item May 1962 Percent change May 19G2 May 1962 from from Apr 19G2 May 1961 ORANGE (pop. 25,605) Postal receipts• . $ JJuilding permits, less federal contracts $ B:rnk debits (thousands) . . ....$ End-of-month deposits (thousands) t .. $ Annual rate of deposit turnover... Employment (area) Manufacturing employment (area) . Percent unemployed (area) . 24,2G9 225,442 30,731 22,054 16.5 107,500 34,630 6.3 + 4 -32 + 14 -2 + 15 + 1 + 1 3 + 8 ++ 12 + 2 + 9 ** + -21 PORT ARTHUR (pop. 66,676) Retail sales Apparel stores ... Automotive stores Furniture and household appliance stores Gasoline and service stations. ..... . Postal receipts• .... .. .. $ Building permits, less federal contracts $ Bank debits (thousands) . . .. $ + 6t + lt + 9t + Ht + 2t 48,225 334,741 68,884 + 22 + 2 + 32 + 31 -1 •• + 27 + 19 + 12 -6 + 23 + 10 •• -IS -40 + 4 PALESTINE (pop. 13,974) Postal receipts• .$ Building permits, less federal contracts $ Bank debits (thousands). .. . ...... $ End-of-month deposits (thousands) t .. $ Annual rate of deposit turnover. 11,995 392,84G 10, 730 14,398 8.9 -1 +175 + 2•• + + 13 +134 5 + 3 7 End-of-month deposits (thousands) t .. $ Annual rate of deposit turnover . Employment (area) Manufacturing employment (area) . Percent unemployed (area) . 43,739 18.G 107,500 34,630 6.3 PORT ISABEL (pop. 3,575) Postal receipts• .. . . ....... . .. . .....$ 1,851 -4 + 22 + + s + 23 + 2 -I + " I -21 -2 PAMPA (pop. 24,664) Retail sales Aut.omot.i ve stores Eating nnd drinking places.. Food stores Lumber, building material, and hardware stores. Post.al receipts• ...$ + Gt + 9t + 5t + 3t + 4t 24,791 + 32 + 68 + 13 + 5 + 17 + + 15 + 33 + 5 8 ++ 14 Building permits, less federal contracts $ Bank debits (thousands) . . .. $ End-of-month deposits (thousands) t .. $ Annual ra.te of deposit turnover. 26,975 1,035 851 13.9 PORT NECHES. (pop. 8,696) Postal receipts• . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. $ 6,175 Building permits, less federal contracts $ 97,864 + 131 + 7 -9 + 17 -9 -19 +480 + 72 + 60 + 7 -6 -66 Building permits, less federal contracts $ Bank debits (thousands) .............$ 92,400 25,131 + 8 -58 + Bank debits (thousands) .............$ End-of-month deposits (thousands) t .. $ 7,823 5,970 - 5 •• -28 " End-of-month deposits (thousands)t .. $ Annual rate of deposit turnover. 20,630 14.3 4 + 3 + 9 Annual rate of deposit turnover . 15.8 - 3 -25 PARIS (pop. 20,977) RAYMONDVILLE (pop. 9,385) Postal receipts• ........ . .....$ 5,GG3 -13 -7 Retail sales Apparel stores ... + Gt + 1t + 14 -27 + 7 -13 Building permits, less federal contracts $ 27,700 Bank debits (thousands) . . ..........$ G,223 +108 + 23 -27 -12 Automotive stores Lumber, building material, + 9t + 30 + 17 End-of-month deposits (thousands) t. Annual rate of deposit turnover. $ G,531 11.4 -1 + 28 -11 -5 and hardware stores. + 4t -12 -18 Po•tal receipts• ... $ 18,715 Building permits, less federal contracts $ 1,234,451 Bnnk debits (thousands). . ....$ 16,749 End-of-month deposits (thousands) t .. $ 13,338 Annual rate of deposit turnover . 14.8 -4 -/-308 + 10 -4 + 11 + 13 +277 + 10 ** + ROBSTOWN (pop. 10,266) Postal receipts* .. . ....... . .........$ Building permits, less federal contracts $ Bank debits (thousands) . . .......$ End-of-month deposits (thousands) t .. $ 5,495 21,880 9,032 8,564 + 13 -57 + 2 -68 + + PHARR (pop. 14,106) Annual rate of deposit turnover . 12.4 + + Postal receipts• ...$ Building permits, less federal contracts $ Bank debits (thousands) ............$ End-of-month deposits (thousands) t .. $ Annual rate of deposit turnover. 5,929 30,025 4,279 4,491 12.3 + 18 -87 + 8 + l G + 2 + 8 -23 + + 3 + 7 ROCKDALE (pop. 4,481) Postal receipts• .. .. ................$ Building permits, less federal contracts $ Bank debits (thousands) .. $ End-of-month deposits (thousands)t .. $ Annual rate of deposit turnover. 5,123 11,684 4,075 5,517 8.7 + 41 -48 + 10 -4 + 13 + 20 + 56 + 4 + " 2 PILOT POINT (pop. 1,254) Building permits, less federal contracts $ Bank debits (thousands) ....... ......$ End-of-month deposits (thousands)t .. $ Annual rate of deposit turnover. 1,760 1,108 1,409 9.4 + 29 •• + 34 -30 SAN ANGELO (pop. 58,815) Retail sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + Gt Apparel stores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1t Furniture and household + 7 -13 + appliance stores + 14t + 16 + 15 PLAINVIEW (pop. 18,735) Retail sales General merchandise stores . Postal receipts* .....$ + 6t 78,400 + 9 + 12 + 10 + 20 Automotive stores Postal receipts• . . . . .. . .... . $ Building permits, less federal contracts $ Bank debits (thousands) ......... ... .$ End-of-month depo•its (thousands) i . .$ Annual rate of deposit turnover. + 9t 20, 166 114,850 32,980 24,633 15.3 + 7 -5 -28 + 4 -9 + 12 + 3 + 10 -20 + 17 + 6 + 8 Building permits, less federal contracts $ Bank debits (thousands) . . .. $ End-of-month deposits (thousands) t .. $ Annual rate of deposit turnover . . . Employment (area) Manufacturing employment (area) . Percent unemployed (area) .. . 290,145 59,158 46,753 14.9 19,800 2,960 3.9 -18 + 9 -4 + 11 ** -1 -17 -48 •• -26 PLANO (pop. 3,695) Postal receipts• .......... . .........$ 5 045 Building permits, less federal contracts $ l,OG0:313 Bank debits (thousands) .............$ 2,275 End-of-month deposits (thousands) t .. $ 2,132 Annual rate of deposit turnover. . . . . . 12. 7 + 6 +382 + 32 1 + 2G + 10 + 4G ++ 15 -9 SAN JUAN (pop. 4,371) Postal receipts* ..... . .. . .... ... ....$ Building permits, less federal contracts $ Bank debits (thousands) . . $ End-of-month deposits (thousands)t .. $ Annual rate of deposit turnover ..... . 1,932 41,093 1,801 1,971 11.2 -23 + 8 + 14 + 4 + 15 -14 +1270 + 8 -7 + 15 171 Percent change Percent change Local Business Conditions Local Business Conditions May 19S2 May 19S2 May 19S2 May 1962 May from from May from from City and item 19S2 Apr 19S2 May 19Sl City and item 1962 Apr 19S2 May 1961 SAN ANTONIO (pop. 587,718) SINTON (pop. 6,008) Retail sales . . . Apparel stores . . . . . . .......... . . .... ... .... . + st -St + 7 -4 + 7•• Postal receipts• .... . ............. ..$ Building permits, less federal contracts $ 5,513 149,100 -17 +838 + 12 + S7 Automotive stores .. .......... . .. . + 14t + 12 + 21 Bank debits (thousands) . . ...$ 4,242 + 2 - 9 Drug stores .... .. ....... . ....... . Eating and drinking places. . . + 4t + 2t + 4 1 + 4 End-of-month deposits (thousands) t .. $ Annual rate of deposit turnover ... 4,517 10.9 + 4 -11 •• Food stores ... .. ........ •.. + 1t + 9 2 Furniture and household appliance stores Gasoline and service stations. General merchandise stores. Jewelry stores Lumber, building material, and hardware stores..... Nurseries ...... . ........... . + 22t + St + 14t + lt Postal receipts• . . . $ 727,951 Building permits, less federal contracts $ 5,S99,535 + 23 + 2 + 3 +SS + 11 -38 -7 + 12 + 16 + 27 -4 + 11 + 16 + 43 + 11 + 9 SLATON (pop. 6,568) Postal receipts• ................... .$ Building permits, less federal contracts $ Bank debits (thousands) .............$ End-of-month deposits (thousands) t .. $ Annual rate of deposit turnover.. . .. . Employment (area) ...... ... . . Manufacturing employment (area). Percent unemployed (area) . 3,390 5,SOO 3,488 4,068 10.0 51,100 5,800 3.9 -20 -88 + 1 -6 + •• + 2 -7 -36 -90 + 19 + 9 + 9 + 2 + 4 -13 Bank debits (thousands). . ... . .. .$ End-of-month deposits (thousands) t .. $ Annual rate of deposit turnover. . . . . . Employment (area) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Manufacturing employment (area) . Percent unemployed (area) . . . . 713,791 390,515 21.5 208,000 24,025 4.8 + -4 + s•• 2 + 7 + 7 + + + 1 3 6 SMITHVILLE (pop. 2,933) Postal receipts• .. . ............. .. ..$ Building permits, less federal contracts $ Bank debits (thousands) . . . . . . ...$ End-of-month deposits (thousands) t .. $ Annual rate of deposit turnover. 2,261 37,150 1,169 2,267 S.2 + 26 +140 + 10.. + 11 + 20 +245 + 4 + 3•• SAN MARCOS (pop. 12,713) Postal receipts• ....... . . . . . ....... .$ 9,131 -16 - 1 SNYDER (pop. 13,850) Building permits, less federal contracts $ Bank debits (thousands) . . . . ........$ End-of-month deposits (thousands) t .. $ Annual rate of deposit turnover ..... . 20,838 7,439 8,079 10.7 + los + 9 s + 9 -55 + 15 + 1 + 8 Postal receipts ........$ Building permits, less federal contracts $ Bank debits (thousands) ....... . .....$ End-of-month deposits (thousands) t .. $ 9,872 5S,240 15,178 17,021 -11 + 8 + 4•• -20 -lS + 21 + 28 Annual rate of deposit turnover. 10.7 + 5 - 4 SAN SABA (pop. 2,728) Postal receipts• ...... . .... . ........$ Bank debits (thousands) .. $ End-of-month deposits (thousands) t .. $ Annual rate of deposit turnover ..... 3,046 4,935 4,647 13.0 + 50 + 38 + 4 + 35 + 5 + 14 + 4 + 10 SULPHUR SPRINGS (pop. 9,160) Postal receipts• . . .. . ...............$ 8,321 Building permits, less federal contracts $ S6,380 Bank debits (thousands). . . $ 10,942 End-of-month deposits (thousands) t .. $ 12,450 + 4 -12 + 3 -10 -64 + 12 + 1 SEAGOVILLE (pop. 3,745) Annual rate of deposit turnover . . . . . . 10.5 + + 11 Postal receipts• ....................$ Building permits, less federal contracts $ Bank debits (thousands) . . .........$ End-of-month deposits (thousands) t .. $ Annual rate of deposit turnover .. 2,257 10,880 2,231 1,368 18.8 -19 -52 + 15 -7 + 14 -lS -91 + 10 + 18 -10 SWEETWATER (pop. 13,914) Postal receipts• ......... . .......$ 10,976 Building permits, less federal contracts $ 174,140 Bank debits (thousands) ......$ 10,526 End-of-month deposits (thousands) t .. $ 10,093 -11 + 31 2 -1 + 50 + 6 2 Annual rate of deposit turnover. . . . . 12.5 + 8 SEGUIN (pop. 14,299) Postal receipts• .. . . . . ............. .$ Building permits, less federal contracts $ Bank debits (thousands) . . ...$ End-of-month deposits (thousands) t .. $ Annual rate of deposit turnover .. . .. 9,615 97,110 10,021 14,S33 8.4 -s + 67 2 + 5 5 -10 4 -7 + 7 -13 TAYLOR (pop. 9,434) Retail sales Automotive stores Postal receipts• ... ........ . . .. . $ Building permits, less federal contracts $ Bank debits (thousands) ......... ....$ + 9t 5,8SS 98,670 S,915 + 43 -22 +125 2 + 23 -21 +142 + 4 SHERMAN (pop. 24,988) End-of-month deposits (thousands) t .. $ Annual rate of deposit turnover... 12,009 S.8 + 4 1 + 1 + 1 Retail sales .... .. ... . .............. . + 6t + 14 + 21 Apparel stores ................... . Automotive stores + lt + 9t 1 + 9 ++ 27 TEMPLE (pop. 30,419) Retail sales .. .... . .. . .............. . + Gt + 16 + 18 Furniture and household apoliance stores + 14t + 31 + 27 Apparel stores . .. ................ . Furniture and household + lt - 19 + 8 Postal receipts• .$ Building permits, less federal contracts $ Bank debits (thousands) ............ .$ End-of-month deposits (thousands)t .. $ Annual rate of deposit turnover . 28,180 208,396 25,983 18,75S lS.5 -4 -25 + 2 1 + 2 + ++ 4 2 appliance stores Lumber, building material, and hardware stores . . ......... . Postal receipts• .....$ Bank debits (thousands). .. $ + 14t + 4t 3S,737 2S,3S9 + 61 + 35 3 + 4 + 44 + 22 + + SILSBEE (pop. 6,277) Postal receipts• ....................$ Building permits, less federal contracts $ Bank debits (thousands) . . . . $ End-of-month deposits (thousands) t .. $ Annual rate of deposit turnover .. .. . . 7,301 47,425 4,2S9 5,351 9.6 3 + 8•• + 9 + 11 + 104 + 17 + 14 + 1 TERRELL (pop. 13,803) Postal receipts• .......... .$ Building permits, less federal contracts $ Bank debits (thousands) ....$ End-of-month deposits (thousands) t .. $ Annual rate of deposit turnover.. . .. . 8,843 7S,SOO 7,371 7,946 11.S + 29 -76 + 3 + 8•• + 32 + 28 + 21 + 14 + 7 JULY 1962 17:i Percent change Percent change Local Business Conditions Local Business Conditions May 1962 May 1962 May 1962 May 1962 May from from May from from 1962 Apr 1962 May 1961 City and item 1962 Apr 1962 May 1961City and item TEXARKANA, TEX. (pop. 30,218) VERNON (pop. 12,141) Postal receipts• .$ 9,606 ­ Retail sales ········ ··········· 7 8 Furniture and household 111,190 + 33 Building p ermits, less federal contracts $ 2 ­ + 40 + 23 Bank debits (thousands) . .. .. ........$ 14,091 + 2 6 appliance stores . . .... . + l4t + Postal receipts• . . . . . . . . . . . ........$ 66,090 + 6 + 7 End-of-month deposits (thousands) t .. $ 18,683 •• -3 Building perm.its, less federal contracts $ 284,112 + 81 +137 Annual rate of deposit turnover...... 9.1 + 3 + 10 Bunk debits (thousands) . . $ 66,709 + + 10 End-of-month deposits (thousands) t .. $ 16,986 + 1 + Annuu.1 rate of deposit turnover.... . . 18.1 + 8 + 16 WACO (pop. 97,808) Employment (area) .... 30,600 + + Manulucturing employment (area) . 4,930 + + 27 Retail sales .. .. .. . + 6t +16 + 3 Percent unemployed (area) . 6.1 -14 Apparel stores -12 -22 + 1t Florists -7 + 2 General merchandise stores. + 6t + 21 +TEXAS CITY (pop. 32,065) Lumber, building material, and hardware stores.. ....... .. .. + 4t + 19 + Retail sales Postal 'eceipts• ....................$ 162,826 •• + Lumber, building material, Building permits, less federal contracts $ 1,442,231 -13 -85 and ha:rdware stores ........... . + 4t + 7 + 15 Bank debits (thousands) ...... .......$ 117,936 + + 9 Postal receipts• . . . . ..$ 22,872 + 12 + 19 End-of-month deposits (thousands) t .. $ 70,037 •• + 2 Building permits, less federal contracts $ 269,150 -13 + 8 Annual rate of deposit turnover. . . . . . 20.3 + + 12 Bunk debits (thousands) .............$ 24,131 -2 + 7 Employment (area) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49,060 + 1 + 8 End-of-month deposits (thousands) t .. $ 16,017 -12 + 15 Manufacturing employment (area) . 10,840 + 1 + 6 Annunl rate of deriosit turnover.. . .. . 18.1 -16 + 3 Percent unemployed (area) . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 7 -21 Employment (area) . . . .......... . 62,800 •• Manufacturing employment (area) . 10,930 + 2 Percent unemployed (area) . 7.8 + 8 + 4 WAXAHACHIE (pop. 12,749) Postal receipts• ....................$ 26,940 -9 + 41 TOMBALL (pop. 1,713) Building permits, less federal contracts $ 76,647 -22 +109 Bank debits (thousands) ...... .. .....$ 9,261 +30 Building perm.its, less federal contracts $ 11,766 -63 + End-of-month deposits (thousands) t .. $ 9,325 + 8 Bank debits (thousands) ..$ 7,412 + 1 + 4 + Annual rate of deposit turnover. . ... . 12.8 End-of-month deposits (thousands) t .. $ 6,241 -11 + 6 + 10 +28 Annual rate of. deposit turnover..... . 16.0 + 10 2 WEATHERFORD (pop. 9,759) TYLER (pop. 51,230) Postal receipts* ....................$ 8,941 -12 + 9 Retail sales ···· ··········· + 6t + 21 + 26 Building permits, less federal contracts $ 47,600 + 9 -67 Apparel stores + 1t -24 14 End-of-month deposits (thousands) t .. $ 14,010 -2 + 4 . . ... ········· ······ + Automotive stores ··········· + 9t + 32 + 29 Postal receiots ....$ 100,379 -5 + 11 Building permits, less federal contracts $ 1,398,734 •• + 26 WESLACO (pop. 15,649) Bank debits .$ 100,478 (thousands). ··········· + 6 +End-of-month deposits (thousands)t .. $ 61,203 + 3 Retail sales Annual rate of deposit turnover. 19.2 + 7 + 4 Automotive stores ............ ... . + 9t + 39 + 27 Postal receipts* ... .. .. .............$ 8,840 -7 -10 Building permits, less federal contracts $ 69,660 -72 -82 UVALDE (pop. 10,293) Bank debits (thousands) ........... .. $ 7,719 + 6 + 6 End-of-month deposits (thousands)t.. $ 7,267 2 •• Postal receipts• ....................$ 7,476 -4 -4 Annual rate of deposit turnover..... . 12.6 •• Iluilding permits, less federal contracts $ + 45,840 + 66 + 69 Bunk debits (thousands) .............$ 12,704 + 6 + 21 End-of-month deposits (thousands); .. $ 8,460 •• -2 Annual rate of deoosit turnover. , . 18.0 + + 22 WICHITA FALLS (pop. 101,724) Retail sales . . . . .. .. ....... .... ... .. . + 6t +19 + 11 Apparel stores ....... . .. .. ... .... . -7 -7 + lt VICTORIA (pop. 33,047) Automotive stores ... . .......... . . + 9t + 12 + 82 Eating and drinking places.... . .. . -7 Retail sales ......... .. .. .. ......... . + 6t -1 + 6t + 8 + 6 Furniture and household Ealing and drinking places. + 9t + 10 + 17 appliance stores . ..... ....... .. . + 14t + 13 +16 Automotive stores . ... . + 6t + 1 6 General merchandise stores. + 6t + 1 Food stores ................ . + + 3t 2 Furniture and household + + Lumber, building material, appliance stores and hardware stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . + 4t + 18 + 14t Lumber, building material, + 8 2 Postal receipts• .... ..... . ..........$ 127,671 + 8 + 4 and hardware stores. ......... . . . + 96 -81 Building permits, less federal contracts $ l,723,378 Postal receipts• ....................$ + 4t + 10 + 7 Bank debits (thousands) .... .........$ 121,320 2 + 8 34,990 Building permits, less federal contracts $ + 1 + 3 End-of-month deposits (thousands) i .. $ 95,204 2 434,400 + 84 23 + Bank debits (thousands) .... . ........$ 63,601 + Annual rate of deposit turnover. . . . . . 15.1 2 + End-of-month deposits (thousands) i .. $ + Employment (area) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,460 + + 6 21 76,327 + 2 Annual rate of deposit turnover. + Manufacturing employment (area) . 3,930 •• 9.9 + 9 + 14 Percent unemployed (area) . . . 4.2 •• + .. 176 BAROMETERS OF TEXAS BUSINESS All figures are for Texas unless otherwise indicated. All indexes are based on the average months for 1957-59, except where indi­cated; all are adjusted for seasonal variation, except annual indexes. Employment estimates are Texas Employment Commission data in cooperation with the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U. S. Department of Labor. The index of Texas business activity is based on bank debits in 20 cities, adjusted for price level. An asterisk (•) indicates preliminary data subject to revision. Revised data are marked (r) . May April May Yea?·to-date avera1e 1962 1962 1961 1962 GENERAL BUSINESS ACTIVITY Texas business activity, index ...................................... 137.1 128.2 122.2 131.4 ll4.9 Miscellaneous freight carloadings in SW District, index .... .. .. .... .. . 79.0 78.4 96.4 77.0 94.l Ordinary life insurance sales, index................... . ............. 121.4 103.8 113.l 108.2 101.9 Wholesale prices in U. S., unadjusted index......................... 100.2 100.4 100.0 100.6 100.7 Consumers' prices in Houston, unadjusted index ..................... 104.7 102.4 104.6 102.0 Consumers' prices in U. S., unadjusted index ........................ 105.2 105.2 103.8 104.9 103.9 Business failures (number) . ... .. ..... . ........... .. .. .. ....... .. .. 45 44 51 38 55 Newspaper lineage, index .. .. . .. .. ..... ............... . . . .... . ..... 106.9 102.5 99.1 103.6 98.3 TRADE Total retail sales, index ... ... . ..................................... ll4.4• ll0.7r 105.0 Durable-goods sales, index . . ................................... 120.7• 112.4r 101.4 Nondurable-goods sales, index.................................. 111.1 • 109.9 107.9 Ratio of credit sales to net sales in department and apparel stores .... 73,9• 73,3• 73.5r 74.1• 74.0r Ratio of collections to outstandings in department and apparel stores.. 38.o• 37.o• 41.lr 39.2• 40.lr PRODUCTION Total electric power consumption, index ............................ Industrial electric power consumption, index .... .. ................. Crude oil production, index .. ...... . ............... ......... . .. ... . 131.5• 122.6• 90.1• 130.2r 120.2r 87.7r 119.5r 110.7 90.5 128.4• 119.4• 90.2 l 15.4r 107.lr 92.5 Crude oil runs to stills, index ...................................... 111.9 107.7 106.1 107.2 106.4 Texas industrial production-total index.. .. ... .. .. ............. .. .. 112 110 107 110 105 Texas industrial production-manufacturing index ................... Texas industrial production-durable goods, index....... . ........... 122 115 122 116 115 109 121 115 113 107 Texas industrial production-nondurable goods, index ............... 127 126 119 125 117 Texas mineral production, index........... . .... .. . .. .. .. .. .. ..... . 99 95 97 95 96 Average daily production per oil well ........ ....... . .. ............. Construction authorized, index ..................................... 12.4 129.3 12.6 113.7 12.4 127.3 12.7 122.4 13.2 107.7 Residential building, index.................................... 119.6 120.1 103.4 114.8 90.9 Nonresidential building, index . .. ........ .. ......... ..... ..... . 141.1 99.9 173.2 136.7 133.9 AGRICULTURE Prices received by farmers, unadjusted index, 1910-14=100 ........... 263 260 248 260 250 FINANCE Bank debits, index ..... .. ..... . ......... .... ........ ······ · ···· ··· Bank debits, U. S., index ....... . ................... ........... . ... 137.4 138.3 128.7 139.0 122.2 125.8 132.1 134.9 115.7 121.2 Revenue receipts of the State Comptroller (thousands) ... .. .. .. . .... Federal internal revenue receipts (thousands) ....................... $203,814 $491,105 $143,659 $389,286 $149,341 $408,137 $140,867 $377,257 $120,028 $300,967 LABOR Total nonagricultural employment (thousands) ..................... Total manufacturing employment (thousands) ................. Durable-goods employment (thousands) .... ... ........ ........ . Nondurable-goods employment (thousands) .................... Total nonagricultural labor force in 18 labor market areas (thousands) Employment in 18 labor market areas (thousands) .......... ... . . Manufacturing employment in 18 labor market areas (thousands) Total unemployment in 18 labor market areas (thousands) ...... Percent of labor force unemployed in 18 labor market areas..... Average weekly earnings, manufacturing, index . . .. ... .. .. . .. .. .. . . . Average weekly hours, manufacturing, index .. .. . . ..... . .... .. ...... 2,554.7• 489.o• 236.0• 253.0• 2,337.3 2,173.8 393.7 95.7 4.1 112.4• 102.0• 2,55l.2r 490.2r 236.4• 253.8r 2,325.0 2,166.3 393.7 96.8 4.2 112.7 102.0 2,523.2r 483.4r 23l.5r 25l.9r 2,322.3 2,129.5 385.8 116.2 5.0 107.7 101.2 2,531.2• 488.1 • 235.2• 253.o• 2,326.4 2,157.4 392.2 107.2 4.6 Ill.I 100.6 2,499.8r 478.9r 227.2r 25l.6r 2,316.0 2,116.6 382.7 129.0 5.6 106.0 100.2