TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW VOL. XLIX, NO. 12, DECEMBER 1975 Editor: Robert H. Ryan Managing Editor: Lois R. Glenn Editorial Board: Robert H. Ryan, Chairman; Stanley A. Arbingast; Lois R. Glenn; Francis B. May; John R. Stockton; Robert B. Williamson CONTENTS ARTICLES 277: The Business Situation in Texas, by Lorna Monti 280: The Energy Economy: Policy Issues in 1976, by Robert M. Lockwood 281: Women Working in Texas, by Robert M. Lockwood 289: Texas Construction, by Charles P. Zlatkovich TABLES 278: Selected Barometers of Texas Business 279: Business Activity Indexes for Selected Texas Cities 282: Growth of the Female Population in Texas, Selected Years, 1850-1980 282 : Texas Labor Force by Sex and Age, Selected Years, 1940-1970 283: Age Structure of the Texas Labor Force by Sex, Selected Years, 1940-1970 283: Texas Labor Force Participation by Sex and Age, Selected Years, 1940-1970 284: Women's Jobs in Texas, 1970 285: Occupational Structure of Women's Employment by Ethnic Group, Texas, 1970 285: Anglo Women's Jobs in Texas, 1970 286: Spanish Women's Jobs in Texas, 1970 286: Black Women's Jobs in Texas, 1970 287: Industrial Structure of Women's Employment by Ethnic Group, Texas, 1970 289: Estimated Values of Building Authorized in Texas 290: Contribution of Construction to Total Labor and Proprietor Income, United States and Texas, 1972-1974 290: Contribution of the Construction Industry to Total Nonagri­cultural Employment, Selected Metropolitan Areas, Texas, September 1975 290: Contribution of Construction to Total Nonagricultural Em­ployment, United States and Texas, 1972-1975 291 : Local Business Conditions Barometers of Texas Business (inside back cover) CHARTS 277: Texas and U.S. Business Activity 278: U.S. Wholesale and Consumer Prices 278: Texas Retail Sales: Durable and Nondurable Goods 279 : Total Nonagricultural Employment in Texas 279: New Nonresidential Building Authorized in Texas 279: Total Construction Authorized in Texas 289: New Residential Building Authorized in Texas: Housing Units and Total Value Cover: Photograph taken near Albany, Texas, by Watt M. Casey, Jr., journalism student, The University of Texas at Austin. Published monthly by the Bureau of Business Research, Graduate School of Business, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 787 I 2. Second-class postage paid at Austin, Texas. Content of this publication is not copyrighted and may he reproduced freely, but acknowledgment of source will be appreciated. The views expressed by authors are not necessarily those of the Bureau of Business Research. Subscription, $4.00 a year; individual copies 35 cents. BUREAU OF BUSINESS RESEARCH Business Research Council: Stanley A. Arbingast (chair man), Vernon M. Briggs, E. L. Frome, David L. Huff George Kozmetsky, Albert Shapero Director: Stanley A. Arbingast Associate Director and Office Manager: Florence Escott Assistant Director and Coordinator of Television Programs; Robert H. Ryan Assistant Director and Systems Analyst: 0. Frederic Rye Consulting Statistician : Francis B. May Cooperating Faculty : C. P. Blair, Charles T. Clark, Law' rence L. Crum, Clark C. Gill, Robert K. Holz, David L: Huff, Lorrin G. Kennamer, Jerry Todd · Energy Specialist and Coordinator of Radio Programs " Robert M. Lockwood Transportation Specialist: Charles P. Zlatkovich Research Associates : Bryan Adair, Kathryn E. Burger; Nancy B. Clark, S. Michael Dildine, Lois R. Glenn: Charles T. Granger III, Mildred Joseph, Ida M. Lambeth" Lorna Monti, Janet Peatross, Barbara D. Terrell · Librarians: Kathryn McMillen, Rita J. Wright Programmer: J. Britt Kauffman Statisticians: Mildred Anderson, Constance Cooledge, John· R. Stockton Statistical Technician: Kay Davis Administrative Assistant: Patricia Cloud Administrative Secretary: Jewell Patton Administrative Clerks: Frances Briceno, Yolanda Mindieta Compositors: Jennifer Brewster, Clintsy Sturgill Senior Clerk Typist: Alice Stevens Senior Clerks: Robert Jenkins, Salvador B. Macias Clerk: Maurio Martinez Cartographers: James Buchanan, William Hezlep Printing Coordinator: Daniel P. Rosas Print Shop Foreman: Robert L. Dorsett Reprints of feature articles are available from the Bureau at ten cents each. The Texas Business Review is indexed in Marketing Information Guide and Public Affairs Information Service and is available on microfdm from University Microfdms. The Bureau of Business Research is a member of the Association for University Business and Economic Research. US ISSN 0040-4209 The Business Situation • Texas Lorna A. Monti The ball is in the · consumer's court. The economic outlook for Texas and U.S. citizens as workers in the near future will depend on the behavior of those same citizens as consumers. Business and government have contributed as much to the recovery as they will. The economy is waiting for the consumer. A business shift from letting inventories drop to in­creasing them in anticipation of higher sales produced the sharp increase in GNP in the third quarter of 1975, despite a moderate increase in sales of final output. The tax re bat~ and government deficit have also helped the recovery. Of the three main groups who purchase workers' output­business, government, and consumers-consumers purchase the most, about two thirds of the gross national product. Consumers must now increase spending for business to continue production. The key to the consumer's situation lies in the return of the tax bite. True, the sharp increase in GNP was accompanied by a sharp increase in personal income of 34. 7 billion dollars. At the same time, tax and other deductions from wages, salaries, and other incomes rose by 33.6 billion dollars, as recorded in the GNP accounts. These payments consist mainly of taxes and were abnormally low in the second quarter. The return to usual tax payments in the third quarter erased the consumer share of increased GNP. The per person level of disposable income after taxes fell by 1.7 percent in the third quarter, while newspapers heralded the recovery. Consumers who might have expected im­provement in their circumstances were barely holding ground despite a highly publicized recovery. This situation may have weakened confidence in the ef­ficacy of the recovery. The economic news stories to which consumers respond most sensitively concern the unemployment and inflation rates. Although inflation rates are far below last year's and the unemployment rate is below its peak, October figures seem discouraging. Both inflation and unemployment in­creased. Because the change rather than the level is emphasized, the impact on consumers is probably more negative than the facts warrant. Even before the inflation and unemployment figures were known, there were some signs of eroding consumer confidence. The Conference Board index of consumer confidence declined in October when only September figures on the economy were available. Two other groups that follow consumer attitudes report conflicting results. Sindlinger and Company reports that confidence has been declining since mid-July, while the Survey Research Center of the University of Michigan reported a third-quarter rise in consumer confidence. The wavering of confidence reflects the contradictory news consumers are receiving. Industrial production has increased for six months in a row, although the October rise was smaller than earlier ones. Housing starts are up. Fourth-quarter GNP is expected to show an increase somewhat smaller than the third-quarter rise, with its wide inventory swing. Just where does all this leave the economy? The economy is almost back to last year's level ; it is slowing after an energetic spring from the bottom. Despite the large increase in GNP adjusted for inflation in the third quarter, total output was still below GNP for third quarter of 1974. Prosperity has not yet returned, although it is expected if consumers play their roles. Consumers have more ability to spend than they are using, although they do not have the wherewithal for sprees. Personal income per capita adjusted for inflation has regained its year-earlier level , and the tax jump was a one-time event. On the other hand, per capita disposable income is still below the 1973 level by 3 percent. Consumers are reluctant to spend what they have. The percentage of disposable personal income saved is above the TEXAS AND U.S. BUSINESS ACTIVITY Indexes-Adjusted for seasonal variation-1967=100 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 U.S. WHOLESALE AND CONSUMER PRICES 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 197.4 1975 Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. year-earlier level, 7 .8 percent for the third quarter versus 6.6 percent. Personal income is rising again in the fourth quarter. This time consumers should see per person disposable incomes rising, too, instead of falling due to tax fluctua­tions. Consumer spending and confidence should improve during the Christmas season and in 197 6 with rising incomes. Meanwhile, the number of potential workers waiting for prosperity has increased. A moderate improvement in the economy does not create enough new jobs, and unemploy­ment rates remain discouragingly high. Texas employment has recovered more quickly than U.S. employment. At the end of September, U.S. employ­ment had not yet regained its September 1974 level. Texas employment regained that month's level in June 197 5. Another favorable factor in the Texas employment situa­tion is that the state unemployment rate remained un­changed in October, in contrast to the national rise. Other Texas statistics mirror the moderation of the recovery in the same way that the national statistics do. The business activity index, based ori bank debits, and bank debits themselves retreated in October after abnormal jumps in September. October bank debits were 8.6 percent above those of August, even after the decline from September. This series has exhibited erratic month-to­month movement all year. Industrial electric power use dropped l percent. Several more months of data are needed before it can be determined whether these fluctuations reflect a change in trend or small adjustments on the way to higher levels. The total nonfarm employment index rose a half of one percent, reflecting an increase of twenty thousand job holders in Texas. Nearly fourteen thousand of the new jobs TEXAS RETAIL SALES: Durable and Nondurable Goods lnde;ii:es-Adjusfed for seasonal voriofion-1967::.JOO 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 Soyrce: Estimates from U.S. Bureau of the Census. appeared in government, all of them in state and local government. Federal government employment in the state declined from September to October. The component of employment most sensitive to fluctu­ation in the economy-manufacturing employment­remains 3. 7 percent below a year ago, a drop representing 31,000 workers. Total employment in Texas has grown over the year, primarily because of an expansion of 41,000 in government employment and 15,000 in wholesale and retail trade. Transportation and contract construction are still below a year ago. The employment figures are tracing a picture of slowly recovering manufacturing and growing services and trade. In terms of the recession, the losses due to fluctuation have not been reversed. The long-run trend of increasing govern­ment and service employment has offset the short-term cyclical fluctuation. One reason Texas has experienced less unemployment than other states is that Texas has propor­tionately less employment in manufacturing. The recovery of manufacturing employment in Texas will depend on the course of the U.S. economy. Consumer support is required for a continuation of the U.S. recovery and, consequently, the recovery of Texas manufacturing. Selected Barometers of Texas Business (Indexes-Adjusted for seasonal variation-1967=100) Percent change Year-to- Oct da te Year-to­ 197 5 ave rage date fro m 1975 Oct Sep average Sep fro m Index 1975 197 5 1975 1975 1974 Business activit y 200.7 2 10.0 I 94.4 - 4 -2 Estim ated personal income 2 17.6p 215 .2 p 2 12 .6 I 8 Bank debits 359.0 373.2 338.6 - 4 8 Crude o il productio n 108.5p 109.7 p I 09.4 - 3 Crude o il processed by refineries n.a. 12 9. 1 Total electric power use 167.6p 174 .0p 173.3 - 4 4 Residential I 76.7 p 203.3p 2 16.4 - 13 5 In d ustrial I 52.4p 1 54.0p 148.2 - I - 2 Total ind us t rial prod uction 12 5. lp 12 5.3p 122.5 ** - 3 Urban b uilding permits issued 207 .7p 19 6.8p 18 1.7 6 6 New residential 225.5 p 227 .3p 16 5.4 3 New no nresidential (unadjusted) l 84 .6p 168.9p 190.9 9 -12 Total no nfa rm employ ment 137.l p l 36.4p 135.4 Manufac turing em ploy ment 12 1. 8p 121. 3P 120.2 ** -4 Ave rage weekly earn- ings-man ufacturing I 7 l. 6p 170.8 p 164.8 ** I I Average wee kly hours- manufact uring Total une mpl oy ment 98.6p 98 .8 p 229. 0 210. 6 97 .2 2 12.0 ** 9 -I 58 Insured unemplo yment 316.2 356.6 355 .3 - 11 11 7 P Preliminary. * * Change is less than one half of 1 percent. n.a. Not ava ilable. Business Activity Indexes for Selected Texas Cities (Adjusted for seasonal variation-1967=100) Percent change Year-to- City Oct 1975 Sep 1975 Year-to­date average 1975 Oct 197 5 from Sep 1975 date average 1975 from 1974 Abilene 147.6 168.3 151.4 - 12 1 Amarillo 152.6 I 55 . 3 149.4 - 2 6 Austin 333.7 287.4 265.5 16 4 Beaumont 111.4 124.2 113.4 - JO 9 Corpus Christi 182.5 188.4 176.5 - 3 5 Corsicana 125. l 141.4 130.9 - 12 3 Dallas 196. 3 206.9 198.0 5 - 12 El Paso 166.4 182.6 168.0 9 2 Fort Worth 157.2 162. l 149.2 3 4 Galveston 125.l 130.5 132.9 4 4 Houston 232.6 247.5 223.4 6 8 Laredo 207.8 200.2 192.8 4 2 Lubbock 185. 1 l 75.9 161.9 5 - 10 Port Arthur 110. 6 101. l 9 7.0 9 2 San Angelo 215.9 222.2 192. 3 3 5 San Antonio 177.4 177.4 159.9 ** 3 Texarkana 111.2 112.4 105.3 1 4 Ty ler 147. l 151.4 136.6 3 2 Waco 173.7 178.7 163.8 3 8 Wichita Falls 150.0 164.5 I 50.5 - 9 5 **Change is less than one half of 1 percent. A second reason for the relatively low Texas unemploy­ment has been oil and gas production. An apparent riddle in the Texas economy is the way that basic industries support the economy. Comparison of Texas employment patterns with U.S. employment patterns reveals that the percentage of Texans employed in producing petroleum and coal products in October 1974 is five times the percentage of all Americans so employed. The multiple for mining, mainly oil and gas production, is 3.7. These are the industries that give Texas its character. Together, however, they employ only 4.3 percent of the Texas work force and 1.3 percent of the U.S. work force. The remaining 95.7 percent of workers could not, however, conclude that their jobs were entirely independent of oil and gas production and refining. Oil and gas industries generate jobs in machinery, contract construction, chemicals, transportation, public utilities, and insurance and real estate. It is the purchase of equipment and services from other ind us tries by the oil and gas ISO TOTAL NONAGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT IN TEXAS Index-Adjusted for seasonal voriolion -1967=100 140 i__.......~ 130 r 120 Ir ~ ..· 11 0 ~.. 100 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1968 1969 Source: Texas Employment Commission. DECEMBER 1975 400 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-r~~-,-~~-,-~~-::i NEW NONRESIDENTIAL BUILDING 350 AUTHORIZED IN TEX AS -+---+---t--:----t----j lndex -Unadjusted-1967=100 300 l=--~--if--_:__--l~~--+~~--+~~-+~~--+--1t---+~~-j 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 Source: Bureau of Business Research, in cooperation with U.S. Bureau of the Census. industries that generates jobs in the Texas economy, rather than the direct employment of workers in oil and gas production or in the highly automated refineries. Other categories of employment in which Texas exceeds the national average are wholesale and retail trade. The excess in wholesale trade is about 40 percent over the national proportion of workers in the category, and the excess in retail trade is about a fourth over the national proportion. Trade employment is the result of two forces. Parts of Texas serve as wholesale and retail centers for people outside the state. Dallas, for instance, is a regional wholesale center. The southern part of the state serves as a shopping center for Mexican nationals buying the manu­factured goods that are less readily available on the other side of the border. A second factor contributing to the excess of trade employment is the lower wages paid to some Texas workers and lower incomes in contrast to national incomes. The pressures toward self-service are smaller when low-wage employees are available. Because trade employment varies less than manufacturing in reces­sions, the concentration in trade has contributed to the relative stability of Texas employment in the latest reces­sion. The smaller portions of Texas employment fall in particular manufacturing industries. Lumber and wood products, furniture and fixtures, primary metals, electrical equipment, transportation equipment, instruments, textile mill products, paper, rubber and plastics, and leather are the below average industrial classifications. Texas workers are waiting for the rest of the recovery. Meanwhile, the economy is catching its breath after its upward spurt. Further momentum awaits consumer spend­ing that should follow rises in fourth-quarter incomes. 300 TOT AL CONSTRUCTION AUTHORIZED IN TEXAS lndex-1967=100 250 200 150 JOO 50 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 Source: Bureau of Business Research, in cooperation with U.S. Bureau of the Census. 279 The Energy Economy Policy Issues • 1976 Promising to head the list of burning energy issues in Texas next year are oil, gas, and electricity supply and prices, environmental regulations, and coal transportation. Consumers and policymakers in Texas and across the nation will also debate solar and geothermal energy research and uses, in addition to many other issues. Oil Supply and Prices At year-end President Ford and the Congress appear to be moving toward compromise energy legislation that would provide a forty-month scheme to control crude prices. This plan would roll back crude prices and provide for annual increases of up to 10 percent. The present two-tier pricing system, with lower prices for "old" oil, would remain. Some of the uncertainties in the workings of this plan include the treatment of oil from the North Slope, oil which has not yet been priced. Signing into law anything close to this compromise energy bill would, at the least, perpetuate allocation and price controls to the brink of 1980. No one sees this plan as moving the nation any closer to oil independence. Gas Supply and Prices Some version of natural-gas price deregulation could be passed by Congress before next year. The Senate earlier this year approved decontrol of new onshore gas in a bill that would lift controls from new offshore gas by 1981. The threat of federal allocation of intrastate gas supplies-essentially those in Texas and Louisiana-began to recede last summer. But the temporary surplus of gas in the Texas intrastate market-the result of warm weather and recession-dampened demand-has weakened prices in new and renegotiated contracts. Instead of paying at or near $2.00 per thousand cubic feet (Mcf) for new natural gas, consumers have been offering 30-50 percent less. Conse­quently, Lo-Vaca Gathering Company asked the Railroad Commission for the right to make emergency, short-term sales to interstate customers to relieve temporary over­supplies of gas. The Federal Power Commission recently gave qualified approval to the first direct gas sale by a producer to a curtailed industry in another state at free-market prices. A Virginia textile mill paid a Texas supplier $1.50/Mcf, plus $.03 escalation for each year of the five-year contract. The Texas Railroad Commission has not yet made permanent the two-year-old temporary ruling that permits Robert M. Lockwood gas utilities to pass through increased costs to customers. Many millions of dollars have been collected under this ruling, and some utilities and customers are locked in litigation. The Railroad Commission has so far failed to issue a ruling on the proposal-the subject of hearings last summer-to phase out the use of natural gas as boiler fuel by electric utilities. Electricity Although electric utilities are not subject to actions of the new Texas Public Utilities Commission before September 197 6, producers of electric power in the state are beginning to encounter regulatory, financial, and public relations prob­lems similar to those faced some time ago by utilities in other states. The private/public South Texas Nuclear Project con-: sortium (Houston Lighting & Power Co., Central Power & Light Co., and the municipal electric utilities of San Antonio and Austin) cancelled the second of two plants in South · Texas. The first-in Matagorda County between Bay City and Palacios-is well along in licensing and early construction · procedures. However, the owners of the plant (STP-1) are : involved in a bitter tax dispute with Matagorda County over · the interpretation of a law forbidding one government from . taxing another. Because 44 percent of STP-1 is owned by two municipal utilities, the owners believe that the ad valorem taxes on the plant should be levied only on the privately owned share. The county is holding out for taxation of the full value of the plant. The disputed taxes would amount to some $1.4 million per year, providing welcome revenue for Matagorda County and unwelcome power-price boosts for San Antonio and Austin. Citing continually rising construction cost estimates, Houston Lighting & Power Co. postponed indefinitely in September its plans to build the Allens Creek nuclear plant in Austin County near Wallis. Labor spokesmen were quick to point out that Allens Creek was to have been built by union labor employed by Ebasco Services, Inc. STP-1 and Comanche Peak near Dallas-Fort Worth are being built by Brown & Root, Inc., which employs nonunion labor. Allens Creek represented 2,000 jobs over five years, with an annual payroll of $28 million. The owners of STP-1 and Comanche Peak were among the utilities companies recently notified by Westinghouse Electric that their contracts for nuclear fuel could not be honored because of uranium price increases. The utilities have brought suit against Westinghouse. Decisions in cases such as this will affect energy policies for decades. Women Working • Texas Robert M. Lockwood In Texas, working women lag behind men in both pay and prestige. The problem is not unemployment, but underemployment. "Women's" work, "women's" wages, and even "women's" industries still exist here. Anglo' females, however, fare better in the job·market than most black men and women and most Spanish language and Spanish surnamed persons.2 In their occupations, their pay, and their status, most black and Spanish women in Texas remain at the bottom of the heap. The Female Population Although in Texas more men than women are born, two accelerating trends prevent the natural increase in popula­tion-the excess of live births over deaths-from favoring men. First, more men die each year than do women. And second, the number of births is decreasing. Because males exceed females only at birth and shortly thereafter, the male statistical advantage is steadily eroded by a falling birthrate. During the last twenty years, the natural increase of 90,000 females per year has dropped to about 60,000. Natural jncrease during the early fifties added more than seven times as many white women as black to the Texas population every year; the ratio of white to black women has now fallen to less than five to one. The rate at which natural increase is adding to the male population of the state has fallen even further than that for women since 1956. The sex ratio (the number of males per 100 females) of the natural increase component of the Texas population has declined from around 92-93 males in the middle and late fifties to about 85-86 males per 100 females today. Thus the number of women-leaving aside migration-is increasing relative to itself and relative to the number of men. Women in Texas are increasingly numerous in both younger and older age groups. The numerical superiority of women asserts itself so early in life that school-age boys barely outnumber school-age girls. From about the age of 19, women outnumber men in every age group. Thus college-age and voting-age women outnumber men of the same age, women in the prime working years outnumber men, and retirement-age women outnumber men. Women over the age of 15 exceeded men of that age by about !Anglo will be used in this article as a convenient and widely used synonym for those white persons whose native language is not Spanish or who do not have Spanish surnames. 2Spanish will be used in this article in the se.nse used by the U.S. Bureau of the Census to describe the Spanish language and Spanish surnamed population, regardless of origin or descent. 297,400 in 1970, by only 23,600 in 1950. Women 18 and over outnumbered adult males by 27,000 in 1950 and by 303,500 in 1970. During the same twenty years, the excess female population increased almost three times in the 20-44 age group and six times among those persons over 65. Two of every three persons added to the 65-plus population in Texas during the fifties and sixties were women. Migration into and out of the state is the only other component of population change that modifies the effects of natural increase. During the fifties and sixties, when the rate of natural increase remained high, net migration (the difference between the numbers of those moving in and out) contributed relatively little to the net growth of the Texas population. Although not everyone agrees on the methoq of calculation of net migration, one set of estimates suggests that net migration contributed about 11 percent of the net gain in the fifties and about 13 percent during the sixties. Women accounted for 5 3 percent of the net gain in the fifties and 54 percent in the sixties. In their contribu­tion to net migration, however, women were much more significant, accounting for 61 percent between 1950 and 1960 and 65 percent between 1960 and 1970. Those few numbers available for the early seventies suggest that in Texas, as elsewhere, migration is apt to contribute increasingly to population change. The U.S. Bureau of the Census estimates that net in-migration accounted for about a third of the population gain in Texas between April 1970 and July 1973. Population estimates set out in one of the tables accompanying this article place the July 1, 1975, female population of Texas at about 6,240,000, a figure that would indicate a net gain of more than half a million from April 1970. If they are approxi­mately correct, these estimates imply that women accounted for 5 7 percent of the population gain during the 63 months from April 1970 to June 1975-54 percent of the natural increase and 63 percent of the net migration. If similar trends are sustained throughout the decade, the female population in Texas in 1980 would be about 6,540,000, or almost half a million more women than men. However dramatic female population trends in Texas have been, they are not as immediately significant to the economy and the society as is the changing relation of women to the labor force. Women in the Texas Labor Force The female labor force in Texas increased by more than a million between 1940 and 1970. Half of this gain was realized during the sixties, and about 43 percent of the increase occurred among women 45 years and older. The Growth of the Female Population in Texas, Selected Years, 1850-1980 Number females Excess females Year* (thousands) Sex ratio § 1850 99 IS 11 5. 1 1860 284 36 112.7 1870 395 29 107.2 1880 7 54 84 111.1 1890 1,063 - 110 110.3 1900 1,4 70 - 109 107.4 19 10 1,879 - 139 107.4 1920 2,254 - 155 106.9 1930 2,859 - 107 103.8 1940 3,194 27 100.9 19 50 3,848 - 15 100.4 1960 4,837 93 98. 1 1970 5,716 235 95.9 l 97St 6,240 360 94 .2 198ott 6,540 4 90 92.S *Census years (exce pt 1975) as of April 1; 1975 as of July I. §Number of males per 100 females. tEstimate. ttForecast. Sources: For census years 1850-1970, see References. Estimate for 1975 and forecast for 1980 produced by author on basis of materials described in References. same trends, though much less pronounced, occurred in the national female work force. From l~ss than a quarter in 1940, the share of women in the Texas labor force rose to three eighths in 1970. Men and women in the work force-in Texas as in the nation-got older through the forties and fifties. This trend was reversed during the sixties. Workers under 35 increased their share of the labor force, more so in Texas than throughout the United States and more so among women than men. Sandra Simmons, based in Dallas, is Braniff's first female pilot and one of only two women flying for commercial airlines. Flying since 1966, she was the first woman to complete training at the American Airlines Flight Academy. She was also the first female to graduate from Braniff's flight engineer school and the first to qualify as the first officer on a jet. Before joining Braniff, she was chief pilot for Contran Corp., headed by her husband. The clearest trend has been the increasing entry of married women into the labor force. Several influences contributed to this movement: increasing industrialization and urbanization, women's rights movements, work experi­ence gained by millions of women during World War II, shifts away from heavy manual work, increases in white­collar jobs, and a rate of economic growth capable of generating an increasing number of new jobs. In Texas during the sixties the participation of single, divorced, and widowed women in the labor force changed little. The share of married women, however, increased from 31 percent to 40 percent. The largest gains occurred in the labor force participation of married women living with their husbands (30 to 39 percent) and of all married women with children of their own under 6 years of age ( 20 percent to 31 percent). Some of the same influences that have brought more women into the labor force for the first time are gradually altering the pattern of their occupations. Linda Woodman, Huntsville, was a teacher for more than 22 years before she joined the Texas Department of Corrections as a prison librarian. She was captured and held as one of the Carrasco hostages last year. Last March she accepted a job "inside" the TDC Goree women's unit as assistant warden. Over 40 and divorced, Ms. Woodman has two college degrees. Her coolness under the strain of the July 1974 Huntsville siege helped get her the offer at Goree, which she took as a challenge. What Women Do Despite changes, some of which might be called "prog­ress," most women still occupy relatively few jobs, most of them traditionally "women's" jobs. Some of the tables accompanying this text illustrate the extent to which women in all ethnic and cultural groups in Texas are still concentrated in relatively few occupations, especially in comparison with males. The five occupations employing the most women over age 15 in Texas in 1970 accounted for 28 percent of all female employment in that age group. The top ten jobs occupied more than 41 percent of all female employees. The five leading male occupations, on the other hand, accounted for only 12 percent of employed men 16 and over and the top ten jobs only 20 percent. The leading female occupation in Texas in 1970, the traditional "women's" job of secretary, employed more Texas Labor Force* by Sex and Age, Selected Years, 1940-1970 (Thousands) Sex and age 1940 1950 1960 Female 16-24 150.4 175.7 200.9 378.5 25-34 158.8 178.8 227 .7 329.1 35-44 117.4 184. 1 262. 1 331.7 4 5 and over 111.2 209.2 406.4 57 1. 6 Total** 537.8 747.7 1,097.I 1,6 10.9 Male 16-24 374.4 405.8 431.S 589.9 25-34 514.8 54 9.0 594.7 649.0 35-44 4 27.3 512.3 575.3 59 1.3 45 and over 581.7 718.6 900.S I ,02 3.4 Total** 1,898.3 2,185.8 2,501.9 2,853.7 Both sexes** 2,436.1 2,933.6 3,599.0 4 ,4 64.6 *Until the 1970 census, ages 14 and 15 were included in the definition of the labor force. In this study, data for ages 14 and 15 have been eliminated from 1940-1960 data to make data for these years comparable with 1970 data. **Components may not equal total because of ro unding. Sources: For 1940-1950: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, U.S. Census of Population: 1950, vol. 2, part 43 , table 69; for 1960: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1960 Census of Population , vol. 1, part 45, table 116; for 1970: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Census of Population: 1970, Detailed Characteristics, final report PC(l)-D45, table 164. Age Structure of the Texas Labor Force by Sex, Selected Years, 1940-1970 (Percentages) Sex and age 1940 1950 1960 1970 Female 16-24 28.0 23.5 18.3 23.5 25-34 29.5 23.9 20.8 20.4 35-44 21.8 24.6 23.9 20.6 45 and over 20.7 28.0 37.1 35.5 Total 22.1 25.5 30.5 36.l Male 16-24 19.7 18 .6 17.3 20.7 25-34 27.l 25.1 23.8 22.7 35-44 22.5 23.4 23.0 20.7 45 and over 30.6 32.9 36.0 35.9 Total 77.9 74.5 69.5 63.9 Source: See "Texas Labor Force by Sex and Age, Selected Years, 1940-1970." than 148,000 women, almost one in ten. The leading male trade, truck driver, occupied little more than 3 percent of Texas men working. Saundra Callaway manages a 26-employee supermarket in Plano. She joined K-Mart nine years ago as a cashier in Garland. When she was made head cashier, she reached a dead end in job and salary. Then the K-Mart where she worked was acquired by Buddies, and Ms. Callaway went to work as assistant manager in the grocery division. She managed Buddies stores in Richardson and Grand Prairie before taking over as manager of the Dallas North Shopping Center store in Plano. Ms. Callaway attended vocational school in her hometown, Lubbock. Married young, she lives with her 11-year-old son in Dallas. The occupational structure of different women's groups varies sharply. The ten leading occupations of Anglo Texas Labor Force Participation* by Sex and Age, Selected Years, 1940-1970 (Percentages) Sex and age 1940 1950 1960 1970 Female 16-24 27.5 31.8 33.3 41.9 25-34 28.5 29.1 35.0 46.1 35-44 26.5 33.4 41.9 50.4 45 and over 16. l 21.7 30.8 33.9 Total 24.0 27 .9 34.3 40.7 Male 16-24 70.7 72.9 70.2 65.3 25-34 95.7 9 1.5 95.2 94 .2 35-44 95.4 94.4 95 .8 95.0 45 and over 79.3 76.7 74.5 70 .7 Total 84.4 82.9 82.0 77.9 Both sexes 54.3 55.1 57 .6 58.6 *Labor force participation is defined as the ratio of labor force to total population in any specific group. Sources: See " Texas Labor Force by Sex and Age, Selected Years, 1940-1 970." women in Texas do not include nearly as many menial jobs-in terms of status, not pay-as the leading jobs for Spanish women. Both groups are better off than black women. One in three black women working in Texas in 1970 held one of the following jobs: maids and servants; personal household cooks, excluding private household; nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants; and cleaners and charwomen. Of the ten leading black women's occupations, which employed half of all black women in 1970, only one could be regarded as not wholly or partially menial. That was elementary school teaching, traditionally considered a woman's job. Of the jobs that employ any significant number of women, only three are dominated by black employees. The share of black females in these occupations is as follows: Private household workers 6 3. 7 Cleaners and charwomen 59.0 Chambermaids, except private households 55.0 These are still black women's jobs in Texas, all of them among the lowest paid, least desirable employment any­where. More than 58 percent of employed black women in Texas in 1970 were service workers, most of them in jobs such as these. Only one in four black females holds a white-collar job. Fifteen percent are manual workers, and less than 1 percent work on farms. Ann Gann, Brownsville, has been juvenile county at­torney for the office of the Cameron County district attorney for three years. A lawyer since 1961, Ms. Gann says that she has never suffered discriminatory treatment from the public or her colleagues. She was in private practice before joining the district attorney'.!' staff The structure of Spanish female employment is quite different. Among Spanish women in Texas in 1970, 46.4 percent of those working held white-collar jobs, most of them in clerical and sales jobs. About half as large a share of Spanish as black women (29.6 percent) work in service occupations, primarily because fewer of them are in private households. More than one in five Spanish women work in the manual trades, half again the proportion of black women. More than 2 percent of Mexican-American and other Spanish women work on farms : they account for a third of all female farm employment in the state. Spanish female employment is less concentrated than that of Anglo women. Only twenty different occupations account for l percent of Anglo female employment; the comparable figure for Spanish women is 27. In occupations hiring significant numbers of females, the share of Spanish women is more than 50 percent in only two, neither of them enviable: Produce graders and packers, except factory and farm 83.8 Farm laborers, wage workers 54.9 Spanish women in Texas have been much more successful than black women in breaking into traditional Anglo women's jobs. A crude illustration is provided by the following list, which arrays female occupations in Texas in 1970 according to their rank among Anglo women and notes the corresponding ranks among minority women: Occupation Anglo Spanish Black Secretaries l 16 Bookkeepers 2 8 42 Sales clerks, retail trade 3 3 18 Teachers, elementary school 4 10 5 Cashiers 5 5 20 Typists 6 7 23 Waiters 7 6 11 Registered nurses 8 18 15 Teachers, secondary school 9 28 19 Clerical and kindred workers 10 21 21 Only in public school teaching have black women been conspicuously more successful in placing a larger percentage of their workers than Spanish women. Whatever the reasons for this trend, black women especially-whatever they have done in the past-may not seek traditional female jobs in the future. Joan T. Winn is Dallas County 's first black, female county court-at-law judge. She is also the first black female judge in the state. A graduate of SMU Law School, Judge Winn is 33. She grew up on a farm, attended Dillard University, and spent two years in the Peace Corps. She is married to a state employee and has three children. She earns about $33,000 per year. In thirteen significant women's jobs, minority females comprised more than half of all women employed in Texas in 1970: Percent minority Occupation females Maids and servants, private household 90.5 Cooks, private household 88.8 Produce graders and packers, except factory and farm 86.2 Cleaners and charwomen 83.2 Chambermaids and maids, except private household 82.5 Private household workers 81.0 Housekeepers, private household 73.9 Clothing ironers and pressers 73.8 Farm laborers, wage workers 66.4 Dishwashers 65.0 Janitors and sextons 63.8 Laundry and drycleaning operatives 60.8 Food service workers, except private household 51.9 Because black and Spanish women made up only 27 .2 percent of the employed women aged 16 and over in Texas in 1970, they could be said to be over represented in any occupation in which their combined share exceeded that percentage. In the same fashion, Anglo women could be said to be disproportionately employed in any occupation or group of occupations in which their share exceeded about three fourths. In these ten of the occupations Women's Jobs in Texas, 1970 Total employed, 16 years and over Rank Detailed occupation* Number Percent 1 Secretaries 148,0 6S 9.7 2 Sales clerks, retail trade 8 1,64 2 S.3 3 Bookkeepers 7S,14S 4.9 4 Teachers, elementary school 67,90 6 4 .4 s Maids and servants, priva te ho usehold SS ,7 48 3.6 6 Cashiers 44 ,643 2.9 7 Waiters 4 2,3 10 2.7 8 T ypists 41 ,02 6 2.7 9 Cooks, excluding private ho usehold 38,2 S I 2.S IO Registered nurses 37,87S 2.S 11 Teachers, secondary school 32 ,0 89 2. 1 12 Sewers and stitchers 31 ,733 2. 1 13 Nursing aides, orderl ies, and a ttendants 29,4 9 1 1.8 14 Hairdressers and cosmeto logists 2 9,4 34 1.9 l S Clerical and kindred workers-allocated § 27 ,187 1. 8 16 Service workers, except private ho usehold-allocated § 24,S7 S 1.6 17 Telepho ne operators 20,6S7 1.3 18 Nonspecified clerical workers 20,0 60 1. 3 19 Miscellaneous clerical workers l 7,3S2 1.1 20 Asse mblers 17, 184 1.1 21 Practical nurses 17, 199 I. I 22 Receptionists I S,S33 1.0 Sub total 9 1s·,1os S9.8 Subto tal, other occupatio ns 61S ,30 S 40.2 To tal l ,S30,410 100.0 *Detailed occupations employing at least 1 percent of total 1970 female employment 16 years of age and older. § Because these census data are based on statistical samples, some components are allocated over an entire universe on the basis of the sample percentages. Most occupational categories include a residual figure that cannot be assigned accurately to any detailed occupation. Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1970 Census ofPo pulation, vol. I, part 4S, table 17 1. employing more than 5,000 women in 1970, Anglo employment as a percentage of all female workers in each job ran higher than 85 percent in 1970: Real estate agents and brokers 95.0 Teachers, except college and university 9 3. 7 Accountants 93.6 Bank tellers 92.8 Bookkeepers 91. l Hucksters and peddlers 89.9 Secretaries 89.8 Statistical clerks 87 .2 Stenographers 87 .0 Librarians 85 .6 Depending partly on the extent to which Anglo women in "traditional" jobs return to school or otherwise equip themselves to break out of stereotyped employment, the old-line "female" jobs (where they don't wither away altogether) may become increasingly the province of older and less educated Anglo women. Black and Spanish women and younger Anglo women entering the labor force for the first time or reentering the work force are increasingly apt to be college trained or otherwise equipped for something different, such as a traditionally "male" craft, or for something better in terms of pay and prestige. Increasingly fewer women appear likely to remain satisfied to begin and end their working lives as secretaries, typists, or file clerks. As this dissatisfaction spreads even to those who are actually or effectively trapped in these jobs, the jobs may be increasingly difficult to fill. Women in the Professions The proportion of women in professional jobs varied nationally with their participation in the labor force from 1870 to 1930. As the share of women rose or fell in the labor force, so did their representation in the professions vary. Between 1 930 and 1960, when women's share of the labor force continued to increase, their participation in professional work declined. For the first time since 1 930, this trend was reversed in 1 970: women increased their share of the labor force to 37.8 percent (from 32.7 percent in 1960) and their participation in the professions from 38.1 percent in 1960 to 40.8 in 1970. Eva Barnes, 65, of Fort Worth, is Judge of Domestic Relations Court No. 1 of Tarrant County. After working in a law office by day and attending law school at night, Judge Barnes was admitted to the bar in 1932. Elected the first woman judge of the first Domestic Relations Court for Tarrant County, Judge Barnes has served for twelve years. Similar trends have prevailed in Texas. The upturn in women's share of professional jobs, however, began in 1960. The female portion of the labor force in Texas increased steadily from 22.1 percent in 1940 to 36. l percent in 1970. Women's share of professional jobs fell off about three percentage points during the forties but gained in both the fifties and sixties. In 1 970 women occupied more than 40 percent of the professional jobs in Texas. Occupational Structure of Women's Employment* by Ethnic Group, Texas, 1970 Black Spanish Total§ Occupational group Anglot White-collar workers 73.l 26.0 46.4 62.9 Professional, technical, and 8.9 l 5 .8 kindred workers 18.0 10.3 Managers and administrators, except farm 5.0 1.4 2.8 4.2 2.3 7.3 8.1 Sales workers 9.4 Clerical and kindred workers 40.6 12.0 27.4 34.8 Manual workers 10.4 I 5 .1 22.0 12.6 1.8 Craftsmen and kindred workers 1.9 1.2 2.2 Operatives, except transport 7.3 11.8 17.8 9.3 Transport equipment o peratives 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 Laborers, except farm 0.8 1.7 1.6 1.0 Service workers I 5.9 58.2 29.6 23.7 Service workers, except 14.3 32.4 22.5 18.0 private household 1.6 25.8 7 .1 5.7 Private household workers Farm workers 0.7 0.7 2 .0 0.9 Farmers and farm managers 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.5 1.9 0.6 Farm laborers and farm foremen 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total § *Women 16 years and over. trncludes a small number of women of nonw hite ethnic group. §components may not equal 100 because of ro unding. Source: u.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1970 Census ofPopulation, vol. 1, part 45, table l 71. Anglo* Women's Jobs in Texas, 1970 Total employed, 16 years and over Rank Detailed occupation•* Number Percent I Secretaries 132,9 17 11.9 2 Bookkeepers 68 ,4 70 6.1 3 Sales clerks, retail trade 67 ,68 1 6.1 4 Teachers, elementary school 54,8 21 4 .9 5 Cashiers 34,998 3.1 6 Typists 32,664 2.9 7 Wai ters 31 ,81 1 2.9 8 Registered nurses 31 ,568 2.8 9 Teachers, secondary school 26,993 2.4 10 Clerical and kindred workers-allocated § 21,94 9 2.0 11 Hairdressers and cosmetologists 21,435 1.9 12 Cooks, except private household 19,779 1.8 13 Nonspecified clerical workers 18,36 3 1.6 14 Sewers and stitchers 18,034 1.6 I S Telephone operators 16,858 1.5 16 Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants I 5,19 1 1.4 17 Service workers, except private ho useho ld -allocated § 14,754 1.3 18 Miscellaneous cleri cal workers 14,08 2 1.3 19 Receptionists 13,1 87 1.2 20 File clerks 11 ,532 1.0 Subtotal 446,855 40.1 Subtotal, other occupations 667,855 59.9 Total 1,113,942 100.0 *White women who do not primarily speak Spanish or have Spanish surnames. **Detailed occupations employing at least I percent of total 1970 female employment 16 years of age and older. § Because these census data are based on statistical samples, most occupational categories include a residual figure that cannot be assigned accurately to any single detailed occupation. Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, I 9 70 Census of Population, vol. 1, part 45, table I 7 I. Thus the share of women in professional jobs remains disproportionately high, although female professionals still exist largely in occupational ghettoes, such as elementary and secondary school teaching and nursing, professions that accounted for almost six in ten female professional jobs in 1970. The comparable share in 1960, however, was two of three. Doris Curtis, Houston, is a geologist at a Shell Oil Company research center. Between two periods of Shell employment, she was a teacher. She has a Ph.D., earned through more than ten years of work. A prominent paleontologist whom Dr. Curtis consulted years ago about getting a geological job advised her to look for a job in the coffee shop of the oil company building. In her first period of employment with Shell, Dr. Curtis was forced out by a nepotism rule: she married an employee and had to quit. Back at Shell years later, she became aware of the extent to which her salary was below that of men when Equal Employment Opportunity Act policy changes brought her a large salary increase. Anglo males have had a somewhat more tenacious grip on professional jobs than Anglo females, though both groups are disproportionately represented. Anglo men hold 75 percent of all jobs (1970) and 89 percent of professional jobs. Spanish men occupy only half as large a share of professional as of all jobs (7.8 percent and 15.3 percent). Black men, who hold almost one in ten male jobs, account for only 3.4 percent of employed male professionals. Twice as many black women as black men held professional status in 1970 (22,376 to 11,923). This difference is accounted for entirely by the traditional teaching and nursing jobs. If these are eliminated from both male and female totals, black men accounted for 8,536 professional jobs in 1970 and black women 7 ,892. These facts remain, however, and suggest these difficulties: • One in twenty-two black men is a professional; one in ten black women is a professional. • Of the 11,222 new professional jobs attained by black men and women 25 and over between 1965 and 1970, 62 percent went to women. Sixty percent of the professional jobs held by Spanish language and Spanish surnamed persons in Texas in 1970 Spanish* Women's Jobs in Texas, 1970 Total employed, 16 years and over Rank Detailed occupation** Number Percent l Sec retaries 11,784 5.9 2 Sew ers and stitchers 11,4 04 5.7 3 Sale s clerks, retail trade 10,722 5.4 4 Mai ds and servants, private household s 9,725 4.9 s Cas hiers 6,543 3.3 6 Wai ters 6,405 3.2 7 Typ ists 5,974 3.0 8 Boo kkeepers 5,653 2.8 9 Coo ks, excluding private household 5,348 2.7 10 Tea chers, elementary school 5,135 2.6 11 Nur sing aides, orderlies, and attendan ts 4,995 2.5 12 13 HaiPac rdressers and cosmetologists kers and wrappers, except meat an d 4,260 2.1 p roduce 3,687 1.8 14 Cle aners and charwomen 3,581 1.8 15 16 FarSer m laborers, unpaid family workers vice workers, except private household­ 3,407 1. 7 17 alCha located§ mbermaids and maids, except private 3,169 1.6 h ouseholds 3,168 1.6 18 Registered nurses 2,888 1.4 19 Clo thing ironers and pressers 2,835 1.4 20 No nspecified clerical workers 2,720 1.4 21 Cle rical and kindred workers-allocated § 2,665 1.3 22 Jan itors and sextons 2,512 1.3 23 24 FooPra nurses d service workers, n.e.c., except ctical 2,236 1.1 private household 2,198 1.1 25 Ope ratives except transport-allocate d § 2,193 1.1 26 Mis cellaneous clerical workers 2,096 1.0 27 Tea cher aides, except school monitors 2,091 1.0 Subtotal 129,394 69.7 Subtotal, other occupations 70,671 30.3 Total 200,065 100.0 * Women of Spanish language or Spanish surname. * * Detailed occupations employing at least l percent of total 1970 female employment 16 years of age and older. § Because these census data are based on statistical samples, most occupational categories include a residual figure that cannot be assigned accurately to any single detailed occupation. n.e.c. Not elsewhere classified. Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1970 Census of Population, vol. 1, part 45, table 171. Black Women's Jobs in Texas, 1970 Total employed, 16 years and over Rank Detailed occupation* Num ber Percent 1 Maids and servants, personal household 40,754 18.8 2 Cooks, excluding private household 13,124 6.1 3 Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants 9,305 4.3 4 Cleaners and charwomen 8,763 4.0 s Teachers, elementary school 7,950 3.7 6 Private household workers-allocated § 7,311 3.4 7 Service workers, except private household-allocated § 6,652 3.1 8 Chambermaids and maids, except private household 6,349 2.9 9 Assemblers 4,687 2.2 10 Practical nurses 4,100 1.9 11 Waiters 4,094 1.9 12 Clothing ironers and pressers 4,024 1.9 13 Hairdressers and cosmetologists 3,739 I.7 14 Food service workers, n.e.c., except private household 3,466 1.6 IS Registered nurses 3,419 1.6 16 Secretaries 3,364 1.6 17 Housekeepers, private household 3,331 1.5 18 Sales clerks, retail trade 3,239 1.5 19 Teachers, secondary school 3,11 s 1.4 20 Cashiers 3,102 1.4 21 Clerical and kindred workers-allocated § 2,573 1.2 22 Janitors and sex tons 2,399 I. I 23 Typists 2,388 I. I 24 Operatives except transport-allocated § 2,339 1.1 25 Sewers and stitchers 2,295 1.1 26 Cooks, private household 2,216 1.0 Subtotal I 55,782 72.0 Subtotal, other occupations 60,621 28.0 Total 216,403 100.0 * Detailed occupations employing at least I percent of total 1970 female employment 16 years of age and older. § Because these data are based on statistical samples, most occupational categories include a residual figure that cannot be assigned accurately to any single detailed occupation. n.e.c. Not elsewhere classified. Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1970 Census of Population, vol. I, part 45, table 171. belonged to men. In the proportion of their professional jobs, not including registered nursing and elementary and secondary teaching, Spanish men, with about 86 percent, rank higher than any group except Anglo men. Spanish women in nonnursing, nonteachingjobs maintain about the same share of their group's professional employment as Anglo women, or about 44 percent. During 1965-1970, however, professional employment among Spanish women over 24 increased more (84 percent) than that for any other male or female group. What Women Earn Until fairly recently, evidence suggested that even the achievement of better education and better jobs for women did not always ensure better pay. Even if only full-time workers (50-52 weeks) are compared, women earned far less than men as recently as 1970. In the experienced civilian labor force 16 years and over with earnings for full-time work in 1969, median earnings for all females were $4,208, 54.2 percent of the comparable figure for men. In the professions, where women might be expected to do a little better, their median earnings were reported as $6,234, only 55.8 percent of the $11,169 for men. Among managers, administrators, and farmers, women earned less than half of what men earned. The closest to equal pay recorded in the 1970 census for a major occupational group in Texas is that of "labor except farm " in which female employees earned 73.9 pe~cent of the ~edian male earnings. Ann Adams and Barbara Anderson, Wichita Falls, both mothers in their thirties and both married to insurance men, formed a painting and paperhanging business last year. Besides the money they earn, they are good at what they do, they have more business than they want, and their schedules are flexible enough to permit them to devote time to their homes and families. Their association began five years ago at a Little League baseball game. Black and Spanish women earned less in 1970 than Anglo women. Spanish women earned more than black women only in managerial, sales, and clerical jobs. In only one major occupational group did women earn more than any group of men: all female farmers and farm foremen reported a 1969 median of $2,239, while the figure for black men was $2,007. Considering the same group of Texans-the experienced civilian work force over 15 reporting full-time pay in 1969-few women were in the highest paying jobs. Among men, 24.9 percent earned more than $10,000; the compar­ able figure for women was 2.1 percent. Even among professionals, where half the men earned above $10,000, only one in twenty women achieved the highest earnings. Only in managerial and administrative jobs and among farmers and farm foremen did as many as one in ten women surpass $10,000 in earnings in 1969. Except for crafts jobs, no major female occupational group placed one in twenty women in the $10,000-plus category. Anglo women have more often earned above $10,000 than have other women in Texas. A higher proportion of black than of Spanish women earned more than $10,000 in professional, managerial, and clerical jobs in 1969. Beverly Lyle, director of Minority Women Employment Service in Houston, is black and works with both black and Chicano women. The program she heads grew out of a study conducted by the Center for the Study of Human Resources at UT-A us tin. Lyle's office is concerned exclu­sively with placing minority women with college educa­tions. Of 900 clients registered, the agency has been able to place only 90. Many of their problems are not unemploy­ment but underemployment, as in the case ofa 35-year-old black woman with a Ph.D. in chemistry. (Potential employ­ers called her too old and too qualified, and she now does volunteer work in the Texas Medical Center.) Men, especially Anglo men, are much more concentrated than women in the higher paying occupational categories. Fully a third of Texas working men in 1970 were employed DECEMBER 1975 Industrial Structure of Women's Employment* by Ethnic Group, Texas, 1970 (Percentages) Ind us try Anglot Black Spanish Total§ Goods-producing industries 16. l 11.2 19 .5 l 5.8 Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries 1.1 0 .9 2.5 1.3 Mining 1.1 0.3 0.4 0.9 Construction 1.5 0.4 0.8 1.2 Ma nufacturing 12.3 9.6 15.8 12.4 Durable 5.9 5.5 3.4 5.5 Nondurable# 6.5 4.2 12.4 6.9 Service-producing industries 84.0 88.8 80.6 84.2 Transportation, communication, and public utilities 4.4 2.0 2.5 3.8 Wholesale and retail trade 25.8 14.8 26.0 24.3 Wholesale 3.1 1.1 3.3 2.8 Retail 22.7 13.7 22.7 21.5 Finance, insurance, and real estate 8.5 2.6 4.8 7.2 Services 40.9 67.0 42.5 44.8 Business and repair services 2.7 1.2 2.1 2.4 Personal services 7.0 35 .2 15 .2 12.0 Entertainment and recreation services 0.8 0.6 0.6 7.3 Professional and related services 30.5 30.0 24.6 29.7 Government 4.3 2.4 4.8 4.1 Federal 2.5 1. 7 3.3 2.5 State and local 1.8 0.7 1.5 1.6 Total § 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Services, excluding private ho usehold 39.4 44.3 35.7 39.6 *Women 16 years and over. t includes a small number of women of nonwhite ethnic groups. §Components may not equal total because of rounding. #includes a small number of workers not allocated to either durable or nondurable. Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1 970 Census ofPopulation, vol. 1, part 45 , table 184. in the three highest paying job classifications. The bottom three categories accounted for only 1 percent of employed men. Twenty-two percent of all employed women in 1970 worked in the three highest paying female occupational groups, but 6.4 percent worked in the bottom three groups. Black women placed a higher proportion of their numbers (22.8 percent) in the three top pay groups than all other groups except Anglo men and all men combined. Black women were also more numerous (25.9 percent) in the lowest paying employment groups than were all other men and women. Trends and Prospects As women move increasingly into traditionally male jobs, such as the crafts, much is said about the extent to which men have entered stereotypically female jobs, such as teaching in public schools and nursing. In Texas, at least, no very conclusive or striking statements can be made about this trend. But neither can the alarm with which some women regard the trend be completely justified by available statistics. Wholly meaningful comparisons for the period between 1960 and 1970, for example, are difficult to make, because labor force and employment figures most often included persons 14 and over in 1960 and 16 and over in 1970. Furthermore, not everyone would agree on what the traditionally female occupations are. Betty Peters, Channelview, manages the Key Truck Stop on Interstate Highway 10. Employed by Key since 1969, Peters works long hours, with 95 percent ofher trade made up of big, long-haul diesel rigs that require 50-280 gallons of fuel per stop. Peters was made manager in May 19 74. She is also a wife, a mother of six, and a grandmother of three. One method of comparison is based on the 22 occupa­tions that employed at least 1 percent of all women working in 1970. The 22 leading women's jobs in 1970 employed about 138,000 men in 1960 and about 174,000 men in 1970. The proportion of men in these jobs rose from 6.1 percent to 6.6 percent. Considering those persons 16 and over in 1970, men occupied about 197 ,000 jobs in these 22 occupations, 7 .5 percent of the total. It is true that of the 368,000 new jobs in these 22 occupations during the sixties about 1 in 10 was filled by a man. This fact in itself is meaningless, however. Competition among women and among minorities is a more likely source of future conflict than the entry of men into traditionally female jobs. Many women are trying to escape traditionally female jobs. The increasing entry of women into traditionally male jobs is, according to most evidence, caused by expectation of better pay. If Texas women, especially minority women, continue to become more numerous in the population, in the labor force, and at the polls, more than jobs and pay will be affected. As more married women and mothers work and more women remain single or postpone marriage, many institutions-urban housing and transportation, for ex­ample-will be forced to change to meet their needs. Gail Galle, Fredericksburg, holds architecture and archi­tectural science degrees and supports herself by building architectural models for design firms. She hopes eventually to do experimental designs for houses and larger structures. Ms. Galle believes that "nothing's keeping a woman from doing what she really wants ifshe really wants to do it. " Though women will undoubtedly continue to compete among themselves, certain kinds of male-female work competition are likely to create problems, especially for men. So long as menial jobs and tasks in jobs are not imposed on women involuntarily, many women-as young men traditionally did-appear willing to work longer hours than necessary and do more thankless jobs than necessary in order to advance themselves. Inevitably some of these women will compete with men, perhaps both younger and older men, who may have to undertake tasks they have learned to consider beneath them or at least behind them. For many men, a significant change in real or imagined work status can only be a movement downward; for most Texas women, especially minority women, significant changes will nearly all be upward. Rev. Sharon Watt is pastor of First Methodist Church, Port Arthur. The Texas Methodist Conference (Houston and East Texas) includes only three other fully ordained female clergy. Texas is still described in its popular mythology as a frontier, or at least as a region where frontier experiences and tempering are fresh in the foreground of memory. This myth may be more true for women, especially young women, than for other Texans. In terms of vocational opportunity, their limits have not yet been established, their horizons cannot yet be seen. References Detailed references are included with the tables accompanying this article. With few exceptions, all statistical statements in the text are based on one of the U.S. censuses of population taken between 1900 and 1970, usually those volumes or sections referring only to Texas. The exceptions are included in the following list, together with a few useful additional readings: Blitz, Rudolph C. "Women in the Professions, 1870-1970," Monthly Labor Review 97 (May 1974): 34-39. Fuchs, Victor R. "Women's Earnings: Recent Trends and Long-Run Prospects," Monthly Labor Review 97 (May 1974): 23-26. Hedges, Janice Neipert, and Stephen E. Bemis. "Sex Stereotyp­ing: Its Decline in the Skilled Trades," Monthly Labor Review 97 (May 1974): 14-22. Levison, Andrew. The Working Class Majority. New York: Coward, Mccann & Geoghegan, 1974. Parrish, John B. "Women in Professional Training," Monthly Labor Review 97 (May 1974 ): 41-43. Perrella, Vera C. "Women and the Labor Force," Monthly Labor Review 91 (February 1968): 1-12. Ryscavage, Paul M., and Earl F. Mellor. "The Economic Situation of Spanish Americans," Monthly Labor Review 96 (April 1973): 3-9. Sommers, Dixie. "Occupational Rankings for Men and Women by Earnings," Monthly Labor Review 97 (April 1974): 34-51. Stein, Robert L. "The Economic Status of Families Headed by Women," Monthly Labor Review 93 (December 1970): 3-10. Texas State Department of Public Health. Texas Selected Vital Statistics. [Austin): Texas State Department of Health, n.d. ___ Texas Vital Statistics 1972. [Austin) : Texas State Department of Health, n.d. U.S. Department of Commerce, Social and Economic Statistics Administration, Bureau of the Census. "Estimates of the Population of States, by Age: July 1, 1973 and 1974." Current Population Reports. Population Estimates and Projections. Series P-25, No. 539.January 1975. ---· "Estimates of the Popufation of States with Compo­nents of Change, 1970 to 1973." Current Population Reports. Population Estimates and Projections. Series P-25, No. 520. July 1974. ---· "Projections of the Population of Voting Age, for States: November 1974." Current Population Reports. Population Estimates and Projections. Series P-25, No. 526. September 1974. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. The Texas Employment Situation, 1972. Dallas: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1973. ___ Texas Employment Situation, 1973. Dallas: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1974. ---· Texas Workers, 1967-1971. Dallas: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1972. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Man­power Administration. "The Changing Economic Role of Women." Manpower Report of the President. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1975. ---and Beverly J. McEaddy. "Where Women Work-An Analysis by Industry and Occupation," Monthly Labor Review 97 (May 1974): 3-13. Waldman, Elizabeth and Kathryn R. Gover. "Children of Women in the Labor Force," Monthly Labor Review 94 (July 1971): 19-25. Estimated Values of Building Authorized in Texas# Texas Construction The value of building construction authorized in Texas increased in October over September but continues to trail the value of 1974 authorizations for the first ten months of the year. October was a good month for construction and helped to narrow the gap by which 1975 construction authorizations lag behind those for the prior year. Total construction authorizations for the. first nine months of the year were 10 percent behind 1974, with October reducing the percentage lag to 7 percent behind the first ten months of 1974. Residential construction demonstrated continuing re­covery in October, narrowing the gap in comparison with the value of 1974 authorizations to less than 1 percentage point. The strength of residential construction activity in 1975 is attributable largely to single-family homes, with such authorizations running 19 percent ahead of 197 4 levels and accounting for almost 84 percent of all residen­tial building value this year. Nonresidential construction authorizations continue to trail 1974 authorizations in value, but this gap is also narrowing. Major nonresidential building categories with increases over 1974 levels include office buildings, hospitals and other institutional structures, and works and utilities. Personal Income and Employment Personal income statistics developed by the Regional Economic Measurement Division of the Bureau of Eco­nomic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce, show that the construction industry accounted for 6.30 percent of all labor and proprietor income in the United States during the three-year period 1972-74. In Texas, construction ac­counted for 7.11 percent of all such income during the same period. While the national share of personal income provided by the construction industry declined slightly during the period, the contribution of the construction industry to Texas personal income increased significantly. Contract construction was the source of $3,5 15 million of labor and proprietor income in Texas in 1974, or 7.49 percent of the $46,929 million total of all labor and proprietor income in the state. Texas accounted for 6.27 percent of all labor and proprietor income derived from the construction industry in the nation in 1974, up from 5.5 1 percent in 1972. The construction industry also accounts for a larger share of total nonagricultural employment in Texas than in the nation. Annual averages of statistics developed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, indicate that the construction industry accounted for 5.17 percent of national nonagricultural employment during the DECEMBER 1975 Charles P. Zlatkovich Percent change Oct Jan-Oct Classification Octp Jan-Octp 197S !97S (thousands of dollars) !97S from Sep 197S 197S from Jan-Oct 1974 All Permits 314,277 2,906,623 9 - 7 New construction 274,l 7S 2,S46,79S 8 - 7 Residential (housekeeping) 139,683 l,1S6,212 6 ** One-family dwellings 109,S27 969,112 2 19 Multiple-family dwellings 30,1S6 187,1 00 22 - 46 No nreside ntial 134,492 l,390,S83 9 - 12 Hotels, motels, and to urist courts SS 2 20,820 -67 - IO Amusement buildings I , 9 11 3S ,l 68 -7S - 7 Churches 6, 309 60,343 -16 39 Industrial buildings 17,061 11 7.7 32 2 8 - 19 Garages (co mmercial and private) 9S O 16,014 -82 - 63 Service stations and re pair garages 1,2 7S 6,976 130 - 2 1 Hospitals and institutions 17 ,61S 180,916 -20 12 Office-bank buildings 22,736 292,968 -8 27 Works and utilities 2 ,8S 2 ! 34,0S9 -68 4 Educational buildings 31 ,491 237, 102 S 11 - 26 Stores and mercan tile buildings 24,8 07 208,0S s 36 - 36 Other buildings and structures 6,933 8 0,430 -13 - 23 Additions, alterations, and repairs 40,l 02 3S9,8 28 22 - 5 SMSA vs. non-SMSA Total SMSAT 283,601 2 ,622,47 1 12 8 Central cities 193,887 l ,78S,2 06 12 - 13 Outside central cities 89,71 4 837,2 6S 12 7 Total non-SMSA 30,67S 2 8 4, 149 -12 3 10,000 to so,ooo pop ulation l S,322 14S,340 -24 s Less than I 0,000 population 1S ,3S3 138,809 s 14 #only building for which permits were issued within the in corpo­rated area of a city is included. Federal contracts and public housing are not included. PPreliminary. **Change is less than one half of 1 percent. TStandard metropolitan statistical area as defined in 1973 Census. Source: Bureau of Business Research in cooperation with the Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce. 1972-1974 period and for 6.65 percent of nonagricultural employment in Texas. While both national and Texas construction industry employment totals declined during the first six months of 1975 in comparison with the same U77 J OO c-:-EWR'-E:C:S"'Io:-;:;;:--:-1 =-'""AU:=T::-cINE_XA~~ N:::::-"'=-=ENT71 AL-::B7:-:Lo=-1:-:-N-;-G7"7"H:-:O"'R"'J:=Z:=E-::-D-,-__,T,....__S250 Housing Units and Total Value_ -tt---+--::--+----l 200 150 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 Source: Bureau of Business Research, in cooperation with U.S. Bureau of the Census. 289 Contribution of Construction to Total Labor and Proprietor Income, United States and Texas, 1972-1974 (In millions of dollars) Total labor and Construction proprietor industry Percent Year income income construction United States 1972 744,01 7 47,023 6.32 1973 832,687 52,679 6.33 1974 896,321 56,083 6.26 Texas 1972 37,607 2,589 6.88 1973 42,943 2,965 6.90 1974 46,929 3,515 7.49 Source: Survey of Cllrrent Business, August 1975. period of the previous year, the Texas decline was less severe. During the first six months of 1975, 8.39 percent of all construction industry jobs in the nation were within the state of Texas. More recent data compiled by the Texas Employment Commission cover the three months comprising the third quarter of 1975. These data indicate a slight continuing decline in construction industry employment in Texas during the third quarter. In September 1975, the Texas Employment Commission reports that there were 279,000 persons employed in the construction industry in the state, representing 6.29 percent of the 4,434,000 persons em­ployed in all economic activities other than agriculture. The Texas Employment Commission statistics also pro­vide an indication of the relative importance of construe- Contribution of Construction to Total Nonagricultural Employment, United States and Texas, 1972-1975 (In thousands) Total Construction nonagricultural ind ustry Percent Year e mploy ment employment construction United States 1972 73,7 14.0 3,83 1.0 5.20 1973 76,833.0 4,028.0 5.24 1974 78,334.0 3,985.0 5.09 197 5 (first half) 76,264.0 3,367.0 4.41 Texas 1972 3,881.8 251.6 6.48 1973 4,151.0 275.4 6.63 1974 4,336.4 295.3 6.8 1 19 7 5 (first half) 4,378.0 282.4 6.45 Source: U.S. data from Month ly Labor Review, October 1975; Texas data from Employment and Earnings, various issues, 1973-1975. tion industry employment in most metropolitan areas of the state. The greatest concentration of construction employment in Texas during the month of September was in the Houston SMSA, which accounted for almost one third of all construction employment in the state. Houston also led all other Texas SMSAs in the percentage of its nonagricultural employment involved in construction. Sev­eral other areas had higher percentages of their nonagricul­tural work force involved in construction than the state average during the month. These were Austin, Brownsville­Harlingen-San Benito, Corpus Christi, McAllen-Pharr­Edinburg, Midland-Odessa (reported on as one area by the Commission), and San Antonio. Contribution of the Construction Industry to Total Nonagricultural Employment, Selected Metropolitan Areas, Texas, September 1975 Total Construction nonagricultural industry Percent Area e mploy ment employ me nt constructio n Abilene 40,920 1,900 4.64 Amarillo 62,010 3,650 5.89 A ustin 167,300 11,550 6.90 Beaumont-Port Arthur­ Orange 124,000 7,1 00 5.73 Brownsville-Harlingen- San Benito 46,140 3,040 6.59 Corpus Christi 97,950 7,800 7.96 Dallas-Fort Worth 1,085,500 45,400 4.18 El Paso 130,950 6,500 4.96 Galveston-Texas City 61,170 3,450 5.64 Houston 1,001,600 92,900 9.28 Laredo 22,480 900 4.00 Longview 4 6,720 2,700 5.78 Lubbock 72,490 4,160 5.74 McAJlen-Pharr-Edin b urg 4 9,040 3,430 6.99 Midland-Odessa 67,690 4 ,700 6.94 San Angelo 25,7 I 0 1,120 4.36 San Antonio 305,150 19,900 6.52 Sherman-Denison 27,070 1,370 5.06 Texarkana* 38,840 1,550 3.99 Tyler 37,5 60 1,720 4.5 8 Waco 56,200 3,380 6.01 Wichita Falls 45,010 2,570 5.71 State of Texas 4,434,000 279,000 6.29 *Texarkana data include Miller and Little River counties in Arkansas. Source.: Texas Employment Commission. TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW Local Business Conditions Statistical data compiled hy Mildred Anderson and Constance Coo/edge, statisticians, and Kay Da1•is, statistical technician. The following section reports business conditions first by Bank debit statistics for SMSAs and for most central metropoli­metropolitan areas, second by cities, listed under their counties. tan cities are collected by the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas. Most Standard metropolitan statistical areas (SMSAs) include one or more other bank debits figures shown are collected from cooperating entire counties, as shown. All SMSAs are designated as such by the banks by the Bureau of Business Research ; the published figures U.S. Bureau of the Census. Population figures are from the 1970 represent all banks in the city shown. Census and 197 3 estimates by the Bureau of the Census. Employment estimates include only wage and salary workers and Building permit data are collected from municipalities by the are compiled by the Texas Employment Commission in cooperation Bureau of Business Research in cooperation with the Bureau of the with the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Census. They represent only building authorizations within city Footnote symbols are defined on pages 292 and 300. limits and exclude federal contracts and public works projects, such as highways, waterways, and reservoirs. Building statistics for the latest month are subject to revision. Indicators of Local Business Conditions for Texas Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas Percent change Percent change from from Oct Sep Oct Oct Sep Oct Repo rted area and in di ca tor 1975 1975 1974 Reported area and indicator 197S 197S 1974 ABILENE SMSA BRYAN-COLLEGE STATION SMSA (continued) Callahan, Jones, and Taylor Counties; population: 122,164 (1970); Bank debits, seas. adj. ($1,000) 170,193 22 127,300 (1973 est.) (Monthly employment reports are not available for the Urban building permits (dollars) 1,911,679 -52 62 Bryan-College Station SMSA.) Bank debits, seas. adj. ($1,000) 363,713# -10 11 Nonfarm employment 41 ,200 1 1 CORPUS CHRISTI SMSA Manufacturing employment 6,530 -9 Nueces and San Patricio Counties; population: 284,832 (1970); Unemployed (percent) 4.3 79 301,100 (1973 est.) ** Urban building permits (dollars) 2,367,423 -64 6AMARILLO SMSA Bank debits, seas. adj. ($1,000) 1,01 8,918 -4 8 Potter and Randall Counties; population: 144,396 (1970); Nonfa rm employment 97,9SO I ** 150,400 (1973 est.) Manufacturing e mployment 11,400 1 3 Urban building permits (dollars) 9,15 3,036 80 78 7.3 -22 Unemployed (percent) 3 Bank debits, seas. adj. ($1,000) 987 ,347 3 13 Nonfa rm employment 62,380 1 4 DALLAS-FORT WORTH SMSA Manufacturing employment 7 ,770 3 21 Collin, Dallas, Denton, Ellis, Hood, Johnson, Kaufman, Unemployed (percent) 4.2 8 so Parker, Rockwall, Tarrant, and Wise Counties; population: 2,377,979 (1970); 2,441,800 (1973 est.) AUSTIN SMSA Urban building permits (dollars) S9,228,666 -16 14 Hays and Travis Counties; population: 323,158 (1970); Bank debits, seas. adj. ($1,000) 24 ,3S6,428# -4 8 373,000 (1973 est.) Nonfarm employment 1,089,100 ** -l Urban building permits (dollars) 3 -13 Manufacturing e mployment 239,700 1 -4 Bank debits, seas. adj. ($1,000) ~·~~~, ·~~~# 12 54 Unemployed (percent) S.4 -4 42 ' Nonfa rm employment 169,700 4 Manufacturing employment 14,700 I -3 EL PASO SMSA Unemployed (percent) 5.3 2 66 El Paso County; population: 359,291(1970);391 ,700 (1973 est.) Urban building permits (dollars) 7,986,032 14 -l S BEAUMONT-PORT ARTHUR-ORANGE SMSA Bank debits, seas. adj. ($1,000) 1,216,636 -13 7 Hardin, Jefferson, and Orange Counties; population: Nonfa rm employment J30,8SO ** -3 345,939 (1970); 347,900 (1973 est.) Manufacturing employment 30,3SO 1 -S 40 -1 Unemployed (percent) 9.8 -2 s3 Urban building permits (dollars) 6,633,41 7 Bank debits, seas. adj. ($1,000) 925,287# -6 ** GALVESTON-TEXAS CITY SMSA Nonfa rm employment I 24,300 ** -3 Manufacturing employment 41,0SO 2 -2 Galveston County; population: 169,812 (1970); Unemployed (percent) 9.1 1 78 177 ,600 (197 3 est.) Urban building permits (dollars) 3,314,826 123 316 BROWNSVILLE-HARLINGEN-SAN BENITO SMSA Bank debits, seas. adj. ($1,000) 434,886 3 3 Cameron County; population: 140,368 (1970); 158,900 (1973 est.) Nonfarm employment 61 ,I SO 6 ** Urban building permits (dollars) 3,333,202 110 22 Manufacturing employment 12,3SO 2 16 Bank debits, seas. adj. ($1,000) 3S0,62 l ! ! ;~ Unemployed (percent) 40 S.9 s Nonfa rm employment 46,1 SO HOUSTON SMSA Manufacturing employment 8,880 I -10 Unemployed (percent) 10.2 -12 19 Brazoria, Fort Bend, Harris, Liberty, Montgomery, and Waller Counties; population: 1,999,316 (1970); 2,138,400 (1973 est.) BRYAN-COLLEGE STATION SMSA Urban building permits (dollars) 97, I 97 ,S46 38 37 Brazos County; population: 57,978 (1970); 64,500 (1973 est.) Bank debits, seas. adj. ($1,000) 22,771,0 19# -s 12 Urban building permits (dollars) 3,3S6,732 132 242 Percent change Percent change from from Oct Sep Oct Oct Sep Oct Reported area and indicator 1975 1975 1974 Reported area and indicator 1975 1975 1974 HOUSTON SMSA (continued) SAN ANGELO SMSA Nonfarm employment 1,005 ,800 ** 3 Tom Green County; population: 71,047 (1970); 72,900 (1973 est.) Manufacturing employment 174,400 ** ** Urban building permits (dollars) 1,464,822 -83 113 Unemployed (percent) 5.1 ** 34 Bank debits, seas. adj. ($1,000) 291,618 2 3 Nonfarm employment 25 ,800 ** -I KILLEEN-TEMPLE SMSA Manufacturing employment 5,230 ** -5 Bell and Coryell Counties; population: 159,794 (1970); Unemployed (percent) 4.5 ** 61 191,600 (1973 est.) Urban building permits (dollars) 8,075,057 SS 215 SAN ANTONIO SMSA Bank debits, seas. adj. ($1,000) 255,120 6 23 Bexar, Comal, and Guadalupe Counties; population: (Monthly employment reports are not available for the 888,179 (1970); 957,600 (1973 est.) Killeen-Te mple SMSA.) -45 II Urban building permits (dollars) 11,016,095 Bank debits, seas. adj. ($ 1,000) 3,141,844# 3 24 LAREDO SMSA -I Nonfarm employment 307,2 50 Webb County; population: 72,859 (1970); 81,200 (1973 est.) Manufacturing employment 37,500 -8 Urban building permits (dollars) 761,879 -56 326 Unemployed (percent) 9.4 ** 68 Bank debits, seas. adj. ($ 1,000) 190,624 3 29 Nonfarm employment 22,610 I I SHERMAN-DENISON SMSA Manufacturing employment 1,460 3 -13 Grayson County; population: 83,225 (1970); 77,800 (1973 est.) Unemployed (percent) 16.7 34 Urban building permits (dollars) 657,202 -I 5 -59 Bank debits, seas. adj. ($1,000) 163,708 3 8 LONGVIEW SMSA Nonfarm employment 27,050 ** -8 Gregg and Harrison Counties; population: 120,770 (1970); Manufacturing employment 9,140 I -16 122,300 (1973 est.) Unemployed (percent) 11.8 -2 131 Urban building permits (dollars) 2,984,302 -14 3 Bank debits ($ 1,000) 316,00I 3 20 TEXARKANA SMSA No nfarm employment 46,840 ** -2 Bowie County, Texas, and Miller County, Arkansas; Manufacturing employment 14,980 ** -5 population: 101,198 (1970); 102,900 (1973 est.) Unemployed (percent) 8.0 -I 105 Urban building permits (dollars) 499,726 -50 35 Bank debits, seas. adj. ($1,000) 212 ,379 -2 21 LUBBOCK SMSA Nonfarm employment 38,900 ** 2 Lubbock County; population: 179,295 (1970); 191,700 (1973 est.) Manufacturing employment 8,360 ** -3 Urban building permits (dollars) 13,272,737 147 196 Unemployed (percent) 9.3 4 43 Bank debits, seas. adj. ($1,000) 892,734 5 24 (Since the Texarkana SMSA includes Bowie County in Texas and Nonfarm employment 72,320 * * * * Miller County in Arkansas, all data, including population, refer to Manufacturing employment 10,370 7 ** the two-county region.) Unemployed (percent) 4.3 -2 65 TYLER SMSA McALLEN-PHARR-EDINBURG SMSA Smith County; population: 97,096 (1970); 103,900 (1973 est.) Hidalgo County; population : 181,535 (1970); 207,100 (1973 est.) Urban building permits (dollars) 3,261,732 58 -64 Urban building permits (dollars) 5,583,525 43 41 Bank debits, seas. adj. ($ 1,000) 358,494 -2 19 Bank debits, seas. adj. ($1,000) 419,992 8 28 No nfarm employment 37,580 ** -5 Nonfarm employment 49,850 2 5 Manufacturing employment 10,440 ** -17 Manufacturing employment 5,760 I 3 Unemployed (percent) 7 .9 -8 46 Unemployed (percent) 9.7 -19 4 WACO SMSA MIDLAND SMSA McLennan County; population: 147,553 (1970); Midland County; population: 65,433 (1970); 65,900 (1973 est.) 152,800 (l973 est.) Urban building permits (dollars) 3,213,163 -23 395 12 157 Urban building permits (dollars) 3,242,853 Bank debits, seas. adj. ($ 1,000) 5 I 0,59 5 I 52 Bank debits, seas. adj. ($1,000) 554,196 -I 27 Nonfarm employment 67,860 * * 3 Nonfarm employment 56,2 30 ** -I Manufacturing employment 7,560 ** -4 Manufacturing employment 12,520 ** -7 Unemployed (percent) 3.7 -14 23 Unemployed (percent) 7.2 -9 44 (Employment data are reported for the combined Midland and Odessa SMSAs since employment figures for Midland and Ector WICHITA FALLS SMSA Counties, composing one labor-market area, are recorded in Oay and Wichita Counties; population: 129,941 (1970); combined form by the Texas Employment Commission.) 129, 700 (l973 est.) ODESSA SMSA Urban building permits (dollars) 2,081,633 ** 70 Bank debits, seas. adj. ($1,000) 433,730# -5 -II Ector County; population: 91,805 (1970); 93,300 (1973 est.) Nonfarm employment 45,010 ** ** Urban building permits (dollars) 3,794,620 -17 11 S Manufacturing employment 6,540 -2 -10Bank debits, seas. adj. ($1,000) 504,625 8 117 Unemployed (percent) 5.3 ** 77 Nonfarm employment 67 ,860 ** 3 Manufacturing employment 7,560 ** -4 Unemployed (percent) 3.7 -14 23 (Employme nt data are reported for the combined Midland and Odessa SMSAs since employment figures for Midland and Ector Counties, composing one labor-market area, are recorded in combined form by the Texas Employment Commission.) **Absolute change is less than one half of I percent. #Bank debit reports are based on the 1970 census definition for standard metropolitan statistical areas. TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW Indicators of Local Business Conditions for Individual Texas Municipalities Urban building permits Bank debits COUNTY City Population 1970 1973(est.) Oct 197S (dollars) Percent change from Sep Oct 197S 1974 Oct l 97S (thousands of dollars) Percent change from Sep Oct l 97S 197 4 ANDERSON Palestine 27,789 14,S2S 30,200 202,322 - 6 67 46,68 1 24 34 ANDREWS Andrews 10,372 8,62S 10,900 24,6S 1 -89 109 1s,2s 1 23 ANGELINA Lufkin 4 9,349 23,049 s 3,900 73S,l S4 -13 ARANSAS Aransas Pass (see San Patricio) 8,902 I 0,000 ATASCOSA Pleasanton 18,696 S,407 19,8 00 10,021 4 24 AUSTIN Bellville 13,831 2,371 14,100 44,000 13,617 lS S6 BAILEY Muleshoe 8,487 4 ,S2S 8,400 31,47 1 12 33 BASTROP Smithville 17,297 2,9S9 19,600 72,070 93 192 4 ,7S 4 IO 23 BEE Beeville 22,7 37 l 3,S06 24,000 37,180 7 14 BELL (in Killeen-Temple SMSA} Bartlett (see Williamson) Belton Harker Heights Killeen Temple 124,483 8,696 4,216 3S ,S07 33,431 148,600 21 8,900 2SS ,l SS 1,448,767 4 ,400,349 -7S -S7 -26 309 286 84 9 740 77,907 123,9 3S - 16 7 42 12 BEXAR (in San Antonio SMSA} San Antonio 830,460 6S4,1S3 892,000 9,1S3,700 -SI 16 3,189,67S 24 BOWIE (in Texarkana SMSA} Texarkana 67,813 S2 ,179 68,800 332,276 -64 - 7 202,689 7 19 BRAZORIA (in Houston SMSA} Angleton Clute Freeport Pearland 108,312 9,770 6,023 11 ,997 6,444 114,400 349,73S l ,SS1 ,92S 3S ,316 931,400 26 172 192 SS 306 -61 89 31 ,702 9,467 66,698 ! 8,S87 s s 10 8 4 2 3 22 30 BRAZOS (constitutes Bryan-College Station SMSA} Bryan College Station S7,978 33,719 17,676 64,SOO 1,463,74 8 1,892,984 so 303 SI 148,727 2 3,S68 3 7 21 4 BREWSTER Alpine 7,780 S,971 8,SOO 22,300 4 88 266 8,096 ** 13 BROWN Brownwood 2S,877 17,368 28,100 244,4 SO - 7 26S BURELSON Caldwell 9,999 2,30 8 10,7 00 6,636 17 12 BURNET Marble Falls 11,420 2 ,209 14,900 2 l ,S9 4 - JO 38 CALDWELL Lockhart 21,178 6,489 20,200 !!8,18S 6 33S !S,704 18 Urban building permits Bank debits COUNTY Population Oct 1975 Percent change fro m Sep Oct O ct 1975 (thousands Percent change from Sep Oct Cit y 1970 1973 (est.) (dollars) 1975 1974 of dollars) 1975 1974 CALHOUN Point Comfort Port Lavaca Seadrift 17,831 1,446 10,491 1,092 17,800 0 7,250 -84 ** -77 2,231 39,860 2,299 - 13 4 4 -50 7 62 CAMERON (constitutes Brownsville­Harlingen-San Benito SMSA) Brownsville Harlingen La Feria Los Fresnos Port Isabel San Benito 140,368 52,522 33,503 2 ,642 1,297 3,067 15,176 158,900 1,678,087 1, 178,043 12,887 64,935 399,2 so 51 226 -69 991 486 23 -8 4 8 15 424 153,372 141,761 4 ,595 4,074 9,955 15 ,344 4 4 4 -14 16 -I 27 -17 16 -5 -4 35 CASTRO Dimmitt 10,394 4,327 9,600 38,739 5 - 2 CHEROKEE Jacksonville 32 ,008 9,734 34,100 84,950 ** 24 39,796 3 COLEMAN Coleman 10,288 5,608 9,800 20,700 COLLIN (in Dallas-Fort Worth SMSA) McJ(jnney Plano 66,920 15,193 17 ,872 79,500 155,650 4 ,929,3 58 -84 -21 8 1 195 23,813 63,569 -20 23 3 39 COLORADO Eagle Lake 17,638 3,587 16,800 10,088 -25 -22 COMAL (in San Antonio SMSA) New Braunfels 24,165 17,859 2 8,300 256,072 3 -39 37,406 - 1 II COOKE Gainesville Muenster 23,471 13,830 1,411 24,200 226,050 42,25 0 22 264 38,962 6,298 5 8 31 22 CORYELL (in J(jlleen-Temple SMSA) Copperas Cove Gatesville 35,311 10,818 4,683 43,000 1,648,886 152 260 12,734 14,832 3•• 16 12 CRANE Crane 4,172 3,427 4,100 2,225 -96 -41 4 ,7 37 10 2 DALLAS (in Dallas-Fort Worth SMSA) Carrollton Dallas Farmers Branch Garland Grand Prairie Irving Lancaster Mesquite Richardson Seagoville 1,327,321 13,85 5 844,401 27,492 81,437 50,904 97,260 10,522 55,131 4 8,582 4,390 1,350,800 1,158,476 21,371,860 1,597,100 1,405,117 328,900 76,400 357 ,020 1,560,465 151 ,965 -60 11 223 -50 -30 -78 -47 -38 261 206 42 30 49 -66 -42 4 9 48 -38 49,070 20,138,412 46,471 126,323 46,393 126,407 13,460 42,995 152 ,520 15 ,305 36 1 3 4 4 ** 6 8 45 -13 42 22 3 -13 20 22 20 24 DAWSON Lamesa 16,604 11,559 16,300 104,575 110 834 35,253 13 29 DEAF SMITH Hereford 18,999 13,414 18,700 347,200 -39 291 DENTON (in Dallas-Fort Worth SMSA) Denton Justin Lewisville Pilot Point 75,633 39,874 741 9,264 1,663 91,300 1,392,095 0 789,045 21,380 95 -22 -55 229 27 131,221 2,730 32,35 3 4 ,159 11 ** ** 13 - 8 2 6 51 Urban building permits Bank debits Percent change Percent change COUNTY City Population 1970 1973(est.) Oct 197S (dollars) from Sep Oct 197S 1974 Oct l 97S (thousands of dollars) from Sep Oct 197S 1974 DE WITT Yoakum (see Lavaca) 18,660 18,600 EASTLAND Cisco 18,092 4 ,160 18,800 6,9 10 lS 31 ECTOR (constitutes Odessa SMSA) Odessa 91,80S 78,380 93,300 3,794,620 -17 llS ELLIS (in Dallas-Fort Worth SMSA) Midlothian Waxahachie 46,638 2,322 13,4S2 49 ,000 67,360 S7,300 -37 -74 80 -70 6,318 39,132 - 6 20 24 24 EL PASO (constitutes EI Paso SMSA) EI Paso 3S9,29 l 322,261 391,7 00 7,920,907 lS -16 l,2S6,32S - s - s ERATH Stephenville 18,191 9,277 18,900 139,920 -49 -26 30,977 10 37 FANNIN Bonham 22,70S 7,698 23,400 4 4,0SO 11 1 949 26,S63 38 18 FAYETTE Schulenburg J7,6SO 2 ,294 l 7 ,8 00 39,100 -SS -SS FORT BEND (in Houston SMSA) Richmond Rosenberg S2 ,314 S,777 12,098 64,200 397,400 2S2,J 2S -63 -77 102 -74 GAINES Seagraves Seminole l J,S93 2,440 S,007 11,200 4,100 207,200 394 232 4 ,S24 36,2SO 12 S6 36 124 GALVESTON (constitutes Galveston-Texas City SMSA) Dickinson Galveston La Marq ue Texas City 169,8 12 10,776 61,809 16,131 38,908 177,600 1,088,SOS 2JS,289 1,173,270 1S7 s 344 40 39 24,00S 269,2 18 28,636 11 3 JO - 31 7 13 GILLESPIE Fredericksburg JO,SS3 S,326 11 , l 00 24S ,17S 204 187 36,168 20 13 GONZALES Gonzales Nixon 16,37S S,8S4 J ,92S 16,S OO 38,310 0 -76 9S ** 42,172 14 26 GRAY Pampa 26,949 21 ,726 2S,JOO 4 S2,200 47S -46 63,39 J - 3 ** GRAYSON (constitutes Sherman-Denison SMSA) Denison Sherman 83,22S 24,923 29,061 77,800 488,4S2 J68,7SO 14 -33 212 -88 62,9SO 9 3,163 2S 14 39 9 GREGG (in Longview SMSA) Gladewater Kilgore Longview 7S,929 S,S74 9,49S 4S,S47 78,100 112,S2S 843,800 1,903,000 -66 479 -JO 61 309 -23 l 0,712 46,486 202,877 - 16 17 3 12 II 21 GUADALUPE (in San Antonio SMSA) Schertz Seguin 33,SS4 4,061 IS ,934 37,3 00 2S S,000 286 947 S,604 42,S 18 3 s 14 14 Urban building permits Bank debits COUNTY City Population 1970 1973(est.) Oct 197S (dollars) Percent change from Sep Oct 197S 1974 Oct 197S (thousands of dollars) Percent change from Sep Oct 197S 1974 HALE Hale Center Plainview 34,137 1,964 19,096 35,900 14,000 1,099,0SO 460 111 833 76 112,966 19 23 HARDEMAN Quanah 6,79S 3,948 6,200 471,34S 8,133 -12 12 HARDIN (in Beaumont-Port Arthur-Orange SMSA) Silsbee 29,996 7,271 32,800 2S,264 - s 17 HARRIS (in Houston SMSA) Baytown Bellaire Deer Park Houston Humble La Porte Pasadena South Houston Tomball 1,741,912 43,980 19,009 12,773 1,232 ,802 3,278 7,149 89,277 11 ,S2 7 2,734 1,835,900 l,27S,771 127,024 l,S07,9 36 72,77S,839 lOS ,184 2,103,SSO 2,710,346 247,900 140 -19 s 33 510 41 40 -11 78 201 20 340 2S 74 284 157,579 1OS ,667 35,243 22,3S2,497 I S,820 8,8S 1 242,341 26,75 8 ** 3 10 1 -7 12 1 -23 - 43 10 43 14 9 13 20 HARRISON (in Longview SMSA) Hallsville Marshall 44,841 1,038 22,937 44,200 124,977 -86 -20 4 ,089 SS,926 39 11 69 26 HASKELL Haskell 8,512 3,6SS 8,000 3S,000 250 8,128 -17 28 HAYS (in Austin SMSA) San Marcos 27,642 18,860 33,700 2S6,728 133 304 22,909 - 1 16 HENDERSON Athens 26,466 9,S82 29,600 203,S45 -S2 7 39,S24 17 25 HIDALGO (constitutes McAllen-Pharr-Edinburg SMSA) Alamo Donna Edinburg Elsa McAllen Mercedes Mission Pharr San Juan Weslaco !81,S35 4,291 7,365 17,163 4,400 37,636 9,3SS 13,043 15 ,829 S,070 lS ,313 207,100 37,220 998,060 70,S SO 3,475 ,889 126,300 288,7 so 242,196 344,560 -47 37 68 23 -42 -11 94 404 -SI 240 -SS -16 89 179 9,213 9,487 S7 ,845 13,374 !S9,681 17,852 42,7 69 10,987 7,724 35 ,843 -- 22 1 3 1 ** ** lS 20 ** ** 44 2 24 43 40 9 19 6 31 13 HOCKLEY Levelland 20,396 11,445 21,200 345,269 60 48 ,97 1 35 48 HOOD (in Dallas-Fort Worth SMSA) Granbury 6,368 2,473 8,600 7,482 12 30 HOPKJNS Sulphur Springs 20,710 10,642 22,000 360,776 361 - s 46,299 2 10 HOWARD Big Spring 37,796 28,73S 39,200 167,212 -85 28 HUNT Greenville 47,948 22,043 47,200 959,029 -12 165 S9,003 6 11 HUTCHINSON Borger 24,443 14,195 25,800 262,700 64 -66 Urban building permits Bank debits Percent change Percent change COUNTY City Population 1970 1973{est.) Oct 1975 (dollars) from Sep Oct 1975 1974 Oct 1975 {thousands of dollars) from Sep Oct 1975 1974 JAC KSON Edna 12,975 5,332 12,900 51,222 -58 - 6 15 ,9 30 2 JASPER Jasper Kirbyville 24,692 6,25 l 1,869 25,100 32,791 6,177 5 l 25 18 JEFFERSON (in Beaumo nt-Port Arthur-Orange SMSA) Beaumont Groves Nederland Port Arthur Port Neches 244,77 3 11 5,919 18,067 16,81 0 57,371 10,894 241 ,700 4,206,5 69 568,964 4 88,848 535,351 610,162 41 200 88 26 23 179 121 185 -87 4 76 605,084 38,373 21,931 157,069 36,4 38 4 1 7 17 -14 - 7 16 13 23 16 JI M WELLS Alice 33,032 20,121 33,700 290,9 03 -16 51 76,699 26 JOHNSON (in Dallas-Fort Worth SMSA) Burleson Cleburne 45 ,769 7,713 16,0 15 52,500 364 ,247 136,000 -69 3 74 17,55 5 41 ,962 2 -12 - II 9 KARNES Karnes City 13,4 62 2,926 12 ,500 37,100 267 69 8,272 - 5 22 KAUFMAN (in Dallas-Fort Worth SMSA} Terrell 32,392 14,1 82 35,500 835,2 15 791 680 KIMBLE Junction 3,904 2,654 3,9 00 500 -98 7,000 11 32 KLEBERG Kingsville 33,166 28,711 35 ,000 283,325 - 6 92 68,188 21 66 LAMAR Paris 36,062 23,441 36,900 387,097 4 71 LAMB Littlefield 17 ,770 6,738 17,300 79 1,400 857 22,965 14 73 LAMPASAS Lampasas 9,323 5,922 12,400 177,500 84 460 18, 15 6 13 19 LAVACA Hallettsville Yoakum 17,903 2,7 12 5,755 18,200 500 18 1,363 -99 440 -98 10,244 19,194 16 ** 13 32 LEE Giddings 8,048 2,783 8,900 30,2 00 -60 - 5 13,806 13 10 LIBERTY (in Houston SMSA} Dayton Liberty 33,014 3,804 5,59 1 37,400 79,000 2 32,300 -70 86 126 14,004 30,045 -4 -12 -25 17 LIMESTONE Mexia 18, l 00 5,943 19,100 99,050 -80 -48 18,764 10 23 LLANO Kingsland Llano 6,979 1,262 2,608 7,700 123,000 189 258 13,040 13,32 7 8 4 - 50 3 LUBBOCK (constitutes Lubbock SMSA) Lubbock Slaton 179,295 149,101 6,583 191 ,700 13,189,737 83,000 152 -18 230 24 862,065 11 ,67 5 12 20 25 14 LYNN Tahoka 9,107 2,956 9,300 14,000 10,624 12 29 Urban building permits Bank debits Percent change Percent change from from Oct 1975Population COUNTY Oct 1975 Sep Oct {thousands Sep Oct City 1970 1973 (est.) {dollars) 1975 1974 of dollars) 1975 1974 McCULLOCH 8,571 8,100 Brady 5,557 136,760 -30 24 19,389 15 37 McLENNAN 147,553 152,800 (constitutes Waco SMSA) McGregor 4,365 60,200 -89 9 ,789 4 12 Waco 95,326 1,37 3,669 -32 57 531,581 6 27 MATAGORDA 27,913 27,600 Bay City 11,733 243,125 -61 78 53,280 -10 -8 MAVERICK 18,093 20,600 Eagle Pass 15,364 163,400 -62 10 22 ,917 -1 36 MEDINA 20,249 20,900 Castroville 1,893 17,675 -64 3,082 -9 ** Hondo 5,487 24,128 -74 283 6,853 -13 -9 MIDLAND 65,433 65,900 (constitutes Midland SMSA) Midland 59,463 3,213,163 -23 427 514,255 8 56 MILAM 20,028 20,100 Cameron 5,546 13,464 -25 -2 Rockdale 4,655 113,821 12 -1 16,294 3 26 MILLS 4,212 4,400 Goldthwaite 1,693 11 ,309 13 31 MITCHELL 9,073 8,500 Colorado City 5,227 11,078 13 29 MONTGOMERY 49,479 71,200 (in Houston SMSA) Conroe 11,969 86,75 I 4 22 MOORE 14,060 13,100 Dumas 9,771 456,400 -13 -32 NACOGDOCHES 36,362 41,600 Nacogdoches 22,544 1,022,209 131 -26 NAVARRO 31 ,150 31,600 Corsicana 19,972 257,239 9 172 60,7 38 s 8 NOLAN 16,220 16,600 Sweetwater 12,020 227,200 -93 304 34,622 10 29 NUECES 237,544 250,800 (in Corpus Christi SMSA) Bishop 3,466 34,000 4,747 20 23 Corpus Christi 204,525 1,941,324 -68 3 937,025 I 8 Port Aransas 1,218 1,421 -36 -25 Robstown 11,217 58,501 -I -72 33,442 -13 -4 ORANGE 71,170 73,400 (in Beaumont-Port Arthur-Orange SMSA) Orange 24,457 168,236 -so -70 82,889 ** PALO PINTO 28,962 22,900 Mineral Wells 18,411 63,700 -53 833 38,032 -7 7 PANOLA 15,894 16,400 Carthage 5,392 211,000 74 463 8 ,572 17 PARKER 33,888 31,900 (in Dallas-Fort Worth SMSA) Weatherford 11,750 507,223 -10 203 PARMER 10,509 10,000 Friona 3, 111 91 ,200 315 33,017 17 37 Urban building permits Bank debits Percent change Percent change COUNTY City Population 1970 1973(est.) Oct 1975 (dollars) from Sep Oct 1975 1974 Oct 1975 (thousands of dollars) from Sep Oct 1975 1974 PECOS Fort Stockton 13,748 8,283 13,300 273,580 - 5 POTTER (in Amarillo SMSA) Amarillo 90,5 11 127,010 91,400 5,842,386 26 10 1,005,577 5 13 RANDALL (in Amarillo SMSA) Amarillo (see Potter) Canyon 5 3,885 8,333 59,000 3,310,650 681 20,284 - 6 14 REEVES Pecos 16,526 12,682 16,000 33,150 156 -40 42,157 20 46 REFUGIO Refugio 9,494 4,340 9,400 50,750 103 323 9,226 4 -25 RUSK Henderson Kilgore (see Gregg) 34,102 10,187 35,500 45,747 3 30 SAN PATRICIO (in Corpus Christi SMSA) Aransas Pass Sinton 47,288 5,813 5,563 50,300 37,650 51,598 -10 -62 -70 -9 22 ,604 20,337 30 4 27 15 SAN SABA San Saba 5,540 2,555 5,900 61,600 110 - 43 15,OS1 9 22 SCURRY Snyder 15,760 11,171 17,900 579,160 75 375 36,318 12 34 SHACKELFORD Albany 3,323 1,978 3,300 25,000 -29 7,186 11 36 SHERMAN Stratford 3,657 2,139 3,300 82,500 23,040 36 13 SMITH (constitutes Tyler SMSA) Tyler 97,096 57,770 103,900 3,236,7 32 61 -64 348,243 5 20 STEPHENS Breckenridge 8,414 5,944 8,100 229,900 911 SUTTON Sonora 3,175 2,149 3,300 69,200 -10 6,967 - I 28 TARRANT (in Dallas-Fort Worth SMSA) Arlington Bedford Burleson (see Johnson) Euless Fort Worth Grapevine North Richland Hills White Settlement 716,317 90,643 10,049 19,316 393,476 7,023 16,514 13,449 714,600 584,571 93,675 9-,932,795 690,250 1,078,222 1,1 82,900 26 -58 128 141 497 421 28 -48 208 894 184,405 23,050 22,946 3,204,482 14,643 43,830 8 -22 -8 4 -12 ** 11 65 52 13 2 60 TAYLOR (in Abilene SMSA) Abilene 97,853 89,65 3 102,400 1,884,329 -53 72 343,940 - 6 11 TERRY Brownfield 14,11 8 9,647 14,400 123,550 154 3 52,114 53 65 TITUS Mount Pleasant 16,702 8,877 17,600 509,211 609 40,567 ** - 7 TOM GREEN (constitutes San Angelo SMSA) San Angelo 71,047 63,884 72,900 1,464,822 -83 123 298,229 4 27 Urban building permits Bank debits COUNTY City Population 1970 1973 (est.) Oct 1975 (dollars) Percent change from Sep Oct 1975 1974 Oct 1975 (thousands of dollars) Percent change from Sep Oct 1975 1974 TRAVIS (in Austin SMSA) Austin 295,516 251,808 339,2 00 8,992,338 ** -16 2,312,017 16 49 UPSHUR Gladewater (see Gregg) 20,976 22,900 UPTON McCamey 4,697 2,647 4,400 3,557 6 40 UVALDE Uvalde 17,348 10,764 18,000 244,929 -59 -40 44,502 11 VAL VERDE Del Rio 27,471 21 ,330 29,400 395,306 - 5 18 47,496 7 34 VICTORIA Victoria 53,766 41,349 55,800 1,032,615 -62 94 217,230 6 - 5 WALKER Huntsville 27,680 17,610 34,300 335,300 -54 53 45,953 - 15 10 WARD Monahans 13,019 8,333 12,600 219,100 317 26,324 9 47 WASHINGTON Brenham 18,842 8,922 19,300 178,075 - 3 -63 51 ,143 9 30 WEBB (constitutes Laredo SMSA) Laredo 72,859 69,024 81,200 761,879 -56 437 190,375 9 28 WHARTON El Campo 36,729 8,563 36,800 266,005 - 9 76 42,5 82 - 17 - 14 WICHITA (in Wichita Falls SMSA) Burkburnett Iowa Park Wichita Falls 121,862 9,230 5,796 97,564 120,900 293,678 89,948 1,698,007 161 -14 338 -9 60 17,716 7,777 407,576 - 10 10 1 - 3 20 16 WILBARGER Vernon 15,355 11,454 15,000 109,315 -35 38,390 - 4 12 WILLACY Raymondville 15,570 7,987 16,300 81,400 -86 148 23,059 - 24 10 WILLIAMSON Bartlett Georgetown Round Rock Taylor 37,305 1,622 6,395 2,811 9,616 45,200 170,460 666,140 264,950 -45 -17 240 76 289 2,584 18,985 27,848 15 9 10 3 14 16 WINKLER Kermit 9,640 7,884 9,300 10,400 -91 854 WISE (in Dallas-Fort Worth SMSA) Decatur 19,687 3,240 20,400 5,400 -86 -64 9,563 14 4 YOUNG Graham Olney 15,400 7,477 3,624 15,800 648,700 10,138 ** -86 -32 13,195 9 23 ZAVALA Crystal City 11,370 8,104 11,500 20,000 -84 -82 8,878 - 14 12 ** Absolute change is Jess than one half of 1 percent. No data, or inadequate basis for reporting. TEXAS BUSINESS REVIEW Index Texas Business Review Volume XLIX 1975 Copies of A Classified and Selective Index: TEXAS BUSINESS REVIE W, 1927-1961 are available upon request from the Bureau of Business Research, The University of Texas at Austin 78712. For subsequent years an annual index is published in each December issue. The semiannual statistical issue of the Review appears in August; the annual issue is published in February. Titles* Agriculture "Agricultural Income Support: Where Does the Money Go?" (Jan., pp. 5-10). "Beekeeping in Texas" (June, pp. 132-134). "Protein from Cottonseed: Prospects for the Texas Cotton Industry" (July, pp. 156-158). Construction "Texas Construction: Current Conditions" (Jan., p. 11). "Texas Construction: Half-Decade of Change" (June, pp. 136-138). "Texas Construction: Remodeling to Save Energy" (Apr., pp. 91-94). "Texas Construction: Seasonal Fluctuations" (Jan., pp. 12-14). "Texas Construction: Using Solar Energy" (Nov., pp. 261-263). Energy "The Energy Economy: Energy Use and Urban Change" (June, pp. 139-142). "The Energy Economy: Policy Issues in 1976" (Dec., p. 280). "The Energy Economy: U.S. Oil Imports and Exports, 186(}.1974" (Mar., pp. 68-70). "Nuclear Power in Texas, 1954-1975 " (May, pp. 108-112). "Potential Geothermal Resources of Texas" (Sep., pp. 213-216). "Reducing the Depletion Allowance: Probable Effects on Oil and Gas Production and Prices" (July, pp. 159-164). Labor "Mexican Immigrants and the Labor Market" (Apr., pp. 85-90). "Women Working in Texas" (Dec., pp. 28 1-288). Manufacturing "Texas Manufacturing in 1974" (Feb., pp. 34-39). Marketing "Marketing in Mexico" (Nov., pp. 25 7-261 ). Miscellaneous "Consumer Confidence" (June, pp. 135-136). "Growth of the Texas Economy, 1959-1974" (Mar., pp. 61-65). "Revision of Monthly Estimates of Texas Personal Income" (Aug., p. 181). Population "State Population Changes" (Oct., pp. 239-242). "Texas to '90: Notes on New Population and Economic Projections from the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis" (Aug., pp. 182-187). Authors Adair, Bryan: "Texas Construction: Seasonal Fluctuations" (Jan., pp. 12-14 ); "Texas Construction: Current Conditions" (Jan., p. 11); "Growth of the Texas Economy, 1959-1974" (Mar., pp. 61-65); "Beekeep­ing in Texas" (June, pp. 132-134); "Texas Construc­tion" (Aug., pp. 188-190); "State Population Changes" (Oct., pp. 239-242). Arbingast, Stanley A.: "Texas Manufacturing in 1974" (Feb., pp. 34-39). Briggs, Vernon M., Jr. : "Mexican Immigrants and the Labor Market" (Apr., pp. 85-90). Bureau of Economic Geology, Staff of: "Potential Geother­mal Resources of Texas" (Sep., pp. 213-216). Glenn, Lois R.: "Texas Construction: Remodeling to Save Energy" (Apr., pp. 91-94 ); "Consumer Confidence" (June, pp. 135-136); "Protein from Cottonseed: Prospects for the Texas Cotton Industry" (July, pp. 156-158); "Texas Construction" (Oct., pp. 236-238). Hendon, Donald W. : "Marketing in Mexico" (Nov., pp. 256-261). Hildenbrand, Joseph F., Jr.: "Nuclear Power in Texas, 1954-1975" (May, pp. 108-112). Lockwood, Robert M.: "The Business Situation in Texas" (Jan., pp. 1-4); "Texas Construction" (May, pp. 113-115); "Nuclear Power in Texas, 1954-1975" (May, pp. 108-112); "The Energy Economy: Energy Use and Urban Change" (June, pp. 139-142); "The Energy Economy : Policy Issues in 1976" (Dec., p. 280); "Women Working in Texas" (Dec., pp. 281-288). McDonald, Stephen L.: "Reducing the Depletion Allow­ance: Probable Effects on Oil and Gas Production and Prices" (July, pp. 159-164). Matetich, Barbara: "Texas Construction" (July, pp. 164-166). May, Francis B. : "The Business Situation in Texas" (Feb., pp. 25-27:; Oct., pp. 233-235); "The Energy Econ­omy: U.S. Oil Imports and Exports, 1860-1974" (Mar., pp. 68-70); "The Energy Economy" (Sep., pp. 221-222). Monti, Lorna A.: "The Business Situation in Texas" (Mar., pp. 57-60; May, pp. 105-107; July, pp. 153-155 ; Dec., pp. 277-279). Priddy, Dianne : "Texas Construction" (Mar., pp. 65-68). Ryan, Robert H.: "Texas Construction" (Feb., pp. 28-31 ); "The Business Situation in Texas" (June, pp. 129-131; Sep., pp. 209-211); "Texas to '90: Notes on New Population and Economic Projections from the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis" (Aug., pp. 182-187). Stockton, John R. : "The Business Situation in Texas" (Apr., pp. 81-84; Nov., pp. 253-256). Terrell, Barbara D. : "Texas Construction: Using Solar Energy" (Nov., pp. 261-263). Toews, Curtis D.: "Agricultural Income Support: Where Does the Money Go?" (Jan., pp. 5-10). Weatherby, James L., Jr.: "The Business Situation in Texas" (Aug., pp. 177-179); "Revision of Monthly Estimates of Texas Personal Income" (Aug., p. 181). Zlatkovich, Charles P. : "Texas Construction: Half-Decade of Change" (June, pp. 136-138); "Texas Construc­tion" (Sep., pp. 217-219; Dec., pp. 289-290). *Regular columns-The Business Situation in Texas, Texas Construction, and The Energy Economy-are not listed in this section. Directory of Texas Manufacturers, 1975 is now available fro111 the Bureau of Business Research The University of Texas at Austin 2 volumes $25.00 per set 910 pages (Texas residents add $1.25) Texas Business Log October 1975 Texas Railroad Commission approves rate increase for Houston Natural Gas Corp. supplier, boosting aver­age residential bill in Houston area from $13 to $1 4.67. Garrett Corp., Los Angeles, announces proposal to build $900 million gas centrifuge uranium enrichment plant at undisclosed West Texas site. Houston Lighting & Power Co. and Texas Utilities group would have first claim on initial output, scheduled for 198 0. 4 Rising gasoline prices hurt rural people more than city dwellers, according to U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. Average rural family drives 7,000 miles and uses 300 gallons of gasoline more annually than average city family. Federal Energy Administration seeks authority to allo­cate and set reasonable prices for propane to prevent rural and other users being priced out of the market by industrial consumers during anticipated winter shortage. 5 Houston Chronicle survey finds union wage rates for Houston building trade workers rose faster than those nationally during past year but remain below wages in major cities outside the South. 6 Texas is pricing itself out of the energy market and losing a traditional industrial location incentive, says Dr. Philip H. Abelson of Carnegie Institution. Natural gas prices four times national interstate prices have eroded the advantage the Texas Gulf Coast once enjoyed in attracting industry. Texas gaso line consumption declined by 3.1 percent in 1974 for the first time since World War II. New Port Arthur petrochemical plant planned by Ameri­can Hoechst Corp., U.S. affiliate of West German fir m, scratched on account of worldwide over­capacity in chemicals. Plant would have cost $250 million. 7 Texas Utilities says that it has filed suit against Westing­house Electric Corp. to force Westinghouse to honor contract to furnish uranium at 1973 prices. The contract covers the first two years' fuel supplies at Comanche Peak, now under construction in Hood and Somervell Counties. Westinghouse recently notified several customers that old prices were un tenable. 9 State Insurance Board approves higher homeowner insurance premiums to become effective next February. Premiums will rise an average of 8.3 percent. Brown & Root, Houston, is apparent low bidder on construction of $55.7 million coal-fired power plant near La Grange, Fayette County. Plant is joint venture of Lower Colorado River Authority and City of A us tin. 14 Largest auto insurance premium hike in 15 years, an average of 17 percent, is approved by State Insur­ance Board. Effective January 1, the new rates will mean premium increases of $8 to $43 for typical motorists. President of M. W. Kellogg Co. believes that Houston has world's greatest concentration of engineering and construction talent for oil and gas processing industry. Clark P. Lattin, Jr., says that Houston needs even greater engineering capabilities to "achieve its next stage of growth, that of becoming a center for developing new technology and know­how in hydrocarbon processing and management." 15 Texas Power & Light Co. announces rollback from 10.6 to 9.6 percent of recent electric rate increase affecting 214 North Central Texas cities. Board chairman of Houston Lighting & Power Co. charges that refusal of City of Houston to grant company's recently requested rate increase will, if upheld, mean fewer jobs. Two Texas environmen tal engineers claim that the chemical industry may have to invest up to $350 million during the next 15 years to meet air pollution standards. Annual operating costs could run to $40-95 million, but these would include 2,700-6,900 new jobs. Du Pont and National Distillers & Chemical will proceed with a joint venture to make and sell synthesis gas and carbon monoxide. To be located in the Houston area, the new plant will begin operating in 1979. 16 State Co llege Coordina ting Board announces that preliminary Fall 1975 data indicate that enrollment at Texas colleges and universities rose almost 15 percent above that for Fall 1974. A deficit of $8.5 billion faces the state Highway and Public Transportation Commission in its effort to build projects approved for the next 20 years. The commission expects $2.5 billion in revenues during this period and needs $11 billion. 21 Lo-Vaca Gathering Co. now has more gas than it needs and asks Texas Railroad Commission for per­mission to make short-term con tracts with inter­state customers during surplus periods. Company says this plan has approval of customers, who would get in terstate gas in emergencies. 22 Chemical Week magazine says that Corpus Christi may become major chemical center, especially if planned 72-foot-