A JOINTPUBLICATION ASSOCIATION FOR MEXICAN CAVE STUDIES BULLETIN 8 AND TEXAS MEMORIAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 28 FURTHER STUDIES ON THECAVERNICOLE FAUNA OF MEXICO AND ADJACENT REGIONS EDITED BY JAMES R. REDDELL • The Speleo Press Austin 1 March 1982 © 1982 by the Association for Mexican Cave Studies and the Texas Memorial Museum, The University of Texas at Austin. All rights reserved Published March 1982 Printed in the United States of America ISSN: 0082-3074-28 Order from; Association for Mexican Cave Studies P.O. Box 7037 Austin, Texas 78712 and Texas Memorial Museum The University of Texas at Austin 2400 TrinityAustin, Texas 78705 Cover: Paraphrynus chacmool (Rowland) from Actun Ziz, Yucatan PhotographbyRobert W.Mitchell Printed by Speleo Press, P.O. Box 7037, Austin, Texas 78712 PREFACE This is a joint publication of the Association for Mexican Cave Studies and the Texas Memorial Mu­seum. Printing costs have been subsidized in part bythe Dora Dieterich Bonham Fund of the Texas Memorial Museum. The continuing study of the cavernicole and related endogean fauna of Mexico and Central Amer­ica has resulted in the accumulation of considerable additional material of interest. This volume includes studies on a portion of the new and little-studied taxa collected in recent years. Among the manytaxa described in this volume are fifty new speciesand subspecies of troglobite from Mexico. In addi­tion, revisionary studies include additional cavemi­cole and endogean species from the United States,Central America, South America, and the West In­dies. The addition of 50 new taxa of troglobite to the fauna of Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize brings the total of described troglobites in this region to 330. Reddell (1981, Bull. 27, Texas Mem. Mus., Univ. Texas at Austin) has summarized the fauna known from these three countries; some of the taxa de­scribed here are listed by generic name in that volume. It is apparent that, despite almost 20 years of inten­sive study, we are still far from achieving a deepunderstanding of the cavernicole fauna of this com­plex region. Many of the newly described taxa were found in three extensive karst regions that have received intensive study in recent years. Peter Sprouse, Terri Treacy, Dale Pate, and other members of the Asso­ciation for Mexican Cave Studies (AMCS) have con­ducted an extensive study of the Purificacion regionin the Sierra Madre Oriental about 35 kilometers northwest of Ciudad Victoria in Tamaulipas and adjacent Nuevo Leon. This project has included mapping and exploration of all caves visited and an intensive collecting effort. The Sistema Purificacion is the longest cave in Mexico with more than 40 kilometers of surveyed passage and a depth ofalmost 1,000meters. The Huautla de Jimenez region of northern Oaxaca has received much recent attention by Bill Stone, Bill Steele, and other members of the AMCS. This high elevation karst region is now known to contain the deepest explored caves in the Western Hemisphere. Sotano de San Agustin is more than 1,200 meters deep, while other caves in the area exceed 900 meters in depth. Although collecting has been incidental to the mapping and exploration of these difficult caves, several interesting troglobiteshave been found. The Cuetzalan region of northern Puebla is amongthe more important karst regions in Mexico, with numerous extensive stream caves having been mappedand many others remaining to be studied. Collections by Andrew Grubbs, David McKenzie, James Reddell, Steve Robertson, and others have resulted in the discovery of numerous troglobites and troglophilesof great interest. Additional material has also accumulated from recent explorations in the caves of western Mexico,the Xilitla and Aquismon regions of San Luis Potosi,the Acatlan region of Oaxaca, the San Pablo Zoquit­lanregionofPuebla, andBelize. Many people have contributed to this volume and I wish first to thank the authors of the papers in­cluded herein for preparing manuscripts with verylittle advance notice. I am also grateful to JerryAtkinson, William Elliott, Andrew Grubbs, RoyJameson, David McKenzie, Logan McNatt, Steve Robertson, Peter Sprouse, Bill Steele, and Lisa Wilk for providing me with collections made during the course of their projects in Mexico and Belize. Dr. Robert W. Mitchell of Texas Tech Universitykindly provided me with the photograph on the cover. I am especially grateful to Mark Longley, TerryRaines, and Jane Sullivan for their invaluable assis­tance in the preparation and publication of this volume. TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTRERAS-BALDERAS, S., and D. C. PURATA-VELARDE, Speocirolana guerrai sp. Nov., cirolanido troglobio ciego (Crustacea: Isopoda) de la Cueva de la Chorrera, Linares, Nuevo Leon,Mexico 1 BOWMAN, T. E., Speocirolanapubens and S. endeca, new troglobitic isopod crustaceans from Mexico (Flabellifera; Cirolanidae) 13 BOWMAN, T. E., Three new stenasellid isopods from Mexico (Crustacea; Asellota) 25 HOBBS, H. H., JR, A new crayfish (Decapoda: Cambaridae) from the state of Puebla, Mexico, with new locality records for Procambarus (Villalobosus) xochitlanae and entocytherid ostracod symbionts 39 HOBBS, H. H., Jr., and A. G. GRUBBS, Description of a new troglobitic crayfish from Mexico, and a list ofMexican crayfishes reported since the publication of the Villalobos monograph (1955)(Decapoda, Cambaridae) 45 FRANCKE, 0. F., Studies of the scorpion subfamilies Superstitioninae and Typhlochactinae, with description of a new species (Scorpiones, Chactoidea) 51 MUCHMORE, W. 8., Some new species of pseudoscorpions from caves in Mexico (Arachnida,Pseudoscorpionida) 63 GERTSCH, W. J., The mygalomorph troglobites of the Americas (Arachnida, Araneae) 79 GERTSCH,W. J.,ThespidergeneraPholcophora andAnopsicus(Araneae,Pholcidae)inNorth America, Central America and the West Indies 95 SHEAR, W. A., Millipeds (Diplopoda) from caves in Mexico and Central America. IV. New speciesand records of Glomeridae, Cleidogonidae, Trichopetalidae, Fuhrmannodesmidae and Sphaeriodesmidae 145 BARR, T. C., JR., The cavernicolous anchomenine beetles of Mexico (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Agonini) 161 BARR, T.C.,JR,Thetrechinebeetles oftheParatrechus seriesinMexico andCentralAmerica,with special reference to the cave species (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Trechinae) 193 WILKENS, H., Regressive evolution and phylogenetic age; The history ofcolonization of freshwaters of Yucatan by fish and Crustacea 237 JIMENEZ GUZMAN, A., Rabia en murcielagos de laCueva del Guano, Santa Catarina, Nuevo Leon, Mexico 245 REDDELL, J. R., A checklist of the cave fauna of Mexico. VII. Northern Mexico 249 INDEX OF NEW TAXA Assoc. Mexican Cave Stud. Bull., 8:1-12/Texas Mem. Mus. Bull., 28:1-12. SPEOCIROLANA GUERRAI SP. NOV., CIROLANIDO TROGLOBIO ANOPTALMO DE LA CUEVA DE LA CHORRERA, LINARES, NUEVO LEON, MEXICO (CRUSTACEA: ISOPODA) Salvador Contreras-Balderas y Dora Celia Purata-Velarde Escuela de Graduados Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico RESUMEN 2-7 external, barbed, rigid spines on second segment, and 1-4 on third. Uropod sexually dimorphic, its exopodite distal Se describe una especie nueva de cirolanido troglobio procedente de la Cueva de la Chorrera, Linares, Nuevo Leon, end rounded and pilose in males, foliar in females; both Mexico, sobre la base de cuarenta y ocho (48) ejemplares que sexes have 6-7 stout spines along the endopodite medial margin and 1 on the exopodite. Telson rounded. Flagellar se caracterizan por presentar meropoditos de los pereiopodos articles of the antennula 9-21 and 23-51 on antenna, num- I a 111 respectivamente con 1, 2, y 2 a 3 espinas en el angulo ber in both proportional to body length. Pereiopod VII with apical interno, mas una espina subapical a medial cada uno. Lacinia del maxih'pedo con dos (2) ganchos acopladores 1 subdistal and 1 medial stout spines on the propodite curves. Palpo del maxilipedo con dos (2) ganchos acoplado-internal face. res curvos. Palpo del maxilipedo con 2-7 espinas n'gidas, The water in the cave is transparent, lentic, and shallow,forming a beach towards the entrance; sides rocky, bottom barbadas, en el horde externo del segundo artejo, y 1-4 en el muddy, with some gravel. Food of the isopods is bat excreta,correspondiente al tercer artejo. Uropodos sexualmente confirmed during 40 days of captivity. dimorficos, con el exopodito redondeado en los machos y The origin is possibly Pre-Tertiary, but there are other foliaceo en las hembras; en ambos sexos presenta modal-alternatives. mente 6-7 aguijones en el horde interno del endopodito y 1 The species is dedicated to Mr. Adan Guerra, former en el exopodito. Telson redondeado. Antenula con 9-21 y head of the Aquarium Municipal Felipe de J. Benavides, who antena con 23-51 artejos flagelares, respectivamente, en financed field work. numero proporcional a la longitud del cuerpo. Cara interna del propodito del pereiopodo VII con un espolon subdistal y 1 hacia la parte media. El agua de la Cueva es quieta, clara y generalmente baja. La Sierra Madre Oriental, basicamente caliza, El fondo es lodoso, con poca grava y las paredes rocosas, presenta numerosas cuevas y grutas, algunas con aguas con playa solo hacia la entrada de la cueva. Su alimento permanentes. Una de tales cuevas, La Chorrera, situa­parece ser excremento de murcielagos, segiin se observe da sobre el kilometre 27.3 de la Carretera Linares­ durante cuarenta (40) dias de acutiverio. Galeana, proporciono ejemplares de un cirolanido Se considera su origen posiblemente precretacio y se dan alternativas. troglobio, anoftalmo y depigmentado, durante una La especie se dedica al Sr. Adan Guerra, quien auspicio serie de colectas efectuadas por personal de la Facul­parte del trabajo de campo como administrador del entonces tad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma deAquarium Municipal Felipe de J. Benavides. Nuevo Leon (UANL), auspiciadas por el Aquarium Municipal de Monterrey Felipe de J. Benavides. El ABSTRACT material se encuentra en la coleccion del autor, depo- Speocirolana guerrai, sp. Nov., is a blind troglobitic ciro-sitada en la primera institucion mencionada, exceptolanid isopod from Cueva de la Chorrera, Linares, Nuevo los depositados en las siguientes instituciones: British Leon, Mexico. The type-series is composed of 48 specimens. Museum (BM), Universidad Nacional Autonoma de It is characterized by having 1, 2, and 2-3 spines on the internal apical angle of meropodites in pereiopods I, II and Mexico (UNAM : Institute de Biologia), United 111, plus a medial to subapical spine each. Lacinia of maxili-States National Museum (USNM), y Tulane Univer­ped with 2 (1-3) coupling hooks. Palp of maxilliped with sity (TU). Fig. 1.—Speocirolana guerrai sp. Nov., vista dorsal, semi-diagramatico. El material colectado representa una forma del Genero Speocirolana, (Bolivar, 1950) Bowman 1964,considerando basicamente los primeros 3 pares de pereiopodos prensores y los 4 restantes ambulatorios. Se considera que ademas representa una especieindescrita, por las razones dadas en la discusion, parala cual se propone el nombre de: Speocirolana guerrai sp. Nov. Holotipo.—l, UANL 53, hembra de 24.6 mm. de longitud, colectada en la Cueva la Chorrera, 27.3 km. al W de Linares, Nuevo Leon, el 19 de Marzo de 1971, por Hector Medina Pedraza, de la Lacultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon. Paratipos.—3, UANL 54, (14.5-21.7 mm.; 3: 1 hembra, 1 macho adulto, 1 juvenil), colectados con el holotipo; 10, UANL 56 (14.9-24.0 mm.; 10: 3 machos, 7 hembras), misma localidad, colectados porSalvador Contreras-Balderas, Francisco J. Guzman-Hernandez, Oscar Perez-Maciel, Cesar Saldivar de Leon, Jesus A. Aguilar-Abrego, el 11 de Mayo de 1971; 34, UANL 57 (9-25.9 mm.; 34: 18 machos y16 hembras), misma localidad, colectados por Salva­dor, Armando y Luis Contreras-Balderas y Jose Maria Torres-Ayala, el 13 de Junio de 1971. Un macho y una hembra de esta serie fueron enviados a otras colecciones bajo los numeros de catalogo siguientes:BM 1972:18:2, UNAM Numero pendiente, TU Numero pendiente, USNM 140471, UANL 64,(16.0-24.8 mm.; 6: 5 hembras, 1 macho) misma localidad, colectado por Arturo Jimenez, el 12 de Octubre de 1972. Diagnosis.—Meropoditos de los pereiopodos I a 111 respectivamente con 1, 2, y 2 a 3 espinas en el anguloapical interno, mas una espina subapical a medial cada uno. Lacinia del maxilipedo con 2 ganchosacopladores curves. Palpo del maxilipedo con 2-7 espinas rigidas, barbadas, en el borde extemo del segundo artejo, y 1-4 en el correspondiente al tercer artejo. Uropodo modalmente con 6-7 aguijones en el borde interne del endopoditoy 1 en el del exopodito.Telson redondeado. Antenula con 9-19 y antena con 33-51 artejos flagelares, respectivamente, en numero proporcional a la longitud del cuerpo. Cara interna del propodito del pereiopodo VII con 1 espolon sub-distal y 1 hacia la parte media. Sexualmente dimor­fica, los exopodos del uropodito redondeados distal­mente y pilosos en el macho, foliares y lisos en la hembra, excepto por un penacho distal. Descripcion.— Tallas observadas: 9.0-25.9 mm. longitud total. Los valores iniciales son del holotipo y los de parentesis de los paratipos. Lorma anoftalma y depigmentada, excepto: los superficies masticadoras las puntas de las unas de los pereiopodos y del endo­podito del uropodo, que son pardas. La relacion de la longitud del cuerpo a su anchura maxima vana de 2.5 a 3.2; la cabeza es dos veces mas ancha que larga, con el perfil anterior convexo, el posterior forma 3 lados con angulos abiertos. El dorso del cuerpopresenta setulas dispersas en la cuti'cula. El aspectogeneral se muestra en la Fig. 1. No hay epimeros en el pereionito I, el II y 111 lo tienen pequeno y redondeado, del IV al VII se pre­sentan con fuertes angulos posterolaterales y aumento progresivo de tamano. El pleon consiste de 5 seg­mentos visibles, del I al 111 aproximadamente iguales,angostos, semilunares y con extremes dirigidos hacia atras; IV y V son mas pequenos y rectos que los anteriores. La lamina frontal es menos de 2 veces tan largacomo ancha, terminada en una punta roma. El ch'peo Figs. 2-4 .—Speocirolana guerrai sp. Nov.: 2, lamina frontal, ch'peo y labro; 3, antenula; 4, antena es ancho, fuertemente escotado en V anteriormente, con lobulos laterales ligeramente afilados. El labro es ancho, redondeado anterior y lateralmente; el horde bucal es escotado, pubescente y pardo (Fig. 2). La antenula es de tamano menor que el pedunculode la antena; presenta 3 artejos pedunculares y 18 (9-21) flagelares (Fig. 3). Los artejos medios y termi­nals presentan grupos de setas uniformes en tamano, con estethasa excepto en los ultimos dos. La antena es larga, deprimida sobre el cuerpo alcanza un puntosobre el pereionito VII o el pleonito I, presenta 6 artejos pedunculares (el primero reducido) y 44 (23-51) artejos flagelares (Fig. 4), los ultimos aproxi­ madamente 2 veces tan largos como anchos. La Fig. 5 muestra la correlacion entre talla y mimero de artejosflagelares dela antenula y dela antena. Las mandibulas son semejantes en el mimero de cuspides, pero los de la derecha son casi 2 veces mas altos que los de la izquierda. El acies esta provisto de 4 dientes, de los cuales el ultimo es el mayor y el penultimo es una proyeccion de su base, mientraslos 2 anteriores se presentan poco separados. La Lacinia mobilis es aproximadamente rectangular, con 16 (10-25) espinas transparentes, largas, en el horde ganchudas y de tamano uniforme. La parte molar es casi triangular, provista de una fila de 29 (21-37)dientes pequenos, ganchudos, triangulares. En la cara opuesta a la insercion de la Lacinia mobilis aparecendos condilos romos subiguales. El palpo consiste de 3 artejos, el terminal es ovoide, con setas plumosas,graduadas y mayores en la parte distal, el segundo es el mayor, provisto de setas plumosas en su horde externo, en 3-4 filas irregulares, entre las cuales hay pubescencia que se extiende en todo el horde; el horde interno es pubescente en su mitad distal (Fig. 6). La primera maxila tiene su lamina externa poco mayor que la interna, encorvada hacia adentro, con un adelgazamiento hacia la parte media; presenta 11 espinas (12 en 2) en su apice truncado, colocadas en 2 filas, 7 anteriores (8 en 1), dispuestos en U inver­tida, y 4 posteriores (5 en 1), todas barbadas en su cara interna. La lamina interna es subigual a la ex­terna, delgada, con el tercio distal ensanchado,truncado, provisto de 3 espinas fuertemente plumo­sas, mas una seta grande y encorvada, implantadasobre la base de la segunda espina, y una seta menor terminal (Fig. 8). La segunda maxila presenta 3 enditos, 1 corto e interno y 2 largos y externos. El endito interno pre­senta 19 (11-19) setas, la mayona plumosas en casi toda su longitud, de varios tamanos mezclados;ademas se aprecian numerosas setas pequenas quecubren la porcion distal y alrededor de las setas mayores. Los enditos externos presentan 7 (5-7) y13(11-13) espinas, respectivamente (Fig. 9). - 50 -• as .X 40 ­ N:4Q - . 35 0­ . /X^ - m 30 < - 25 20­ N 5O # is -,xT... TO -* 1 * * * * 1 1 * i * 1 * i i i L_. TO 15 20 25 Fig. 5.—Speocirolana guerrai sp. Nov.: correlacion entre la longitud del cuerpo y la antena (n = 40: 14.4848 + 1.3513 x) y la antenula (n = 50: 2.6836 + 0.6616 x). El numero de pun­tos en la grafica es menor a n por las observaciones repetidas.Las lineas calculadas se obtuvieron en una calculadora Texas Instruments SR-51, alimentandolos valores numericos origi­nales. Figs. 6-10. -Speocirolana guerrai sp. Nov.: 6, mandibula y palpo; 7, acies, lacinia mobilis, y pars molaris; 8, maxilla I; 9,maxila II; 10, maxilipedo y palpo, base y ganchos acopladores. El maxihpedo es caractenstico, con setas en ambos hordes del artejo basal sobre el tercio distal, asi como en ambos hordes del segundo; el horde externo del tercer distal es desnudo, el horde interno tiene setas, mayores apicalmente; los 3 artejos res­tantesdelpalpotienensetas en amboshordes; ademas, presentan 7 (2-7) espinas barbadas en el horde ex­terno del segundo artejo palpar y 4 (1-4) en el ter­cero; el cuarto artejo tiene setas plumosas graduadas en su apice de las cuales 8 (2-8) estan sobre el horde externo. El endito presenta ademas un penacho de setas en el margen mesial. La Lacinia, implantadasobre el primer artejo del maxilipedo, es truncada, con 13 (9-14) cerdas plumosas terminales y 3 (1-3)ganchos acopladores, retrorsos, a veces subiguales, 6 el distal muy pequeno (Fig. 10). Las coxas presentan crestas bajas diagonales. Los pereiopodos I a 111 son prensores, gruesos,subqueliformes, replegados hacia delante y debajo del cuerpo. El horde interno de los propoditos presenta3 espolones y setas finas en estos pereiopodos; los carpopoditos tienen 1, 3 y 3 espolones apicales inter-nos, respectivamente; los meropoditos presentan 1, 2 y 2-3 espolones apicales internes, respectivamente del I al 111, mas 1 espolon algo menor, subapical a medial, mientras que en el angulo apical externo tienen 1 espina roma, 2 y 2 espinas largas, en el mismo orden. El tamano de estos pereiopodos es progresivamente Figs. 11-13.—Speocirolana guerrai sp. Nov., pereiopodos prensores: 11, I; 12, II; 13, 111. mayor, mientras que la anchura de los propoditos no aumenta en la misma proporcion. Estos apendices se muestran en las Figs. 11-13. Los pereiopodos IV a VII son ambulatorios, sin modificaciones notorias, aumentan gradualmente de tamano hacia los ultimos. Las espinas de los apices de cada artejo son dificiles de contar por ser caedizas;sin embargo, a pesar de lo inseguro de estas carac­tensticas, presentan algunas particularidades dignasde mencion. Ningun propodito tiene espinas en su apice externo, pero cuentan con 1 espina subapicalinterna, excepto el de pereiopodo VII, que ademas presenta 1 espina interna a mediacion del artejo, con 3 excepciones en 2 ejemplares (Figs. 14-17). El organo masculino se implanta en el horde pos­terior del pereionito VII, es foliar y subtriangular,enteramente similar al de S. bolivari (Fig. 18). Los pleopodos son foliaceos, el primero de longitudtriple de su anchura, el quinto vez y media tan largo como ancho. El cambio de proporciones es gradualdelI alV;losexopoditospresentan setas en suhorde, con disminucion progresiva en su numero, especial­mente escasas en el V. La cantidad de dichas setas de los exopoditos es relativamente proporcional al tamano del ejemplar. Solo los endopoditos I y II tienen setas como es usual en el genero, en numero sin correlacion con el tamano del ejemplar. Figs.14-18.-Speocirolanaguerraisp.Nov.,pereiopodosambulatories: 14,IV;15,V;16,VI;17,VII;18,organomasculino. El pleopodo I (Fig. 19) se implanta sobre un sym-apice, donde son mayores. El endopodito es subigual,podito subrectangular, mas ancho que largo, con 6 con un penacho de setas en el angulo basal interno espinas ganchudas fuertes en su horde interno mas y 30 (18-30) setas en ambos hordes sobre el quintouna seta plumosa. El exopodito tiene 1 espina sobre distal y el apice, mayores que las basales. el horde externo, cerca de la base; presenta 58 (38-El pleopodo II del macho (Fig. 20) tiene un sym­ 62) setas plumosas en los tres cuartos del horde podito trapezoidal, mas ancho en la base; presenta 7distal externo, en el cuarto distal interno y en el espinas ganchudas y 3-7 setas plumosas en una hilera sobre el horde interne. El exopodito presenta un penacho de setas en el angulo basal externo;el horde extemo con setas en sus tres cuartos distales, el horde interne con setas en el cuarto distal, asi como en el apice, en total de 46 a 66. El endopodito pre­senta una escotadura subbasal, donde se inserta un organo copulador ligeramente mas largo que el endopodito, arqueado; el horde externo del endo­podito con setas, en su quinto distal, en la mitad distal del horde interno y en el apice, total 17 a 32. El pleopodo II de la hembra es similar al del macho, excepto en la presencia del organo copulador,exopodito 66 (48-66) y endopodito 26 (17-26)cerdas. El pleopodo 111 (Fig. 21) tiene un sympodito sub-trapezoidal, con 6 espinas y 9 setas plumosas en el horde interno. El exopodito presenta una sutura completa transversal sigmoidea: el segmento basal tiene un penacho de setas en el angulo basal externo y 4 (2-5) setas, distribuidas en sus tres cuartos distales externos, los dos tercios distalesinternos y el apice. El pleopodo IV presenta un sympodito redon­deado; el exopodito tiene una sutura transversal sig­moidea completa; el segmento basal con setas en pincel sobre el angulo basal externo y 3 (2-4) en el horde externo; el segmento distal tiene 47 (30-47) setas plumosas en casi todo el horde externo, los dos tercios distales internos y en el apice, donde el horde presenta una escotadura ligera (Fig. 22). El pleopodo V (Fig. 23) tiene un sympoditoredondeado; el exopodito con una sutura transversal completa; solo el segmento distal con setas, escasas,sobre los apices internos y externos; el horde distal ligeramente escotado, desnudo, inclinado, resulta en un apice interno mas largo que el externo. Una caracteristica no mencionada anteriormente en el genero es la presencia de7 a 14 engrosamientosdiscoidales submarginales sobre ambas caras del horde interno, provistas de filamentos pequenos, en grupos, poco aparentes en el pleopodo I y mas notorios en el V (Fig. 24). El uropodo sobresale del telson, no asi el apiceinterno del sympodito, que es subigual, pero alcanza la mitad del endopodito. El exopodito del macho tiene el apice y la section transversal redondeados e iguala 6 rebasa el extreme del endopodito; presenta1 aguijon, a veces ausente, sobre el horde interno ytiene numerosas setas cortas que le dan aspectopiloso; en la hembra es foliar, subtriangular y mas corto que el endopodito, con escasas setas pequenas, excepto por un pequeno penacho distal; el endopo­dito tiene 7 (5-8) aguijones, usualmente 7, sobre el horde interno. Todos presentan setas apicales. La Fig. 25 muestra el apendice del macho y la Fig. 26 el dela hembra. El telson es redondeado, ligeramente mas ancho que largo, con proporcion de 1.06 a 1.13 (Fig. 27). Comparacion.—S. guerrai es la unica especie del genero que presenta 1 espolon subapical interno en cada uno de los meropoditos de los primeros 3 pereiopodos; 4 a 9, usualmente 6 a 7, aguijones en el horde interno del endopodito del uropodo y 0 a 2,usualmente 1 en el exopodito; Lacinia mobilis de la mandibula subrectangular; segundo y tercer artejodel palpo del maxih'pedo con 4 (2-7) y 2 (1-4) espinasbarbadas, respectivamente, ademas de las setas; exo­podito del pleopodo 111 segmentado; setas en los apices externo e interno del exopodo del pleopodo V, pero no en el horde distal, y este diagonal; propoditodel pereiopodo VII con 1 aguijon subapical interno y1 a mediacion del artejo. Basicamente comparte con S. bolivari el numero de espolones en la cara interna de los propoditos de los pereiopodos I a III; el tamano delas antenas, y el numero de ganchos acopladores de la lacinia del maxih'pedo, lo translucido del cuerpo, y las propor­ciones dela laminafrontal. Es similar a S. pelaezi en; las proporciones de los artejos terminales de la antena;la forma de la cabeza, y el telson redondeado. Se parece a S. thermydronis en: perfil del grupo de setas del artejo distal del palpo mandibular en curva sigmoidea, dicho artejo ovoide y recto; el bajo nu­mero de artejos flagelares de la antenula, y el tamano subigual de la espina apical del sympodito uropodal respecto al telson. La correlation encontrada entre el numero de artejos flagelares de la antenula y antenalleva a recti­ficar la validez de dichas caracteristicas como ele­mentos diagnosticos, particularmente cuando se conocen la variation en las otras especies. Distribution.—Seconoce solo delalocalidadtipo. Notas ecologicas.—La Cueva de la Chorrera es pequena, su diametro es poco mayor de 3 metros en su mayor parte, ramificada; en la galena inferior,termina aparentemente en un deposito de agua,donde se efectuaron las dos primeras colectas, en el fondo se continua por un tubo a cavidades interiores, una de las cuales sirvio para la tercera colecta, al secarse el primer deposito. En la primero colecta no se tomaron datos, en las otras dos, las temperaturasexteriores fueron de 34 y 30 C respectivamente, las interiores aerea y acuatica fueron 26.5 y 22°C, en ambas colectas. El agua es quieta, clara, baja en su mayor parte, excepto atras del deposito posterior, que es mas profundo. El fondo es lodoso, con algo de Figs. 19-23.-Speocirolana guerrai sp. Nov., pleopodos: 19, I; 20, 11, masculine; 21, III; 22, IV; 23, V. grava, como el piso de la cueva. Las paredes son rocosas. Como la galena es descendente, solo forma playa hacia la boca de la cueva. El fondo de los depositoscontiene deyecciones de murcielagos, losprincipaleshabitantesdelacuevason vampiros;durantelascolectas seobservaronfrecuente­mente isopodos comiendo de dichos excrementos, fue el alimento unico que tomaron ejemplares en cautiverio, que sobrevivieron 40 dias. Los unices organismos asociados reconocidos fueron bongos y protozoarios no identificados y un ostracodo epizoario de las cochinillas, de la familiaEntocytheridae, subfamiliaSphaeromicolinae;Sphaeromicola cirolanae Rioja, 1951, segun informo Horton H. Hobbs (in Litt., 1972;ver, 1971). Los estratos donde se localiza la cueva son calizos,llenos de grietas y huecos, por lo que es de esperarse que la ocurrencia de esta especie sea mas amplia en la region. Etimologia.—El nombre trivial se deriva del apellido Guerra, por dedicarse la especie al Sr. Adan F. Guerra. Origen.—Para establecer una presuncion sobre el origen de Speocirolana guerrai, nov. sp., es necesario considerar todas las especies del genero asi como examinar la paleogeografia de la region y locaiidades tipo. Ademas de la ya mencionada, se conocen las siguientes especies en el genero: S. thermydronis Cole y Minckley (1966) de Cuatro Cienegas, Coahuila, S. bolivari (Rioja, 1953) de Grutas de Quinero, ca. de Mante, Tamaulipas, S. pelaezi (Bolivar, 1950) de Gruta Los Sabinos ca. Valles, San Luis Potosi. Tales son localidades tipo, pero las dos ultimas especies se distribuyenampliamente enlaregion(Reddell, 1971ysubsecuentes). La “Conilera” stygia Packard (1900)de pozos en Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, que no se ha vuelto a encontrar, probablemente fuera una forma de este genero, segim Cole y Minckley (1966) yBowman (com. pers.). S. thermydronis difiere de las demas especies en ser habitante de manantiales y por no tener setas en los endopoditos de los pleopodosI y II; las demas especies forman un grupo muy similar, al que probablemente pertenecia la especie de Packard, con origen posiblemente simultaneo y ligeramente separado de S. thermydronis. La distri­bucion se indica en la Eig. 28. El origen marine del genero ha sido senalada pordiferentes autores (Bolivar, 1950; Cole and Minckley,1966; Rioja, 1953); pertenece a la familia marina Cirolanidae, que ha producido frecuentemente formas troglobias dulceacuicolas, tanto en las regiones peri­fericas del Golfo de Mexico y en Cuba, como alrede­dor del Mar Mediterraneo (Bolivar, 1950). Fig. 24.—Speocirolana guerrai sp. Nov., engrosamientos discoidales submarginales, internes y filamentosos, presentes en los pleopodos 111 a V. No se logro precisar ni su estructura fina, ni sus posibles funciones. Foto F. Jimenez y G. Gua­jardo. Varias hipotesis son posibles para explicar el origen del grupo: La primera hipotesis indicaria una posible migra­cion del ancestro desde el mar a las tierras emergidas por via subterranea, con posterior diferenciacion en la zona carsica que hoy ocupan sus descendientes. Este tipo de ongen fue sugerido por Bowman (1964) paraAntrolana lira, de Virginia (EE.UU.), excepto que lo condiciona a un intermediario epigeo. Esta explica­cion es insostenible al intentar aplicarla a la evolucion de especies como las de Speocirolana, especialmenteal notarse la coincidencia, dificilmente casual, de la distribucion del genero a lo largo de dos lineas de costa antiguas, improbables deresultar por migracion, que ademas es de un ancestro hipotetico. La segunda indicaria que las especies de Speociro­lana se encuentran en una serie de localidades quecorresponden aproximadamente a lo que segun Imlay(1943) y Buckhardt (1930) fue la costa del Jurasico Superior. Sin embargo, la region estuvo sumergida Figs. 25-27 .—Speocirolana guerrai sp. Nov.: 25, uropodo,macho; 26, uropodo, extreme distal en la hembra; 27, telson,macho. Fig. 28—Mapa de Mexico con la distribucion de las especies de los isopodos cirolanidos delgeneroSpeocirolana: OS. ther­mydronis Cole y Minckley. Cuatro Cienegas, Coahuila; V “Conilera” stygia Packard. Monterrey, Nuevo Leon; ¦S. guerrai sp. Nov. Contreras y Purata; OS. bolivari (Rioja), ca. Quintero, Tamaulipas; 0 S. pelaezi (Bolivar), ca. Valles, San Luis Potosi. Las ultimas dos son frecuentemente simpatricas en una amplia zona intermedia. durante la mayor parte del Cretacico, por lo cual el ancestro probablemente costero, no podria haber sobrevivido facilmente, excepto si ocurnera lo quehoy sucede en la periferia dela Peninsula de Yucatan,donde las calizas acuiferas dan nacimiento a manan­tiales de agua dulce mar adentro (Osorio Tafall, 1946), habitados por peces (Cichlidae: Cichlasoma)de especies continentales. En la tercera hipotesis se considera que, a excep­cion de S. thermydronis, las especies habitan cuevas situadas a lo largo del horde oriental del Geosinclinal Mexicano (Imlay, 1938; Alvarez, 1949) hoy Sierra Madre Oriental, de edad Cretacica, region que se elevo entre el Maestrichthiano (Cretacico) y el eoceno Terciario (Schuchert, 1935; 1955; Stuart, 1966; Tamayo,1962;Ferrusquia, 1978)pasandolalineade costa sucesivamente por las localidades de Speo­cirolana, en un orden mal conocido, pero que hasta donde se aprecia no se refleja en el patron de diferen­ciacion observado en el genero. Desde esas epocas, las transgresiones marinas escasamente han llegado cerca de una 6 dos areas del problema (Figs. 29-32). De las tres hipotesis, parecen mas factibles la segunda y la tercera; ambas coinciden en general con la opinion de Cole y Minckley (1966) quienes atri­buyen al genero un probable origen pre-Terciario. Por la situacion zoogeografica expuesta, se rea­firma la suposicion de que “Conilera”stygia Packard,debio representar una Speocirolana, segun Cole yMinckley (1966) y Bowman (com. pers.), pues no seria razonable suponer la presencia intermedia de otro genero, en medio de un grupo bastante uni­forme, que ademas compartiera la caracteristica principal de poseer los primeros tres pares de perei­opodos prensores y los cuatro restantes ambulatorios. Al no conocerse material tipo, ni encontrarse nuevos ejemplares, el estado de “Conilera” stygia, seguirasiendo una incognita, y se puede quedar como nomen dubium. el Eoceno; y mostrar para Paleoceno 30, Speocirolana, generoCretacio; del Jurasico 29, Cirolanidosy IsopodosJurasico: en con areas (derecha) las Tamaulipas actualy y costa la con (izquierda)(redibujados),Coahuila de fuentespeninsulas lasde diferentes segun costas viejas las Plio-pleistoceno. en paleogeograficos 32, -Mapaspre-Terciario,Mioceno; y on'gen 29-32.Oligoceno Figs. probable 31, AGRADECIMENTOS Numerosas personas e instituciones proporcio­ naron apoyo a la elaboracion del presente estndio, por las razones expresadas a continuacion: El Biol. M. A. Arturo Jimenez-Guzman dirigio la primera colecta y turno los ejemplares al autor princi­pal para su examen. Los estudiantes de Ciencias Biologicas (UANL), Srs. Hector Medina-Pedraza,Francisco J. Guzman-Hernandez, Oscar Perez-Maciel,Cesar Saldivar-De Leon, Jesus A. Aguilar-Abrego,Efrain Lopez-Ramirez, Jose Ma. Torres-Ayala, asi como Armando y Luis Contreras-Balderas participa­ron en las colectas. En el trabajo fotografico colaboraron los Biols. Fernando Jimenez-Guzman y Gerardo Guajardo-Martinez. Los Drs. Th. E. Bowman (USNM), W. L. Minckley, G. E. Cole (ASU), y A. Villalobos Figueroa (UNAM),tuvieron a su cargo la cntica del manuscrito. El Sr. Adan F. Guerra autorizo el financiamiento de las colectas con fondos especiales del entonces AquariumFelipe J. Benavides (Monterrey), con la anuencia del Sr. Jaime Benavides Pompa. LI trabajo se efectuo en el Laboratorio de Ictio­logia y Pe'.quenas, (trabajo No. 39) de la FTicultad de Ciencias Biologicas (UANL) como un derivado de programas de investigacion de fauna acuatica y de cuevas. A todas las personas e instituciones mencionadas,el agradecimiento sincero de los autores. LITERATURA CITADA Alvarez, M. 1949. Unidades tectonicas de la Republica Mexicana. Bok Soc. Geok Mexico, 14:1-22. Bolivar y Pieltain, C. 1950. Estudio de una Cirolana caver­ nicola nueva de la region de Valles, San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Ciencia, Mexico, 10:211-218. Bowman,T.E. 1964.Antrolanalira,anewgenusandspecies of troglobitic cirolanid isopod from Madison Cave, Virginia. Internatl. J. Speleok, 1:229 236. Bowman, T. E. 1975. A new genus and species of troglobiticcirolanid isopod from San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Occ. Papers Mus. Texas Tech Univ., 27. 7 pp. Burckhardt, C. 1930. Etude synthetique, sur le Mesozoiquemexicain. Mem. Soc. Paleont. Suisse, 49-50. 280 pp. Cole, G. E., y W. L. Minckley. 1966. Speocirolana thermy­dronis, a new species of cirolanid isopod crustaceanfrom central Coahuila, Mexico. Tulane Stud. Zook, 13:17-22. Ferrusquia-Villafranca, 1., ed. 1977. Conexiones terrestres entre Norte y Sudamerica: Simposio interdisciplinarysobre paleogeografia mesoamericana. Univ. Nal. Auton. Mexico, Inst. Geol. Bob, 101. Hobbs, H. H., Jr. 1971. The entocytherid ostracods of Mexico and Cuba. Smithsonian Contr. Zook, 81. 55 pp. Imlay, R. W. 1939. Possible interoceanic connection across Mexico during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. Proc. 6th Pacific Sci. Congr., Geophys. Geok, pp. 423-427. Imlay, R. W. 1943. Jurassic formations of the Gulf Region.Bulk American Assoc. Petr. Geok, 27:1407-1533. Maldonado-Koerdell, M. 1964. Geohistory and paleographyof Middle America, pp. 3-32. En; R. C. West, ed., Hand­book of Middle American Indians, Vol. 1. Austin; Univ. Texas Press. Minckley, W. L., y G. E. Cole. 1968. Speocirolana thermy­dronis (Crustacea: Isopoda) from northeast Mexico,re-discovery, habitat, and supplemental description.Tulane Stud. Zook Bot., 15:2-4. Osorio-Tafall, B. E. 1946. Dates para la hidrologfa de la Republica Mexicana. Inst. Panamericana Geogr. Hist.,84:capitulo final. Packard, A. S. 1900. A new eyeless crustacean from Mexico. Proc. American Assoc. Adv. Sci., 49:228. Rioja, E. 1953. Estudios carcinologicos. XXX. Observaciones sobre los cirolanidos caverm'colas de Mexico (Crustaceos,Isopodos). An. Inst. Biol. Mexico, 41:141-170. Reddell, J. R. 1971. A preliminary bibliography of Mexican cave biology. Assoc. Mexican Cave Stud. Bulk, 3:1-184. Reddell, J. R., y W. R. Elliott. 1973a. A checklist of the cave fauna of Mexico. IV. Additional records from the Sierra del Abra, Tamaulipas and San Luis Potosi. Assoc. Mexi­can Cave Stud. Bulk, 5:171-180. Reddell, J. R., y W, R. Elliott. 1973b. A checklist of the cave fauna of Mexico. V. Additional records from the Sierra de Guatemala, Tamaulipas. Assoc. Mexican Cave Stud. Bulk, 5:181-190. Reddell, J. R., y R. W. Mitchell. 1971a. A checklist of the cave fauna of Mexico. 1. Sierra del Abra, Tamaulipas and San Luis Potosi. Assoc. Mexican Cave Stud. Bulk, 4: 137-180. Reddell, J. R., y R. W. Mitchell. 1971b. A checklist of the cave fauna of Mexico. Ik Sierra de Guatemala, Tamaulipas.Assoc. Mexican Cave Stud. Bulk, 4:181-215. Schuchert, C. 1935. Historical geology of the Antillean Caribbean region. New York; John Wiley & Sons. Schuchert, C. 1955. Atlas of paleogeographic maps of North America. New York: JohnWiley & Sons. Stuart, L. C. 1966.The environment of the Central American cold-bloodedvertebrate fauna. Copeia, 1966:684699. Tamayo, J. L. 1962. Geografia general de Mexico. Mexico: Institute Mexicano de InvestigacionesEconomicas. Assoc. Mexican Cave Stud, Bull., 8:13-23/Texas Mem. Mus. Bull., 28:13-23. SPEOCIROLANA PUBENS AND S. ENDECA, NEW TROGLOBITIC ISOPOD CRUSTACEANS FROM MEXICO (FLABELLIFERA: CIROLANIDAE) Thomas E. Bowman Division of Crustacea Smithsonian Institution Washington, D. C. 20560 ABSTRACT Two new species of the cirolanid isopod genus Speociro­lana are described from Mexican caves: S. pubens from Cueva de la Bonita, San Luis Potosi and Cueva del Ojo de Agua de Manantiales, Tamaulipas, and S. endeca from Sotano de las Calenturas and Cueva del Tecolote, Tamaulipas. Of the 9 species of troglobitic cirolanid isopodsdescribed from Mexico, 4 are members of the genusSpeocirolana Bolivar (1950): S. pelaezi (Bolivar. 1950) and 5. bolivari (Rioja, 1953) from the states of San Luis Potosi and Tamaulipas, S. thermydronisCole and Minckley (1966) from central Coahuila, and S. guerrai Contreras-Balderas and Purata-Velarde, 1981, this bulletin) from Nuevo Leon. The 2 new species described herein are the sth and 6th members of the genus. Speocirolana pubens, new species Figs. 1-4 Material examined.—MEXlCO: San Luis Potosi: Cueva de la Bonita. San Nicolas de los Montes, ca. 13 km N of Agua Buena (the latter ca, 30 km W of Ciudad Valles), elevation ca, 800 m, 3 January 1977 (R. Mitchell, L. Faulkenberry), 2 males (13.8 and 14.3 mm), 4 females (17.3, 17.4, 19.6, and 19.7 mm).The 14.3 mm male is the holotype (USNM 181960):the other specimens are paratypes (USNM 181961).Tamaulipas: Cueva del Ojo de Agua de Manantiales,14 km NNE of Ocampo, 3 September 1979 (W. R. Elliott), 1 female. Description.—Body about 2.5 X as long as wide;width increasing posteriorly to maximum at pereo­nite 7. Largest female 19.7 mm; largest male 14.3 mm. Head rounded anteriorly, with rudimentary rostral point in some specimens; frontal margin raised into slight ridge. Frontal lamina conical, projecting anteri­orly and slightly ventrally in lateral view, pentagonalin ventral view. Pereonite 1 the longest; pereonites 2-4 subequal,shorter than pereonites 5-7. Coxae with low carinae,increasingly longer and higher; rounded posteriorly, coxa 7 reaching posterior margin of pleonite 3 epi­ meron. Pleonites subequal in length; epimera of pleonites1-3 produced posteriorly. Telson linguiform, 7/8 as long as width at base, without marginal spines or setae. Antenna 1 reaching nearly to posterior margin of pereonite 1; peduncle segment 3 about 1.4 X lengthof segment 2; flagellum about 20-merous, distal 9 segments, except Bth from last, each with singleesthete. Antenna 2 reaching posterior margin of pereonite 5; peduncle segment 5 about 1/3 longerthan segment 4: flagellum about 24-merous. Incisors of mandibles similar except cusps less deeply separated in left mandible; left lacinia with 19 spines; molars with about 25 spines; palp seg­ment 2 nearly 2X length of segment 1, outer marginwith row of pectinate setae, inner margin denselyhirsute; segment 3 about 2/3 length of segment 1. Exopod of maxilla 1 with 12 spines; endopod with 3 circumplumose spines. Maxilla 2 with 5 and 10 setae on palp and exopod, respectively, endopodwith 16 setae of varying lengths. Maxilliped with 2 retinacula. Pereopod 1 with robust oval propus, greatestwidth about 0.6 length, palm with 4 stout spines; Fig. 1.-Speocirolana pubens: a, habitus, dorsal; b, habitus, lateral (head not shown); c, head, ventral; d, lacinia of left man­dible; e, molar of right mandible;/-#, incisors of left and right mandibles; h, mandibular palp;i, maxilla 1. Fig. 2.—Speocirolana pubens: a, antenna l;fc, maxilla 2;c, maxilliped; d, pereopod l;e, pereopod 2;/, pereopod 3. Fig. 3.—Speocirolana pubens: a, left pereopod 4; b, left pereopod 5; c, pereopod 7 ; d, pleopod l;e, pleopod 2, female;fpleopod 2, male. Fig. 4.—Speocirolanapubens:a,pleopod3;b,pleopod4;c,pleopod5;d,femaleuropod;e,maleuropod;/,distalmarginof protopod ofuropod, ventral. TableI.—Comparison ofSpeocirolanaguerrai andS.pubens. S. guerrai Telson more broadly rounded. Distomedial corner of peduncle of uropod reaches posterior margin of telson. Endopod of uropod broader, with straight lateral margin. Endopod of uropod with 5-8 spines on medial margin. Propus of pereopods 1-3 with 3 long spines on palm. Pleopod 3 exopod with complete transverse suture. Pleopod 5 exopod with distolateral and distomedial groups of setae. merus and carpus each with single distal stout spine.Pereopods 2 and 3 similar; propus more slender than in pereopod 1, palm with 3 stout spines; merus and carpus with 2 and 3 distal spines respectively. Pereo­pods 4-7 slender, successively longer, with clusters of spines at distal ends of ischium, merus, and carpus. Pleopods 1 and 2, exopods and endopods undi­vided, with plumose marginal setae. Appendix mascu­lina of male pleopod 2 inserted near base of endopod,slightly shorter than endopod, bow-shaped, taperingslightly to rounded apex. Pleopod 3, exopod with short partial suture and marginal setae; endopod undi­vided, without setae. Pleopod 4, exopod divided bysinuous transverse suture, with marginal setae; endo­pod undivided, without setae. Pleopod 5, exopoddivided by oblique suture, with single distal seta;endopod undivided, without setae. Uropods with markedly sexually dimorphic exo­pods. Protopod with strongly produced postero­medial corner: distal margin with spine at lateral corner and ventral spine medial to it. Endopod sub-triangular; medial margin with 2-3 spines in male,2-4 in female. Exopod of female ovate, slightlyshorter than and about 3/5 width of endopod. Exo­pod of malelinear, about 1/4 longer than and slightly more than half width of endopod, margins denselyhirsute. Etymology.—From the Latin “pubens” (=pubes­cent), referring to the pubescence of most appendagesgenerally, but especially to the extreme pubescenceof the male uropod exopod. Relationships.—Of the known species of Speo­cirolana, only S. guerrai and S. pubens have sexuallydimorphic uropods. The other 3 species also differ in other respects from S. pubens. In S. pelaezi the S. pubens Telson more narrowed posteriorly. Distomedialcorner ofpeduncle ofuropod doesnot reach posterior margin of telson. Endopod of uropod narrower, with slightly concave lateral margin. Endopod of uropod with 2-3 (male) or 2-4 (female)spines on medial margin. Propus of pereopods 1-3 with 4-3-4 short spines on palm. Pleopod 3 exopod with partial suture. Pleopod 5 exopod with single distomedial seta. telson is more broadly rounded. In S. bolivari the tel-son is truncate, and the exopod of the uropod has a pair of spines on the medial margin, and the propusof pereopods 1-3 has 3 spines on the palm. S. thermy­dronis has a pointed telson and lacks spines on the margins ofboth rami of the uropods. S. pubens appears to be most similar to S. guerrai.The most obvious differences between these 2 species are summarized in Table 1. Speocirolana endeca, new species Figs. 5-7 Material examined.—MEXlCO: Tamaulipas: Sotano de las Calenturas, Yerbabuena, ca. 34 km NW of Ciu­dad Victoria, elevation 1460 m, 20 November 1979 (J. Reddell, D. McKenzie),4 females (USNM 181944);22 November 1979 (S. Balsdon, J. Lieberz), 1 male (holotype, USNM 181938), 1 female (USNM181939); 23 November 1979(J. Uieberz), Entrada del BlazerSection, 5females(USNM 181941);23Novem­ber 1979 (D. Pate), Thanksgiving Thruway, 1 female (USNM 181943); 23 November 1979 (J. Atkinson),5 females (USNM 181942); 23 November 1979 (L.Hose), 2 females (USNM 181940). Cueva del Teco­lote, Los San Pedro, ca. 32 km NW of Ciudad Vic­toria, 27 May 1980 (T. Treacy), 1 male. Description.—Body nearly 3X as long as wide;width increasing posteriorly to maximum at boun­dary between pereonites 6 and 7. Holotype male 20 mm; largest female 27 mm. Head with small hut distinct rostral point; frontal margin raised into slightridge. Frontal lamina in ventral view pentagonal,nearly 1.5 X as long as wide, in lateral view producedinto point directed anteriorly and slightly ventrally. Fig. s.Speocirolanaendeca:a,habitus,dorsal;h,habitus,lateral;c,head,dorsal;d,head,lateral;e,head,ventral;/,anten­na2\g-h,leftandrightmandibles;i,maxilla 1,j,maxilla2. Fig.G.Speocirolanaendeca:a,maxilliped;b-f, pereopods1-s\g,pereopod7. Fig. l.—Speocirolana endeca: a, penes; b, pleopod l;c, pleopod 2, female; d, pleopod 2 endopod, male;e-,g, pleopods 3-5; h, uropod, ventral;i, pleonite 7, pleon, and telson, dorsal. Fig. B.—Speocirolana bolivari, topotype: a, head, lateral;b, frontal lamina, clypeus, and labrum, ventral; c-e, pleopods 3-5 Pereonite 1 the longest; pereonites 2-6 graduallyincreasing in length; pereonite 7 subequal to 5. Coxae with low carinae; coxae 2-4 rounded posteriorly, coxae 5-7 with squared posterior corners, coxa 7 reaching midlength of pleonite 2. Epirnera of pleo­nites 1-3 slightly produced posteriorly. Telson trun­cate, about a fifth wider than long, with incompletelow transverse carina near base. Antenna 1 reaching midlength of pereonite 2;peduncle segment 3 about 1.3 X length of segment 2;flagellum with up to 24 segments; last 10 segmentseach with single esthete. Antenna 2 reaching from midlength of pereonite 7 to nearly midlength of tel-son; peduncle segment 5 about 1.7 X length of seg­ment 4; flagellum with up to 50 segments. Cusps less deeply separated in incisor of left man­dible than in right; left lacinia with 19 spines, rightwith 16 spines; molars with about 30 spines. Exopodof maxilla 1 with 12 spines; endopod with 3 plumosespines and 2 small setae. Maxilla 2 with 5 and 10 setae on palp and exopod respectively; endopod with 21 setae of varying lengths. Maxilliped with 3 reti­nacula. Pereopod 1 with moderately robust propus; great­est width about 0.5 X length; palm with 3 spines, merus and carpus each with single spine. Pereopods 2 and 3 similar; propus slightly more slender, with 3 spines on palm; carpus and merus with 3 and 2 spinesin pereopod 2 and 2 and 1 spines in pereopod 3. Pereopods 4-< slender, successively longer, with clus­ters of spines at distal ends of ischium, merus, and carpus. Pleopods 1 and 2, exopods and endopods undi­vided, with plumose marginal setae. Appendix mascu­lina bow-shaped, inserted near base ofmale pleopod 2endopod, slightly longer than endopod, taperingslightly to narrowly rounded apex. Pleopods 3 and 4,exopod divided by sinuous transverse suture, with plumose marginal setae on distal segment (absent at apex of pleopod 4); endopod undivided, without setae. Pleopod 5, exopod divided by oblique suture;endopodundivided,both withoutsetae. Table 2.—Comparison ofSpeocirolana bolivari and S. endeca. S. bolivari Frontal lamina in ventral view narrow, length ca. 2.5X width. In lateral view apex of frontal lamina directed more anteriad. Maxilliped palp segments 2 and 3 with 11 and 7 outersetae. Pleopod 3 exopod with partial suture (Fig. 8c). Pleopod 4 exopod with setae on entire distal margin. Pleopod 5 exopod with a few distomedial setae. Uropod exopod with 2 (occasionally 1), endopodwith 5 (occasionally 4) spines on medial margins. Penespyriform, bases widely separated. Uropod protopod with strongly produced postero­medial corner and pair of spines at posterolateral corner. Endopod subtriangular; medial margin with 3-5 (usually 4) spines. Exopod ovate, about 4/5length and half width of endopod; medial marginwith 1, occasionally 2 subapical spines. Etymology.—From the Greek noun “endeka” because this is the 11th troglobitic Mexican species of Cirolanidae to be described. Relationships.—Of the known species of Speo­cirolana, only S. bolivari and S. endeca have truncate telsons. The principal differences between these 2 species are summarized in Table 2. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank James Reddell for sending me these interesting isopods and for the gentle pressure that S. endeca Frontal lamina broader, length and width subequal. Apex of frontal lamina directed more ventrad. Maxilliped palp segments 2 and 3 with 4 and 3 outer setae. Pleopod 3 exopod with complete suture (Fig. 7e). Pleopod 4 exopod with setae lacking on most of distal margin. Pleopod 5 exopod without setae. Uropod exopod with 1 (occasionally 2), endopod with 4 (rarely 3 or 5) spines on medial margins. expedited completion of this manuscript. Ann Cohen arranged and mounted my drawings, and Brian Kensley reviewed the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Bolivar y Pieltain, C. 1944. Estudio de una Cirolana caver­nicola nueva de la region de Valles, San Luis Potosi,Mexico. Ciencia, Mexico, 10:211-218. Cole, G. A., and W, L. Minckley. 1966. Speocirolana ther­mydronis, a new species of cirolanid isopod crustacean from central Coahuila, Mexico. Tulane Stud. Zook, 13:17-22. Contreras-Balderas, S., and D. C. Purata-Velarde. 1981. Speo­cirolana guerrai, sp. Nov., cirolanido troglobio ciego (Crus­tacea: Isopoda) de la Cueva de la Chorrera, Linares,Nuevo Leon, Mexico. Assoc. Mexican Cave Stud. Bull., 8:1-11. Rioja, E. 1953. Estudios carcinologicos XXX. Observaciones sobre los cirolanidos caverm'colos de Mexico (Crustaceos,Isopodos). An. Inst. Biol., Mexico, 24:147-170. Assoc. Mexican Cave Stud. Bull., 8:25-38/Texas Mem. Mus. Bull., 28:25-38. THREE NEW STENASELLID ISOPODS FROM MEXICO (CRUSTACEA: ASELLOTA) Thomas E. Bowman Division of Crustacea, Smithsonian Institution Washington, D. C. 20560 ABSTRACT Descriptions and illustrations are given of Mexistenaselius colei, from Cueva del Infiernillo, Tamaulipas; M. nulemex,from a mine below Cueva de la Boca, Nuevo Leon; and Etla­stenasellus confinis, from Cueva del Guayabo, Oaxaca. A keyis given to Mexican Stenasellidae, based on the exopod of the 4th pleopod. It is suggested that the ancestors of Mexican Stenasellidae inhabited the marine embayment that covered most of central and eastern Mexico at the end of the Creta­ceous or beginning of the Tertiary. Subterranean aquatic isopods of the family Sten­asellidae were first discovered in the Old World in the late 19th century (Dolfuss, 1897). It was not until 1972, when about 25 Stenasellidae had been de­scribed from southern Europe and Africa (Magniez,1974), that the first new-world stenasellid was de­scribed, Mexistenaselius coahuila Cole and Minckley,1972. Since then, 4 more species of new-world sten­asellids have been described: Mexistenaselius parze­falli Magniez, 1972 (male described by Magniez,1973); M. wilkensi Magniez, 1972; M. magnieziArgano, 1974; and Etlastenasellus mixtecus Argano,1977. These 5 new-world stenasellids are inhabitants of Mexico; no stenasellids have been reported from other American countries, but a single specimen has been collected from a well in Texas (Glenn Longley, in litt., 13 September 1976). The 3 new species ofStenasellidae described here­in increase the new-world species to 8, all from Mexico. Their known distribution is shown in Fig. 1. MexistenasellusCole andMinckley, 1972 Mexistenaselius Cole and Minckley, 1972:314 [Type-species, by original designation and monotypy,Mexistenaselius coahuila Cole and Minckley,1972.] Mexistenasellus colei, new species Figs. 2-4 Material examined.—MEXlCO: Tamaulipas: Cueva del Infiernillo, near Conrado Castillo, ca. 75 km. (byroad) SW of El Barretal, 8 May 1977(Peter Sprouse),2 female paratypes (USNM 172213) in deep poolabout 500 m from cave entrance; 27 December 1977 (David McKenzie), 2 male paratypes (USNM 172212)in pool in righthand passage, T 14°, swimming on bark chips; April 1978 (Peter Sprouse), male holo­type (USNM 172210) and 7 male and 6 female para­types (USNM 172211) in Main Sump. Description.—Blind, unpigmentedinalcohol.Total length, excluding uropod, up to 11.5 mm. Body slen­der, length about 5X width. Head width about 1.4X length; rostrum short, obtuse. Coxae visible dorsally.Pleotelson about 0.2 X longer than wide, lateral mar­gins setose; caudomedial lobe low, bordered by 2 setae. Antenna 1 reaching to about Bth flagellar segmentof antenna 2, flagellum 12-16-merous, last 10 seg­mentseachwith esthete.Antenna2reachingtoabout midlength of pereonite 6, flagellum 35-40-merous. Mandible with 4-cuspate incisors; lacina of left man­dible 5-cuspate; spine-row with 12 spines in right, 6 spines in left mandible; right molar with 9 setae, ven­trahnost very short, left molar with 12 setae; Ist seg­ ment of palp with single long seta, 2nd segment with row of setae on distal 1/3, 3rd segment with longapical seta and 10 additional setae in right, 12 addi­tional setae in left mandible. Maxilla 1, outer ramus with 12 dentate apical spines and a shorter subapical spine; inner ramus with 4 apical spines. Lobes of maxilla 2 (outer to inner) with 10, 9, and 14 setae. Maxilliped with sparsely armed endite, with 4 and 3 retinacula on right and left sides. Fig. 1.-Distribution of Stenasellidae in Mexico: 1Mexistenasellus coahuila; 2, M. nuletnex; 3, M. colei; 4, M. parzefalli , and M. wilkensi; 5, M. magniezi; 6, Etlastenasellus confinis; 7, E. mixtecus. Pereopod 1 similar in male and female; propus more than 2X as long as broad; palm slightly convex,proximal half armed with 6 robust spines; posteriormargin of carpus with 5 spines with dentate apices;dactyl with slender spine paralleling claw for 0.6 of its length, subterminal robust spine, and several setae along posterior margin. Pereopods 2-4 slender; pos­terior margin of carpus spinose; pereopod 4 not sex­ually dimorphic. Pereopods 5-7 slender, successivelylonger; pereopod 7 much the longest. Male pleopod 1 exopod oval, with 10 marginalsetae. Male pleopod 2 protopod 1.5 X longer than wide, with 4 distolateral setae; exopod with slightlydiagonal suture between segments; distal segmentslightly shorter than proximal segment, with singleapical seta. Endopod distal segment oblong, broad­ening slightly distally; anterior surface with groovemedial to midwidth, broadening proximally, over­lapped near midlength by fold from either side,medial fold external; cannula projecting apically lateral to groove. Female pleopod 2 pyriform, with long seta on lateral margin and shorter subapical seta. Pleopod 3 exopod oval, with transverse suture at midlength, 2 apical setae and a short seta on surface of proximal segment; endopod about 0.3 width of exopod, reach­ing proximal 1/4of distal exopod segment. Pleopod 4 exopod distinctly shorter and about 0.4 width of en­dopod; proximal segment 1.4X length of distal seg­ment. Pleopod 5 exopod narrow, linear; proximal segment subequal in length to endopod; distal seg­ment 1/4lengthofproximal segment. Propods slender, linear; exopod distinctly shorter than endopod; both rami with apical cluster of longsetae. Etymology.— Named for Dr. Gerald A. Cole, dis­tinguished carcinologist and limnologist, and codis­coverer of the Ist Mexistenasellus. Relationships.—The affinities of M. colei are not evident, but I have the impression that it is most similar to M. coahuila. Diagnostic features of M. colei are 4 spines on maxilla 1 inner ramus, 3 and 4 retinacula on maxillipeds, slenderpropusofpereopod1, form of male pleopod 2, sparse setation of female pleopods 2 and 3, and slender exopods of pleopods4 and 5. Fig. 2.—jMexistenasellus colei; 10.7 mm female; a, habitus, dorsal; b, right antenna 1, dorsal; c, right antenna 2 peduncle,dorsal; d, right mandible; e, f, incisors of right and left mandibles; g, lacinia of left mandible; h, left mandibular palp;i, rightmaxilliped;j, endite of left maxilliped. Fig. 3.—Mexistenaselluscolei,a-h, female:a,maxilla1,outerramus;b,same,innerramus;c,rightpereopod1,medial;d,propusofsame,lateral;e,apexofdactylofsame,lateral;/,pereopod 2,lateral;g,dactylofsame,medial;h,pereopod4;i, male pereopod 4. Pig. 4.—Mexistenaselluscolei;a,malepleopod 1;b,malepleopod2,anterior;c,malepleopod2,posterior;d,rightfemale pleopod2;e,femalepleopod 3;f, femalepleopod4;g,femalepleopod5;h,femaleuropod,dorsal;i,uropodprotopod,ven­tral. Fig. 5 -Mexistenasellus nulemex, female; a, habitus, dorsal; 6, antenna l;c, antenna 2, peduncle; d, right mandible;e, leftmandible;/, maxilla I;g, maxilliped. Mexistenasellus nulemex, new species Figs. 5-7 Material examined—MEXlCO: Nuevo Leon: Mine below Cueva de la Boca, Santiago (20 mi. SE Mon­terrey), 22 June 1971 (Stewart Peck), male holotype(USNM 173663) and 8 female and 3 male paratypes(USNM 173664) on wood. Description.—Blind, unpigmented inalcohol.Total length, excluding uropods, up to 5.9 mm (male holo­type); largest female 5.3 mm. Body slender, lengthabout 4.5 X width. Head width about 1.7 X length;rostrum not developed. Coxae visible dorsally. Pleo­telson about 0.2 X longer than wide; lateral marginsslightly convex, setose; caudomedial lobe low. Antenna 1 reaching beyond midlength of sth pe­duncle segment of antenna 2; flagellum 6-merous,distal 2 segments each with esthete. Antenna2 reach­ing just beyond posterior margin of pereonite 5; fla­gellum with up to about 45 segments. Mandibles with 4-cuspate incisors; lacinia of left mandible 4-cuspate;spine-row of left mandible with 4 serrate spines, that of right mandible with 2 triangular spines with 1 den­tate margin and 2 slender naked spines; left molar with 11 setae, right molar with 7 setae. Maxilla 1, outer ramus with 12 dentate spines and shorter sub-terminal plumose spine; inner ramus with 3 apicalspines. Maxilliped endite with 3 blunt fringed apicalspines and 2 retinacula. Male pereopod 1 propus robust, palm markedly convex, with 4 large conical spines proximally and 6 short stout conical spines distally; merus and carpuseach with 3 slender spines on posterior margin. Fe­male pereopod 1 propus more slender; palm nearlystraight, armed with slender spines; dactyl flexor mar­gin with about 5 obliquely directed spines. Pereopods2-7 slender, moderately spinose, successively longer. Male pleopod 1 exopod subrectangular, about twice as long as wide, with 3 apical setae. Male pleo­pod 2 protopod slightly wider than long, unarmed; exopod 2-merous, proximal segment with seta at dis­tolateral corner, distal segment short, semicircular, with 3 setae on lateral margin; endopod with short proximal segment, distal segment about 3X as long as wide, distal third bent laterad at angle of about 35° and produced at distolateral corner into conical process, orifice located on anterior surface at about midlength of bent part of segment, from it emergesdense group of setae reaching beyond apex of seg­ment. Female pleopod 2 triangular, with 2 apical setae and 1 at midlength oflateral margin. Pleopod 3 exopod suboblong, segments about equal in length,with setae on margins and on anterior surface of distal segment; endopod nearly half width of exopod, reaching about proximal 3rd of exopod distal seg­ment. Pleopod 4 exopod about 2X as long as wide, with oblique suture, distal segment with setose medial margin; endopod about half width of exopod, reach­ing slightly beyond suture. Pleopod 5 exopod longerand slightly narrower than endopod, distal segmentabout 1/4 length proximal segment; endopod with partial suture near midlength. Uropod about 2/3length of pleotelson; rami slender, linear; endopodabout 5/6 length of protopod; exopod about 5/6length of endopod. Etymology.—A contraction of Nuewo Leon , Mexico. Relationships.—M. nulemex appears to be most similar to M. parzefalli. Maxilla 1 inner ramus has 3 apical spines in these 2 species and in M. magniezi, 4 in the other 3 species. The male pereopod 1 is similar in M. nulemex and M. parzefalli; the propus is more strongly developed and its palm more heavily armed with spines than in M. coahuila and M. colei (the male is unknown in M. wilkensi and M. magniezi). The male pleopod 2 distal orifice of M. parzefalli and M. nulemex has numerous emergent setae; these are not presentinM. coahuilaandM.colei M. nulemex is much smaller than M. parzefalli (5.9 mm vs. 14 mm). M. nulemex has a shorter distal exopod segment of male pleopod 2 with fewer mar­ginal setae, a different shape of the distal endopod segment of male pleopod 2 and a subterminal posi­tion of the orifice. M. magniezi is of comparable length (5.5 mm) to M. nulemex, but has twice as many spines in the man­dibular spine rows, a transverse suture in pleopod 4 exopod, and a much shorter uropod protopod. Etlastenasellus Argano, 1977 Etlastenasellus Argano, 1977:117 [Type-species, by original designation and monotypy, Etlastenasellus mixtecus Argano, 1977.] Etlastenasellus confinis, new species Figs. 8-10 Material examined.—MEXlCO: Oaxaca: Cueva del Guayabo, 12 km N Valle Nacional, 29 Dec. 1972 (James Reddell, David McKenzie, Martha Helen McKenzie, Stuart Murphy), male holotype (USNM173394) and 12 paratypes (USNM 173395) in small rimstone-lined drip pool about 800 m from cave entrance. Description.—Blind, unpigmentedinalcohol.Total length of largest specimen (holotype), exluding uro­pods, 3.7 mm. Body moderately slender, length about 4X width. Head width about 1.6 X length; anterior Fig. 6.—Mexistenasellus nulemex: a, female pereopod 1; b, male pereopod 1, medial; c, propus of same, lateral; d, malepereopod2;e, malepereopod3;/,malepereopod4;g,malepereopod7. Fig. 7 .—Mexistenasellus nulemex: a, male pleopod 1; b, female pleopod 2;c, male pleopod 2, anterior; d, same, posterior; e, male pleopod 3;/, male pleopod 4 \g, male pleopod s;h, female uropod. Fig. B .—Etlastenasellus confinis, female: a, habitus, dorsal; b, left antenna 1, ventral; c, antenna 2 peduncle; d, right mandible;e, left mandible;/, maxilla 1. Fig. 9-Etlastenasellusconfinis, male: a, maxilliped; b, pereopod l;c, pereopod 2\d, pereopod s;e, pereopod 6. Fig. 10—Etlastenasellus confinis: a, male penis and pleopod 1; b, female pleopod 1; c, male pleopod 2, anterior;d, male pleopod 2 endopod, medial; e, male pleopod 2, posterior; /, female pleopod 3; g, female pleopod 4; h, female pleopod 5;i, right female uropod, dorsal. margin slightly concave. Coxae not visible dorsally.I'elson about 1/3 longer than wide; lateral margins setose; dorsumwithscattered setae;caudomediallobe moderately well developed. Antenna 1 reaching distal end of peduncle of an­tenna 2; flagellum 6-8-merous; distal 4 segments each with esthete. Antenna 2 reaching anterior or mid-length of pereonite 5; flagellum about 25-merous. Mandibles with 4-cuspate incisors; lacinia of left mandible 5-cuspate; spine-row with 4 spines in right,3 spines in left mandible; right molar with 7, left molar with 9 setae; Ist segment of palp unarmed, 2nd segment with 3 setae, 3rd segment with 9 setae in right, 8 in left mandible. Maxilla 1, outer and inner rami with 13 and 4 spines respectively. Maxillipedwith 2 retinacula. Pereopod 1, palm of propus armed proximallywith 2 blunt spines having fringed apices, followed by7 long spines with slender tips and 16 triangularspines; dactyl with slender spine inserted proximal to claw. Pereopod 2 with row of spines along posteriormargin of carpus. Pereopod 5-6, ischium and rnerus broad, posterodistal margins armed with long spines.Male pleopod 1 protopods fused proximally; exo­ pod oval, 2 1/4 X as long as wide, with 8apical setae. Male pleopod 2 exopod short, transverse suture apparent on posterior surface only, lateral margin with 3 setae; endopod pyriform, with medial groove overlapped by anterior and posterior folds; cannula subterminal, curving laterad. Female pleopod 1 tri­ angular, with long terminal seta and shorter seta at midlength of lateral margin; right and left pleopods separate except for very short fusion at base. Pleopod 3 oval, with slightly oblique transverse suture near Table I.—Comparison ofEtlastenasellus spp. mixtecus Length/width ca. 5 A-l flagellar segments 11 (9?) midlength, and about 16 marginal setae; endopodreaching slightly beyond suture. Pleopod 4 exopodpyriform, with curved oblique suture and setulose margins; endopod fleshy, 0.7 length of exopod. Pleo­pod 5 exopod unarmed, reaching beyond fleshy endo­pod by distal segment. Endopod of uropod about 1.6 X length of proto­pod and slightly longer than exopod; both rami moderately setose. Etymology.—From the Latin confinis ing, adjoining), referring to its geographical proximity to the only other known species, E. mixtecus. Relationships.—E. confinisissufficientlysimilarto the type-and only species of Etlastenasellus, E. mix­tecus Argano (1977), that I am assigning it to Arga­no’s genus despite the lack of close conformity to Argano’s generic diagnosis. The proximal fusion of the protopods of male pleopod 1 and female pleo­pod 2 is less extensive in E. confinis, and I could not detect a proximal segment in the male pleopod 2 endopod. The diagnosis ofEtlastenasellus might need to be modified when more species are described, but it wouldbepremature todo sonow. Differences between the 2 species of Etlastenasel­lus can be conveniently summarized in tabular form (Table 1). Key to SpeciesofMexican Stenasellidae For identification of most North American Aselli­dae it is necessary to have males, since the structure of the endopod tip of the male pleopod 2 providesthe most reliable and sometimes the only reliable diagnostic characters. Fortunately for taxonomists,North American Stenasellidae can be identified by qonfinis ca. 4 8 Esthetes on A1 Last 3 segments Last 4 segments Rt. Md incisor Entire 4-cuspid Mx-1 outer ramus 10 spines 12 spines + 1 seta Palm ofP I 4 blunt fringed spines4 triangular spines 2 blunt fringed spines16 triangular spines Male PM exopod 2 distolateral spines No distolateral spines PP4 exopod Lateral margin of proximal segment setulose All margins setulose PI-5 exopod Reaches apex of endopod Reaches beyond apexof endopod Uropod Rami > 2X protopod Rami < 2X protopod characters common to both sexes. One such character that might prove to be particularly useful is the exo­pod of the 4tli pleopod. The key below can be used to separate North American Stenasellidae by this with nearly transverse suture character alone. 1. Distal segment without marginal setae . . . Distal segment with marginal setae 2 4 2. Exopod about 2X as long as wide, with strongly diagonal suture Exopod more than 4X as long as wide, 3 3. Apex truncate M. coahuila Apex obtuse E. mixtecus 4. Suture transverse M. magnieziSuture diagonal, at least in medial half. . . 5 5. Proximal segment with marginal setae . . . 6 Proximal segment without marginal setae 6. Distal segment quadrate,widerthan long M. parzefalli Distal segment triangular, longerthan wide E. confinis 7. Suture straight \L nulemex Suture bent near midlength M. ivilkensi Origin of Species of Mexican Stenasellidae According to Magniez (1974), present day species of Stenasellidae evolved from blind marine ancestors from interstitial habitats. In contrast, species of Asel­lidae now living in subterranean habitats are believed to have been derived from epigean freshwater pre­cursors which dispersed in surface waters. Since the ancestral stenasellids lived in interstitial habitats and present day species are active burrowers (although reasonably vagile), their distribution cannot be ac­counted for in the same way as that of asellids. In Africa the various species of stenasellids reached their present inland locations by migration upstream via phreatic routes. This seems improbable in Mexico; it is more likely that the ancestral stenasellids, like the ancestors of the amphipod genus Mexiweckelia (Hol­singer, 1973), were inhabitants of the shallow marine embayment that apparently covered most of central and eastern Mexico and southern Texas at the end of the Cretaceous or beginning of the Tertiary-. As the waters of the embayment regressed, local populationsof stenasellids became isolated and evolved into the present day species. LITERATURE CITED Argano, R. 1974. Mexistenasellus magniezi, n. sp., a blind aquatic isopod from Veracruz, Mexico (Crustacea). Quad.Accad. Naz. Lincei. Probl. Att. Sci. Cult., 171(2);97-103. Argano, R. 1977. Asellota del Messico meridional e Guate­mala (Crustacea, Isopoda). Quad. Accad. Naz. Lincei,Probl. Att. Sci. Cult., 171(3):101-124.Cole, G. A., and W. L. Minckley. 1972. Stenasellid isopod crustaceans in the Western Hemisphere a new genus and - - species from Mexico with a review of other North Ame­ rican freshwater isopod genera. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washing­ton, 84; 313-326. Hoisinger, J. R. 1973. Two new species of the subterranean amphipod genus Mexiweckelia (Gammaridae) from Mexico and Texas, with notes on the origin and distribu­tionofthegenus. Assoc.MexicanCaveStud.Bull.,5:1-12. Magniez, G. 1972. Deux Stenasellidae cavernicoles nouveaux de TAmerique centrale; Mexistenasellusparzefalli n. sp. et Mexistenasellus wilkensi n. sp. (Crustacea Isopoda Asel­lota). Internatl. J. Speleol., 4:19-31. Magniez, G. 1973. Description du male de Mexistenasellus parzefalli (Crustacea Isopoda Asellota cavernicole du Mex­ique) et observations sur cette espece. Internatl. J. Speleol.,5:163-170. Magniez, G. 1974. Donnees faunistiques et ecologiques sur les Stenasellidae. Internatl. J. Speleol., 6:1410. Assoc.Mexican CaveStud.Bull.,8:39-44/TexasMem. Mus.Bull.,28:39-44. A NEW CRAYFISH (DECAPODA: CAMBARIDAE) FROM THE STATE OF PUEBLA, MEXICO, WITH NEW LOCALITY RECORDS FOR PROCAMBARUS (VILLALOBOSUS) XOCHITLANAE AND ENTOCYTHERID OSTRACOD SYMBIONTS Horton H. Hobbs, Jr. Department of Invertebrate Zoology' Smithsonian Institution Washington, D. C. 20560 ABSTRACT been reported from the Rio Tecolutla Basin, and Procambarus (Villalobosus) cuetzalanae. a probable trog-only three of the seven frequenting the latter have lophile or trogloxene, is described from Cueva de Tasalolpan been found in either the adjacent Rio Cazones or in the Tecuantepec Basin, 5 km southwest of Cuetzalan. Rio Nautla watersheds. Thus on the basis of thePuebla. It has its closest affinities with P. (V.) riojai (Villa­ present state of our knowledge of the ranges of lobos, 1944) which frequents headwater streams of Rfo Necaxa and Rio Cazones. A new locality is cited for P. (V.) these crayfishes, which to be sure is quite meager, the xochitlanae Hobbs (1975) and new hosts and localities for Rio Tecolutla Basin appears to support the greatest the entocytherid ostracods Entocythere mexicana Rioja diversity of this probably monophyletic stock, in­(1943) and Uncinocythere dobbinae (Rioja, 1943). cluding the species described here and its closest relative, Procambarus (V.) riojai (Villalobos, 1944:The crayfish described here, although found in 161). The composition of the subgenus together with subterranean habitats in all except one of the five summaries of the ranges of the previously describedknown localities (all near Cuetzalan, Puebla), exhibits species maybefoundinHobbs(1974,1975):further no obvious adaptations to a spelean existence; thus it details concerning most of these crayfishes are avail-is probable that when sufficient information con- able in Villalobos (1955).cerning its ecological distribution becomes available it will be found to be either a troglophile or troglo­xene. It is a member of the genus Procambarus. by Procambarus (Villalobosus) cuetzalanae, new species far the largest of the American cravfish genera, and Fig. 1 one that embraces more than half of the crayfish Diagnosis.—Body pigmented, eyes well developed.species occurring in Mexico. Whereas in the United Rostrum devoid of marginal spines, median carina States most members of the genus appear, for the absent. Cervical spine represented by small tubercle. most part, to shun the mountains, representatives of Areola of specimens with carapace length greater than the Mexican subgenus Villalobosus. to which this 19.9 mm, 5.5 to 8.6 (average 6.8) times as long as crayfish belongs, exhibit no such aversion to high wide and constituting 34.1 to 36.9 (average 34.5)elevation in the tropics. percent of carapace length (39.8 to 42.8. averageInsofar as is known, the combined ranges of all 40.9, percent of postorbital carapace length). Sub-of the members of the subgenus Villalobosus en-orbital angle subacute to broadly obtuse. Postorbital compass four major drainage basins (Rio Tuxpan, ridge terminating anteriorly with or without acute to Cazones, Tecolutla, and Nautla) lying on the Atlantic subacute tubercle. Hepatic area tuberculate; branchio­versant of Mexico within the states of Hidalgo, stegal spine, if present, spiniform or tuberculifonn. Puebla, and Veracruz. Of the 10 recognized species, Antennal scale approximately twdce as long as wide,including that described herein, only three have not broadest distal to midlength. Ischium of only fourth Fig. 1.—Procambams (Villalobosus) cuetzalanae, new species (a-d, f-qf all from holotype except h and o from allotype and n andpfrommorphotype) andP.(V.)riojai(e):a,lateralviewofcarapace;b,n, mesialviewoffirstpleopod;c,mesialviewof distal part of first pleopod; d, cephalolateral view of same; e, cephalolateral view of distal part of first pleopod of paratypicmale, form I;/, lateral view of distal part of first pleopod;#, p, lateral view of first pleopod;h, annulus ventralis and adjacentsternites, i, caudal view of first pleopods;./', antennal scale;k, epistome; I, basal podomeres of third through fifth pereiopods; m, dorsal view of carapace;©, q, dorsal view of distal podomeres of cheliped. pereiopod with hook; hook simple, tumescent, and overreaching basioischial articulation, but not op­posed by tubercle on basis; coxa of fourth pereiopodwith prominent acute boss on caudomesial ventral angle. First pleopods of first form male reachingcephalic margin of coxae of second pereiopods,weakly asymmetrical, lacking shoulder on cephalicsurface, subapical setae limited to 1 or 2 at cephalo­mesial base of cephalic process; mesial process, most prominent of terminal elements, corneous, slightlysinuous, and directed distally, its cornified texture contrasting sharply with adjacent calcified base; cephalic process, also partly corneous, acute, and directed distally with tip turned somewhat caudally;central projection arising from middle of shaft, ap­pearing acute in mesial and lateral aspects, and directed distally but falling short of mesial and cephalic processes, its compound nature clearly evi­dent in cephalolateral view; caudal element con­sisting of reduced caudal knob situated caudo­laterally, low bladelike caudal process on lateral flank of central projection, and low rounded adven­titious process at caudomesial base of central pro­jection. Annulus ventralis about 1.7 times as long as wide, subsymmetrical in outline; ventral surface strongly sculptured: cephalic half with obliquetrough slanting laterally from midcephalic marginand joining side of depression occupying median partof caudal half of annulus; sinus originating in trough,and, following sigmoid curve in depression, ending on caudal wall of annulus; cephalic wall convex, caudal wall concave; tongue broad and rounded. Postannular sclerite large and highly elevated, occupying con­cavity on caudal surface of annulus when extended forward. First pleopod present in female. Holotypic male, Form I.—Cephalothorax (Fig. la, m) subovate, compressed, and with greatest width slightly more than height at caudodorsal margin of cervical groove. Abdomen narrower than thorax (12.1 and 13.9 mm). Areola 6.8 times as long as broad with 3 punctations across narrowest part.Cephalic section of carapace about 1.8 times as long as areola, latter comprising 35.3 percent of entire length of carapace (41.6 percent of postorbital cara­pace length). Surface of carapace conspicuously setose, deeply punctate dorsally (especially in ante­rior gastric region), and tuberculate to granulatelaterally; hepatic and anteroventral branchiostegal areas with rather large tubercles. Rostrum broad basally with weakly convergent margins devoid of spines or tubercles; margins, somewhat thickened and elevated above concave surface, contractingrather decidedly at level of about midlength of pen­ultimate podomere of antennular peduncle, and apex reaching base ofultimate podomere oflatter append­age; dorsal surface of rostrum punctate, pits much larger posteriorly than anteriorly. Suhrostral ridgesmoderately strong and visible in dorsal aspect onlyalong basal part of rostrum. Postorbital ridge strong,grooved dorsolaterally, and terminating cephalicallyin small corneous tubercles. Suborbital angle strong and subacute. Branchiostegal spine small on left and almost obsolete on right. Cervical spine representedby very small tubercle. Abdomen subequal in length to carapace (30.7and 30.9 mm). Pleura of third through fifth abdomi­nal segments rounded both ventrally and postero­ventrally. Cephalic section of telson with 3 spines in each caudolateral comer, lateral and mesial ones immovable. Cephalic lobe of epistome (Fig. Ik) with 7 obtuse angles, cephalomedian one consisting of short projection; margins thickened and elevated ven­trally; proximomedian area of lobe convex and flanked caudally by moderately deep fovea; epistomal zygoma arched. Ventral surface of proximal podo­mere of antennular peduncle with strong spine at about midlength. Antennal peduncle without spinesalthough rounded tubercle present on ischium; flagellum reaching caudally to fourth abdominal tergum. Antennal scale (Fig. Ij) about twice as long as broad, widest distal to midlength, greatest width of lamellar area about 1.7 times that of thickened lateral part. Third maxilliped extending to level of proximal end of distal podomere of antennular peduncle;ischium with distolateral extremity rounded and not produced; its lateral half bearing tufts of short plu­mose setae with only distomesial area naked; mesial half of podomere bearing 2 longitudinal rows of stiff setal tufts. Right chela (Fig. 1q) subovate in cross section,moderately depressed. Entire palm and basal part of fingers with strong subsquamous tubercles; mesial surface with tubercles arranged linearly, mesiahnost row consisting of 9. Both fingers with longitudinalridges dorsally and ventrally, ridges flanked proxi­mally by tubercles, latter decreasing in size distallyand replaced by rows of setiferous punctations on distal two-thirds of fingers. Opposable margin of fixed finger with row of 9 tubercles, third from base largest, and large tubercle on lower level between seventh and eighth tubercles; single row of minute denticles extending between tubercles from second to eighth, at level of latter, and again just distal to ninth,denticles clustering, but distalmost 5 forming single row. Opposable margin of dactyl with tubercles and denticles arranged as on fixed finger; however, large one on lower level absent. Carpus of cheliped longer than broad with obliquefurrow dorsallv; dorsal, mesial, and lateral surfaces tuberculate, latter sparsely so; mesial face with 1 tubercle distinctly larger than others; ventral surface with widely spaced punctations and with 2 marginaltubercles distally: acute one mesially and more swollen one on lateral articular condyle. Merus with dorsal surface tuberculate, tubercles increasing in size distally; mesial and lateral surfaces irregular and with scattered setiferous punctations;ventral surface with mesial row of 12 spikeliketubercles and more irregular lateral one of 13, 4 present in oblique row joining mesial and lateral rows distally. Ischium with row of 4 (3 on left) tubercles ventromesially. Hook (Fig. 1Z) on ischium of fourth pereiopodonly (rudiment in form of 2 tubercles present on third): hook strong, somewhat inflated, overreaching basioischial articulation, but not opposed by tubercle on basis. Coxa of fourth pereiopod with prominent,acute, laterally disposed boss caudomesially; that of fifth with compressed, less conspicuous caudomesial boss; coxa of third pereiopod with rudiment of boss consisting of low caudomesial ridge. Sternum be­tween second, third, and fourth pereiopods shallow and heavily setose, but setae extending from ventro­lateral margins directed ventrally and comparativelyinconspicuous. First pleopod (Fig. 1b-d, f, g, i) as described in “Diagnosis": in addition, proximomesial lobes not overlapping mesially, but that of sinistral member situated distinctly proximal to that of dextral. L ropod with mesial lobe of proximal podomerebearing acute spine: distomedian spine of mesial ramus premarginal. Allotypic female.—Differing from holotype, ex­cept in secondary sexual characteristics, as follows: rostnun reaching midlength of ultimate podomere of antennular peduncle; postorbital ridge ending in small acute tubercle: branchiostegal spine represented bysmall tubercle: cephalic lobe of epistome with more distinct anterolateral prominences; palm of chela (Fig. lo) with mesial row of 8 (7 on left) tubercles;opposable margin of fixed finger of right chela with row of 9 tubercles (fourth from base largest), left with 10 (fifth from base largest): dactyl of both chelae with row of 8 tubercles on opposable surface; ventral surface of merus of cheliped with mesial row of 11 tubercles and lateral one of 12; ischium with mesioventral row of 3 tubercles on right and 4 on left chelipeds. Annulus ventralis (Fig. 1/?) as described in "Diag­nosis.” Sternum immediately cephalic to annulus V-shaped in section and with scattered setiferous punctations but devoid of tubercles or projections. Postannular sclerite very prominent, subconical, slightly less than three-fourths as long and three- fifths as wide as annulus. First pleopod reaching slightly anterior to midlength of annulus when abdo­ men flexed. (See Table 1.) Morphotypic male, Form ll.—Differing from holo­type in following respects: rostrum with corneous upturned tip: postorhital ridge truncate; hranchio­stegal spine small; cephalic lobe of epistome with cephalolateral areas more produced anteriorly; antenna reaching fifth abdominal tergum: opposablemargin of fixed finger of left chela with row of 8 tubercles, fourth from base largest, one of distal 2 tubercles present in holotype lacking; ventral surface of merus of cheliped with mesial row of 12 tubercles, lateral one of 11, and oblique row of 3. Hook on ischium of third pereiopod even more reduced, and that on fourth distinctly smaller, not overreachingbasioischial articulation; boss on coxa of fourth pereiopod only slightly reduced, those on third and fifth distinctly less clearlv defined. (See Table 1.) First pleopod (Fig. In, p) lacking corneous termi­ nals but all represented: caudal element not clearly differentiated, and cephalic and mesial processesrather shorter and more robust. Type-locality.—Cueva de Tasalolpan, 5 km south­west of Cuetzalan. Puebla, in the Rio Tecuantepec(tributary to Rio Tecolutla) watershed. A map of I. kilometers of this cave, prepared by D. McKenzie from a survey conducted by A. Grubbs, D. McKenzie, J. Reddell, and C. Soileau, accompanies an article byPeter Sprouse (1979:62). According to Sprouse, Table I.—Measurements (mm) of Procambarus (Villalobo­sus) cuetzalanae. Holotype Allotype Morphotype Carapace; Height 13.2 12.5 13.4 Width 13.9 12.6 13.5 Total length 30.9 28.4 30.3 Postorbital length 26.2 24.1 25.9 Areola: Width 1.6 1.4 1.5 Length 10.9 9.9 10.7 Rostrum: Width 5.2 5.0 5.2 Length 5.8 5.6 5.7 Chela: Length of mesial margin of palm 9.9 7.7 8.6 Width of palm 9.2 8.3 8.9 Length of lateral margin 26.1 21.7 23.1 Length of dactyl 14.6 11.1 12.6 Abdomen: Width 12.1 12.4 12.1 Length 30.7 30.5 30.5 most of the passages explored were dry, but an "active stream’' leads to a “low air duct and a sump.The cave lies above and runs parallel to Sumidero de Atepolehuit [sic] and may drop into it. It is also not farfromthe mainSistemaCuetzalan.” Disposition of types.— The holotype, allotype, and morphotype are deposited in the National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution), nos. It 7202, 177203, and 177204, respectively, as are the following paratypes: 5 male I, 7 male 11, 3 females,2 juvenile males, and 3 juvenile females. Of the re­maining paraty pes, 1 male I, 1 male 11, and 1 female are in the Texas Memorial Museum, and similar series in the British Museum (Natural History) and Rijks­museum van Natuurlijke Historic (Leiden, The Netherlands). Size.—The largest specimen is a female having a carapace length of 39.6 (postorbital carapace length34.5) mm. The largest and smallest first form males have corresponding lengths of 32.3 (27.4) and 24.4 (20.6) mm. Range and specimens examined.—Known from five localities in the vicinity of Cuetzalan, Puebla: (1) Type-locality, 22 Dec. 1976 (J. R. Reddell, A. Grubbs, D. McKenzie, and C. Soileau), 4 male I,8 male 11, 5 females, 1 juvenile male. (2) Spring 6.1 km N of Cuetzalan, 19 Dec. 1976 (JRR, AG,DM, and CS), 1 male 11. (3) Sumidero de Atepolihuitde San Andres, N of Cuetzalan, 28 Dec. 1979 (J.Francisco, H. Galindo, and A. Manuel), 1 male I,1 male 11, 1 female); 2 Jan. 1980 (AG, J. Lieberz,and B. Richards), 1 male I, 1 male 11. (4) Sima Zoquiapan, 1.1 km N of Cuetzalan, 2 Jan. 1980 (L. W ilk, J. Hooper, and M. Minton), 1 male I,1 female, 1 juvenile male, 2 juvenile females. (5)Sumidero de Chichicasapan, 0.8 km S of Cuetzalan, Feb. 1980 (W. Liebman), 1 male II; Feb. 1980 (J.Jancewicz), 1 male I; Mar. 1980 (WL and W. Ander­ son), 1 male I, 1 juvenile female. Variations.—lgnoring injuries and regeneratedappendages, with few exceptions the specimens at hand are very uniform. The suborbital angle rangesfrom subacute to broadly obtuse; the epistome is rarely subrectangular, more frequently as illustrated (Fig. 1/c), and most commonly bears anterolateral projections only slightly less prominent than the anteromedian one; the areola exhibits three or four punctations in the narrowest part, and in juveniles is distinctly broader than in most of the adults, scarcelyfive times as long as wide; and the arrangement and numbers of tubercles on the cheliped are as follows: opposable margin of fixed finger usually bearing 8 to 10, but occasional individuals with as few as 7 and one with 24; corresponding margin of dactyl in most specimens also with row of 8 to 10 but occasionallywith as many as 21; mesial margin of palm of chela with rnesialmost row of 7 to 9 tubercles and often with slightly more ventrolateral row of 6 to 10. The ventral surface of the merus of the cheliped supports a mesial row of 9 to 13 tubercles, a lateral one of 7 to 10, and an oblique row joining the other two of 2 to 4. There are few differences in the secondary sexual features except as follows: The bosses on the coxae of the fourth and fifth pereiopods become progres­sively more conspicuous with increase in size of the animal, and, of course, the frequent enlargement and texture of the corneous parts make them more con­spicuous in the first form male. The greatest varia­tions noted in the first pleopod are in the relative lengths of the mesial and cephalic processes—in some individuals they extend about the same distance distally, but in some specimens the former reaches much beyond the latter. The caudal process may be slightly more or less conspicuous than that illustrated in Fig. Id. The annulus ventralis appears more vari­able than it is, chiefly because of the broad arc through which it swings. If the caudal margin is pressed dorsally against the sternum, the annulus appears to be deeply cleft posteriorly. In swingingventrally, the apparent posterolateral lobes seem to decrease in size. Relationships.—This crayfish is more closely allied to Procambarus (Villalobosus) riojai than to anyother species. The similarities are best seen in the structure of the first pleopod of the male, particularlyin the disposition and appearance of the mesial and cephalic processes. The structure of the mesial pro­cess suggests a linking of the more generalized P. (V.)riojai with two of the more disparate, if not also advanced, members of the subgenus, P. (V.) tlapa­ coyanensis (Villalobos, 1947b:537)and P. (V.) teziut­lanensis (Villalobos, 1947a:240). It may be distin­guished from P. (V.) riojai in lacking a median Carina on the rostrum, in possessing a much weaker, almost obsolete, boss on the coxa of the third pereiopod, in having a reduced, tuberculiform caudal element of the first pleopod of the first form male (cf. Fig. id and le), and in exhibiting a much more stronglysculptured annulus ventralis. It differs from the other two most conspicuously in possessing a proportion­ately smaller mesial process on the first pleopod of the male that is less sinuous than it is in P. (V.)tlapacoyanensis and decidedly less elongate than that in males of P. (V.) teziutlanensis. In contrast, the cephalic process is much better developed than in either of the latter two. Ostracod associates.— ln all of the subterranean localities listed above, this crayfish was infested with the entocytherid Uncinocythere dobbinae (Rioja,1943), and those crayfish from Sumidero de Atepo­lihuit de San Andres also carried representatives of Entocythere mexicana Rioja (1943). The ranges and previously recorded hosts of these ostracods are summarized by Hobbs (1971). Procambarus (Villalobosus) xochitlanae Hobbs (1975) Previously this crayfish has been reported to occur only in the type-locality, Cueva de los Camarones,three kilometers northwest of Xochitlan, Puebla. On 10 January 1980, a first form male of this crayfish was collected in Sumidero de Atepolihuit de Nau­zontla, 32 kilometers north of Cuetzalan, Puebla,by A. Grubbs and J. Lieberz. The rostrum of this specimen is injured, therefore the carapace lengthcannot be recorded; the postorbital carapace length is 27.0 mm. This specimen was infested with the ostracod Uncinocythere dobbinae. A juvenile female (cl 14.1 mm, postorbital cl 11.5 mm) tentativelyidentified as a member of this species was obtained in Cueva de Guayateno no. 2, Cuetzalan, on 22 December 1979 by A. Villagomez. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My thanks are extended to James R. Reddell of the Texas Memorial Museum, Austin, for providing me with the specimens on which this description is based and for furnishing the data included under “Type-locality.” I am also grateful to W. Anderson, J. Francisco, H. Galindo, A. Grubbs, J. Hooper, J. Jancewicz, J. Lieberz, W. Liebman, A. Manuel, D. McKenzie, M. Minton, C. Soileau, A. Villagomez,and L. Wilk who assisted in collected the type-series.For their criticisms of the manuscript, I am indebted to my colleagues, Margaret A. Daniel, Raymond B. Manning, and Isabel Perez Farfante at the Smith­sonian Institution. LITERATURE CITED Hobbs, H. H., Jr. 1971. The entocytherid ostracods of Mexico and Cuba. Smithsonian Contrib. Zool., 81. 55 pp. Hobbs, H. H., Jr. 1974. A checklist of the North and Middle American crayfishes (Decapoda; Astacidae and Cambari­dae). Smithsonian Contrib. Zool., 166.iii 161 pp. + Hobbs,H.H.,Jr. 1975.Newcrayfishes(Decapoda: Cambari­dae) from the southern United States and Mexico. Smith­sonian Contrib. Zool., 201. iii + 34 pp. Rioja, E. 1943. Estudios carcinologicos, XIV. Nuevos datos acerca de los Entocythere (Crus. Ostracodos) de Mexico. An. Inst. Biol., Mexico, 14:553-566. Sprouse, P. 1979. Discovery in Cuetzalan. Assoc. Mexican Cave Stud. Activities News., 10:61-63. Villalobos F., A. 1944. Estudios de los cambarinos mexi­canos, 11. Dos especies nuevas del genero Paracambarus. An. Inst. Biol., Mexico, 15:161-174. Villalobos F., A. 1947a. Estudios de los cambarinos mexi­canos, V. Redescripcion de Paracambarus paradoxus(Ort.) y description de una especie nueva del mismo genero. An. Inst. Biol., Mexico, 18:233-247. Villalobos F., A. 1947b. Estudios de los cambarinos mexi­canos. VI. Description de una nueva especie del generoParacambarus. An. Inst. Biol., Mexico, 18:537-546. Villalobos F., A. 1955. Cambarinos de la fauna mexicana. (Crustacea Decapoda). Tesis. Facultad de Ciencias. Univ. Nac. Aut., Mexico, xvi + 290 pp. Assoc. Mexican Cave Stud. Bull., 8:45-50/Texas Mem. Mus. Bull., 28:45-50. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW TROGLOBITIC CRAYFISH FROM MEXICO AND A LIST OF MEXICAN CRAYFISHES REPORTED SINCE THE PUBLICATION OF THE VILLALOBOS MONOGRAPH (1955)(DECAPODA, CAMBARIDAE) Horton H. Hobbs, Jr., and Andrew G. Grubbs Department of Invertebrate Zoology Smithsonian Institution and Department of Biology Southwest Texas State University ABSTRACT Procambarus (Scapulicambams) xilitlae, the first troglo­bitic crayfish known to occur north of the Cordillera Vol­canica Transversal in Mexico, was collected in Hoya de las Guaguas, 10 kilometers south-southwest of Aquismon, San Luis Potosi. Its closest ally appears to be P. (S.) strenthi Hobbs (1977b), an epigean species that frequents the same watershed. The acquisition of a first form male is needed to confirm the tentative assignment of this crayfish to the sub-genus Scapulicambarus. The species described here from the Panuco Basin is the fourth troglobitic crayfish to be reported from Mexico and the first that has been recorded from north of the Cordillera Volcanica Transversal. The first of these troglobites, Procambarus (Austrocam­barus) rodriguezi Hobbs (1943:198), was described from a lotic habitat in Cueva de Ojo de Agua Grande, near Cordoba, Veracruz, and the other two, P. (A.) oaxacae oaxacae Hobbs (1973:29) andP. (A.) oaxacae reddelli Hobbs (1973:33), were described from sub­terranean streams in the state of Oaxaca. The dis­covery of the new troglobite in subterranean waters of the Sierra Madre Oriental, where so much field work has been conducted in recent years, came as a distinct surprise to one of us (H.H.H.). Three of the local epigean species, Procambarus (Ortmannicus) acutus cuevachicae (Hobbs, 1941:1),P. (0.) toltecae Hobbs (1943:198), and P. (0.) villalobosi Hobbs (1969:41), have been found in spelean habitats in several localities from southern Tamaulipas to Puebla, but none of the three was encountered in the termi­nal siphon of the sotano from which members of the new crayfish were obtained. A fourth epigean species, P. (Scapulicambarus) strenthi Hobbs (1977b:412),which also occurs in the Rio Panuco basin, has not been reported from subterranean waters. The new crayfish may he distinguished readilyfrom the other Mexican troglobitic species by the absence of pigment from the eyes, the presence of hooks on the ischia of the third and fourth pereio­ pods of the male, and the absence of a preannularplate in the female. Procambarus (Scapulicambarus) xilitlae, new speciesFigure 1 Diagnosis.—Albinistic, eyes without pigment or faceted cornea. Rostrum with small marginal spines or tubercles; median carina absent. Carapace with cervical tubercle cephaloventral to row of minute tubercles flanking caudal margin of cervical groove.Areola 4.7 to 5.0 times as long as broad, consti­tuting 36.5 to 37.6 percent of total length of cara­pace (46.1 to 46.6 percent of postorbital carapacelength). Suborbital angle absent. Postorbital ridgewith cephalic spine, lacking posterodorsal ones. Hepatic area with very few small tubercles. Antennal scale about 1.8 times as long as wide, broadest slightly distal to midlength. Ischia of third and fourth pereiopods of second form male with small hooks,neither approaching corresponding basioischial articu­lation nor opposed by tubercle on basis; caudomesial angle of coxa of fourth pereiopod with prominentboss triangular in mesial aspect, and coxa of fifth with much smaller one compressed in longitudinalplane of body. First pleopods of second form male Fig. 1.—Procambarus(Scapulicambarus)xilitlae,newspecies.(Allfromholotypeexceptd,g,j,fromallotype.)a,lateral view of carapace; b, mesial view of first pleopochc, epistome; d, annulus ventralis; e, lateral view of first pleopod;/, antennal scale; g, dorsal view of cephalic region; h, dorsal view of carapace; i, j, dorsal view of distal podomeres of cheliped; k, caudal view of first pleopods. reaching coxae of third pereiopods, slightly asym­metrical (almost certainly distinctly so in first form male), provided with subapical setae, and bases of paired members widely separated; distal extremitybearing prominent conical mesial process, largest of terminal elements, directed caudolaterally and some­what distally; cephalic process represented by sub-angular hood flanking cephalic surface of centrallylocated central projection, and caudal process con­sisting of swollen ridge on caudolateral extremity of shaft of appendage. Annulus ventralis hinged to sternum immediately anterior to it, not freely mov­able, suboval in outline, almost twice as wide as long, rather strongly arched ventrally, and bearingsigmoid sinus extending along most ofmedian line of annulus; tongue and fossa not clearly defined. Ster­num anterior to annulus weakly tuberculate or with caudally directed prominences flanking median line. Postannular sclerite triangular, its base about twice as broad as long and about 0.6 as wide and 0.5 as long as annulus. First pleopod in female small (rudimen­tary, probably regenerating, in allotype). Holoty pic male, Form ll.—Cephalothorax (Fig. la, h) subovate, slightly compressed. Abdomen narrower than carapace (10.5 and 11.6 mm). Height and width of carapace subequal in region of caudodorsal marginof cervical groove. Areola distinctly elevated, 4.8 times as long as wide with 2 or 3 punctations across narrowest part. Cephalic section of carapace approxi­mately 1.7 times as long as areola, length of latter 36.5 percent of entire length of carapace (46.1 per­cent of postorbital carapace length). Rostrum with rather strongly convergent margins, lateral carinae bearing pair of small spines delimiting base of acu­men. Latter reaching distal extremity of penulti­mate podomere of antennule; dorsal surface concave, deepest immediately anterior to level of posteriormargin of orbit; punctations sparse, few submarginal ones, including those on acumen, bearing rather longsimple setae. Subrostral ridges weak and barely evi­dent in dorsal aspect near base of rostrum. Post-orbital ridges well developed butrather short, grooveddorsolaterally, and terminating anteriorly in small spine, more posterior spines or tubercles lacking.Caudodorsal margin of deep cervical groove with row of very small tubercles, each accompanied by 1 or 2 anteriorly directed setae. Suborbital angle obsolete. Branchiostegal spine small and accompanied byanother small spine and/or produced angle immedi­ately posteroventrally. Thoracic section of carapaceconspicuously vaulted and branchiostegites mode­ rately tuberculate dorsoventrally, less conspicuously so elsewhere, except ventrolaterally, below posteriorsection of cervical groove. Abdomen clearly longer than carapace (32.8 and 27.4 mm). Pleura of third through fifth abdominal segments broadly rounded ventrally and lackingcephalo-or caudoventral angles. Cephalic section of telson with 2 pairs of spines in each caudolateral corner, mesial pair smaller than lateral pair, both fixed. Cephalic lobe of epistome (Fig. 1c) small with irregular cephalolateral margins and distinct acute cephalomedian projection bearing ventral row of 3 spines; main body with cephalomedian depression but lacking fovea; zygoma rather weak but broadlyarched and flanked cephalolaterally by prominentpaired pits. Ventral surface of proximal podomereof antennule with strong spine near midlength.Antenna with moderately large spine on basis, ischial spine represented by small, apically rounded tubercle; flagellum reaching beyond telson. Antennal scale (Fig. If) about 1.8 times as long as broad, widest slightly distal to midlength, and lamella little more thantwicewidth of lateralthickenedarea. Third maxilliped overreaching rostrum by lengthof dactyl; ischium with small acute tubercle disto­laterally, mesial half with usual group of stiff setae and lateral half with distinctly fewer and smaller ones, most of which arranged in 2 longitudinal rows,1 flanking lateral margin; exopod reaching distal end of merus. Right chela (Fig. 1i) subovate in cross-section,depressed. Mesial surface of palm with single row of 5 very small tubercles, each accompanied by 1 or 2 setae, and lateral surface with depressed, irregularlydispersed tubercles;remainder ofpalm sparsely punc­tate with punctations bearing 1 or 2 setae. Both fingers with well defined submedian longitudinalridges dorsally, flanked by setiferous punctations.Opposable margin of fixed finger with row of 6 small corneous teeth along proximal fourth and singlelarger, more ventrally placed one at end of proximalthird of finger; single row of minute denticles ex­tending from proximal end of finger to base of cor­neous tip. Lateral surface of fixed finger costate with row of setiferous punctations. Opposable margin of dactyl with row of 8 small tubercles, seventh from base largest, along slightly less than proximal third of finger, and minute denticles arranged as on fixed finger; mesial surface of dactyl with linear series of setiferous punctations. Carpus of cheliped longer than broad with mesial,dorsomesial, and ventromesial surfaces bearing few small tubercles, dorsal distomesial angle with strongspine, and distoventral margin with small spine mesi­ally. Shallow depression dorsally representing usual sulcus. Merusofchelipedwith smalltuberclesalong dorsal ridge and 2 premarginal dorsal spines distally; mesial surface with few tubercles distally, but remainder and lateral surface rather smooth and polished. Ventral surface with mesial row of 14 small tubercles gene­rally increasing in size toward distal end of podomere,distal 4 spiniform, and lateral row of 10, none so large as distal 2 in mesial row. Distolateral condylewith small spine ventrally. Ischium with mesioventral surface bearing setiferous punctations; sufflamen not produced but distinctly angular. Hooks on ischia of third and fourth pereiopodsand bosses on coxae of fourth and fifth as described in “Diagnosis.” Sternum between third and fourth pereiopods rather shallow and with small inconspicu­ous setae. First pleopods (Fig. 16, e, k) as described in “Diagnosis.” Uropods with both lobes of basal podomere bearing spines; distomedian spine on mesial ramus far removed from distal margin of ramus. Allotypic female.—Differing from holotype in following respects: rostral margins (Fig. 1g) verystrongly convergent, lateral carinae more stronglyelevated so that subrostral ridges evident in dorsal aspect to level of marginal spines; dorsal surface more strongly concave; cephalolateral margin of cephalic lobe of epistome with 2 or 3 spines and 2 on cephalornedian projection; ischial spine on antennal peduncle small and acute; opposable margin of fixed finger of chela (Fig. 1j) with row of 4 small corneous tubercles occupyinglittlemorethanproximal0.25of length and larger, more ventrally placed one, at end of proximal 0.4 of finger; opposable margin of dactylwith row of 5 tubercles dispersed along slightly more than proximal 0.25 of margin; dorsal distomesial angle of carpus with subacute tubercle (tip broken); merus of cheliped with single premarginal dorsodistal spine; ventral surface with mesial row of 16 spinesand lateral one of 9; ischium with 3 or 4 small tuber­cles on ventromesial surface. Annulus ventralis and accompanying sternal elements (Fig. Id) as described in “Diagnosis.” Dextral first pleopod small, left member either vestigial, or, more probably, regene­rating. Type-locality.—Hoya de las Guaguas, 10 kilo­meters south-southwest of Aquismon, and very near thetownofXilitla, SanLuisPotosi, Mexico.Hoya de las Guaguas is one of the large pits, or sotanos, of the Aquismon area and has been developed in lower Cretaceous limestone of the El Doctor formation (Raines, 1968). The cave (Stone, 1978) consists of two very large chambers in which colonies of greenparakeets, Aratinga holochlora (Sclater), and white-collared swifts, Streptoprocne zonaris (Shaw), roost. The well lit entrance chamber is walled by a sheer drop of 150 to 200 meters. A steep 70 meter slopegives access to the second chamber, which is much darker and cave-like, and the bottom is about 430 meters below the surface. There is a dry stream bed that drains the chambers into a small passage at the bottom of the second room. This passage continues downward about 30 meters, where it reaches a sumpthat is very close to the level of the springs where the Rio Pimienta resurges about 2 kilometers away.(This is the first cave in the area in which base level waters have been reached.) The water level of the sump has been observed to vary about 4 meters on different visits to the cave. The water is clear, and the bottom consists of smooth rock with a thin mantle of clay and silt. The crayfish and members of an apparently undescribed species of Spelaeomysis are the only organisms that have been observed to share the pool, and only a few individuals of either have been seen at a time. The crayfish were first noted by Steve Zeaman in January 1975 during the initial exploration of the sump passage. They were again observed in July 1977 by one of us (A.G.G.).In March 1980, three individuals were lured from the deep water by cheese bait and were captured. Disposition of types.—The holotype, allotype, and paratypic female are deposited in the National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution),numbers 177140, 177141, and 177142, respectively. Size.— See Table I. Range and specimens examined.—This crayfish is known only from the type-locality, and the onlyspecimens of which we are aware are the holotypic male, form 11, allotypic female, and paratypic female, Table I.—Measurements (mm) of Procambams (Scapuli­cambarus) xilitlae. Holotype Allotype Paratype 9 CarapaceHeight 11.7 12.6 12.6 Width 11.6 12.1 12.1 Total length 27.4 28.1 28.7 Postorbital length 21.7 22.5 23.2 Areola Width 2.1 2.1 2.3 Length 10.0 10.4 10.8 Rostrum Width 4.2 4.6 4.5 Length 6.9 7.0 7.1 Chela Length of mesial margin of palm 6.4 6.4 6.4 Width of palm 3.4 4.0 4.0 Length of lateral margin 11.6 11.7 11.9 Length of dactyl 18.7 18.9 19.2 Abdomen Width 10.5 11.2 11.1 Length 32.8 33.4 33.9 all collected by R. Wolfe and one of us (A.G.G.) on 20 March 1980. Relationships.—The availability of a first form male of this new crayfish would greatly strengthen our confidence in the inferences that we have made in assessingitsrelationshiptoothercrayfishes.Thatit is a member of the genus Procambarus and distinct from all other known species are not questioned, but we are less certain as to which of the subgenera it should be assigned, Ortmannicus or Scapulicambarus.The single feature that serves consistently to permit a distinction between members of these closely allied subgenera is the presence ofa well defined “shoulder” on the cephalic surface of the first pleopod of first form males of those assigned to Scapulicambarus.Whereas the shoulder infirst form malesbelonging to the latter is always clearly distinct from the presum­ably homologous “hump” on the pleopods of certain membersofOrtmannicus, thedifferenceisfrequentlynot so obvious in second form males (See Hobbs, 1977b:figs. 2a and f). The bulge on the pleopod of the second form male oiP. (S.) xilitlae is only slightlyless well developed than that in the second form male of P. (S.) strenthi, and because the two speciesdemonstrate a number of similar features, and both occur in the Rio Panuco basin, we suggest that theyhave been derived from a comparatively recent ancestor that formerly inhabited much of the water­shed. If we are correct in placing this crayfish in the subgenus Scapulicambarus, then P. (S.) xilitlae is the only member of the subgenus that is known to have become an obligate inhabitant of subterranean waters. This crayfish may be distinguished from all other members of the subgenus by the non-faceted cornea,the absence of pigment from the entire body, the very slender setiferous chelae bearing few tubercles,and the vaulted areola. The terminal elements of the first pleopod are unique. Etymology. —The name of this crayfish is derived from that of the town of Xilitla, located near the type-locality. Species Reported to Occur in Mexico Since the Publication of the Villalobos Monograph (1955) Procambarus (Ortmannicus) gonopodocristatus Villa­ lobos (1958:279): Veracruz. Procambarus (Scapulicambarus) clarkii (Girard, 1852: 91), Hobbs (1962:273), Clark and Ralston (1976: 106); Baja California Norte, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, and Sonora. Procambarus (Ortmannicus) villalobosi Hobbs (1969: 41): San Luis Potosi. Procambarus (Austrocambarus) oaxacae oaxacae Hobbs (1973:29): Oaxaca. Procambarus (Austrocambarus) oaxacae reddelli Hobbs (1973:33): Oaxaca. Procambarus (Pennides) roberti Hobbs and Villalobos (1974:8): San Luis Potosi. Procambarus (Villalobosus) xochitlanae Hobbs (1975:16); Puebla. Procambarus (Scapulicambarus) strenthi Hobbs 1977b:412): San Luis Potosi. Procambarus (Austrocambarus) sbordonii Hobbs (1977a:201): Chiapas.Cambarellus chihuahuae Hobbs (1980:194): Chihua­hua. Procambarus (Villalobosus) cuetzalanae Hobbs (1981:00): Puebla. Procambarus (Scapulicambarus) xilitlae Hobbs and Grubbs (herein): San Luis Potosi. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We extend our thanks to John Chelf and Steve Zeaman for their interest and help associated with the discovery of this crayfish, to R. Wolfe for his assis­tance in collecting the available specimens, and to Margaret A. Daniel and C. W. Hart, Jr., of the Smith­sonian Institution, and H. H. Hobbs 111, of Witten­berg University, for their criticisms of the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Clark, W. H., and G. L. Ralston. 1976. First record of cray­fish from Baha California, Mexico (Decapoda, Astacidea).Crustaceana, 30:106-107. Girard, C. 1852. A revision of the North American Astaci,with observations on their habits and geographical distri­bution. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 6:87-91. Hobbs, H. H., Jr. 1941. A new crayfish from San Luis Potosf, Mexico (Decapoda, Astacidae). Zoologica, 26(l):l-4. Hobbs, H. H., Jr. 1943. Two new crayfishes of the genusPro cambams from Mexico (Decapoda, Astacidae). Lloydia,6:198-206, Hobbs, H. H., Jr. 1962. La presencia de Procambarus clarkii (Girard) en los estados de Chihuahua y Sonora, Mexico (Decapoda, Astacidae). An. Inst. Biol. Univ. Nal. Auton. Mexico, 33(1 y 2):273-276. Hobbs, H. H., Jr. 1969. Procambarus villalobosi, un nuevo cambarino de San Luis Potosi, Mexico (Decapoda, Astaci­dae). An. Inst. Biol. Univ. Nal. Auton. Mexico, 38(1):41-46. Hobbs, H. H., Jr. 1973. Three new troglobitic decapod crus­taceans from Oaxaca, Mexico. Assoc. Mexican Cave Stud. Bull., 5:25-38. Hobbs, H. H., Jr. 1975. New crayfishes(Decapoda, Cambari­dae) from the southern United States and Mexico. Smith­sonianContr. Zool.,201:iii+34pp. Hobbs, H. H., Jr. 1977a. Cave inhabiting crayfishes of Chia­pas, Mexico (Decapoda: Cambaridae). Quad. Accad. Naz. Lincei, Probl. Att. Sci. Cult., 171(3):197-206. Hobbs, H. H., Jr. 1977b. A new crayfish (Decapoda: Cam­baridae) from San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 90:412-419. Hobbs, H. H., Jr. 1980. New dwarf crayfishes (Decapoda:Cambaridae) from Mexico and Florida. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 93:194-207. Hobbs, H. H., Jr. 1981. A new crayfish (Decapoda: Cam­ baridae) from the state of Puebla, Mexico, with new locality records for Procambams (Villalobosus) xochit­lanae and entocytherid ostracod symbionts. Assoc. Mexican Cave Stud. Bull.. 8:39-44. Hobbs, H. H., Jr., and A. Villalobos F. 1974. Three new crustaceans from La Media Luna, San Luis Potosi, Mexico. SmithsonianContr.Zool., 174:iii+lBpp. Raines, T. W. 1968. Sotano de las Golondrinas. Assoc. Mexican Cave Stud. Bull., 2:1-20. Stone, B. 1978.Map of Hoya de las Guaguas. Assoc. Mexican Cave Stud. Activities News., 9:70. Villalobos F., A. 1955. Cambarinos de la fauna mexicana. (Crustacea Decapoda). xvi 290 pp. Tesis, Facultad de + Ciencias, Univ. Nal. Auton. Mexico. Villalobos F., A. 1958. Estudios de los cambarinos mexica­nos, XIII. Descripcion de una nueva especie de cambarino del estado de Veracruz (Crustacea, Decapoda). An. Inst. Biol. Univ. Nal. Auton. Mexico, 28(1 y 2):279-288. Assoc. Mexican Cave Stud. Bull., 8:51-61/Texas Mem. Mus. Bull., 28:51-61. STUDIES OF THE SCORPION SUBFAMILIES SUPERSTITIONINAE AND TYPHLOCHACTINAE, WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS (SCORPIONES, CHACTOIDEA) Oscar F. Francke Departments of Biological Sciences and Entomology, and The Museum, Texas Tech University Lubbock, Texas 79409 ABSTRACT subtropical latitude act in conjunction to trigger con- Alacran tartarus, a new genus and species of troglobitic siderable precipitation in the area. The large amounts scorpions from Oaxaca, Mexico, is described. Cladistic analy-of rainfall are responsible, in large part, for the forma­ses indicate that Alacran is the immediate sister group of tion of the caves. In addition, such ‘moist’ caves areTyphlochactas Mitchell, another genus of troglobitic and more suitable for life than are ‘dry’caves. Therefore, endogean scorpions from Mexico. The tribe Typhlochactini Mitchell, new rank, is the higher taxon recognized to indicate the presence of troglobitic taxa, scorpions included,the close phylogenetic relationship of the two primarily in the Huautla cave complex should not be unex­troglobitic genera. The Typhlochactini are the hypothesized pected. Indeed, a remarkable new genus of troglo­ sister group of Superstitionia Stahnke, an epigean monobasic bitic scorpion has been collected from four caves of genus from westernNorth America. The tribe Superstitionini, the Huautla complex. The surprising fact is the depth new, is proposed in the sequenced classification of the sub­family Superstitioninae Stahnke. The usefubiess of tricho-at which these scorpions exist: about 750-820 m bothrial patterns in phylogeny reconstruction is considered (2,450-2,700 feet) below the cave entrance! This is in some detail. one order of magnitude deeper than the previousdepth record for troglobitic scorpions, Typhlochactas RESUMEN elliotti Mitchell from Sotano de Yerbaniz (-75 m),Alacran tartarus, nuevo genero y nueva especie de escor- San Luis Potosf, Mexico. Equally remarkable, and un­ pion troglobita de Oaxaca, Mexico, se describe. Analisis cladisticos indican que Alacran es el gmpo hermano inmedi-expected, is the rather large size these deep-dwelling ato de Typhlochactas Mitchell, otro genero de escorpiones scorpions attain: 60-70 mm in total length. Typhlo­ troglobitas y endogeos de Mexico. La tribu Typhlochactini chactas spp. are less than 20 mm long. Thus, insofar Mitchell, nuevo rango, es la categoria taxonomica superior as cave ecosystems are concerned, the Huautla cave que indica la proximidad filogenetica de los dos generos complex is rather perplexing if one considers the esencialmente troglobitas. Los Typhlochactini son el gmpo amounts of energy that must be translocated to great hermano hipotetico de Superstitionia Stahnke, un generoepigeo y monotipico de Norte America occidental. La tribu depths in order to support such large predatory ar-Superstitionini, nueva, es propuesta dentro de la clasificacion thropods. en sequencia de la subfamilia Superstitioninae Stahnke. La utilidad de pianos tricobotriales en reconstrucciones filoge­neticas es considerada en detalle. Alacran, new genus Type species.—4/acran tartarus, new species. Mono- basic.INTRODUCTION Etymology.—The generic epithet is a noun in The caves on the Huautla Plateau, located on the apposition meaning scorpion in some Hispanic coun-Sierra Mazateca of northern Oaxaca, are among the tries, especially in Mexico. The gender is masculine. deepest known caves in the world. The plateau’s ele-Distribution.—Known only from four caves in the vation (approximately 2000 m above sea level) and its state ofOaxaca, Mexico. Description.—Relatively large troglobites, adults 60-70 mm in total length. Medium brown, completelyeyeless (Fig. 1). Sternum longer than wide, anterior margin evenly convex rather than angular, with deeplongitudinal furrow posteromedially (Fig. 2). Genital operculi subelliptical: on male completely separate,with well developed genital papillae; on female with complete median longitudinal membranous connec­tion, no genital papillae. Pectines simple: three mar­ginal lamellae and one large median lamella; no fulcra; on male with 5-6 teeth, on female with 5 teeth percomb. Stigmata small, circular. Hemispermatophorelaminate, without a well developed capsule (Figs. 14­ 17). Ovariuterus without diverticula. Metasomal seg­ments subquadrangular in cross-section: dorsolateral and ventrolateral carinae strong, granulose; without ventral submedian carinae; intercarinal spaces flat,smooth. Telson with very globose vesicle, aculeus short and moderately curved (Fig. 3). Venom glandssimple, basal membrane and secretory epitheliumwithout folds. Cheliceral fixed finger with two basal-most teeth not forming a distinct bicusp (Fig. 4).Cheliceral movable finger with ventral margin verystrongly developed, smooth, bearing a well developedserrula, distal tooth moderate; dorsal margin with four subequal teeth plus one large distal tooth. Pedi­palp femur with three trichobothria (Fig. 5), Pedi­palp tibia with 26-27 trichobothria (Figs. 6-8). Pedi­palp chela with 29 trichobothria (Figs. 9-11). Fixed finger of pedipalp chela with six distinct rows of denticles; basal row appears double due to presenceof one inner accesory granule (Fig. 13). Movable finger of pedipalp chela with seven distinct rows of denticles; basal row appears double due to presenceofoneinneraccesory granule(Fig. 12).Legswithout tibial spurs and retrolateral pedal spurs; prolateral pedal spurs well developed; tarsi armed ventrally with two submedian, subparallel, and somewhat irregular rows ofbristles. Comparisons.—The genus Alacran shares a number of unique, and rather distinctive characters with Typhlochactas Mitchell, a genus known from three troglobitic and one litter inhabiting species from Mexico. Some of the similarities between these two genera could be hypothesized to represent conver­gences resulting from adaptation to a troglobitic or endogean existence. If this were the case, however,then I would expect other scorpions with similar habits to exhibit the same morphological adaptations,which they do not. Among diplocentrids the three known troglobites (Francke, 1977, 1978), which ’ showvaryingdegreesof‘caveadaptedness,stillretain the most important diagnostic features of the familyand of the genus Diplocentrus Peters. The only obvi- Fig. I.—Holotype female of Alacran tartarus, new genusand species of troglobitic scorpion from Oaxaca, Mexico (total length 62.60 mm). ous convergent features between Diplocentrus, Ala­cran and Typhlochactas ascribable to troglobitichabits are trends towards eyelessness, loss of pigmen­tation, and appendage attenuation. Othertroglophilicand troglobitic scorpions (e.g., some species of Vae­jovis and Uroctonus, and an undescribed megacor­mine genus from Mexico) reveal the same evolutio­nary trends with respect to cave adaptation, namely loss of eyes and pigment, but retain the familial, sub-familial, and generic diagnostic characters. Therefore,I hypothesize that the characters shared by Alacran and Typhlochactas discussed below were derived from a common ancestor rather than acquired inde­pendently in response to the cave environment. STERNUM—Subpentagonal, with sides slightly convergent anteriorly, and with anterior marginrounded rather than angular. Posteromedian depres­sion present on distal one-third, fairly broad. GENITAL OPERCULI—On females with com­plete median longitudinal membranous connection (or completely fused in Typhlochactas sylvestrisMitchell and Peck). PECTINES—SimpIe, without fulcra, four to six teeth. STIGMATA—SmaII, circular to oval. CHELICERAE—Fixed fingerwithfour teeth(only three in T. sylvestris, which lacks the subdistal tooth),and with basal and median teeth not forming a dis­tinct bicusp. Among other Recent scorpions the ab­sence of a bicusp is known only in Chaerilus; this genus differs considerably from Alacran and Typhlo­chactas in trichobothrial pattern and gnathobasemorphology. Movable finger with ventral edge very stronglydeveloped (Fig. 4), unlike any otherRecent scorpion,and with a well developed serrula. PEDIPALP CHELAE FINGERS-Fixed fingerwith 5-6, movable finger with 6-7 distinct (brokenand slightly offset) rows of denticles; apically each row flanked on inner aspect by a larger granule. LEGS—Retrolateral pedal spurs absent: this is a diagnostic character of the Scorpionoidea, to which Alacran and Typhlochactas clearly do not belongbased on hemispermatophores and female ovariuterus. Ventral aspect of tarsus with two somewhat irregular rows of setae; nomid-ventralrowofspines or spicules. The characteristics pertaining to the fixed fingerof the chelicera, pedipalp chela fingers, and legs when taken together indicate a close phylogenetic relation­ship between Alacran and Typhlochactas. I hypothe­size that the development of the movable finger of the chelicera, unique among Recent scorpions, is a synapomorphy between these two genera, rather than being a convergence due to troglobitic habits. Likewise, the absence of retrolateral pedal spurs in both Alacran and Typhlochactas is unique in the Chactoidea (Chactidae Vaejovidae), the higher + taxon in which the two genera presumably belong,and is thus also postulated to represent a synapo­morphy between them. Alacran differs from Typhlochactas as follows: the pedipalp tibia on Alacran has 26-27 trichobothria, of which 3 are located on the ventral aspect, whereas on Typhlochactas there are 19 trichobothria and only two of these are located on the ventral aspect; the pedipalp chela on Alacran has 29 trichobothria, with five on the ventral aspect of the palm and one medi­ally on the external aspect of the palm, whereas Typhlochactas has 26 trichobothria, with four on the ventral aspect and none medially on the external aspect of the palm. Alacran tartarus, new species Type data.—Holotype female from Sotano de San Agustin (-720 m), San Agustin (5 km SE Huautla de Jimenez), Oaxaca, Mexico, Spring 1979(collected bymembers of the 1979 San Agustin Expedition of the Huautla Project). Deposited in the American Museum of Natural History, New York. Etymology.—The specific epithet is a noun in apposition:Tartarus isthenamegiveninGreekmyth­ologyto thedeeperofthetwodivisionsoftheunder­world. Distribution.—Known only from four very deep caves in the vicinity of Huautla de Jimenez, Oaxaca,Mexico. Description.—The following description is based on the three known adult specimens (measurements in Table 1); parenthetical statements refer to sexual dimorphism noted on the single adult male available. Prosoma. Carapace light brown, slightly wider than long; anterior margin straight; without distinct fur­rows or keels; median and lateral eyes absent; most areas covered with dense, minute granulation, on which are superimposed sparse to moderately dense small-and medium-sized granules (granules largerand more dense on male). Venter yellow brown, with veryfew scatteredsetae;gnathocoxaeoflegsIandII equal in length; gnathocoxae I moderately lobed an­teriorly, with ectal sides slightly divergentanteriorly.Sternum as in Fig. 2. Mesosoma. Tergites light brown: 1-6 smooth (sha-greened); 7 moderately granulose on sides, without distinct carinae. Sternopectinal area as in Fig. 2 (onmale genital operculi without median longitudinalmembranous connection, genital papillae well devel­oped; pectines larger but with same overall configura­tion). Sternites shiny (on male, matte), lateral and posterior margins sparsely (moderately) granulose;last sternite without submedian carinae, lateral cari­nae represented by scattered granules. Stigmata verysmall, circular. Metasoma. Segments subquadrangular in cross-section; angles represented by strongly developed dor­solateral and ventrolateral carinae, granulose, medium to dark brown; intercarinae smooth, light brown. Table I.—Measurements (in millimeters) ofAlacran tartarus, new species, from deep caves of the Huautla Cave System, Oaxaca, Mexico. Holotypefemale Adult female Adult male Immature ?female Total lengthCarapace lengthAnterior width 62.60 5.00 4.50 69.40 5.30 4.70 59.50 4.80 3.40 25.70 2.50 1.80 Median width 5.10 5.30 4.60 2.40 Posterior width 5.60 5.80 5.00 2.50 Mesosoma lengthMetasoma lengthSegment I: lengthwidth 14.90 42.70 4.60 2.50 16.10 48.00 4.90 2.50 12.40 42.30 4.20 2.40 6.75 16.45 1.75 1.20 depthSegment II: lengthwidth 2.20 5.30 2.45 2.30 5.90 2.40 2.10 5.20 2.35 1.00 2.10 1.10 depthSegment III: lengthwidth 1.90 6.00 2.25 2.10 6.80 2.30 2.00 6.00 2.20 0.95 2.40 1.00 depthSegment IV; lengthwidth depthSegment V; lengthwidth 1.90 8.20 1.85 1.60 12.40 1.60 2.00 9.40 2.00 1.60 14.40 1.60 1.90 8.30 1.80 1.50 12.50 1.50 0.90 3.20 0.85 0.80 4.70 0.80 depthTelson lengthVesicle: lengthwidth 1.30 6.20 5.20 2.85 1.30 6.60 5.70 2.90 1.30 6.10 5.30 2.90 0.65 2.30 1.95 1.00 depthAculeus: lengthPedipalp lengthFemur: lengthwidth 2.75 1.00 25.90 7.00 1.70 2.90 0.90 28.50 7.60 1.75 2.80 0.80 24.80 6.60 1.60 0.85 0.35 12.20 3.20 0.80 Tibia: depthlengthwidth 0.90 6.60 1.70 0.90 7.30 1.80 0.80 6.40 1.50 0.40 3.30 0.80 Chela: depthlengthwidth 1.60 12.30 2.90 1.60 13.60 3.10 1.50 11.80 2.90 0.80 5.70 1.05 depthMovable finger lengthFixed finger lengthChelicera lengthChela: lengthwidth Movable finger lengthFixed finger lengthPectinal teeth count (L/R) 3.50 7.60 6.30 2.70 1.80 1.50 1.50 0.90 5/5 3.60 7.90 6.60 2.70 1.70 1.50 1.60 1.00 5/5 3.50 7.40 6.10 2.45 1.50 1.25 1.60 0.95 5/6 1.30 3.55 3.00 1.35 0.90 0.65 0.80 0.45 5/5 Figs. 2-4.—Holotype female of Alacran tartarus: 2, sternopectinal area, note small circular stigmata; 3, lateral aspect of telson; 4, dorsal aspect of left chelicera. Lateral supramedian carinae on I weak, represented on each side by one row of medium-sized granules; on II and 111 vestigial, with 6-8 granules marking their position;on IVobsolete.Allothermetasomalcarinae, i.e., dorsal submedian, lateral inframedian, and ven­tral submedian absent. Telson globose (Fig. 3), vesicle light brown; aculeus short and sharply curved, dark brown. Chelicerae. Pale yellow brown, teeth dark brown. Dentition as in Fig. 4. Ventral aspect of movable fin­ger densely covered with moderately long, white hairs; serrula present, extending about one-half the length of movable finger. Pedipalps. Femur rectangular in cross-section, about twice wider than deep; angles marked by dark brown, strongly developed, granulose carinae; inter­carinal spaces light brown, with few scattered dark granules; trichobothria as in Fig. 5. Tibia orangebrown, carinae and granules dark brown; trichoboth­ria as in Figs. 6-8. Chela orange brown; carinae, gran­ules, and fingers dark brown; trichobothria and finger dentition as in Figs. 9-13. Legs. Light yellow brown, sparsely setate. Femora dorsally with median longitudinal row of small gran­ules. Tibial and retrolateral pedal spurs absent; pro-lateral pedal spurs well developed, dark brown. Variability.—Aside from differences in size (Table1) and due to sexual dimorphism (noted above),there is no other conspicuous variation between the three adult specimens. The two immature specimensstudied are essentially the same size (25.7 mm and 26.0 mm in total length, respectively; complete measurements of the former appear in Table 1), and presumably represent the same instar. They are trans­parent, appearing cream-colored thoughout, exceptfor the light brown aculeus and cheliceral teeth; and the granulation on various areas is less developed than on adults. Specimens examined.—MEXlCO: Oaxaca: Sotano de San Agustin (-720 m), San Agustin (5 km SE Huautla de Jimenez), Spring 1979 (1979 San AgustinExpedition members), adult holotype female and one immature (AMNH); Sotano Li Nita (-812 rn; Sotano Li Nita has an underground connection with Sotano de San Agustin), San Agustin (5 km SE Huautla de Jimenez), 29 March 1980 (Bill Steele and Steve Ze­man; 1980 Rio Iglesia Expedition), one adult male (AMNH); Cueva del Escorpion (depth unknown), San Miguel Dolina (5 km SE Huautla de Jimenez), Janu­ary 1978(RoyJamesonandPattyMothes),oneadult female (author’s collection); Sotano Agua de Carrizo (-760 m; undergroundpassages have been explored to Figs. 5-13.—Trichobothrial patterns and pedipalp finger dentition of Alacran tartarus: 5, dorsal aspect of femur; 6, dorsal aspect of tibia; 7, external aspect of tibia; 8, ventral aspect of tibia; 9, dorsal aspect of chela; 10, external aspect of chela; 11,ventral aspect of chela; 12, dentition of movable finger; 13, dentition of fixed finger. within a few meters of Sotano de San Agustin), 5 km ESEHuautladeJimenez,23May 1978(A.G.Grubbs, B. Stone, J. Smith, T. Johnson, and M. McEachern),one immature (author’s collection). PHYLOGENETIC CONSIDERATIONS The phylogenetic relationships of typhlochactineshave remained enigmatic ever since the first two spe­cies of Typhlochactas were described by Mitchell (1968). That author indicated: “It should now be apparent why family placement of these scorpions is difficult and, in the present state of scorpion systematics, why any assignment is some­what less than satisfactory and open to question. One must resort to a process of elimination in an attemptto relate these scorpions to others. I must emphasizethat the following argument ignores the eyes, basi­tarsal spurs, and distinctness of the median and basal teeth of the superior margin of the fixed cheliceral finger.”(Mitchell, 1968:771) The description of two additional species of Typhlo­chactas (Mitchell, 1971; Mitchell and Peck, 1977),and of the genus Alacran, indicate that the three characters “ignored” in Mitchell’s argument actuallyrepresent autapomorphies for the typhlochactines,and thus are uninformative with respect to the phy­logenetic relationships of this taxon to other scorpi­ons. Mitchell’s “process of elimination” led to the general conclusion that typhlochactines belong in the Chactoidea, a valid assessment that has since been corroborated by examination of additional characters. The Buthidae have flagelliform spermatophores,while typhlochactines have lamelliform spermato­phores. The Scorpionoidea have lamelliform sperma­tophores with well developed capsules (Francke,1979a), whereastyphlochactinespermatophoreslack a conspicuous capsule and possess instead a weaklysclerotized to membranous sperm duct; female scor­pionoids possess ovariuteral diverticula, and female typhlochactines lack diverticula in the ovariuterus. Bothriurids also have lamelliform spermatophoreswith well-developed, sclerotized capsules, and have a strong crest on the external aspect of the lamina (apparently autapomorphic for the family), whereas typhlochactines lack the characteristic capsule and laminar crest. Three families are presently recognized in the Chactoidea: the luridae, a monophyletic taxon characterized by a prominent tooth on the ventral edge of the movable finger of the chelicera, and bycomplex (i.e., folded) venom glands in four of the five genera placed in this family (Francke and Sole-glad, in press); and the Chactidae and Vaejovidae, two heterogeneous assemblages of genera that cannot be adequately separated and which in my opinion are not monophyletic. Among the approximately 30 generaofchactids and vaejovids currentlyrecognized, most can be eliminated from further consideration in the search for the sister group oftyphlochactines on the basis of assorted characters such as pedipalp fin­ger dentition (e.g., Scorpiopsinae, Megacorminae,Chactopsis), and spermatophores (e.g., Scorpiopsinae,Syntropinae, Vaejovinae, Chactinae, Megacorminae,Euscorpius; Francke, in preparation). Two monotypic genera, however, have features that suggest one of them might be the immediate sister group of the typhlochactines. The first is Belisarius Simon, an endogean scorpionfrom the Pyrenees of Europe. It resembles typhlo­chactines in: cheliceral movable finger with a serrula ventrally, round stigmata, tarsi armed ventrally with two irregular rows of bristles and without midventral spicules, and lack of eyes. It differs significantly from them in having the pedipalp finger denticles in a straight unbroken row, females with the genital oper­culi without a median longitudinal membranous con­nection, and in the arrangement of trichobothria on the femur and dorsoexternal aspect of the chela. The characters by which Belisarius differs from typhlo­chactines suggest that it might be related to Broteo­chactas and allied South American genera. The hemi­spermatophore of Belisarius remains unknown, and until it is examined the phylogenetic relations of this genus will remain uncertain. The second is Superstitionia Stahnke, from west­ern North America. It resembles typhlochactines in having a serrula on the cheliceral movable finger, the pedipalp finger dentition broken into discrete rows,and the female genital operculi with a completemedian longitudinal membranous connection. It dif­fers conspicuously from typhlochactines in having the tarsi armed ventrally with a median row ofsetaceous tufts or brushes (a character presumably autapo­morphic for the genus), and in having slit-like rather than round stigmata. The hemispermatophore of Superstitionia (Figs. 22-25) is more similar to those of Alacran (Figs. 14-17) and Typhlochactas (Figs.18-21) than it is to that of any other chactoid genusstudied thus far (15 additional genera, including rep­ resentatives of all the recognized subfamilies). Both the pattern of the pedipalp finger dentition, and the hemispermatophore, which are so similar between Superstitionia and typhlochactines are also uniqueamong chactids and vaejovids, and are hereby hypo­thesized to represent synapomorphies between these taxa (Fig. 26). Figs. 14-25.-HemispermatophoresofscorpionsofthesubfamilySuperstitioninae:14, 18and22,externalaspectofhemi­spermatophore; all others, details of capsular region. Figs. 14-17: Alacran tartams: 14, hemispermatophore (total length 6.5 mm); 15, external aspect; 16, dorsointernal aspect; 17, internal aspect. Figs. 18-21: Typhlochactas elliotti Mitchell: 18,hemispermatophore (total length 3.3 mm); 19, external aspect; 20, dorsal aspect; 21, internal aspect. Figs. 22-25: Superstitioniadonensis Stahnke: 22, hemispermatophore (total length 2.9 mm); 23, external aspect; 24, dorsointernal aspect; 25, internal aspect. Mitchell and Peck (1977) presented a “speculativereconstruction" of the evolutionary history7 of the four species of Typhlochactas, which corresponds to the relevant portion of the cladogram in Fig. 26. A cladistic analysis, using Alacrnn for sister group com­ parisons, makes it possible to identify the synapo­morphies that corroborate the postulated relation­ships within Typhlochactas. The trichobothrial pat­terns of the fixed finger of the pedipalp chela of the five species under consideration appear in Figs. 27-31;each trichobothrium is designated according to Va­chon’s (1974) terminology (which correspond with the designations given by Mitchell and Peck, 1977).According to Vachon, trichobothria with the same designation are homologous; differences in their relative positions are due to “trichobothrial migra­tion and allometry. Differences in trichobothrial patterns due to allometry should be correlated with other features, and in the fixed finger of the pedipalpchela the dentition pattern is a suitable structure to test hypotheses of allometry. On the other hand,“trichobothrial migration" interpretations are untest­able and should not be construed as scientific hypo- Fig. 26.—Cladogram expressing the hypothesized phylo genetic relations of members of the subfamily Superstitio ninae. theses. For example, in Figs. 28-31, compare the relative positions of the trichobothria on the external (e) series between T. elliotti and the other three spe­cies in the genus: by what mechanism(s) could eh “migrate” frrom the mid-region of the finger (T. elliotti) to the base of the finger (the other three Figs. 27-36.-Trichobothrial patterns of fixed finger of pedipalp in the Typhlochactini: 27-31; trichobothrial designationsafterVachon(1974)andMitchellandPeck(1977)(theseauthorsconsidertrichobothriawiththe samedesignationtobehomo­logous); 32-36: trichobothrial homologies hypothesized in this contribution. Figs. 37 and 32: Alacran tartarus Francke (fixedfinger6.30mmlong).Figs.28and 33: TyphlochactaselliottiMitchell(fixedfinger2.30mmlong).Figs.29and34:T.rhodesi Mitchell (fixed finger 2.40 mm long). Figs. 30 and 35: T. reddelli Mitchell (fixed finger 1.80 mm long). Figs. 31 and 36: T. syl­vestris Mitchell and Peck (fixed finger 0.88 mm long). species), or vice versa for that matter? Ontogeneticand phylogenetic evidence indicates that trichoboth­can ria be gained or lost, and these evolutionary processes (gain or loss) are the basis for alternative hypotheses pertaining to trichobothrial homologiesand differencesintrichobothrialpatterns inscorpions.The relative trichobothrial positions on the internal and external aspects of the fixed finger with respectto the dentition pattern are shown in Figs. 32-36. The rows of denticles are arbitrarily numbered se­quentially from apical to basal (in T. sylvestris the subbasal and basal rows have presumably coalesced),and the trichobothria are designated as external (e) or internal (i) and with respect to their relative posi­tion to the denticle rows (e.g., 63 designates an ex­ternal trichobothrium at the level of the thirdrow of denticles from the apex). In this case, homologoustrichobothria are located on the same relative posi­tions throughout, and differences in the patterns of the four Typhlochactas species can be hypothesizedto represent gains or losses of trichobothria; the po­larity of the transformationbeing determinedin each case by out-group comparison with Alacran. On the inner aspect of the finger one synapomorphy is ap­parent: loss of i5 on T. rhodesi, T. reddelli and T. sylvestris.Theabsenceofi 7onAlacranand T.elliotti is apparently due to convergence because i7 is present in Superstitionia. On the external aspect of the fingerthe notable synapomorphy is the loss ofe 3 on T. red­delli and T. sylvestris. In addition two autapomorph­ ies are revealed: loss of e6 on T. elliotti, and loss of 65 on T. rhodesi. Allometry is evident in T. elliotti and in Alacran. The tip of the finger in T. elliotti is proportionatelyshorter than in any of the other taxa: denticle row 1 is very short, and consequently trichobothrium e2 is located closer to the apex of the finger than on anyother typhlochactine species. The basal region of the linger, from denticle row 5 (and trichobothrium e5) to the base, is relatively longer in both Alacran and T. elliotti than on the other Typhlochactas spp. and Superstitionia, with denticle row 6 about twice as long as on the other species, and with an accessorygranule halfway down its length (giving the impres­sion that seven rows of denticles are present). On T. elliotti apparently the region of elongation is found at the base of the finger proper, accounting for the dis­tal displacement of trichobothrium i 6 to a positionwell on the finger; whereas on Alacran elongation pre­sumably occurred in the region between trichobothria i 5 and i 6. These interpretations are supported by the relativepositionsofthe trichobothriumdesignatedDt inFigs. 27and 28. CLASSIFICATION AND TAXONOMY The phylogenetic information contained in the cladogram (Fig. 26) is also expressed by the followingsequenced classification: Subfamily Superstitioninae Stahnke, 1940 Tribe Superstitionini, new tribe Superstitionia Stahnke, 1940 Tribe Typhlochactini Mitchell, 1968, new rank Typhlochactas Mitchell, 1968 Alacran Francke, new genus The taxonomic changes resulting from this classifica­tion follow. Subfamily SUPERSTITIONINAE Stahnke Type genus.—Superstitionia Stahnke, 1940. Included taxa.—Superstitionini, new tribe; and Typhlochactini, Mitchell, 1968, new rank. Diagnosis.—Chactoid scorpions with: (1) pedipalpchela fingers with 5-7 distinct, broken rows of denti­cles and without numerous inner or outer super­numerary (=accessory) granules; (2) pedipalp femur with trichobothrium on dorsal face basal or subequal to trichobothrium on internal face; pedipalp tibia (3)without conspicuous anteromedian apophysis, and (4) with 2-3 ventral trichobothria; (5) movable fingerof chelicera with distinct ventral serrula, and (6) with ventral edge smooth; hemispermatophores lamelli­form, (7) without conspicuous capsule or (8) spini­form processes; (9) female genital operculi with com­plete median longitudinal membranous connection. Comparisons,—ln this section, Superstitioninae is compared with all chactid and vaejovid genera (dif­ferences from other families were given by Mitchell in 1968 for Typhlochactas, and in the previous section of this contribution). The subfamilies Chactinae (Chactidae, 10 genera), Megacorminae (Chactidae,2 genera), Scorpiopsinae (Vaejovidae, 3 genera), Syn­tropinae (Vaejovidae, 2 genera), and Vaejovinae (Vae­jovidae, 4-5 genera), are compared at the subfamilial level. The subfamily Euscorpioninae (Chactidae) ap­pears not to be monophyletic: consequently the two genera included in it, Belisarius and Euscorpius, are compared separately. The “vaejovid” genera Anuroc­tonus and Nullibroteas, whose current subfamilial assignment I consider erroneous, are also comparedseparately. Superstitioninae differs from all other chactid and vaejovid genera on character (1) above, as follows: Chactinae, Syntropinae, Vaejovinae, Belisarius, Eu­scorpius, Anuroctonus, and Nullibroteas all have a single, continuous row of median denticles on the pedipalp fingers; Megacorminae have a doublerow of median denticles flanked by inner and outer acces­sory granules; and Scorpiopsinae have numerous im­ bricated rows of granules. Character (2) above separates Superstitioninaefrom Belisarius and some Chactinae, which have the dorsal trichobothrium distal to the internal tricho­bothrium of the pedipalp femur. Megacorminae, Scorpiopsinae, and Euscorpius dif­ fer from Superstitioninae by character (3) above; those taxa have a prominent anteromedian apophysis on the pedipalp tibia. The following taxa have more than three ventral trichobothria on the pedipalp tibia (character 4 above), and can thus be easily differentiated from Superstitioninae by this character; Chactinae, Mega­ corminae, Scorpiopsinae, Euscorpius, Anuroctonus, and Nullibroteas. It is important to note that all the genera currently assigned to the family Chactidae, except Belisarius and Superstitioninae, have more than three ventral trichobothria on the pedipalp tibia. The ventral edge of the movable finger of the che­ licera(character6) bearsconspicuous denticleson the Megacorminae, Scorpiopsinae, some Chactinae (Chac­ topsis sp.), some Vaejovinae (Uroctonus spp., Paru­ roctonus spp.) and Anuroctonus, which enable Super­ stitioninae to be readily distinguished from them. Hemispermatophores with a well developed cap­sule (character 7) occur in Syntropinae and Vaejovi­nae (Francke and Soleglad, in press; Francke, in prep­aration); and with conspicuous spiniform processes(character 8) in Megacorminae, Scorpiopsinae, and Euscorpius (Francke, 1979a), and in preparation).Both hemispermatophore types differ considerablyfrom the type present in Superstitioninae. Tribe SUPERSTITIONINI, new tribe Type genus.—Superstitionia Stahnke, 1940, mono- basic (western North America). Diagnosis.—Superstitioninae with median and late­ral eyes; small, slit-like stigmata; cheliceral movable finger ventral margin smooth and without a very strong edge, fixed finger with two basalrnost teeth forming a distinct bicusp; legs with both prolateraland retrolateral pedal spurs; tarsi armed ventrally with setaceous tufts. Tribe TYPHLOCHACTINI, new rank Typhlochactinae Mitchell, 1968:753. Type genus.—Typhlochactas Mitchell, 1968. Included taxa.—Typhlochactas Mitchell and Ala­cran Francke (troglobites and litter inhabitants from Mexico). Diagnosis.—Superstitioninae without eyes; stig­mata small, oval to circular; cheliceral movable finger ventral margin developed into very strong edge, fixed finger with two basalrnost teeth not forming a dis­tinct bicusp; legs without retrolateral pedal spurs,prolateral pedal spurs present or absent; tarsi armed ventrally with two submedian, somewhat irregular rows ofbristles. Remarks.—The characters useful in separatingAlacran and Typhlochactas can be found under the “Comparisons” section after the description of Ala­ cran. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Special thanks are due to Mr. James R. Reddell for making it possible for me to study the remarkable troglobites described in this contribution, and to the members of the various expeditions to the Huautla caves for collecting them. Bill Steele was aware of myneed to examine adult males and during the 1980 Rio Iglesia Expedition succeeded in capturing the only one known, the hemispermatophore of which helpedsubstantially my efforts to unravel the phylogeneticrelationships of the group. Numerous collectors, cu­rators, and institutions have made available valuable comparative material over the years in the form of gifts, exchanges, and loans, and I thank all of them for their generosity and cooperation. Mr. W. David Sissom made valuable suggestions on the manuscript.This research was partially supported by the Institute for Museum Research, Texas Tech University. LITERATURE CITED Francke, 0. F. 1977. The genus Diplocentrus in the Yucatan Peninsula with description of two new troglobites. Assoc. Mexican Cave Stud. Bull., 6:49-61. Francke, 0. F. 1978. New troglobitic scorpion of genus Diplocentrus. Entomol. News, 89:39-45. Francke, 0. F. 1979a. Spermatophores of some North American scorpions. J. Arachnol., 7:19-32. Francke, 0. F. 1979b. Observations on the reproductive bio­logy and life history of Megacormus gertschi Diaz. J. Arachnol., 7:223-230. Francke, 0. F., and M. E. Soleglad. (in press). The familyluridae Thorell. J. Arachnol. Mitchell, R. W. 1968. Typhlochactas, a new genus of eyeless cave scorpion from Mexico. Ann. Speleol., 23:753-777. Mitchell, R. W. 1971. Typhlochactas elliotti, a new eyeless cave scorpion from Mexico. Ann. Speleol., 26:135-148. Mitchell, R. W., and S. B. Peck. 1977. Typhlochactassylves­tris, a new eyeless scorpion from montane forest litter in Mexico. J. Arachnol., 5:159-168. Stahnke, H. L. 1940. The scorpions of Arizona. lowa State Coll. J. Sci., 15:101-103. Yachon, M. 1974. Etude des caracteres utilises pour classer les families et les genres de Scorpions (Arachnides). I. La trichobothroiotaxie en Arachnologie. Sigles trichobothri­ aux et types de trichobothrioaxie chez les scorpions.Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat., Paris, 3 ser.. No. 140, Zook,104:857-958. Assoc. Mexican Cave Stud. Bull., 8:63-78/Texas Mem. Mus. Bull., 28:63-78. SOME NEW SPECIES OF PSEUDOSCORPIONS FROM CAVES IN MEXICO (ARACHNIDA, PSEUDOSCORPIONIDA) William B. Muchmore Department of Biology University of Rochester Rochester, New Tork 14627 ABSTRACT Eleven new species are described: Aphrastochthoniuspatei from Tamaulipas; Vachonium chukum, V. robustum, and V. loltun from Yucatan; Paravachonium delanoi from Tamaulipas and P. insolitum from San Luis Potosi; Typhlo­roncus troglobius from Puebla, T. diabolus from Veracruz,and T. attenuatus from Tamaulipas; Albiorix mirabilis and A. reddelli from Oaxaca. Continuing collection of pseudoscorpions from caves in Mexico has resulted in a large bulk of un­described material. Most of this belongs to the familyChemetidae and has not yet been studied seriouslybecause of considerable taxonomic difficulties in that family. However, several forms belonging to other families can be described and placed with confidence. All specimens are deposited in the Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Gainesville, Florida, unless otherwise noted. FAMILY CHTHONTIDAE HANSEN Genus Aphrastochthonius Chamberlin Five species of this genus, 4 of them cavemi­colous, have been known from Mexico and Guate­mala. For the characters of the genus and a key to species see Muchmore (1972b, 1976). Aphrastochthonius alteriae Muchmore Fig. 1 Previously, only females and nymphs have been reported for the Aphrastochthonius species of Mexico and Guatemala. Now mention can be made of males of A. alteriae (Muchmore, 1977). Two males and a female were separated from rain forest litter at the ruins, Palenque, Chiapas, Mexico, 24 January 1976,by C. H. Alteri; this is essentially the type-locality7 for the species. The males are very much like the females, but are slightly smaller and more slender. The genital opercula are very-like those figured for A. cubanus by Dumitresco and Orghidan (1977:100) except that the 2 most posterior setae on either side of the genital aperture are bulbous at the base, as shown in Fig. 1. Such bulbous setae are unique to this species as far as is known—they do not occur in the male of A. patei (see below) and they were not figured by Chamberlin for the male of A. tenax (1962:309) and they have not been reported in anyother pseudoscorpion. Possibly they perform some special sensory function. Measurements of the 2 males (mm).—Body length0.85-0.86. Carapace length 0.27-0.28. Palpal femur 0.29-0.30 by 0.06; tibia 0.11 by 0.05-0.06; chela 0.385-0.39 by 0.065-0.07; hand 0.20 by 0.065-0.07;movable finger 0.20 long. Leg IV: entire femur 0.28 by 0.12-0.125. Aphrastochthonius patei, new species Fig. 2 Material.—Holotype male (WM 5278.01001) from la Cueva de Oyamel, SW El Barretal, Tamaulipas,Mexico, 23 November 1977(D. Pate). Diagnosis.—A medium-sized species of the genus,with palpal femur 0.635 long; with 11 or 12 setae on hand of chelicera; and 4-6 microsetae on each side of carapace. Description of male (female unknown).—With the characters of the genus (see Muchmore, 1972b;433). Figs. 1-2.—Aphrastochthonius spp.; 1, A. alteriae Muchmore: central area of posterior genital operculum of male; 2, A. patei,newspecies,holotypemale: dorsalviewofrightpalp, chelatwisted,showingmedialsurface. Carapace about as long as broad; anterior margin with a few denticles at middle; no eyes; surface reticulated above, becoming scaly laterally; chaetotaxy 4-3-4-2­2=15 long, stout, setae dorsally, plus 4-6 microsetae on each side. Coxal area typical of the genus; chaeto­taxy l+m-2-l(8 or 9m):3m-3-l-CS:3-2-CS:2-5:2-5;palpal coxa with 8 or 9 microsetae (8 or 9m) on dorsolateral surface; each coxa I and II with 6 flat,parallel-rayed coxal spines. Intercoxal tubercle with 2 setae. Abdomen typical; papillae on pleural membranes in irregular, longitudinal rows. Tergal chaetotaxy4:3:3:5:6:6:6:6:6:2:T2T:0; sternal chaetotaxy 6:[4­4]:(3)6-6/ll(3):(3)ll(3):12:12:12;12:ll:9:0:2. Chelicera 0.78 as long as carapace; hand with 11 or 12 setae; flagellum of 8 pinnate setae; fixed fingerwitharowof10andmovablefingerwith 12marginalteeth; no spinneret evident. Palp typical (Fig. 2). Surfaces, except chelal fingers, covered with tiny papillae. Trochanter 2.0,femur 7.95, tibia 2.4, and chela 6.5 times as long as broad; hand 2.8 times as long as deep; movable finger 1.37 times as long as hand. Femur 1.65 and chela 2.15 times as long as carapace. Placement of tricho­bothria typical. Movable chelal finger with 6 spaced,acute teeth; fixed finger with 16 similar teeth and a small, external denticle at base of terminal tooth. Sensory pit on movable finger well proximad of last tooth. Legs typical, but rather slender for the genus;leg IV with entire femur 3.0 and tibia 5.9 times as long as deep. Measurements (mm).—Body length 1.30. Carapacelength 0.38. Chelicera 0.295 by 0.13. Palpal trochan­ter 0.16 by 0.08; femur 0.635 by 0.08; tibia 0.215 by0.09; chela 0.815 by 0.125; hand 0.35 by 0.125; movable finger 0.48 long. Leg IV: entire femur 0.51 by 0.17; tibia 0.355 by 0.06; metatarsus 0.18 by0.05; telotarsus 0.445 by 0.045. Etymology.—The species is named in honor of Dale Pate, who collected the specimen. Remarks.—ln the key to species of Aphrastoch­thonius (Muchmore, 1976:363), A. patei will run to couplet 4, where it separates by reason of the occur­ rence of 4-6 microsetae on each side of the carapace.In this species the posterior genital operculum of the male does not have the distinctive bulbous setae as seen in A. alteriae (see above). FAMILY VACHONIIDAE CHAMBERLIN Genus Vachonium Chamberlin For the definition of the genus see Chamberlin (1947). Five species, all cavernicolous, have been known from Mexico and Belize (Muchmore, 1977). . Figs. 3-BVachonium chukum, new species: 3, genital opercula of holotype male; 4, internal genitalia of holotype male; 5, genital opercula of paratype female; 6, cheliceral flagellum; 7, dorsal view of left palp; 8, lateral view of right chela (Figs. 6-8 are of holotypemale). Vachoniumchukum,newspecies forgenitalia.Generallylightbrownincolor.Carapace Figs. 3-8 about 1/3 longer than broad; anterior margin straight; Material.—Holotype male (WM 3879.01001) and no eyes; surface strongly reticulate, without a trans-single male and female paratypes found on the under-verse furrow; chaetotaxy of holotype 5-6-4-2-4=21. sides of stones in the main room of Actun Chukum, Coxal area typical of the genus.2 km SE Maxcanu, Yucatan, Mexico, 29 November Abdomen elongate; tergites and sternites finely1974 (J. Reddell, D. McKenzie, S. Wiley, R. W. reticulated; pleural membranes longitudinally plicate.Mitchell).Tergal chaetotaxy of holotype 3:4:4:6:6:6:6;7:6:6: Diagnosis.—Similar in size to Vachonium maya TITTIT:2. Sternal chaetotaxy of holotype male Chamberlin, but with appendages more attenuate, 21:[l-1]:(3)12/6(3):(2)8(2):8:4mm4:4mm4:4mm4:palpal femur about 2.55 mm long, 1/w ratio about 8:8:TT:2; sternal chaetotaxy of female paratype 8.8 and chela about 3.95 mm long, 1/w ratio about 15:(4)13(4):(2)6(2):8:-. Male genital opercula and 8.0. internal genitalia as shown in Figs. 3 and 4; female Description.—Malesandfemalemuchalikeexcept genitaloperculaasinFig.5. Chelicera a little more than half as long as cara­pace; hand with 8-10 setae: flagellum of 5 setae, all serrated in distal halves (Fig. 6); each finger with large and several smaller teeth; galea, equallydeveloped in male and female, a long curved stylet,but not extending beyond tip of movable finger. Palp very long and slender (Fig. 7); femur 1.8, tibia 1.7 and chela 2.8 times as long as carapace.Palpal femur 8.7-8.95, tibia 7.5-7.8 and chela (with­out pedicel) 7.5-8.25 times as long as broad; hand (without pedicel) 2.45-2.8 times as long as deep;movable finger 1.8-2.0 times as long as hand. Surfaces completely, but not evenly, granulate. Femoral tubercle relatively small. Trichobothria of chela as shown in Fig. 8. Fixed chelal finger with 142-146 well-developed, cusped marginal teeth and a promi­nent accessory tooth on the inner side at level of 28th marginal tooth: movable finger with 106-116 teeth,only those in distal half with small, posteriorlydirected cusps. Movable finger with well-developed venom apparatus, the nodus ramosus of the duct 1/3the distance from the tip: fixed finger with no vene­ dens and no venom duct. Legs slender; leg IV with entire femur 7.2 and tibia 12.0 times as long as deep. Legs 111 and IV with femora scaly. All tarsi divided; subterminal setae with a few small spinules near tips. Measurements (mm).—Figures given first for holo­type male, followed in parentheses by those for para­type male and paratype female, respectively. Bodylength 4.42(4.23,4.77). Carapace length 1.44(1.37,1.43). Chelicera 0.78(0.78,0.835) by 0.34(0.34,0.37).Palpal trochanter 0.85(0.82,0.89) by 0.41(0.385,0.415); femur 2.63(2.52,2.60) by 0.295(0.29,0.29);tibia 2.41(2.34,2.45) by 0.32(0.30,0.325); chela (without pedicel) 3.97(3.88,4.03) by 0.495(0.47,0.54); hand (without pedicel) 1.26(1.36,1.33) by0.50(0.48,0.54); pedicel about 0.15 long; movable finger 2.58(2.48,2.55) long. Leg IV; entire femur 1.93(1.88,1.90) by 0.27(0.26,0.265); tibia 1.63(1.60,1.70)by 0.13(0.13,0.15). Etymology.—The species is named for the Actun Chukum where it is found; chukum is used as a noun in apposition. Remarks.—These pseudoscorpions were taken at the same time and at the same general location in the cave where the holotype of the scorpion Diplocentrusanophthalmus Francke was found. Here are recorded the first known males in the genus Vachonium Chamberlin. It is of interest to note that they differ little from the female except for the genital apparatus. Vachonium robustum, new species Figs. 9 and 10 Material.—Holotype female (WM 3878.01001)found on the underside of a small stone in Actun Chukum, 2 km SE Maxcanu, Yucatan, Mexico,17 October 1974 (D. McKenzie, J. Reddell, R. Solis, S. W iley). Diagnosis.—This is the least slender of known spe­cies in Vachonium. The 1/w ratios for the palpalfemur and chela are 5.65 and 4.75, respectively. Description of female (male unknown).—Colorgenerally light brown. Carapace 1.3 times as long as broad; anterior margin nearly straight; no eyes; sur­face strongly reticulate, with broad transverse furrow near posterior margin; chaetotaxy 7-6-5-2-5=25. Coxal area typical. Abdomen ovoid; tergites and sternites finely reti­culated; pleural membranes longitudinally plicate.Tergal chaetotaxy 6:5:6:7:8:8:8:8:7:6:T1TT1T:2;sternal chaetotaxy I6:(3)18(3):(3)7(3):9:5mm5:smms:smrns:9:l 1:TIT :2. Chelicera 0.65 as long as carapace; hand with 8 setae: flagellum of 5 serrate setae, the proximal one shorter than the others; each finger with ] large and several smaller teeth; galea long, slender, extendingjust beyond tip of movable finger. Palp moderately long and slender (Fig. 9). Femur 1.5, tibia 1.3, and chela 2.6 times as long as carapace.Palpal femur 5.65, tibia 4.6, and chela (without pedi­cel) 4.75 times as long as broad; hand (without pedi­cel) 1.75 limes as long as deep; movable finger 1.7 times as long as hand. Surfaces granulate exceptmedial side of femur, distal end of tibia, and tips of chelal fingers. Femoral tubercle low, rounded. Tricho­bothria of chela as shown in Fig. 10. Fixed chelal finger with 119 well-developed, cusped marginal teeth and a prominent accessory tooth on the inner side at level of 27th marginal tooth; movable fingerwith i i teeth, best developed in middle of row,becoming low and rounded proximally and obso­lescent distally. Movable finger with well-developed venom apparatus, nodus ramosus of duct justproxi­mad of trichobothrium st; fixed finger without a venedens, but with a small venom duct extending to a point justproximal totheaccessorytooth. Legs moderately slender; leg IV with femur 4.65 and tibia 7.85 times as long as deep. Legs 111 and IV with femora scaly. All tarsi divided; subterminal setae with few distal spinules. Measurements (mm).—Body length 4.44. Carapacelength 1.22. Chelicera 0.79 by 0.355. Palpal trochan­ter 0.78 by 0.34; femur 1.81 by 0.32; tibia 1.61 by0.35; chela (without pedicel) 3.17 by 0.665; hand (without pedicel) 1.09 by 0.62; pedicel 0.185 long; Figs.9-10. Vachoniumrobustum,newspecies,holotypefemale:9.dorsalviewofleftpalp;10,lateralviewofrightchela Fig. 11.—Vachonium loltun, new species, holotype female: dorsal view of left palp. Fig. 12-13.—Paravachonium delanoi, newspecies,holotypemale: 12,genitalopercula;13.internalgenitalia. movable finger 1.87 long. Leg IV; entire femur 1.37 by 0.295;tibia 1.18 by 0.15. Etymology.—The species is called robustum be­cause of the relative robust structure among speciesof Vachonium. Remarks.—This species was collected from the same cave as V. chukum (see above), but at a dif­ferent time and in a different location in the cave. Be­cause of the very' considerable agreement in charac­ters among the 3 specimens of V. chukum, it is un­likely that this is a variant of that species. It differs particularly in size, proportions and chaetotaxy and in the possession of a vestigial venom duct in the fixed chelal finger. Vachonium loltun, new species Fig. 11 Material.—Holotype female (WM 4564.0100) from undersideof asmallrockinActunLoltun. 7kmSSW Oxkutzcab, Vucatan, Mexico, 26 June 1975 (J. Red-dell, A. Grubbs, D. McKenzie, S. W iley). Diagnosis.—Similar in size to V. chukum but with appendages, especially palpal chela much less attenu­ated-chela 3.66 mm long, 1/w ratio 5.9; and with distinct venom duct in movable finger. Description of female (male unknown).—Colorgenerally light brown. Carapace about 1.25 times as long as broad; anterior margin slightly concave; no eyes; surface faintly' reticulate, with no transverse furrow; chaetotaxy 7-6-3-2-4=22. Coxal area typical. Abdomen ovoid; tergites and sternites very finelyreticulated; pleural membranes longitudinally plicate.Tergal chaetotaxy 4:4:4:6:6:6:7:7:6:5:T1TT1T:2;sternal chaetotaxy 12:(3)20(3):(2)10(2):10:4mm4: 5mm5:5mm4:8:8:TT :2. Chelicera 0.7 as long as carapace; hand with 9 or 10 setae; flagellum of 5 serrate setae; each finger with large and several smaller teeth; galea long, slender, gently curved, not reaching to tip ofmovable finger. Palp long and moderately slender (Fig. 11);femur 1.85, tibia 1.65, and chela 3.0 times as long as cara­pace. Palpal femur 8.05, tibia 6.25, and chela (with­out pedicel) 5.9 times as long as broad; hand (with­out pedicel) 1.95 times as long as deep; movable finger 2.0 times as long as hand. All surfaces heavily to lightly granulate. Femoral tubercle large and angu­lar. Trichobothria of chela as indicated in Fig. 11. Fixed chelal finger with 159 well-developed, cuspedmarginal teeth and a prominent accessory tooth on inner surface at level of 35th marginal tooth; movable finger with 103 teeth, best developed, with cusps, in distal half of row, except that most distal 10 or so become very low and flattened. Movable finger with well-developed venom apparatus, nodus ramosus of duct far proximal of trichobolhrium st; fixed fingerwithout a venedens, hut with a distinct venom duct extending nearly to the level of the accessory tooth. Legs slender; leg IV with entire femur 6.4 and tibia 10.5 times as long as deep. Legs 111 and IV with femora scaly. All tarsi divided; suhterminal setae with a few spinules distally. Measurements (mm).—Body length 4.0. Carapacelength 1.23.Chelicera0.86by0.37.Palpaltrochanter 0.805 by 0.37; femur 2.26 by 0.28; tibia 2.0 by 0.32;chela (without pedicel) 3.66 by 0.62; hand (withoutpedicel) 1.17 by 0.60; pedicel 0.15 long; movable finger 2.33 long. Leg IV: entire femur 1.66 by 0.26;tibia 1.50by 0.14. Etymology.—This species is named for the Actun Loltun, where it is found; loltun is used as a noun in apposition. GenusParavachonium Beier For a discussion of this genus see Muchmore (1972,1973). Two species have been known, both from caves in Tamaulipas. Paravachonium delanoi, new species Figs. 12-19 Material.—Holotype male (WM 5278.02001) found in Cueva de Oyamel, SW of El Barretal, Tamaulipas,Mexico, 23 November 1977 (J. Delano) and a para­type tritonymph from the same cave, 19March 1978 (A. Grubbs). Diagnosis.—Similar to Paravachonium bolivari Beier in many respects, but with no dental crest on the movable chelal finger, with the setae of the cheli­ceral flagellum rounded at the ends, and with the galea shortand irregular. Description of male (female unknown).—Pale in color, carapace and palps light brown. Carapace 1/3longer than broad; anterior margin with a low, rounded epistome; no eyes; surface finely reticulated; with 21 setae, 4 at both anterior and posterior mar­gins. Coxal area typical. Abdomen elongate; tergites and sternites finelyreticulated; pleural membranes granulate. Tergalchaetotaxy 6:9:8:11:10:10:10:10:10:8:TITITT:2;sternal chaetotaxy 25:[2-3]:(3)14/10(3):(5)11(3): 16:17:18:16:14:14:TTTT:2. Genital opercula and internalgenitalia asshowninFigs. 12and 13. Chelicera a little more than half as long as cara­pace; hand with 5 setae; flagellum of 4 modified setae, broadly connected at their bases, blunt tippedand serrated along one margin (Fig. 14); fixed fingerwith 10 irregular teeth; movable finger with 2 irregu­lar elevations of the margin; galea short (not reaching to tip of finger), straight, and rough surfaced (Fig.15); serrula exterior with about 28 blades; serrula interior with about 23 blades. Palp rather slender (Fig. 16); femur 1.33, tibia 1.21, and chela 3.29 times as long as carapace. Palpaltrochanter 2.7, femur 6.15, tibia 4.65, and chela (without pedicel) 5.0 limes as long as broad; hand (withoutpedicel) 1.95timesaslongasdeep;movable finger 1.72 times as long as hand. Surfaces smooth, except for palpal fingers which are distinctly granu­late. Fixed finger with the normal number and dispo­sition of trichobothria (Fig. 17);movable finger with 5 trichobothria, evidently an extra one inserted be­tween st and sb (Fig. 17). Fixed finger with 126 well-developed, cusped marginal teeth. Movable fingerwith 72 very low, flattened teeth, those toward base of finger not elongated to form a crest as in other known species of Paravachonium. Fixed finger with­out venom apparatus; movable finger with well-developed venedens and venom duct, nodus ramosus justdistal to middleoffinger. Legs rather slender; leg IV with entire femur 5.7 and tibia 8.95 times as long as deep. Subterminal tarsal setae heavily dentate along one side; arolia shorter than claws, entire, margins ruffled. Tritonymph.—Much like the adult, but smaller and with less attenuated appendages. Carapace with a very low epistome; with 23 setae, 4 at anterior and 5 at posterior margins. Cheliceral hand with 5 setae, flagellumof4setae as intheadult; galealong,slender,curved, with a few tiny lateral spinules. Palpal chela Figs. 14-19.Paravachonium delanoi, new species, holotype male: 14, cheliceral flagellum; 15, tip of movable finger of chelicera; 16, dorsal view of right palp; 17, lateral view of left chela; 18, metatarsus and telotarsus of leg IV of paratype trito­nymph;19,(fused)tarsusoflegI ofparatypetritonymph. with marginal teeth as in adult, 102 on fixed finger Measurements (mm).—Figures for holotype male and 59 on movable finger with none elongated. given first with those for tritonymph in parentheses.Trichobothria positioned more or less as in adult; Body length 4.32(3.59). Carapace length 1.36(1.24).isb missing on fixed finger; movable finger with 4 Chelicera 0.73(0.62) by 0.325(0.295). Palpal tro­trichobothria, apparently the most basal adult one chanter 0.84(0.695) by 0.31(0.26); femur 1.81(1.40)missing. Legs differ from those of adult in that the by 0.295(0.26); tibia 1.65(1.24) by 0.355(0.31);tarsi of legs 111 and IV are divided normally while chela (without pedicel) 3.11(2.43) by 0.72(0.52);those of legs I and II are not divided (Figs. 18 and hand (without pedicel) 1.12(0.95) by 0.58(0.495);19). pedicel about 0.165(0.15) long; movable finger Figs. 20-23.—Paravachonium insolitum, new species, holotype female: 20, cheliceral flagellum; 21, tip of movable finger of chelicera;22, dorsalviewrofrightpalp;23,lateralviewofleft chela. 1.93(1.525) long. Leg IV: entire femur 1.54(1.21)by 0.27(0.23):tibia 1.43(1.11)by 0.16(0.14). Etymology.—The species is named in honor of John Delano who collected the holotype. Remarks.—This species is remarkable for several reasons. Importantly, the male does not have a groupof elongated teeth forming a dental crest on the c? C movable finger of the chela, a feature characteristic of other known adults of Paravachonium. The crest is also lacking in the tritonymph, as in the deuto­nymph ofP. bolivari (Muchmore, 1973:57). It should be noted that the adult of this species is representedby a male, while the other species are known onlyfrom females. Therefore, it may be that the dental crest is characteristic justofmature females. Both the male and the tritonymph have an extra trichobothrium on the movable chelal finger, appa­rently inserted between st and sb. It remains to be seen how widespread this phenomenon is, in the species and in the genus. On the chelicera the galea is of interest. In the tritonymph, it is long and slender and bears a few lateral spinules; in the male, however, it is short, thick and rough surfaced. It seems likely that the shriveled condition of the galea is a characteristic found only in males. Paravachonium insolitum, new species Figs. 20-23 Material.—Holotype female (WM 3411.01001)from Sotano de la Tinaja, 10.5 km NE Valles, San Luis Potosi, Mexico, 7 June 1973 (J. Fish and S. Patrick). Diagnosis.—Similar to Paravachonium bolivari Beier hut larger, with 5 setae in the cheliceral flagel­lum and the galea with lateral spinules. Description of female (male unknown).— Generallypale in color, carapace and palps light brown. Cara­pace 1/3 longer than broad: anterior margin straight; no eyes; surface reticulated; with 27 setae, 4 at both anterior and posterior margins. Coxal area typical. Abdomen elongate; tergites and sternites finelyreticulated; pleural membranes granulate. Tergal chaetotaxy 6:8:9:10:9:9:9:9:9:7:1111111:2. Ster­nal chaetotaxy 8:(3)10(3);(3)13(3); 18:18; 17:16:16: 11:1X1X1:2. Chelicera a little more than half as long as cara­pace; hand with 5 setae; flagellum of 5 setae of equallength, all denticulate in distal halves (Fig. 20): fixed finger with 11 and movable finger with 9 irregular teeth: galea long, slender, slightly curved, with several tiny spinules on its surface (Fig. 21): serrula exterior with 30 blades; serrula interior with 27 blades. Palp long and slender (Fig. 22): femur 1.39. tibia 1.26. and chela 2.37 times as long as carapace. Palpal trochanter 2.8. femur 6.0. tibia 4.4, and chela (with­out pedicel) 5.95 times as long as broad: hand (with­out pedicel) 1.9 times as long as deep; movable finger 1.75 times as long as hand. Surfaces smooth. Xricho­bothria normal, as shown in Fig. 23. Fixed chelal finger with 134 contiguous marginal teeth: movable finger with 100 marginal teeth, the basal 22 or so forming a conspicuous, elevated crest. Fixed fingerwithout venom apparatus; movable finger with well-developed venedens and venom duct, the nodus ramosus about midway between trichobothria st and sb. Legs rather slender; leg IV with entire femur 5.3 and tibia 8.7 times as long as deep. Subterminal tarsal setae heavily dentate along one side. Arolia shorter than claws, entire, margin smooth. Measurements (mm).—Body length 3.93. Carapacelength 1.25. Chelicera 0.665 by 0.31. Palpal trochan­ter 0.785 by 0.28; femur 1.74 by 0.29; tibia 1.575 by0.355; chela (without pedicel) 2.96 by 0.585; hand (without pedicel) 1.035 by 0.55: pedicel about 0.155 long; movable finger 1.83 long. Leg IV: entire femur 1.375 by 0.26; tibia 1.31 by 0.15; metatarsus 0.235 by 0.125; telotarsus 0.80 by 0.10. Etymology.—Xhe specific name insolitum is givenin reference to the unusual characters of the flagellumand galea. Remarks.—Xhis species is clearly closely related to the other species placed in Paravachonium. Xhe possession of 5 setae in the cheliceral flagellum might seem sufficient justification for establishing a new genus; but, as was noted in respect to P. superbum(Muchmore, 1972a), the flagellum may be an un­stable character in subterranean situations and so not taxonomically useful at the generic level. Xhe small spinules on the surface of the cheliceral galea are also seen in the tritonymph of P. delanoi (above). Xhis may be a general characteristic of the genus not noticed previously because of poor condi­tions of preparation or observation. FAMILY IDEORONCIDAE CHAMBERLIN Genus Typhloroncus Muchmore Xhe genus Typhloroncus was described recently(Muchmore, 1979) on the basis of T. coralensis Muchmore from St. John, U. S. Virgin Islands. No other species is known from the V est Indies, hut 3 new cavernicolous species from Mexico seem to be closely related. Typhloroncus coralensis Muchmore It must he noted that an error was made in the description of this species, the type-species of the genus. Xhe figures given for the chaetotaxy of the 11th tergite and stemite are incorrect (Muchmore, 1979:318). Correctly, there are XXIXX on the tergalportion and IXXI on the sternal portion of the circumanal ring. Xhis corresponds well with the situa­tion in the Mexican forms described below. Typhloroncus troglobius, new species Figs. 24-26 Material.—Holotype female (WM 4676.01001)found in Grutas de Atepolihuit, 5 km SW Cuetzalan,Puebla, Mexico, 18 December 1976 (J. R. Reddell. D. McKenzie, C. Soileau). Diagnosis.—A large species generally with the characters of the genus (Muchmore, 1979:317) and with attenuated appendages; palpal femur 2.03 mm long and with 1/w ratio of 7.25, and chela 3.11 mm longand with 1/wratio of 5.9. Description of female (male unknown).—Carapaceand palps light brown, other parts tan. Carapacelonger than broad: anterior margin with low, triangu­lar epistome; no eyes evident; surface finely reticula­ted: a ver\T shallow transverse furrow near posteriormargin; with about 20 very small setae. 5 at anterior and 4 at posterior margin. Coxal area distinguished in having fine granules on surfaces of coxae, especiallymedially. Abdominal tergites and sternites entire,surfaces finely reticulated; pleural membranes finelylongitudinally striate, but with small irregularitiesanteriorly. Xergal chaetotaxy 2:2:3:4:5:5:5:6:6:6: XIXXIX:2; sternal chaetotaxy 12:(1)9(1):(1)8(1): 9:11:12:10:8:10:XX :2. Cheliceraabouthalf aslong ascarapace;handwith 5 setae, es long and straight: flagellum of4 setae, the proximal one 2/3 as long as the others, all stronglydentate along one margin; each finger with 7 or 8 irregular teeth; galea long, slender, gently curved: serrula exterior with 33 blades. Figs. 24-29 -Typhloroncus troglobius, new species, holotype female; 24, dorsal view of right palp; 25, lateral view of left chela; 26, leg IV. Typhloroncus diabolus, new species, holotype female: 27, genital opercula; 28, dorsal view of right palp;29, lateral view of left chela. Palp long and slender (Fig. 24); femur 1.68 and mal ones on the dorsum are isolated and describe an chela 2.57 times as long as carapace. Femur 7.25, obtuse triangle around the base of a distinct eleva­tibia 6.1, and chela (without pedicel) 5.9 times as tion of the surface. Fixed finger with an irregular long as broad; hand 1.9 times as long as deep; mov-marginal row of 94 contiguous teeth, most with able finger 2.18 times as long as hand. Most surfaces, cusps, but poorly developed basally; movable fingerincluding bases of chelal fingers, covered with fine with 82 teeth, those in basal half becoming rounded granules. Trichobothria of chela as shown in Figs. 24 and obsolescent. Both fingers with well-developedand 25; much like those of T. diabolus except that venom apparatus and long ducts, the nodus ramosus thereareonly4ondorsumofhand;still,the3proxi-about1/4thedistancefromthedistalend. Legs slender (Hg. 26); leg IV with entire femur 5.8 and tibia 8.8 limes as long as deep. Metatarsus and telotarsus with prominent setae along outer mar­ gins; subterminal tarsal setae finely denticulate near tips; arolia not divided, shorter than claws. Measurements (mm).—Body length 3.85. Carapacelength 1.21. Chelicera 0.635 long. Palpal trochanter 0.615 by 0.29; femur 2.035 by 0.28; tibia 1.77 by0.29; chela (without pedicel) 3.11 by 0.525; hand (without pedicel) 0.985 by 0.52; pedicel 0.11 long;movable finger 2.15 long. Leg IV: entire femur 1.56 by 0.27; tibia 1.10 by 0.125; metatarsus 0.49 by0.12; telotarsus 1.05 by 0.09. Etymology.—The species is named troglobius in recognition of its subterranean habitat. Remarks.—Though thisandthefollowing2species are strongly modified for cave life, they seem defi­nitely congeneric with 7. coralensis from the VirginIslands. They correspond well in general features as well as in the lack of eyes, the undivided pedal arolia shorter than the claws, and the chaetotaxy and dorsal eminence of the palpal chela. Typhloroncus diabolus, new species Figs. 27-29 Material.—Holotype female (WM 3415.01001)found in Cueva del Diablo, 3 km SSW Ciudad Men­doza, Veracruz, Mexico, 7 March 1973 (J. R. Reddell and S. Murphy). Diagnosis.—A large species with the general charac­ters of the genus (see Muchmore, 1979:317) and with moderately attenuated appendages; palpal femur 2.34 mm long and with 1/wratio of 4.5. Description of female (male unknown).—Body and legs tan, carapace and palps light brown. Carapacelonger than broad; anterior margin slightly producedbut without a definite epistome; no eyes; surface strongly reticulated; a very faint transverse furrow near posterior margin; with about 20 very small setae,4 at both anterior and posterior margins. Coxal area without unusual features. Abdomen elongate; tergitesand sternites entire, surfaces finely reticulated; pleu­ral membranes finely, longitudinally striated but with small irregularities anteriorly. Tergal chaetotaxy 3:4: 6:6:7:8:6:6:8;7:T2TT1T:0; sternal chaetotaxy 20: (1)14(1):(1)11(1):13:13:13:11:10:10:T2T:2, genitalopercula as shown in Fig. 27. Chelicera about half as long as carapace; hand with 5 setae, es very long, straight; flagellum of 4 setae,regularly graduated in length and all strongly dentate along one margin; each finger with about 10 irregularteeth; galea long, slender, gently curved; serrula ex­terior with 33 blades. Palp rather long and slender (Fig. 28); femur 1.51 and chela 2.41 limes as long as carapace. Femur 5.7, tibia 4.55, and chela (without pedicel) 4.5 times as long as broad; hand 1.65 times as long as deep;movable finger 1.93 times as long as hand. All sur­faces with granules, which are especially large and numerous on both chelal fingers and on medial sides of tibia and femur. Trichobothria of chela as shown in Figs. 28 and 29; these are difficult to characterize (as is usual for this group), but there are 5 prominent ones on dorsum of hand and base of fixed finger and 3 in a row on lateral side of hand; the 3 proximal ones on the dorsum are somewhat isolated and de­scribe an obtuse triangle around the base of a low,but distinct elevation of the surface (as in T. coralen­sis). Fixed finger with an irregular marginal row of 90 contiguous teeth, most with cusps but best developed in middle of row; movable finger with irregular row of 75 teeth, those in proximal half of row becoming rounded, low, and obsolescent. Both fingers with well-developed venom apparatus and longducts, the nodus ramosus in each finger about 1/4 the distance from the distal end. Legs rather slender; leg IV with entire femur 5.2 and tibia 10.0 times as long as deep. Metatarsus and telotarsus each with prominent setae along outer margin; subterminal tarsal setae trifid at tip; arolia not divided, shorter than claws. Measurements (mm).—Body length 5.9. Carapacelength 1.55. Chelicera 0.755 by 0.33. Palpal trochan­ter 0.81 by 0.38; femur 2.34 by 0.41; tibia 1.91 by0.42; chela (without pedicel) 3.73 by 0.83; hand (without pedicel) 1.265 by 0.77: pedicel 0.155 long;movable finger 2.45 long. Leg IV: entire femur 1.78 by 0.34; tibia 1.48 by 0.15; metatarsus 0.58 by 0.13;telotarsus 1.05by 0.10. Etymology.—The species is named diabolus in reference to Cueva del Diablo, where it is found. Remarks.—This specimen is distinctive in having no setae on the dorsal anal plate, while other speciesof Typhloroncus and other ideoroncids have 2 setae on both dorsal and ventral plates. As there is only the single specimen available, it is not clear whether this is a characteristic of the species or justa teratologicalaberration of the individual. Typhloroncus attenuatus, new species Figs. 30-32 Material.—Holotype female (WM 5465.01001)found in Cueva del Brinco, near Conrado Castillo,about 40 km NW of Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas,Mexico, in April 1978 (A. Grubbs, D. Pate, P. Sprouse, T. Treacy, S. Balsdon, R. Hemperly, P. Strickland). Figs. 30-32 .—Typhloroncus attenuatus, new species, holotype female; 30, dorsal view of right palp; 31, lateral view of left chela;32, endoftarsusoflegIV,showingmodifiedsetae. Diagnosis.—A large species generally with the Description of female (male unknown).—Most characters of the genus (see Muchmore, 1979:317) parts tan, but palps a little darker. Carapace longerand with very attenuate appendages; palpal femur than broad; anterior margin slightly concave at cen­ 2.54 mm long and with 1/w' ratio of 9.6. and chela ter; no eyes; surface strongly reticulated, almost scaly 3.22 mm long and with 1/w ratio of 7.25; with highly laterally; no transverse furrow evident; with only 11modified setae on telotarsi of all legs. setae, 4 at anterior margin and 1 at posterior (on right side). Surfaces of coxae reticulate, becoming scalymedially onpalpandlegsIand 11.Abdominaltergitesand sternites entire, poorly sclerotized but finelyreticulatedanteriorly;pleural membranesfinelylongi­tudinally striate. Tergal chaetotaxy 2:2:2:3:3:4;4:4: 4:S;TITITIT;2; sternal chaetotaxy 15:(1)6(1):(1)5(1 ):7:9:9:9:9:7:TT:2. Chelicera about half as long as carapace; hand with 5 setae, es long, straight; flagellum of 4 setae, the proximal one shorter than the others, all stronglydentate along one margin; each finger with about 12 irregular teeth; galea long, slender, gently curved;serrula exterior with 30 blades. Palp very long and slender (Fig. 30); femur 1.85 and chela 2.75 times as long as carapace. Femur 9.75;tibia 7.9, and chela (without pedicel) 8.5 times as long as broad; hand 3.0 times as long as deep; mov­able finger 1.85 times as long as hand. All surfaces with granules except distal halves of chelal fingers.Trichohothria of chela as shown in Figs. 30 and 31;much like those of T. diaholus, except that on dor­sum of hand are only 4 which are relatively close together but still are arranged around base of a dis­tinct elevation. Fixed finger with 149 contiguousmarginal teeth, cusped only in distal third of row;movable linger with 133 teeth which are similar, but cusped only in distal quarter of row. Both fingerswith well-developed venom apparatus; the ducts are large and conspicuous and long, with nodi ramosi 3/8 the distance from the distal end of each finger. Legs very slender; leg IV with entire femur 8.2 and tibia 10.5 times as long as deep. Surfaces of femora scaly. Metatarsus of leg IV with a conspicuous tactile seta near proximal end. Each telotarsus with about 10 distal setae on the ventral half, and including the sub-terminal setae, broadened and depressed into the shape of long, pointed spoons; the depressions of all these setae face upwards; both inner and outer sur­faces are finely, longitudinally striate (Fig. 32). Arolia not divided, shorter than claws. Measurements (mm).—Bodv length 4.5. Carapacelength 1.37.Chelicera 0.70by 0.31.Palpal trochanter 0.68by 0.27;femur2.54by0.27;tibia2.45by0.31;chela (without pedicel) 3.77 by 0.44; hand (withoutpedicel) 1.39 by 0.46; pedicel 0.22 long; movable finger 2.57 long. Leg IV: entire femur 2.01 by 0.245; tibia 1.47 by 0.14; metatarsus 0.59 by 0.135; telo­tarsus 1.48by 0.095. Etymology.—The species is called attenuatus in recognition ofits strikingly attenuated appendages. Remarks.—ln addition to the attenuation of the appendages, this species is characterized by a reduc­tion in the number of setae on the carapace and the tergites and sternites. Both of these features are con­ nectecl with its strong adaptation to the cave environ­ment. Of further interest in this species is the uniquemodification of some of the distal ventral setae of the telotarsi of all legs into pointed, spoon-shaped structures. Though no evidence is available con­cerning their use, it seems likely that they perform some special sensory function. GenusAlbiorix Chamberlin This genus was described by Chamberlin (1930)and several new Mexican forms were described byHoff (1945). Most species are epigean, but one, A. bolivariBeier, isknownfrom acave inGuerrero. Albiorix mirabilis, new species Figs. 33-36 Material.—Holotype male (WM 4675.03001) from la Cueva de las Maravillas, 6 km S of Acatlan, Oaxaca,Mexico, 29 December 1976 (J. R. Reddell, A. Grubbs, C. Soileau, D. McKenzie). Diagnosis.—Generally similar to Albiorix bolivari Beier (1963) but smaller and with appendages less slender; palpal femur 0.73 mm long, 1/w ratio 4.05 and chela 1.185 mm long, 1/w ratio 3.7. Description of male (female unknown).—All partslight brown. Carapace as broad as long; anterior mar­gin with a low, rounded epistome; 2 corneate eyes;surface smooth above, reticulate at sides; with a wide but shallow1 transverse furrow near posterior margin;about20setae,4atanteriorand 3atposteriormargin.Coxal area typical of the genus. Abdomen ovoid; tergites and sternites entire; ter­gites 1-3faintlyreticulate,othertergitesandsternites smooth;pleural membranesfinelypapillateanteriorly, but longitudinally striate posteriorly. Tergal chaeto­taxy 4:4:5:8:8:8:9:8;9:9:T1T1T1T:2; sternal chaeto­taxy 11:[3-3]:(1)9(1):(1)6(1):9:9:8:9:9:11:1TT1:2;genital opercula as in Fig. 33. Chelicera nearly half as long as carapace; hand with 6 setae; flagellum of 4 subequal, serrate setae; no lamina exterior present; both movable and fixed fingers with 4 marginal teeth; galea long, slender, slightly curved; serrula exterior with 20 blades. Palp slender (Fig. 34); femur 1.12, tibia 0.90,and chela 1.82 times as long as carapace. Palpal tro­chanter 2.35, femur 4.05, tihia 3.25 and chela (with­out pedicel) 3.7 times as long as broad; hand (with­ out pedicel) 1.85 times as long as deep; movable finger 1.24 times as long as hand. Surfaces smooth except for distinct granules on medial side of femur Figs. 33-40.-Albiorix mirabilis, new species, holotype male: 33, genital opercula; 34, dorsal view of left palp; 35, lateral viewofright chela;36,arolium and clawsofpedaltarsus.Albiorixreddelli,newspecies,holotypefemale;37,genitalopercula;38, dorsal view of right palp; 39, lateral view of left chela; 40, arolium and claws of pedal tarsus. and a few on trochanter and tibia. Trichobothria of tire femur 2.5 and tibia 3.9 times as long as deep.chelanumerous,moreorlessasshowninFigs.34 MetatarsusoflegIVwithatactilesetanearproximaland 35; a slight depression in the dorsum of the end. Subterminal tarsal setae trifid at ends. Arolia hand occurs behind the proximal group of 3 tricho-longer than claws and clearly divided (bifurcate), the bothria. Fixed chelal finger with 32 low, cusped distal margins fringed (Fig. 36).marginal teeth; movable finger with 2 small, cusped Measurements (mm).-Body length 2.17. Carapacedenticles distally, followed proximally by 2 very low length 0.65. Chelicera 0.29 by 0.13. Palpal trochanter teeth and 19 or 20 barely detectable undulations of 0.33 by 0.14; femur 0.73 by 0.18; tibia 0.585 bythe margin. Venom apparatus well developed in both 0.18; chela (without pedicel) 1.185 by 0.32; hand fingers, the nodi ramosi about 1/3 the distance from (without pedicel) 0.54 by 0.29; pedicel about 0.065 the distal end. long; movable finger 0.67 long. Leg IV: entire femur Legs about normal for the genus; leg IV with en-0.58 by 0.23; tibia 0.41 by 0.105. Etymology.—The species is called mirabilis, as one of the marvels to he found in la Cueva de las Mara-villas. Remarks.—This species has all the characters of the genus Albiorix, including the divided pedal arolia. It is interesting to note, however, that the distal mar­gins of the arolia are fringed here, rather than smooth as in A. bolivari (unpublished observation). In addi­tion, there is a slight depression in the dorsum of the palpal chela just proximal to the group of 3 tricho­ bothria, a feature not noticed in other species of Albiorix. Albiorix reddelli, new species Figs. 37-40 Material.—Holotype female (WM 2957.01001) and paratype female from Grutas de Monteflor, 6 km N of Valle Nacional, Oaxaca, Mexico, 28 December 1972 (J. R. Reddell). Diagnosis.—Much like Albiorix bolivari Beier in size and morphology, but with palpal tihia shorter = and stouter (1/w 2.9-2.95) and with pedal arolia slightly indented but not distinctly divided. Description of female (male unknown).—Pale in color, carapace and palps light hrown. Carapace as broad as long; anterior margin with a low, rounded epistome; 2 corneate eyes; surface smooth above,becoming reticulate laterally, with no transverse furrow; with about 24 setae, 4 at both anterior and posterior margins. Coxal area typical for the genus. Abdomen ovoid; tergites and sternites entire; anterior tergites finely reticulate, other tergites and sternites smooth; pleural membranes longitudinally,smoothly striate. Tergal chaetotaxy of holotype2:4:5:6:9:10:9:9:10:8:T1T1T1T:2, paratype similar;sternal chaetotaxy 6:(2)3(2):(2)4(2):10:10:9:11:11 : 10:1T2T1:2, paratype similar; genital opercula as shown in Fig. 37. Chelicera about halfas long as carapace; hand with 6 setae; flagellum of 4 subequal, serrate setae; no lamina exterior present; movable finger with about 5 marginal teeth, fixed finger with 3 good-sized teeth and many, tiny denticles both distal and proximal to those; galea long, slender, curved; serrula exterior with about 20 blades. Palp rather long and slender (Fig. 38). Palpalfemur 1.31-1.34, tibia 0.85-0.88 and chela 2.11-2.15 as long as carapace. Trochanter 2.1-2.25, femur 4.05­4.1, tibia 2.9-2.95, and chela (without pedicel) 3.95­ 4.0 limes as long as broad; hand (without pedicel1.9-1.95 times as long as deep; movable finger about 1.2 times as long as hand. Palpal femur granulatemedially, trochanter and tihia with few, small,scattered granules, other surfaces smooth. Tricho­bothria of chela numerous, more or less as shown in Figs. 38 and 39; on dorsum of hand is a group of 3 prominent trichobothria toward the middle and another prominent one set apart some distance distal to the group. Fixed chelal finger with 35 or 36 cusped, marginal teeth; movable finger with 2 small, cusped denticles distally, followed by about 25 low, rounded teeth. Venom apparatus well developed in both fingers, the nodi ramosi about 1/3 the distance from distal end. Legs rather slender for the genus; leg IV with femur 2.95-3.0 and tibia 4.25-4.3 times as long as deep. Metatarsus of leg IV with a tactile seta near proximal end. Subterminal tarsal setae trifid at ends. Arolia longer than claws; not divided, but slightlyindented at middle and distal margins smooth (Fig.40). Measurements (mm).—Body length 2.38-2.55. Carapace length 0.68-0.70. Chelicera 0.33-0.34 by0.16-0.17. Palpal trochanter 0.38-0.385 by 0.17­0.185; femur 0.89-0.94 by 0.22-0.23; tibia 0.58­ 0.615 by 0.20-0.21; chela (without pedicel) 1.46­ 1.48 by 0.37; hand (without pedicel) 0.665 by0.345-0.35; pedicel about 0.075 long; movable finger0.79-0.815 long. Leg IV: entire femur 0.71-0.725 by0.235-0.245; tibia 0.445-0.45 by 0.105. Etymology.—The species is named for James R. Reddell who collected the specimens. Remarks.—The nature of the arolia of the pedaltarsi in this species is interesting and may be of con­siderable taxonomic importance. As Chamberlin (1930) pointed out in his original description and as Hoff (1956) reaffirmed, the empodia (arolia) are clearly bifurcate (bifid or divided) in the genusAlbio­rix. In the present species, however, the arolia have the margins slightly indented but are definitely not divided into two parts. This poses the questionwhether this form actually belongs in Albiorix or should be placed in another genus. At the moment,there is no other genus into which it fits better, and it seems premature to erect a new genus before study­ing carefully the considerable amount of ideoroncid material available. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am greatly indebed to all those who collected and sent to me the specimens considered herein. Special thanks to J. R. Reddell for assembling and sending the material to me. C. H. Alteri is responsiblefor most of the illustrations. Support was provided in part by the Office of Naval Research under Contract NOOOl4-76-C-0001 with the Center for Naval Analy­ses of the University of Rochester. LITERATURE CITED Beier, M. 1963. Eine neue Art der Pseudoscorpioniden-Gattung Albiorix aus Hohle Acuitlapan, Gro., Mexico. Ciencia, Mexico, 22:133-134. Chamberlin, J. C. 1930. A synoptic classification of the false scorpions or chela-spinners, with a report on a cosmopoli­tan collection of the same. Part ll.—The Diplosphyronida(Arachnida-Chelonethida). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 10,5:1-48. Chamberlin, J. C. 1947. The Yachoniidae, a new family of false scorpionsrepresentedby twonew speciesfrom caves in Yucatan. Bull. Univ. Utah. 38(7):1-15.Chamberlin, J. C. 1962. New and little-known false scorpions,principally from caves, belonging to the families Chthonii­dae and Neobisiidae (Arachnida, Chelonethida). Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., 123:299-352. Dumitresco, M., and T. N. Orghidan. 1977. Pseudoscorpionsde Cuba. Res. Exp. Biospeol. cubano-roumaines Cuba,2:99-122. Hoff, C. C. 1945. The pseudoscorpion genus Albiorix Cham­berlin. American Mus. Novitates, 1277:1-12. Hoff, C. C. 1956. Diplosphyronid pseudoscorpions from New Mexico. American Mus. Novitates, 1780:1-49. Muchmore, W. R. 1972a. New diplosphyronid pseudoscorpi­ons, mainly cavernicolous, from Mexico (Arachnida,Pseudoscorpionida). Trans. American Micros. Soc., 91: 261-276. Muchmore, W. B. 1972h. The unique, cave-restricted genus Aphrastochthonius (Pseudoscorpionida, Chthoniidae). Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 85:433-444. Muchmore, W. B. 1973. New and little known pseudoscor­pions, mainly from caves in Mexico (Arachnida, Pseudo­scorpionida). Assoc. Mexican Cave Stud. Bull., 5:47-62. Muchmore, W. B. 1976. Aphrastochthonius pachysetus, a new cavernicolous species from New Mexico (Pseudo­scorpionida, Chthoniidae). Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 89:361-364. Muchmore, W. B. 1977. Preliminary list of the pseudo-scorpions of the Yucatan Peninsula and adjacent regions, withdescriptionsofsomenew species(Arachnida,Pseudo­scorpionida). Assoc. Mexican Cave Stud. Bull., 6:63-78. Muchmore, W. B. 1979. Pseudoscorpions from Florida and the Caribbean area. 9. Typhloroncus, a new genus from the Virgin Islands (Ideoroncidae). Florida Entomol., 62:317-320. Assoc. Mexican Cave Stud. Bull., 8;79-94/Texas Mem. Mus. Bull., 28:79-94. THE TROGLOBITIC MYGALOMORPHS OF THE AMERICAS (ARACHNIDA, ARANEAE) Willis J. Gertsch 1 CuratorEmeritus American Museum ofNaturalHistory New York, New York ABSTRACT The infraorder Mygalomorphae comprises mostly largesedentary spiders most numerous in tropical and subtropicalregions. As compared with the more widespread and diverse araneomorphs, they have produced few obligate cavernicoles. The first one known was a small blind diplurid, now Masteria caeca (Simon), described in 1892 from a cave in the Philip­pine Islands. This was followed later by records of two addi­tional eyeless troglobites, a barychelid from Cuba and a dis­tinctive diplurid from West Australia. Within recent years a few mygalomorph troglobites have been discovered in eastern Mexico. The aim of this paper is to make known additional troglobites from caves in Mexico, Jamaica and Ecuador and to review and supplement the data on some of the known ones. The present number of world troglobitic mygalomorphsis now about a dozen belonging to four principal families. The following American taxa are now assigned to the familyDipluridae: from the island of Jamaica Masteria pecki, new species, from Falling Cave; and from Mexico three species of Euagrus: cavernicola Gertsch from caves of La Sierra de Guatemala, Tamaulipas; anops Gertsch from Cueva de la Porra, San Luis Potosi; and troglodyta, new species from Cueva del Campamiento, Queretaro. The family Ctenizidae is represented by its first troglobite, Spelocteniza ashmolei, new genus and species from the cave at Los Tayos, Ecuador. The family Barychelidae is still represented only by Troglo­thele caeca Fage, based on immature specimens of an eyelessspecies from Gruta Bellamar in Cuba. The fourth family,Theraphosidae, is now represented by several large speciesassigned to the new genus Spelopelma from caves of eastern Mexico: stygium (Gertsch), San Luis Potosi; mitchelli, new species from Entrada del Viento Alta, Tamaulipas; elliotti (Gertsch), from Cueva de la Laguna, San Luis Potosi; red­delli (Gertsch), from Oaxaca; puebla, new species from caves of Puebla; and grieta, new species from Cueva de la Grieta, Oaxaca. The species Spelopelma nahuanum, new species,based on a seemingly congeneric male taken on the surface *Home address: P. 0. Box 157, Portal, Arizona 85632. at Zoquitlan, Puebla, has provided secondary sexual charac­ters of that sex. INTRODUCTION The obligate cavernicoles have always been of singular interest because their deep commitment has led to presumed inalterable existence in a circum­scribed cave environment. Typical results of such dedication are body depigmentation, appendage elon­gation, loss of eyes, and various changes in physiologythat allow tolerable life in a monotonous environ­ment. Most spider troglobites are derived from basically lucifugous taxa that live sedentary lives in the confines of webs or restricted soil enclaves. Numerous araneomorph spiders live in caves all over the world and many have become obligate cave dwell­ ers. Cave existence is a prime factor in notable adap­tive radiation of some spider groups which, havingchosen or been compelled to occupy cave environ­ments by climatic or other circumstances, are now essentially deprived of epigean populations. The re­sult has been production of allopatric taxa in various stages of reproductive isolation that live progressivelyexclusive lives in separate enclaves. The generaNesti­ cus and Leptoneta in Appalachia and in similar cen­ters in Europe and Japan offer graphic pictures of this fragmentation. The mygalomorph spiders long have been con­sidered poor prospects for evolution of obligate taxa in cave environments. Responsible for this at least in part is their lesser numbers as compared with the numerous, more widespread and derivative araneo­morph spiders and their greater presence in tropical zones where conditions seem less favorable. Most mygalomorphs are nocturnal, sedentary spiders that live restricted lives in webs, retreats and burrows. They do not disperse far from their enclaves and seem to find suitable environments outside of caves. The first mygalomorph troglobite was a blind diplurid(Accola caeca) described by Eugene Simon in 1898 from Antipola Cave in the Philippines. This was followed in 1929 by an eyeless barychelid (Troglo­thele coeca) described by Louis Page from Gruta Bellamar in Cuba. In 1969 came a third discovery, a distinct blind diplurid (Troglodiplura lowryi) byBarbara Main from Roaches Rest Cave in Western Australia. Recent years have been marked by descrip­tion of several mygalomorph troglobites from caves of eastern Mexico. The aim of this paper is to make known additional American troglobites from stations in Mexico, Jamaica, and Ecuador, and to review and supplement the data on some recently described species. Brief characterizations of earlier described taxa not further mentioned since the time of their descriptions are included for general interest. The present number of world obligate mygalomorphs is about a dozen belonging to four principal families and it seems probable that an increasing number is likely to be discovered. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The uncommon spider material herein considered has been assembled during excursions into various cave habitats in the Americas. To the following stu­dents of caves, and to those listed as collectors under the various taxa, I offer my gratitude for their coop­eration and courtesies; Dr. Stewart B. Peck of Carle­ton University in Ottawa, Canada, for gifts of valu­able material; Dr. Robert W. Mitchell of Texas Tech University in Lubbock, for his continued interest;Dr. N. P. Ashmole, who collected the first ctenizid troglobite in a cave at Morona-Santiago, Ecuador; Mr. James R. Reddell of the Texas Memorial Museum in Austin, for continued efforts to support this project;and to Dr. Norman I. Platnick of the American Museum of Natural History in New York, who pro­videditemsofliterature and encouragement. SYSTEMATIC SECTION FAMILY DIPLURIDAE The diplurids are mostly agile, sedentary funnel and sheet weavers that spread flat webs over the ground in the fashion of the agelenids. They use these webs both as retreats and spongy sheets to slow and entangle prey. One of their prime features is the long,flexible lateral spinnerets provided with many small spools capable of spinning out wide bands of silk. Some large diplurids spin sheets out from natural ground openings and a few are reported to dig their own. GenusMasteria Koch Masteria Koch, 1873, pp. 453, 457. Raven, 1977, p. 624. Accola Simon, 1889, p. 191. Raven has shown that the better known genusAccola isajuniorsynonymofMasteria.Themasterias are among the smallest of the typical mygalomorphsand live under ground detritus and in caves in tropicalregions. Simon’s eyeless caeca came from a cave in the Philippine Islands, along with a species from a dif­ferent cave which he named cavicola. A second eye­less species of Masteria from Jamaica in the West Indies is herein described for the first time. Masteria caeca (Simon) Accola caeca Simon, 1892b, p. 35. Bonnet, 1955, p. 141. Diagnosis.—Briefly described, small whitish troglo­bite 8 mm long with following features: eyes com­pletely absent; posterior pair of spinnerets very long as usual in genus; paired tarsal claws with single row of teeth. Type data.—Female type from Antipola Cave, 5 or 6 kilometers north of Antipola, Morona Province,Philippine Islands, in Museum d’Histoire Naturelle,Paris (not seen). Distribution.—So far recorded only from above cave. Masteria pecki, new species Figs. 6-7 Diagnosis.—Pallid, essentially eyeless troglobitefrom Falling Cave, Jamaica, distinguished from epi­gean and cavernicole Masteria lewisi (Chickering) bylack of eyes and dark pigment and with much longerlegs (first leg 2.54 times as long as carapace). Etymology.— Named for Dr. Stewart B. Peck,Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, student of caves and cave faunas. Female holotype.—Cephalothorax and appendagespale yellowish brown, with rather sparse clothing of dusky hairs and setae; fang and teeth of cheliceral margin brown. Abdomen gray to white, without darker pattern. Outline of carapace and abdomen (Fig. 6). Cara­pace 2.75 mm long, 2.2 mm wide, elongate oval,rounded on sides, only moderately narrowed in Figs. 1-3—Euagrus troglodyta, new species, female: 1, cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 2, sternum and labium;3,epigynum,dorsalview.Fig.4.—Euagrusluteus Gertsch,epigynum,dorsalview.Fig.5—EuagrusanopsGertsch,epigynum,dorsal view. Figs. 6-7 .—Masteria pecki, new species, female: 6, cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 7, epigynum, dorsal view. front and behind, smooth except for three rows of dark setae running from clypeal margin to cervical groove and recurved row of dark setae above pos­terior part of pars thoracica. Pars cephalica 1.7 mm long, narrower in front, moderately elevated above convex pars thoracica; cervical groove shallow, in­distinct, transverse fissure about 0.25 mm wide. Eyetubercle obsolete, with six trivial, evanescent eyes,without pigment, in typical pattern. Sternum 1.5 mm long, 1.3 mm wide, covered with erect black hairs more numerous around margins; four pairs of sigillafaintly apparent. Labium 0.4 mm long, 0.5 mm wide,with about eight erect hairs in apical half. Endite 0.8 mm long, 0.7 mm wide, with soft hairs on pro-lateral side and erect, curved, dark setae over surface. Chelicara 1.25 mm long, 0.65 mm wide, projectingforward, half as long as carapace, smooth on sides but set above with erect dark setae; promargin with 13 subequal brown teeth in length of groove and series of about ten denticles opposite inner four teeth; ret­romargin with thin brush of long reddish hairs; fang 1.1 mm long, moderately curved and fine at apex. I II III IV PalpFemur 2.50 2.25 2.35 2.75 1.75 Patella 1.35 1.10 1.00 1.20 0.80 Tibia 2.50 1.95 1.80 2.60 1.50 Metatarsus 2.15 1.95 1.80 2.70 — Tarsus 1.35 1.20 0.95 1.35 1.50 Total 9.85 8.45 7.90 10.60 5.55 Leg formula 4123. First leg 2.54 times, first femur 0.87 times as long as carapace; fourth tibia about as long as carapace. Femora of all legs clothed with soft covering hairs, these mostly missing on other seg­ments;all legswithrowsoffineerectblacksetaeand few thin spines, these latter most numerous on pos­terior legs. All tarsi with three claws: paired claws withsinglerow oftenormore fine teeth;middleclaw smooth. Single claw of palpus with row offine teeth. Abdomen 3.2 mm long, 1.8 mm wide, suboval,covered thinly with fine procumbent hairs and scat­tered dark hairs; base with thin brush of erect setae. Spinnerets four: one-segmented middle pair 0.65 mm long, separated by their length; three-segmented lat­eral pair well outside of middle pair at base, with measurements in millimeters from base to apex, 1, 0.7, and 0.6 respectively, totaling 2.3 mm long, about two-thirdslength ofabdomen. Epigynum (Fig. 7) with two low suboval recep­taclesseparatedby about widthofone. Type data.—Female holotype from Falling Cave,Douglas Castle,St. Ann Parish, Jamaica, December 20,1972 (S. and J. Peck), in American Museum of Natural History. Genus Euagrus Ausserer The euagrids, much larger than the masterias, are assigned to the same subfamily, Macrothelinae, with four spinnerets and a single row of teeth on the paired tarsal claws. Euagrus is abundantly representedin Mexico and Central America with many darkly pig­mented types in all parts of that area, most of them still undescribed. Some place their sheet webs in ent­rances and superficial parts of caves, but few show much evidence of cave adaptations and are classified as troglophiles. A few years ago two eyeless Euagrus were found in caves of northeastern Mexico and were described by me. Now a third, much larger species has been discovered in Cueva del Camparniento in Quere­taro and it is described in this paper. No males of these eyeless euagrids have so far been found but some supplementary records and data are included in this paper. Also mentioned is the species Euagrusluteus from caves of Queretaro, which has reduced eyes and is classified as a troglophile. Euagrus cavernicola Gertsch Euagrus cavernicola Gertsch, 1971, p. 47; Reddell and Mitchell, 1971, p. 186, fig. 11. Diagnosis.—Small whitish, eyeless troglobite with carapace 3.3 mm long, distinguished by followingfeatures: promargin ofchelicera with about 15 brown teeth; sigilla on sternum faintly apparent; pairedtarsal claws with numerous teeth; first leg 3.5 times,first femur 0.94 times as long as carapace; lateral spinnerets much longer than either carapace or abdo­men; sexual features unknown: no fully adult speci­mens of either sex so far available. (The appearanceof a living example of this species, with vestiges of eyes faintly discernible, from Cueva de la Capilla, is graphically shown by Reddell and Mitchell (1971,fig. 11). Type data.—Subadult female holotype from Cueva de la Capilla, El Porvenir, 13.5 km NW Gomez Farias,Tamaulipas, Mexico, 16May 1971 (R. Mitchell et al.),intheAmericanMuseumofNatural History. Distribution.—Known only from caves of La Sierra de Guatemala, Tamaulipas. Other records.—MEXlCO: Tamaulipas: Harrison Sinkhole, Rancho del Cielo, 5 km NW Gomez Farias,12 January 1971 (J. Cooke, M. Brownfield, W. Elli­ott), seven immature. Mine Cave, 6 mi. N Gomez Farias, 9 March 1969 (J. Reddell), one immature. Cueva de la Capilla, 13.5 km NW Gomez Farias,13 January 1971 (J. Reddell, J. Cooke, M. Brown-field), oneimmature.Cueva delaPerra(=Cueva dela Capilla), 28 January 1968, 7100 ft. (J. Reddell, R. Mitchell, F. Rose, J. George), 2 immature. Euagrus anops Gertsch Fig. 5 Euagrus anops Gertsch, 1973, p. 145, fig. 4. Diagnosis.—Small, whitish eyeless troglobite with carapace 2.2 mm long, further distinguished by fol­lowing features: promargin of chelicera with only six small teeth near base; sigilla of sternum inconspicu­ous; lateral spinnerets shorter than abdomen, about as long as carapace; paired tarsal claws essentiallysmooth, without obvious teeth; first leg 3.9 limes,first femur as long as carapace; epigynurn (Fig. 5)with small, separated tubules globose at apex. Type data.—Female holotype from Cueva de la Porra, 5 km N Xilitla, San Luis Potosi, Mexico,19 July 1969 (W. Elliott, S. and J. Peck, D. Brous­sard), in the American Museum of Natural History. Distribution.—Known only from above specimen. Euagrus troglodyta, new species Figs. 1-3 Diagnosis.—Large eyeless troglobite with carapace 6.7 mm long and following special features: pro-margin of chelicera with about 12 subequal brown teeth; sigilla of sternum (Fig. 2) all present and con­spicuous; lateralspinneretsabout three-fourthslengthof abdomen, slightly shorter than carapace; tarsal claws with 10 to 15 fine teeth; first leg 4.41 times, first femur 1.12 times as long as carapace; epigynurn(Fig. 3) with bilobed pouches. Etymology.—Specific name from Latin troglo­dyta, cave dweller, used in apposition. Female holotype.—Total length 15mm. Carapace and appendages pallid orange brown, clothed sparsely with fine hairs and dark spines;cephalic and radiating grooves of pars thoracica red­dish; chelicerae bright orange and fang dark reddish brown. Abdomen whitish to gray, without pattern. Outline of cephalothorax and abdomen (Fig. 1).Carapace 6.7 mm long, 5.5 mm wide, broadly oval, well rounded on sides, truncated in front and more narrowly behind, thinly covered with fine inconspicu­ous procumbent hairs and scattered suberect setae,these concentrated on margins; pars cephalica 4 mm long, convex and elevated, as long as broad, with shallow cephalic grooves; pars thoracica lower, less convex, with well-marked radiating groove; cervical groove small transverse fissure 0.5 mm wide, situated back 4 mm from clypeal margin. Eye tubercle obso­lete, without traces of eyes or vestiges. Sternum (Fig. 2) 3.23 mm long, 2.9 mm wide, sparsely set with erect setae; four pairs of sigilla present: small round second, third and fourth pairs opposite coxae I, II and III; large oval front pair lying close togethernearly width of labium. Labium 0.75 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, with few dusky hairs along apex. En­dite 2.25 mm long, 1.6 mm wide, with softhairs and setae. Chelicera 4.35 mm long, 2 mm wide, projectingmoderately downward, longer than pars cephalica,smooth on sides but set with suberect setae above; promargin with 12 on right, 11 on left chelicera of subequal brown teeth and 3 or 4 denticles in groove;retromargin with thin brush of dusky hairs; fang4 mm long, moderately curved. I II III IV PalpFemur 7.50 6.85 6.80 8.25 5.60 Patella 3.20 3.10 2.75 2.80 2.50 Tibia 6.50 6.50 6.75 8.30 5.00 [Metatarsus 6.25 6.65 7.60 9.35 Tarsus 4.20 4.00 4.15 4.50 4.00 Total 27.65 27.10 28.05 33.20 17.10 Leg formula 4312; legs much longer and thinner than those of typical epigean species. First leg 4.1 times, first femur 1.12 times as long as carapace;fourth tibia longer than carapace. Legs sparselyclothed with fine subprocumbent covering hairs, erect black setae and thin black spines; all femora with dorsal and lateral spines; first tibia with 1-2-1 ventral spines; first metatarsus with 1-1-0 ventral spines. All tarsi with three claws: paired claws with singlerowof 10to15fineteeth;middleclawsmooth. Single claw of palpus with similar row of fine teeth. Abdomen 8.5 mm long, 4.5 mm wide, suboval,covered thinly and evenly with fine procumbentdusky hairs and scattered setae. Spinnerets four: one-segmented middle pair 1.2 mm long, separatedby their length; three-segmented lateral spinneretswidely separated at base by 1.5 mm, with measure­ments in millimeters from base to apex 2.5, 1.5 and 2.2 respectively, totaling 6.2 mm, about three-fourths lengthofabdomen. Epigynurn (Fig. 3) presenting two bilobed pouchesenclosing in each a single sclerotized receptacledivided into two branches. Type data.—Female holotype from Cueva deCam­pamiento, 2 km E Cerro de la Luz, Queretaro, Mexico,8 June 1976 (Roy Jameson), in the American Muse­ um of Natural History. Distribution.—Known only from caves in Quere­taro and San Luis Potosi. Otherrecords.—MEXlCO: SanLuisPotosi: Sotano de La Silleta, La Silleta, 30 March 1980 (David Ho­nea), 1 female. Euagrus luteus Gertsch Fig. 4 Euagrus luteus Gertsch, 1973, p. 145, fig. 3. Diagnosis.—Golden brown troglophile with cara­pace 4 mm long, distinguished by following features: eye tubercle and eyes small, with posterior medians separated by more than two diameters; promargin of chelicera with 12 to 14 dark teeth; sigilla ofsternum all distinct; paired claws with single row of 10 to 20 fine teeth in basal half; lateral spinnerets longer than abdomen; epigynum (Fig. 4) with pair of globosepouches, each enclosing single sclerotized receptaclesdivided into asymmetrical globose elements. Type data.—Female holotype from iron mine at road, 2 km E Pinal de Amoles, Queretaro, Mexico, 17 July 1969 (S. Peck), in American Museum of Natural History. Distribution.—Caves of Queretaro. Genus Troglodiplura Main This genus was assigned by its author to the sub­family Diplurinae, which comprises diplurids with four spinnerets and paired tarsal claws bearing a doublerow ofnumerousteeth. Troglodiplura lowryi Main Troglodiplura lowryi Main, 1969, p. 9, fig. la-g. Diagnosis.—Troglobite with carapace 10.5 mm long, with following special features: eyes com­pletely absent; cervical groove short, straight trans­verse fissure; labium with rounded emargination at apex; three pairs of small sigilla well inside marginsof sternum (labial pair probably hidden in labial groove); promargin of chelicera with row of nine large teeth; paired tarsal claws with double rows of numerous teeth. Type data.—Holotype of uncertain sex based on several fragments from Roaches Rest Cave, 27 miles NW Madura, 29 August 1966 (D. C. and J. W. J. Lowry), in West Australia Museum (WAM 68-342). Distribution.—Known only from the type frag­ment from above cave. The suggestion was made bythe author that this distinctive species, showing no close relationship to the known diplurids of the re­gion, might already be extinct because of grossly un­favorable conditions in the cave for this kind of spider. Some cave animals are notoriously rare, but the presence of living blind araneomorph spiders in the cave make it hopeful that living examples of the diplurid may eventually be discovered. FAMILY CTENIZIDAE The trapdoor spiders are subterranean specialiststhat live sedentary, circumscribed lives in burrows capped by silk covers. Most are stocky, short-leggedintroverts that remain in or near their burrows exceptduring the mating season when some males of the colony attain maturity and leave their burrows in search of females. A few species have been reported as living in entrances and superficial outer areas of caves but until now none has been identified as a legitimate cavernicole. The discovery by Dr. N. P. Ashmole in a cave in Ecuador of a cave-adaptedctenizid with evanescent eyes is a notable event, seemingly the first troglobite for the family. Since only females and immature examples are so far known in a family where many of the prime genericcharacters are available only in the male sex, the eventual generic assignment remains somewhat uncertain. However, the derivative features of the female have prompted me to assign the taxon to a new genus in the limited group Cyrtauchenieae of Simon (1892a, p. 101). The few genera and speciesof ctenizids so far known from Ecuador and other parts of South America belong to different groupsofSimon. Spelocteniza, new genus Diagnosis.—Carapace mostly smooth with few suberect setae; cervical groove short transverse fis­sure; eyes evanescent, present as whitish vestiges in two transverse rows of about equal width, with ves­tiges of anterior median eyes well separated from suboval lateral eyes, and posterior median eyes seem­ingly obsolete; sternum with four pairs of sigillaindistinctly evident in marginal position. Labium free, broader than long, with three black cuspules;endites with double row of seven spinules at base;chelicerae projecting forward, broadly rounded at apexwherearmedwithtrivialrastellum offewcurved spines; promargin with row of eight subequal teeth. Legs slender, set sparsely with rows of setae and weak spines; scopular hairs absent from all segments;all paired tarsal claws long and thin, with double rows of fine teeth in basal third; unpaired claws shorter, without basal denticles. Posterior spinneretsthree-segmented: basal segment small cap half as long as middle segment. Epigynum with sclerotized receptacles in two rounded pouches. Genotype.—Spelocteniza ashmolei, new genus and species. name Etymology.—Generic Spelo from Greek spelaion, cave, as prefix to generic name Cteniza Latreille, this derived from Greek kteis, comb, in reference to the rastellum on the chelicera. Spelocteniza ashmolei, new species Figs. 8-9 Diagnosis.— Small troglobite with evanescent eyessharing basic feature of Simon’s Cyrtauchenieae with tarsal clawsbearingdoublerowofteeth;suggestiveof Pselligmus infaustus of Brazil but differing widely in following basic features: eyes nearly obsolete; all legswithout scopular hairs on apical segments; cervical groove thin transverse fissure. Etymology.— Named for Dr. N. P. Ashmole. Female holotype.—Total length 7.3 mm. Cephalothorax and appendages quite uniform bright yellowish to orange, clothed sparsely with black setae; carapace with darker shadings outliningpars cephalica; straight cervical groove dusky; cheli­cerae slightly dusky brown; fang and teeth on groove black. Abdomen grayish without darker pattern. Outline of cephalothorax and abdomen of female (Fig. 8). Carapace 2.7 mm long, 2.25 mm wide, its width at front 1.5 mm, clothed with few erect hairs along side margins and in ocular area. Pars cephalicasubtriangular, longer than broad (17/15), truncated in front, broadly rounded on sides, narrowly truncated to 1 mm at posterior margin. Cervical groove trivial transverse fissure about 0.3 mm wide. Eye tubercle obsolete; eyes evanescent, present as pearly white oval vestiges barely raised above surface; only six eyesobviously present, with posterior medians not evident or possibly small and fused with posterior lateral eyes.Anterior eye row gently recurved: median eyes indis­tinct, separated from anterior lateral by their longdiameter. Sternum 1.25 mm long, 1.1 mm wide,smooth, with thin covering of erect black setae; four pairs of sigilla faintly present: three posterior pairssmall, round, marginal, and larger oval front pair in labial groove. Labium 0.3 mm long, 0.5 mm wide,with median and apical transverse rows of setae,about eight of apical row longer; rounded apex of labium with threespinules. Fndite with even coveringof erect setae, with usual brush of soft hairs alonginner margin, and set at base with double row of seven spinules. Chelicera of average stoutness, pro­jecting forward, 1 mm long, 0.75 mm wide at base, not fully third as long as carapace, fairly smooth above with few erect black setae along dorsum to apex where more numerous and at apex with rastel­lum of about six heavy, curved, socketed spines alonginside half; fang about 1 mm long, heavy, moderately curved; promargin of groove with eight teeth and six denticles in groove opposite innermost teeth. Femur I 2.25 II 1.90 III 2.70 IV 2.20 Palp1.65 Patella 1.20 1.15 1.00 1.20 0.90 Tibia 1.60 1.50 1.20 2.00 1.10 Metatarsus 1.35 1.25 1.35 2.15 Tarsus 0.80 0.95 0.85 0.85 1.15 Total 7.20 6.75 6.10 8.40 4.80 Leg formula 4123. First leg 2.7 times, first femur 0.8 times as long as carapace. Legs slender (first and fourth femora about five times as long as wide) with little thickening of basal segments, all set sparselywith black hairs, erect setae and few weak spines. All legs without scopular hairs on tarsi and metatarsi. All paired tarsal claws long and thin, curved and set with double series of fine teeth: first and second legs with 10 teeth on proclaws and 7 teeth on retroclaws in basal half; third and fourth legs with teeth reduced to 4to6inbasalfourth;unpairedclawsofalllegs short,slightly curved, without basal denticles. Claw ofpedi­palp large, moderately curved, with two small teeth above base. Abdomen suboval, sparsely set with short erect hairs. Spinnerets four; one-segmented middle pairsmall, thin, 0.23 mm long; three-segmented posteriorpair with measurements in millimeters from base to apex 0.3, 0.22 and 0.11 respectively, totaling 0.63 mm. Epigynum (Fig. 9) with two rounded pouchesenclosing sclerotized branched receptacles. Type data.—Female holotype from Shovel Pot Trapdoor Chamber of cave at Los Tayos, Morona-Santiago, Ecuador (lat. 3°ll'S, long. 78°12'W),26 July 1976 (N. P. Ashmole), in the American Museum of Natural History courtesy of Dr. Ash- mole. Distribution.—Known only from cave at Los Tayos. Records.—ECUADOR: Morona-Santiago, 27 July­-1976 (N. P. Ashmole), one subadult female and two immature from Shovel Pot Trapdoor Chamber of cave, taken from trapdoor nests in vertical silk surface on wall: one immature from Main Shaft in northeast passage of chamber in trapdoor tube. FAMILY BARYCHELIDAE The barychelids resemble the trapdoor spiders in appearance but differ in having only two tarsal claws and prominent claw tufts. They also are sedentarytypes that burrow into the soil but the openings are never covered by a formal trapdoor; instead they lie open or are prolonged as thickened sheaths tied in vegetation. In 1929 Louis P age described a remark­able eyeless barychelid from Gruta Bellamar in Cuba, Figs.8-9.—Speloctenizaashmolei,newspecies,female:8,cephalothoraxand abdomen,dorsalview;epigynum,dorsalview Figs.10-11—Spelopelmanahuanum,newspecies,male; 10,palpus,retrolateralview;11,tibiaofrightleg,prolateralview. only the second mygalomorph troglobite known from the world at that time and the first blind member of the Barychelidae. The few cave barychelids from Mexico and Guaemala show no signs of cave adapta­tion. Only a brief characterization of the Cuban spe­cies is given for general interest. Genus Troglothele Fage Louis Fage placed his genus Troglothele in the sub­family Leptopelmatinae of Simon (1892a, p. 125),which is represented by several genera from Central America and the West Indies. Mentioned as a specialfeature wasthepresenceofadoublerowofteethon the paired tarsal claws. The complete absence of a rastellum on the chelicera may be a consequence of the immature status of the specimens available to him since good development is sometimes a consequenceof age. The status of his genus must remain uncertain untilmatureexamplesofboth sexesbecomeavailable. Troglothele coeca Fage Troglothele coeca Fage, 1929, p. 181. Bonnet, 1959, p. 4727. Diagnosis.—Small whitish troglobite with carapace 3.5 mm long and following features: eyes completely absent; cervical groove transverse; sternum with weak pair of sigilla on posterior margin; base of endites and apex of labium with many rows of spinules; pairedtarsal claws with double row of teeth. Type data.—lmmature type and smaller immature from Gruta Bellamar, near Matanzas, Cuba (F. Sil­vestri collector), presumably in Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris (not seen). FAMILY THERAPHOSIDAE The theraphosids are large spiders with features suggesting that they may be errant types capable of freedom of movement comparable to that of some araneomorphs. This is not the case inasmuch as most, in spite of adhesive tarsal pads favorable for running or climbing, are sedentary creatures committed to nocturnal lives in silken retreats in trees or openingsin the soil. Most of our North American species digtheir own burrows into the soil and stay in or veryclose to them during their long lives. Some therapho­sids wander into caves during their foraging or station their burrows in entrances in a relationship similar to that of some troglophiles. Recently in eastern Mexico it was noted that a few species seemed to have estab­lished an intimate association with cave environments and were living in and penetrating them to consider­able distances; these are here claimed to be troglo­bites. The conclusion that some of these theraphosids were cave adapted was based on such standard fea­tures as paler coloration, reduction and loss of eyetubercle and eyes, and absence from epigean collec­tions. All but one of these cavernicoles lacked a for­mal patch of urticating hairs on the dorsum of the abdomen, possibly suggesting that this absence indi­cated little need in caves for this protective device found in all of our other theraphosids. So far onlyfemales and immature have been taken from cave stations, which range southward in allopatric patternfrom Tamaulipas to Oaxaca and Puebla. The systernatics of North American members of the subfamily Theraphosinae is based largely on a few presence or absence characters involving longitudinalsubdivision of the tarsal scopulae in both sexes and secondary sexual features of the palpi and front legsofmales. There is much variationofthesecharacters. Immature and subadult specimens differing often little in size and appearance from fully mature ones can be ascertained only by presence of formal geni­talic structures. In young females there are sometimes present sclerotized precursors of the fully mature genitalic structure. Some of the above difficulties are chargeable to size growth during the perennial lives of both sexes, but especially of females. The immatures of both sexes look much alike and the mature male becomes apparent only after his final molt. From the first discovery of a juvenile stygium and later of ma­ture females, placement to a genus proved difficult; most of the taxa were tentatively assigned to the Mexican genus Schizopelma in spite of various dis­crepancies. A decision now to award these caverni­coles their own generic name on the basis of various derivative characters has been enhanced by discoveryof a seemingly congeneric male from an epigean sta­tion in Puebla, herein named nahuanum. Spelopelma, new genus Aphonopelma: Gertsch, 1971, pp. 47, 49, for stygia.Schizopelma: Gertsch, 1973, pp. 142-144, for stygia,reddelli and elliottL Diagnosis.— Theraphosine genus largely conforming to group Ischnocoleae of Simon (1892a, p. 133), in which tarsal scopulae are divided by band of spines or setae. Carapace, low, widely truncated in front where margined by overhanging row of stiff setae; cervical groove deep transverse fissure; eye tubercle obsolete and eyes small or entirely obsolete; sternum with four pairs of sigilla lying close to sides; labium set with numerous cuspules in apical half; endites with large patch of cuspules on inner side at base. Legsrelatively long, first legs averaging about four times that of carapace; tarsal scopulae usually divided byline or band of setae or spines; paired claws smooth. Male palpus with elongated segments; tibia more than four times as long as wide, armed at apex with prolateral and ventral spurs bearing black spines;palpal bulb bearing simple curved embolus. Abdomen suboval, clothed thinly with simple hairs and setae,with patch of urticating hairs present only in elliotti Epigynum with two simple fingerlike receptacles. Genotype.—Spelopelma stygium (Gertsch). Etymology.—Generic name based on Greek spelaion, cave and pelma, sole of foot, in reference to adhesive tarsal pads. The stygium group In order to avoid excessive repetition of details in the individual descriptions, the common features of the stygium group are reviewed as follows: All are pallid spiders with base color of cephalothorax and appendages yellowish to orange brown and the abdo­men grayish without contrasting pattern. The cara­ pace isthinlyclothedwithsoftprocumbenthairsand set with stouter, suberect hairs and black setae. In all species the broad clypeus is provided with about 50 Key toFemalesofSpelopelma 1. Dorsumofabdomenwiththickpatchofurticatinghairscoveringtwo-thirdslength; Cueva delaLaguna, SanLuis Potosi Dorsumofabdomen withoutpatch of urticating hairs 2. Receptacles of epigynum (Fig. 16) close together at base; middle spinnerets sometimes aborted; caves of Puebla Receptacles of epigynum more widely separated 3. Scopulaeoffirstandsecondtarsimostlyentire,withtuftofspinesonlyatapex; first femur longer than carapace; epigynum (Fig. 15); caves ofOaxaca Scopulae of first and second tarsi with one or more rows of fine spines 4. Receptacles of epigynum (Fig. 13) moderately separated, directed strongly laterad; caves ofSan L.uis Potosi Receptacles of epigynum more widely separated 5. Receptacles of epigynum (Fig. 17) short and stout; Cueva de la Grieta, Oaxaca . ... S. elliotti(Gertsch)2 S. puebla, new species3 S. reddelli (Gertsch)4 S. stygium (Gertsch)5 S. grieta, new species Receptacles of epigynum (Fig. 12) longer; Entrada del Viento Alta, Tamaulipas. . . S. mitchelli, new species overhanging setae. The legs are similarly provided with black hairs and set with stout black spines. The chelicerae are bright reddish brown and the long fangs are brown or blackish. The sternum, labium and en­dites have no procumbent covering hairs and are evenly set with suberectblack setae. The several species have similar structure. The quite low carapace is broadly truncated in front,moderately rounded on the sides, narrowed and roundly truncated behind. The moderately convex,subtriangular pars cephalica is delimited behind by a small, deep, transverse cervical groove, and laterallyby more or less distinct cephalic sutures; similar su­tures radiate from the groove outward on the lower pars thoracica. The eye tubercle is mostly obsolete and the eyes reduced in size, with little or no pig­ment, evanescent with few traces or completely ab­sent. The size and formulas of these eyes when pres­ent are given for each species. The sternum bears four pairs of sigilla: the second, third and fourth pairs are round in shape and located near the three posterior coxae; the first pair oflarger, semilunar sigilla lie in the labial groove. The labium bears few or numerous small cuspules in the apical half. The endites are armed below at apex with a stout spur on the inner side, and on the inner side of the basal half with a large patch of cuspules. The prolateral face of the en­dite bears athickbandofreddishhairs,buttheretro­lateral face is mostly smooth, with few fine hairs, and lacks modified setae of any kind. The robust chelice­rae project forward about half the length of the cara­pace, are evenly rounded and armed with a longcurved fang. The promargin of the cheliceral groovebears a single row of about a dozen, subequal, black teeth and a small series of denticles in the groove opposite the innermost teeth; the retromargin is pro­vided with a thick band of reddish hairs. The leg formulas are 4132 or 4123. The long legs are relatively thinner than in epigean species, with the first leg averaging about four times and the first fe­mur about as long as the carapace. The front legspines are few, mostly in ventral position, and vari­able on the first and second pairs; they are more nu­merous and irregularly disposed on most segment sur­faces of the third and fourth pairs of legs. The pro-lateral face of the first coxa is thinly covered with fine hairs and lacks enlarged or modified setae used by some authors for identifying genera. The tarsi and metatarsi of the first and second legs are heavilyscopulate below and on the sides; the scopulae of the third and fourth pairs are thinner, cover only half the metatarsus of the third leg and are absent from the metatarsus of the fourth leg. In some species the front tarsi are entire or nearly so but in most all the tarsal scopulae are divided by a long row of setae or spines in single, double or multiple ranks; the varia­tions are given in the specific descriptions. The tarsus of the female palpus is thickly scopulate below and on sides. All tarsal claws are smooth. The elongate oval abdomen is covered thicklyabove and below with subprocumbent gray hairs and more or less thickly with suberect black hairs and setae. The dorsum in most species completely lacks scattered or formal patch of urticating hairs, presentin most genera of North American theraphosids.Exceptions are elliotti and perhaps the male nahua­num from Zoquitlan, Puebla. The spinnerets typically are four in number, a three-segmented outer pair(posterior lateral spinnerets) and a one-segmented middle pair (anterior median spinnerets), these re­duced or aborted in the species puebla. Spelopelma stygium (Gertsch)Fig. 13 Aphonopelma stygia Gertsch, 1971, p. 49. Schizopelma stygia: Gertsch, 1977, p. 142, figs. 1, 2a. Diagnosis.—Pallid troglobite with evanescent eyesfrom caves of San Luis Potosi, with following fea­tures: first femur shorter than carapace; scopulae of first and second tarsi divided longitudinally mostly bydouble row' of fine spines; epigynum (Fig. 13) with thick tubular receptacles close together at base and projecting laterad. Femalefrom CuevadelosPotrerillos.—Totallength22 mm. Carapace 9.5 mm long, 8.3 mm wide. Clypealmargin with row of about 40 setae. Pars cephalica as long as wide; cervical groove 1.7 mm wide. Eyetubercle obsolete; ratio in millimeters of eight eva­nescent eyes, anterior lateral, anterior median, pos­terior lateral, posterior median, 0.30:0.13:0.18:0.15. Anterior eye row moderately procurved; median eyesseparated by diameter, farther from lateral eyes(20/13). Posterior eye row straight; oval median eyesseparated by more than three diameters(19/70), one diameter from lateral eyes. Sternum 4.5 mm long, 3.7 mm wide. Labium 1.5 mm long and broad, armed at tip with 16 small cuspules. Endite 3.8 mm long,2 mm wide. Chelicera 4.5 mm long, 3 mm wide,about half as long as carapace; promargin with 15 subequal teeth. Femur I 9.15 11 8.15 III 8.00 IV 10.50 Palp7.00 Patella 5.20 4.75 4.10 4.50 4.10 Tibia 8.50 8.00 7.50 10.10 5.50 Metatarsus 7.50 7.15 9.70 12.50 — Tarsus 5.10 4.90 5.15 6.40 4.60 Total 35.35 32.95 33.45 44.00 21.20 Leg formula 4132. First leg 3.7 times, first femur 0.96 times as long as carapace. Leg spines: first tibia with 1-1-2 ventral spines; first metatarsus with 0-1-1 ventral spines. First and second tarsi and metatarsi scopulate their length; tarsal scopulae of these legsdivided by long, mostly doublerow offine spines. Abdomen 12 mm long, 6.5 mm wide. Spinnerets:middle spinneret 0.75 mm long; posterior spinneretswith segments from base to apex 1.6, 1.3, 2 respec­tively, totaling4.9 mm. Epigynum (Fig. 13) with broad basal atrium (bursa copulatrix) and two tubular, laterally directed receptacles separated at base by width of one. Type data.—lmmature holotype from Cueva de los Potrerillos, 2 km W Ahuacatlan, San Luis Potosi, Mexico, 12 July 196 v (J. Reddell, J. Fish, W. Russell) in the American Museum of Natural History. Distribution.—Knownonlyfrom cavesofSanLuis Potosi. Other Records,—MEXlCO; San Luis Potosi: Cueva de los Potrerillos, same data as above (J. Reddell, J. Fish, W. Russell), female; 27 November 1972 (J.Reddell, T. Raines), female. Sotano del Pozo, 2 km W Ahuacatlan, 25 May 1974 (Charles Elliott), two females. Cueva de Las Rusias, Las Rusias, 4 August1975 (D. McKenzie, S. Wiley, A. Grubbs), two imma­turespecimensabout 18and 11mm longrespectively,probably this species. Cueva del Agua, 700 m E La Silleta, 27 March-1 April 1980 (D. Pate, P. Sprouse, T. Treacy), 2 immature females. Spelopelma mitchelli, new species Fig. 12 Diagnosis.—Pallid, long-legged troglobite from En­trada del Viento Alta, Tamaulipas, with obsolete eyetubercle, small eyes and following features: first fe­mur as long as carapace; scopulae of first and second tarsi mostly entire; epigynum (Fig. 12) with elon­gated, widely separated receptacles. Etymology.—Named for Dr. Robert Mitchell of Texas Tech University, specialist on caves and their faunas. Female holotype.—Total length 21 mm. Carapace 7.5 mm long, 6.7 mm wide. Clypealmargin with row of about 40 setae. Pars cephalica as long as wide; cervical groove 1.2 mm wide. Eyetubercle essentially obsolete; ratio in millimeters of eight evanescent eyes, anterior lateral, anterior median, posterior lateral, posterior median, 0.20: 0.10:0.13:0.11. Anterior eye row moderately pro-curved; median eyes on small elevation separated bytwo-thirds diameter, twice as far from lateral eyes. Posterior eye row straight; narrowly oval median eyes separated by twice their long diameter, one diameter from round lateral eyes. Sternum 3.7 mm long, 3.2 mm wide. Labium 1.2 mm long, 1.3 mm wide, armed at tip with 25 small cuspules. Endite 3.7 mm long, 2 mm wide, with cluster of small cus­ pules covering inner half of basal third. Chelicera 4 mm long, 2.3 mm wide, about twice as long as carapace; promargin with 10 subequal teeth. Figs. 12-17.—Epigyna of Spelopelma spp., dorsal views: 12, S. mitchelli, new species; 13, S. stygium (Gertsch); 14, S. elliotti(Gertsch);15.S.reddelli(Gertsch):16,S.puebla, newspecies;17,S.grieta, newspecies. 1 II III IV Palp their length; tarsal scopulae of first leg mostly entire,Femur 7.50 7.35 6.80 8.70 5.50 of second leg divided by thin row of few fine spines.Patella 4.00 3.80 3.20 3.60 3.20 Third tarsus and apical half of metatarsus scopulate;Tibia 6.70 6.00 5.70 8.00 4.50 tarsal scopula divided by double or triple row of Metatarsus 6.20 6.00 6.70 10.20 spines. Fourth tarsus and third of metatarsus scopu­ — Tarsus 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.70 4.10 late; tarsal scopulae divided by broad band of fine Total 28.40 27.15 26.40 35.20 17.30 spines covering most of venter. Leg formula 4123. First leg 3.6 times, first femur Abdomen elongate oval, 10.5 mm long, 5.5 mm as long as carapace. Leg spines: first tibia with 2-1-2 wide. Spinnerets: middle pair 0.75 mm long; pos­ventral spines; first metatarsus with 0-1-1 ventral terior spinnerets with segments from base to apex, spines. First and second tarsi and metatarsi scopulate 1.7, 0.7 and 2.2, totaling 4.6 mm. Epigynum (Fig. 12) with widely spaced, elongatedreceptacles. Type data.—Female holotype from Entrada del \iento Alta, Tamaulipas, Mexico, July 1978 (PeterKeys, Robert Anderson), in American Museum of Natural History. Spelopelma elliotti(Gertsch) Fig. 14 Schizopelma elliotti Gertsch, 1973, p. 144, fig. 2c. Diagnosis.—Pallid troglobite similar to stygium.with eye tubercle and eyes of medium development;seminal receptacles of epigynum (Fig. 14) widelyseparated at base, directed laterad; dorsum of abdo­men with thick patch of silky hairs covering two-thirds length (these representing long, somewhat atypical, Type II urticating hairs). Type data.—Female holotype and small female from CuevadelaLaguna, 5km NValledelosFantas­mas, San Luis Potosi, Mexico, 3000 meters, 20 May1972, in American Museum of Natural History . Distribution.—Known only from above specimens. Spelopelma reddelli (Gertsch) Fig. 15 Schizopelma reddelli Gertsch, 1973, p. 143, fig. 2b. Diagnosis.—Pallid, long-legged troglobite from caves of Oaxaca, with obsolete eye tubercle, small eyes, and following features; first femur longer than carapace; scopulae of first and second tarsi mostlyentire, with group of spines only at apex; epigynum(Fig. 15). Etymology.—Named for Mr. JamesReddell, speci­alist in Mexican cave faunas. Female from Cueva de la Culebra.—Total length22 mm. Carapace 11 mm long, 9.5 mm wide. Clypealmargin with row of about 40 setae. Pars cephalica 6.5 mm long, about as long as broad; cervical groove 1.5 mm wide. Eye tubercle obsolete, with eye groupabout one-fourth width of carapace. Eyes small, with brownish tubercles and blackish subintegumentalpatch at middle; ratio in millimeters of anterior late­ral, anterior median, posterior lateral, posteriormedian, 0.22:0.12:0.23:0.20. Anterior eye row slightly procurved; median eyes separated by nearly two diameters, as far from oval lateral eyes. Posterior row straight; median eyes widely separated by about six diameters, nearly touching lateral eyes. Sternum 5.5 mm long, 4.5 mm wide. Labium 1.5 mm long,2 mm wide, with six small cuspules near apex. Endite 4.5 mm long, 2.7 mm wide, with clusterofabout75 cuspules on inner side of basal half. Chelicera 3.5 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, less than third length of carapace;promargin with nine or ten black teeth. Femur I 12.99 II 11.75 111 11.25 IV Palp8.75 Patella 5.60 5.50 5.00 4.50 Tibia 11.50 11.35 10.50 7.75 Metatarsus 11.50 11.20 12.50 Tarsus 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 Total 47.60 46.80 46.25 27.95 Leg formula probably 4123. First leg 4.3 times, first femur 1.1 times as long as carapace. Leg spines:first femur with 1-1 dorsal spines on prolateral side;first tibia with 1-1-0 prolateral and retrolateral and 1-1-2 ventral spines; first metatarsus with 2-1-1 ven­tral spines; second leg mostly as first; third leg as fol­ lows: femur with one dorsal near apex; tibia with 1-1-1 prolateral and retrolateral and 2-2-2 ventral spines; metatarsus with 1-1-1 prolateral, 1-1-0 retro-lateral and 2-1-1-2 ventral spines. Fourth leg missing.First and second tarsi and metatarsi scopulate their full length; tarsi without trace of longitudinal division except for brush of spine at tip below tarsal pads.Third tarsus and apical half of metatarsus scopulate,and tarsus with band of fine spines from base to apexwhere enlarged to thicker brush. Abdomen elongate oval, 11 mm long, 5.5 mm wide. Spinnerets: middle pair 0.8 mm long, three-segmented posterior pair from base to apex 2, 1.6,and 2, totaling 5.6 mm. Epigynum (Fig. 15) with widely spaced, elongatedreceptacles. Type data.—Female holotype found wandering over a clay bank deep in Cueva del Nacimiento del Rio San Antonio, Oaxaca, Mexico, 9 March 1973 (J. Reddell, S. Murphy, D. and M. McKenzie, M. Butterwick), in American Museum of Natural History. Distribution.—Caves ofOaxaca. Other records.—MEXlCO: Oaxaca: Cueva del Nacimiento del Rio San Antonio, 10 km SSW Acat­lan, 11 December 1973 (J. Reddell, W. Elliott, R. Jameson), one female. Cueva de la Culebra, 11 km SW Acatlan, 30 December 1976(collector unknown), female. Spelopelmapuebla, new speciesFig. 16 Diagnosis.—Pallidrelativeofreddellifrom cavesof Puebla with small evanescent eyes and following fea­tures: firstfemur aslong ascarapace;scopulaeoffirst and secondtarsidividedlongitudinallybydoublerow of small spines; epigynum (Fig. 16). Etymology.— Specific name from Spanish pueblaa , seed, town, people, used in apposition, named for the State ofPuebla. Female holotype from Cueva de Tasalolpan.—Total length 14 mm. Carapace 7 mm long, 5.75 mm wide. Clypeal mar­gin with about 50 setae. Pars cephalica about as long as width near front; cervical groove 1 mm wide. Eyetubercle low, mostly obsolete, with eye group equalto one-fourth width of carapace at that point. Eightwhitish eyes present, evanescent, in ratio in milli­meters of anterior lateral, anterior median, posteriorlateral, posterior median, 0.21:0.11:0.15:0.10. Ante­rior eye row faintly procurved, essentially straight;median eyes separated by diameter, as far from lateral eyes. Posterior eye row recurved, with line along front edges of lateral eyes touching front of median; median eyes widely separated by four dia­meters, their radius from lateral eyes. Sternum 0.35 mm long, 0.27 mm wide. Labium 1 mm long,1.3 mm wide, with eight tiny cuspules scattered across apex. Endite 2.8 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, with cluster of about 50 small cuspules on inner side of basal half. Chelicera 3 mm long, 1.75 mm wide, less than length of carapace; promargin with row of 12 black teeth. I II III IV PalpFemur 7.00 6.00 6.15 7.80 5.00 Patella 4.00 3.60 3.00 3.20 3.00 Tibia 6.10 5.70 5.00 7.50 4.25 Metatarsus 5.35 5.25 6.70 9.50 — Tarsus 3.70 3.70 3.80 5.00 3.30 Total 26.15 24.25 24.65 33.00 15.55 Leg formula 4132. First leg 3.75 times, first femur as long as carapace. Leg spines: first femur with weak subdorsal spine on prolateral side; left first tibia with 1-ventral spines and additional spine oppositesingle median spine; left first metatarsus with 1 sub-median; right first metatarsus with 1 submedian and 1 subapical spine; second leg essentially as first; third leg with 2-2-2 ventral spines on tibiae and metatarsus;fourth legs with 2-2-2 ventral spines on tibiae and 2-1-2-2 on metatarsi. First and second tarsi and metatarsi scopulate their full length, with tarsal sco­pulae of these divided by double row of spines their length. Third tarsus and apical half of metatarsus scopulate, with tarsal scopulae of these with double or triple row of spines from base to apex; fourth tarsus thinly scopulate and few scopular hairs at apex of metatarsus and with four or more series of black spines covering ventral surface of tarsus. Abdomen 7 mm long, shriveled, about 3 mm wide. Spinnerets: right middle spinneret 0.5 mm long but left one aborted, leaving inconspicuous vestige; three-segmented posterior pair from base 1.35, 0.85, and 1.65, totaling 3.85 mm. Immature female from Cueva de la Barranca.—To­tal length 8.8 mm. Carapace 3.5 mm long, 3.2 mm wide. Clypeal mar­gin with row of about 20 bristles, with eight in mid­dle enlarged. Pars cephalica about two-thirds lengthof carapace, with inconspicuous cephalic sutures; cervical groove 0.6 mm wide; pars thoracica with in­conspicuous radiating grooves. Eye tubercle nearlyobsolete, about third of frontal width. Eight small eyes evanescent as whitish spots in ratio in milli­meters of anterior lateral, anterior median, posteriorlateral, posterior median, 0.11:0.04:0.1:0.06. Ante­rior eye row moderately procurved; anterior median eyes separated by three diameters, about one diame­ter from lateral eyes. Posterior eye row essentiallystraight; median eyes separated by about four diame­ters, their radius from lateral eyes. Sternum 1.9 mm long, 1.6 mm wide; labial sigilla conspicuous but three lateral pairs not evident. Labium 0.5 mm long, 0.8 mm wide, with about 40 cuspules in apical third. Endite 1.5 mm long, 1 mm wide, with cluster of about 40 cuspules on inner side of basal third. Cheli­cera 2.4 mm long, 1 mm wide, two-thirds as long as carapace; promargin with 10 subequal black teeth. Femur I 3.75 11 3.70 III 3.50 IV 4.70 Palp3.00 Patella 2.75 1.75 1.70 2.00 1.50 Tibia 3.60 3.25 3.10 4.70 2.40 Metatarsus 3.10 2.30 3.60 5.30 Tarsus 2.30 2.35 2.35 3.10 2.20 T otal 15.00 13.25 14.25 19.80 9.10 Leg formula 4132. First leg four times, first femur about 1.1 times as long as carapace. Leg spines: first tibia with 1 spine below at middle; first metatarsus with I median and 1 apical ventral spines. Third and fourth pairs of legs with stouter spines on all surfaces: third tibia and metatarsus with 2-2-2 ventral spines;fourth tibia with 2-2-2 ventral spines but fourth meta­tarsus with four irregularly spaced pairs. First, second and third legs with scopulae on tarsi and about half of metatarsi; fourth tarsi with thin covering below. Tar­sal scopulae of first, second and third legs divided bydouble row of ten or more thin spines, and that of fourth tarsi with three rows of many thin spinescovering ventral surfaces. Abdomen 5.3 mm long, 3 mm wide. Spinnerets:middle pair aborted to small nodules tipped with few stiff setae; posterior pair with segments from base to apex 0.5, 0.4, and 0.6, totaling 1.5 mm. Epigynum immature, small, but showing essential formofthatofmaturefemale(Fig. 16). Type data.—Female holotype from Cueva de Tasa­lolpan, 5 km SW Cuetzalan, Puebla, Mexico, 22 De­cember 1976 (J. Reddell, A. Grubbs, C. Soileau, D. McKenzie), in American Museum of Natural History . Distribution.—Caves of Puebla. Other record.—MEXlCO; Puebla: Cueva de la Barranca, 8 km SW Cuetzalan, 25 December 1973 (D. McKenzie), immature female. Spelopelma grieta, new species Fig. 17 Diagnosis.— lroglobitic species from Cueva de la Grieta, Oaxaca, distinguished as follows: eye tubercle and eyes obsolete: first femur shorter than carapace;scopulae ot first and second tarsi divided longitudi­nally by row of small spines; epigynum (Fig. 17). Etymology.—Specific name from Spanish grieta,crevice, crack, used in apposition, named for Cueva de la Grieta. Female holotype.—Total length 19 mm. Carapace 8 mm long, 6.5 mm wide. Clypeal marginwith about 50 long setae. Pars cephalica 5 mm long,subtriangular, slightly longer than broad, with well-marked cephalic sutures; cervical groove 1.2 mm wide. Eye tubercle completely obsolete and eyes indi­cated only by subintegumental pale spots. Sternum 3.7 mm long, 3.2 mm wide. Labium 1.25 mm longand wide, with single cuspule at apex. Endite 3.5 mm long, 2 mm wide, with cluster of about 60 cuspules on inner side of basal half. Chelicera 4.5 mm long,2 mm wude, more than half length of carapace; pro­marginwith12to 18blackteeth,inneronessmaller. I II III IV PalpFemur 7.70 7.50 7.00 8.50 5.80 Patella 4.40 4.00 3.00 3.70 3.35 Tibia 7.35 6.50 6.25 8.60 5.00 Metatarsus 6.15 6.50 7.00 10.40 Tarsus 4.70 4.50 4.50 6.00 4.35 Total 30.30 29.00 27.75 37.20 18.50 Leg formula 4123. First leg 3.8 times, first femur 0.97 times as long as carapace. Leg spines: first femur with single spine on prolateral side near apex; first tibia with 1-2-1 and first metatarsus with 1-1-2 ven­tral spines; second leg as first but with prolateralspine near apex and small spine at middle on retro-lateral side; tibiae of third and fourth legs with 2-2-2 ventral spines and fourth metatarsus with spines in four ranks. First and second tarsi and metatarsi sco­pulate, with these tarsi divided by row of small spinesdoubled beyond middle; third tarsus and apical half of metatarsus lightly scopulate and this tarsus with double row of spines becoming four wide at apex;only tarsus of fourth leg scopulate and with four-ranked series of black spines covering ventral surface. Abdomen elongate oval, 11 mm long, 5.5 mm wide. Spinnerets: middle pair 0.65 mm long; three-segmented posterior pair from base 1.5, 1, and 1.25, totaling 3.75 mm. Epigynum (Fig. 17) small, with separated, subglo­bose receptacles. Type data.—Female holotype from Cueva de la Grieta, Huautla, Oaxaca, Mexico, 8 January 1975 (J.Jancewicz, D. Lowrey, S. Zeaman), in American Mu­seum ofNatural History. Distribution.—Known only from above specimen. Spelopelma nahuanum, new speciesFigs. 10-11 Diagnosis.—Brownish, long-legged epigean speciesfrom Puebla with eyes on weakly developed eyetubercle and following special features: first femur as long as carapace; scopulae of first and second tarsi mostly entire; tibia ofmale palpus (Fig. 10) with two distinctive spurs at apex. Etymology.— Named for the Nahuatl peoples of Mexico. Male holoty pe.—Total length 20 mm. Carapace 10 mm long, 9 mm wide. Clypeal marginwith about 50 setae. Pars cephalica as long as broad, with clypeal margin narrowed, about 4.5 mm wide. Eye tubercle low; eight eyes present in ratio ofmilli­meters of anterior lateral, anterior median, posteriorlateral, posterior median, 0.3:0.3:0.3:0.2. Anterior eye row moderately procurved; median eyes sepa­rated by radius and as far from equal lateral eyes.Posterior eye row moderately recurved; rounded median eyes separated by three diameters, about their radius from larger lateral eyes. Median ocular quadrangle twice as broad as long, narrowed in front (10/65). Sternum 4.5 mm long, 4 mm wide. Labium about 1.6 mm long and wide, armed at tip with about 26 small cuspules. Endite 4 mm long, 2 mm wide,with cluster of small cuspules scattered on inner basal third. Chelicera 4.2 mm long, 2.2 mm wide, about twice as long as carapace; promargin with 10 subequalblack teeth. Femur I 10.50 II 10.00 III 9.60 IV 12.00 Palp7.00 Patella 5.00 5.00 4.00 4.70 3.70 Tibia 9.00 8.30 8.50 11.50 6.20 Metatarsus 9.50 8.70 11.25 15.75 Tarsus 6.70 6.50 6.70 8.25 3.00 Total 40.70 38.50 40.05 52.20 19.90 Leg formula 4132. First leg 4.7 times, first femur as long as carapace. Leg spines: first femur with 1-1 retrolateral spines in apical half; first tibia with 1-1 prolateral and 1-1-1 retrolateral and 2-2-2 ventral spines, and two close together as part of ventral and lateral spurs (Fig. 11); second leg like first but lacking spurs or extra spines; third and fourth legs with more numerous, stouter spines essentially in pattern of first legs, but with strong spination of metatarsi as follows; in three ranks in third but four-ranked on venter of fourth, 2-2-2-2. Palpal spines: tibia with two pro-lateral in apical third and 2-2-2 ventral pairs. All tarsi thickly scopulate their length; first, second and third metatarsi scopulate their full length but fourth meta­tarsus scopulate only about half. Scopulae of first and second tarsi mostly entire; those of third and fourth tarsi divided by row of small spines most numerous at apex. Abdomen shrivelled, about 9 mm long, 5 mm wide, covered thinly with short procumbent duskyhairs and many scattered suberect black setae; apexof abdomen with small gray patch of urticating hairs. Spinnerets broken off. Male palpus (Fig. 10) with following features: tibia more than four times as long as wide (62/13); tarsus flared at apex and there set with brushes of scopular hairs; bulb suboval, with thick curved embo­lus drawn to thin point. Type data.—Male holotype from Zoquitlan, Puebla,Mexico, 30 December 1978 (A. G. Grubbs), in American Museum of Natural History. Distribution.—Known only from above specimen. LITERATURE CITED Bonnet, P. 1955. Bibliographia Araneorum, tome 11:1-918. Bonnet, P. 1957. Bibliographia Araneorum, tome 11:1927­3026. Bonnet, P. 1959. Bibliographia Araneorum, tome 11:4932­5058. Page, L. 1929. Sur quelques araignees d’Amerique du Nord et de Cuba. 8011. Lab. Zool. Portici, 22:181-187. Gertsch, W. J. 1971. A report on some Mexican cave spiders. Assoc. Mexican Cave Stud. Bull., 4:47-111, fig. 1-168. Gertsch, W. J. 1973. A report on cave spiders from Mexico and Central America. Assoc. Mexican Cave Stud. Bull., 5:141-163, fig. 1-41. Koch, L. 1873. Die Arachniden Australiens, Niirnberg, pp. 396-472. Main, B. Y. 1969. A blind mygalomorph spider froma Null-arbor Plain cave. J, Roy. Soc. Western Australia, 52(1): 9-11. Raven, R. J. 1979. Systematics of the mygalomorph spider genus Masteria (Masteriinae; Dipluridae: Arachnida). Aus­tralia J. Zool., 27:623-636, fig. 1-29. Reddell, J. R., and R. W. Mitchell, 1971. A checklist of the cave fauna of Mexico. 11. Assoc. Mexican Cave Stud. Bull., 4:181-215, fig. 1-27. Simon, E. 1889. Arachnides, in Voyage de M. E. Simon au Venezuela. 4e. Memoire. Ann. Soc. Entomol. France, (6), 9:169-220, pi. 1-3. Simon, E. 1892a. Histoire naturelle des Araignees. Paris. Tome 1, fasc. 1, pp. 1-256. Simon, E. 1892b. Arachnides, in A. Raffray, I. Bolivar, and E. Simon, Etude sur les Arthropodes cavernicoles de Pile Luzon. Ann. Soc. Entomol. France, 61:35-52, pi. 2. Assoc. Mexican Cave Stud. Bull., 8;95-144/Texas Mem. Mus. Bull., 28:95-144. THESPIDER GENERAPHOLCOPHORA ANDANOPSICUS(ARANEAE, PHOLCIDAE) IN NORTH AMERICA, CENTRAL AMERICA AND THE WEST INDIES Willis J. Gertsch 1 Curator Emeritus, Department of Entomology The American Museum of Natural History, New York ABSTRACT The sedentary pholcids of the genera Pholcophora and Anopsicus are lucifugous types that live under ground objects anddetritusonthesoil orinsidegroundopeningsand caves. A systematic review of the 74 taxa from continental and in­ sular North America is presented with analyses of their fea­ tures and relationships. With few somatic differences avail­ able, the specific characters are largely centered in the geni­ talia; the palpi of the males present excellent differences assuring quick identification; the epigyna of the female offer few usable details even when cleared. Pholcophora comprises 11 epigean species mostly from Mexico, of which seven are described as new. The genotype, Pholcophora americana Banks, is a widespread species of the western United States. Anopsicus comprises 63 species of very small pholcids with quite stereotyped somatic features: 44 of them are described as new. Some females have a stridulatory apparatus of picks on the carapace and files on the front face of the abdomen. The generic name Anopsicus (based on the eyelesspearsei of Yucatan) has as junior synonyms Pholcophorina and Nine­ tella. Thirty-one of the taxa are cavernicoles and 11 of these are eyeless troglobites, six from Mexico, four from Jamaica, and one from Cuba. Most of the species have six eyes in two triads, but a new four-eyed species from Jamaica has aborted the posterior lateral eyes. INTRODUCTION ThepholcidsofthegeneraPholcophora andAnop­sicus are small globose spiders, averaging under 2 mm in length, many with short legs by pholcid standards,that live reclusive lives under ground objects, in leaf and plant detritus, and in soil openings and caves. These sedentary aerial types spin web tangles in dark spaces and remain there in close contact with such webs as permanent residents, often in informal colo­nies. Most Pholcophora live close to the soil and there 'Home address; Portal, Arizona 85632 are few cave records. Many Anopsicus are epigean and others live in caves, mostly as troglophiles, but eleven of these have lost their eyes and are here claimed to be troglobites. The taxa ofPholcophora are North American and live mostly south of the United States. An exceptionis the genotype, americana, which occurs in mesic foothills and mountains over much of the western United States. A new species from Curasao, levii described herein, suggests that there may be a so far unrecorded fauna in South America. The numerous species of Anopsicus, now numbering 60, are wide­spread with many species in Mexico, Central America and some of the West Indies. A South American fauna is so far known only by Anopsicus (Pholco­phorina) banksi (Gertsch, 1939, p. 4) from the Gala­pagos Islands, but a species from Trinidad, arima de­scribed in this paper, suggests that others are likely to be found when more adequate collections become available. The remarkable adaptive radiation of the genusAnopsicus has produced a large number of relativelylocal populations from what seems clearly to be a single phyletic line. Almost every taxon occurs within a single state or political subdivision, a single cave or epigean station. There are no wide ranging species. Of moderately wide distribution are a few as follows: speophila from caves of Campeche and Yucatan; the eyeless pearsei from caves of Yucatan and QuintanaRoo; and the epigean placens from Tabasco and Chi­apas. In terms of broad sympatry on the basis of the known material, it can be stated that seven species occur in Chiapas, seven in Oaxaca, three in Honduras, and three in the Canal Zone of Panama. The follow­ ing cavernicoles are sympatric in the narrow sense: the eyeless lucidus lives in Cueva de Juan Sanchez, Oaxaca, with soileauae; the eyeless claras lives in Portland Caves, Jamaica, with pecki; and the eyeless cubanus lives in Cueva Grande, Cuba, with silvai. Notable species clusters are the following: of seven species of Oaxaca four are blind troglohites from caves of a restricted area; and of eight cavernicoles from Jamaica, four are eyeless troglohites. The aim of the present paper is to give a syste­ matic review of the known species which in many ways must be preliminary, with the expectation that the number of taxa will be much increased as time goes by, even doubled, by more representative col­ lecting of the wide area. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The material on which this study is based has been accumulated by students and friends whose names are listed with the locality data. I am grateful to the following Museum caretakers for loans of types and specimens under their care and for other favors: Dr. F. R. Wanless of the British Museum (Natural His­tory) (BMNH), London; Dr. Herbert W. Levi of the Museum of Comparative Zoology (MCZ), Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Dr. Nor­man Platnick of the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH), in New York, where unless other­wise indicated, the material is deposited. Other im­portant contributors were the following: Dr. and Mrs. Clarence Goodnight ofWestern Michigan University,Kalamazoo; Mr. and Mrs. Vincent Roth of the South­western Research Station in Portal, Arizona; and the late Dr. A. M. Chickering and Mr. and Mrs. Wilton Ivie.Dr. Stewart PeckofCarletonUniversity, Ottawa,Ontario,donated anotableseriesofcavernicolesfrom his trips to the island of Jamaica. Finally I mention the name ofMr. JamesReddell oftheTexas Memorial Museum in Austin, who with the help of colleaguesand friends of speleology during many years, has been responsible for valuable material from many caves in Mexico and Central America. SYSTEMATIC SECTION Genus Pholcophora Banks Pholcophora Banks, 1896, p. 57. Comstock, 1913, p. 329; 1940, p. 343. Bonnet, 1958, p. 3606. Gertsch, 1971,p.76; 1977,p. 112(part). Diagnosis.— Genus of Subfamily Blechroscelinae (Petrunkevitch, 1939, p. 159): small spiders 1.5 to 3.5 mm long with subglobose abdomens. Carapace with longitudinal linear cervical groove. Eyes eight:lateral triads with subequal, subcontiguous, nocturnal eyes on black connate tubercles; diurnal anterior median eyes small; posterior eye row moderately re­curved. Chelicerae ofmales with facial horns or spurs.Leg formula 4123; legs of medium length. Male palpus: femur without ventral spur at apex; tarsus with prominent retrolateral appendage and compli­cated bulb and embolic division attached on pro-lateral side. Epigynum small sclerotized cap on soft ring capable of moderate inflation during mating. Females without stridulatory device on carapace and base of abdomen. Genotype.—Pholcophora americana Banks of west­ern North America. Description.—Carapace suhround, of moderate convexity and elevation, lightly covered with pro­cumbent dark hairs and few suberect ones on midline; triangular pars cephalica flanked by weak cephalic grooves; cervical groove distinct longitudinal linear depression, often part of Y-shaped dark figure on paleintegument; clypeus wide, projecting downward where roundly narrowed in front, equal in height to lengths of one or more eye triads. Eyes eight in groupoccupying two-thirds or less width of pars cephalica;anterior eye row procurved; posterior eye row gently to moderately recurved; eye tubercles black and usually only distinctive contrast feature of paler cara­pace. Sternum sparsely set with erect black hairs. Chelicerae of females with simple inconspicuous paletooth overhanging fang; those of males with addi­tional facial horns or spurs of differing shapes, lengthsand positions. Legs slender, with fourth legs slightlylonger, of medium length in both sexes, all set with rows of inconspicuous dark hairs, without any of spine stature; femora moderately thickened, especi­ally in males; tarsi long and sometimes flexible. Tri­chobothria few, one above near base of tibiae and metatarsi of some legs. Male palpi with followingfeatures: femora thin at base, with trivialrounded or conical spur bearing one or more setae, thicker at apex but lacking projection or formal spur; patellaeand tibiae moderately to strongly incrassated, with moderate number of quite coarse overhanging setae set in conspicuous alveolae; tarsi short rings bearinglong appendage on retrolateral side, this distinctive for each species; bulb attached to tarsal ring on pro-lateral side, basally thickened, bulbous, broadly pro­duced to complicated apical embolic structure. Abdo­men suboval, subglobose, as high or higher than long,precipitous behind, slightly overhanging carapace in front, covered with rather coarse black hairs. Epigy­num small, convex, oval cap, sessile in resting position or moderately inflatable during mating; atribursal orifice transverse groove low on posterior margin;pattern of sclerotized internal vesicles different for each species. Discussion.—ln previous papers (Gertsch, 1971, p. 76; 1977, p. 112) I used the generic name Phol­cophora to include a seriesof epigean and cavernicole pholcids with both eight and six eyes. It now seems quite appropriate that the six-eyed representatives be given full generic recognition based on differences in eye number and pattern. I am now using the name Anopsicus, less appropriate because it was based on an eyeless species, to represent this large group of mostly eyed species. Expected morphological inter-gradation between the six-and eight-eyed groupshas not materialized in any taxa. It seems likely that the loss of the anterior median eyes ofAnopsicus was an ancient modification now clearly indicative of the validity of the separate generic lines. As now defined Pholcophora has only a few species but these are more variable in size and genitalic features than those of Anopsicus. Only two of the species have been taken in cave stations but it would be surprising if these small pholcids did not regularly enter caves when they are available. The species ofPholcophora are largely known from continental North America;the discovery of a species in Curagao suggests that others may occur in South America. A key to the males is based largely on features of the palpi and chelicerae. The females can be best identified bystudy of the epigynal drawings. Pholcophora americana Banks Figs. 1-4,7-9 Pholcophora americana Banks, 1896, p. 57; 1895, p. 419; 1910, p. 7. Petrunkevitch, 1911, p. 161;1928, p. 110. Gertsch, 1935, p. 11. Roewer, 1942, p. 338. Bonnet, 1959, p. 3606. Gertsch, 1977, p. 112. Pholcophora obscura Chamberlin and Ivie, 1935, p. 12. NEW SYNONYMY. Diagnosis.—Large reddish brown epigean speciesfrom western United States with short legs (first fe­ mur about 1.5 times as long as carapace in both sexes; male chelicerae with short horns close together near base (Fig. 1); epigynum transverse opening (Fig. 7). Female from Canby, Modoc County, California.— Total length 3 mm. Carapace 1.1 mm long, 1 mm wide. Abdomen 2 mm long, 1.3 mm wide. Cephalo­thorax andappendagesuniform duskyreddish brown; carapace with black Y-shaped marking in cephalic and cervical sutures; eyes ringed with black; abdomen gray with many small blackish flecks. Clypeus pro­jecting forward less than length of ocular triad. Eyesoccupying two-thirds width of pars cephalica at that point; eyes eight, close together, in ratio in milli­meters of anterior lateral, anterior median, posteriorlateral, posterior median, 11:17:11:11. Anterior eye row procurved from in front, recurved from above with line along posterior medians cutting posteriorthird of lateral eyes; eyes subcontiguous. Posterior Key to the Males 1. Species ofCurasao, Nederland Antilles; Figs. 11-13 SpeciesofcontinentalNorth America 2. Large species: length ofcarapace more than 1 mm Small species: length of carapace at most 0.8 mm 3. Chelicerae (Figs. 1-2) with curved horns at base; western United States Chelicerae (Figs. 5-6) with horns thicker, angled upward; Mexcala, Mexico 4. Chelicerae (Fig. 16) with straight horns at base Not so 5. Chelicerae(Fig. 21)withsidemarginsrevolvedtoformstoutbrownhorns Not so 6. Chelicerae(Fig.37)withsmallhornsatbaseandtriangularspursatmiddleofface Chelicerae with only one set of horns or spurs 7. Chelicerae (Fig. 36) with spurs near apex of front face Chelicerae (Fig. 33) with long horns curved upward 8. Tarsal appendage (Fig. 34) subtruncate at apexTarsal appendage (Fig. 40) narrowed at apex levii, new species 2 3 4 americana Banks mexcala, new species texana Gertsch diluta Gertsch and Mulaik 5 baja, new species 7 8 munda, new species hesperia, new species jalisco, new species Figs. 1-13.-Speciesof Pholcophora: Figs. 1-4; P. Americana Banks, male: 1, eyes and cheliceral horns, dorsal view; 2, leftchelicera, retrolateral view; 3, left palpus, retrolateral view; 4, bulb of palpus, prolateral view. Figs. 5-6: P. mexcala, male:5, eyes and cheliceral horns, dorsal view; 6, left chelicera retrolateral view. Figs. 7-9: P. Americana Banks, epigynum: 7 ventralview; 8, posterior view; 9, dorsal view. Figs. 10-11: P. mexcala, left male palpus: 10, retrolateral view; 11, bulb, prolateral view. Figs. 12-13: P. levii, male: 12, left chelicera, retrolateral view; 13, eyes and cheliceral horns, dorsal view. eye row recurved; median eyes separated by radius,nearly touching lateral eyes. Median ocular quad­rangle broader than long (26/17), narrowed in front (26/15). Sternum 3.5 mm long and wide. Chelicerae smooth, with few fine hairs. 1 II III IV PalpFemur 1.60 1.30 1.47 1.90 0.24 Patella 0.37 0.35 0.35 0.37 0.10 Tibia 1.70 1.32 1.20 1.80 0.13 Metatarsus 1.93 1.56 1.55 1.85 —— Tarsus 0.55 0.52 0.50 0.56 0.30 Total 6.15 5.05 5.07 6.48 0.77 Leg formula 4132. first leg 5.6 times, first femur 1.45 times as long as carapace. Abdomen subglobose,higher than wide, precipitous behind. Epigynum(Figs. 7-9) transversely suboval with broad opening. Male from N of O’Brien, Shasta Co., California.— Total length 2.75 mm. Carapace 1.1 mm long, 1 mm wide. Abdomen 1.5 mm long, 1.2 mm wide. Colora­tion and basic structure like those of female. Cheli­cerae (Figs. 1-2) with pair of short, stout horns close together at midline near base. 1 11 111 IV PalpFemur 1.75 1.60 1.50 1.90 0.30 Patella 0.38 0.35 0.33 0.37 0.20 Tibia 1.72 1.45 1.25 1.77 0.30 Metatarsus 1.90 1.75 1.62 2.00 — Tarsus 0.63 0.55 0.50 0.55 0.15 Total 6.38 5.70 5.20 6.59 0.95 Male palpus (Figs. 3-4) with stout segments: femur thin at base, set with rounded spur at base on retro-lateral side; tibia inflated, nearly as broad as long; tar­sus about half as wide as long, with tarsal appendageof medium length; bulb inflated, produced in apicalhalf to stout process. Type data.—Of Pholcophora americana Banks,female type from Fort Collins, Colorado, in MCZ; of Pholcophora ohscura Chamberlin and Ivie, female holotype from Aspen Valley, Yosemite National Park,California, 11 August 1931 (W. Ivie), in AMNH. Distribution.—Widespread from Colorado and New Mexico to Pacific States and adjacent Canada. Selected records.—COLORADO: Montrose County:BlackCanyonoftheGunnison,29July 1957(H.and L. Levi), 6 immature from pinyon-pine-juniper sta­tion on north rim. NEW MEXICO: Valencia County:Mt. Taylor (C. C. Hoff), 3 females. UTAH: Salt Lake County: Saltair on Great Salt Lake, 26 July 1947 (W. Ivie), male, 2 females. MONTANA: Flathead County: Bigfork, 3100 ft, 23 August 1957 (H. and L. Levi), male, female in field under stones and logs.IDAHO: Boise County: Boise River above Arrowrock Dam, 11 June 1931 (W. Ivie), 3 females under rocks. NEVADA: Washoe County: Little Valley, Whitetail Forest Reserve, 17 July 1968 (A. Moreton), female from under rock. CALIFORNIA: Numerous speci­mens from twelve counties in foothills and forests of SierranandCoastranges. OREGON:KlamathCounty:Crater Lake National Park, 5 August 1951 (D. Low­rie), 3 males, 4 females from under bark of fallen trees. WASHINGTON; Cedar Lake, N Leadpoint,May 1962 (J. and W. Ivie), male. BRITISH COLUM­BIA: Trail, 8 September 1963 (J. and W. Ivie), male. Above material in AMNH and MCZ. Pholcophora mexcala, new species Figs. 5-6, 10-11 Diagnosis.—Large epigean relative of americana with longer legs (first femur 2.4 times as long as cara­pace), distinctive horns (Figs. 5-6) on chelicerae and similar palpus (Figs. 10-11). Female unknown. Etymology.— Specific name from Mexcala, typelocality, used in apposition. Male holotype.—Length 3.5 mm. Carapace 1.5 mm long, 1.4 mm wide. Abdomen 1.8 mm long, 1.6 mm wide. Cephalothorax and appendages bright orangebrown; abdomen blackish with thin hastate palemarking above at base. Posterior eye row moderatelyrecurved; median eyes separated by radius. Cheliceral horns (Figs. 5-6) thicker at base, apically thinner and angled upward. First leg: femur 3.56, patella, 0.65,tibia 4.3, metatarsus 5, tarsus 1, total length 14.50 mm; first leg 9.6 times, first femur 2.4 times as long as carapace. Male palpus (Figs. 10-11) with shorter, stouter tarsal appendage bearing larger apical spine. Type data.—Male holotype from Mexcala, Gue­rrero, Mexico, 2 July 1941 (L. I. Davis), in AMNH. Pholcophora levii, new species Figs. 12-13, 22-24 Diagnosis.— Epigean relative of americana from Curagao with legs of medium length (first femur about 1.2 times as long as carapace), male chelicera with stridulatory file, cheliceral horns ofmale broad, close together on midline (Fig. 13), and epigynumbroad, suboval, with narrow opening (Fig. 22). Etymology.— Named for Dr. Herbert W. Levi of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Female.—Length 2.7 mm. Carapace 1.2 mm long,1 mm wide. Abdomen 1.5 mm long, 1.2 mm wide. Cephalothorax and appendages bright yellowish to orange; carapace with dark cervical groove and duskyshadings on sides; eyes ringed with black; abdomen grayish with pale hastate mark running back from base and thickly covered with dusky flecks. Anterior eye row procurved; small median eyes contiguous, nearly touching lateral eyes. Posterior eye row mode­rately procurved; median eyes separated by about two-thirds narrow diameter, touching lateral eyes.First leg; femur 1.5, patella 0.4, tibia 1.35, meta­tarsus 1.5, tarsus 0.33, total length 5.30 mm; first leg 4.4 limes, first femur 1.2 times as long as carapace.Epigynum (Figs. 22-24) narrow transverse cap with narrow opening behind. Male holotype.—Length 1.8 mm. Carapace 0.9 mm long, 0.78 mm wide. Abdomen 0.8 mm long, 0.7 mm wide. Coloration and structure like those of female. Chelicerae with prominent horns (Fig. 13) close to­gether at midline set in upper third of face. Retro-lateral face of chelicera with inconspicuous file of fine grooves and small pick on trochanter of palpus.First leg: femur 1.2, patella 0.32, tibia 1.05, meta­ tarsus 1.11, tarsus 0.42, total length 4.11 mm; first leg 4.5 times, first femur 1.3 times as long as cara­pace. Male palpus (Figs. 10-11) stouter than that of americana, with shorter tarsal appendage. Type data.—Male holotype and female from Pisca­dera Baai, Curasao, Nederland Antilles, 20 December 1962 (H. W. Levi), in MCZ. Distribution.—Known only from Curasao. Records.—NEDERLAND ANTILLES: Curasao: S slope Veeris Berg, 20 December 1962, male, 27 fe­males; 3 km N Savonet, 26 December 1962, male, 2 females, eggs from under stone; Grote Berg, 19 De­ cember 1962, 4 females (above H. W. Levi); SE of Airport, 20 December 1962 (H. W. Levi, B. de Jong),male, 7 females; Sint-Nicolaas, St. Martha Baai, 22 December 1962 (B. de Jong, H. W. Levi), female. Above material in MCZ. Pholcophora texana Gertsch Figs. 16-18, 25-27 Pholcophora texana Gertsch, 1935, p. 11; 1939, p. 1. Roewer, 1942, p. 338. Bonnet, 1958, p. 3606. Diagnosis.—Pale epigean and cavernicole specieswith short legs (first femur about 1.2 timesas long as carapace in both sexes), with epigynum (Fig. 25)rounded lobe behind, male chelicerae (Fig. 16) with straight horns at base and femur of palpus (Fig. 17)with patch of spinules. Etymology.—Namedforthe stateofTexas. Female from El Tinieblo, Tamaulipas.—Length 1.7 mm. Carapace 0.7 mm long, 0.6 mm wide. Abdo­men 1 mm long, 1 mm wide. Cephalothorax and appendages pale yellow; abdomen gray. Posterior eye row slightly recurved, with median eyes separated by diameters. First leg: femur 0.8, patella 0.24, tibia 0.72, metatarsus 0.83, tarsus 0.4, total length 2.99 mm; first leg 4.2 times, first femur 1.1 times as long as carapace. Epigynum (Figs. 25-27) procurved be­hind with transverse internal vesicles. Male holotype.—Length 1.28 mm. Carapace 0.64 mm long, 0.53 mm wide. Abdomen 0.65 mm long, 0.5 mm wide. Chelicerae (Fig. 16) with long straighthorns close together at base. First leg: femur 0.93,patella 0.21, tibia 0.93, metatarsus 0.98, tarsus0.36,total length 3.41 mm; first leg 5.3 times, first femur 1.4 times as long as carapace. Male palpus (Figs. 17­18) typical: femur thin at base, with small basal spur,thicker at apex where set on inner side with close cluster of about 20 small spinules; tarsus with short appendage rounded apically (Fig. 17). Type data.—Male holotype from one-half mile E Rio Grande City, Texas, 1 November 1934 (S. Mu­ laik), in AMNH. Distribution.—Starr County, Texas, and adjacent states of eastern Mexico. Records.—TEXAS: Starr County: 0.5 mi. F Rio Grande City, 11 November 1934 (S. Mulaik), female. 5 mi. E Rio Grande City (S. Mulaik), female. MEXI­CO: Tamaulipas: Rio Gualolejo, near Forlon, 16 April 1938 (L. 1. Davis, B. Brown), female. San Fer­nando, 28 March 1937 (L. I. Davis), male, female. FI linieblo, 23 February 1973 (W. Graham), 3 females,1 immature. SanLuis Potosi: 2 mi. E SantoDomingo,6 June 1941 (A. M. and L. I. Davis), male, female. Hidalgo: 2 mi. SW Jacala, 18 August 1964 (J. and W. Ivie), female. Nuevo Leon: Grutas de San Bartolo,10 mi. S Santa Catarina, February 1966 (W. Russell, D. McKenzie), female. Montemorelos, 23 May 1952 (W. J. Gertsch), female, immature. Pholcophora diluta Gertsch and Mulaik Figs. 19-20, 28-30 Pholcophora diluta Gertsch and Mulaik, 1940, p. 320. Vogel, 1967, p. 112. Diagnosis.—Small whitish epigean species with fairly long legs (first femur about 1.5 times as long as carapace), epigynum (Fig. 28) narrowed in front and male palpus (Fig. 20) very complicated. Etymology.— Specific name from Latin diluo, di­lute. Female holotype.-Length 1.6 mm. Carapace 0.7 mm long, 0.6 mm wide. Abdomen 1 mm long, 0.75 mm wide. Whole spider whitish to pale yellow; eyesringed with black. Posterior eye row moderately re­curved, median eyes separated by diameter. Second leg: femur 1, patella 0.23, tibia 0.93, metatarsus 1.06, tarsus 0.15, total length 3.67 mm; second leg 5.3 times, second femur 1.4 times as long as carapace.Epigynum (Figs. 28 30) with cap narrowed in front. Figs. 14-30.—Species of Pholcophora: Figs. 14-15: P. levii, male: 14, left palpus, retrolateral view; 15, bulb of palpus,retrolateral view. Figs. 16-18:P. texana Gertsch, male: 16, eyes and cheliceral horns, dorsal view; 17, left palpus, retrolateral view; 18, bulb and embolus, prolateral view. Figs. 19-21: P. diluta Gertsch and Mulaik, male; 19, bulb of palpus, prolateralview; 20, left palpus, retrolateral view; 21, left chelicera, retrolateral view. Figs. 22-24: P. levii, epigynum; 22, ventral view;23, posterior view; 24, dorsal view. Figs. 25-27: P. texana Gertsch, epigynum: 25, ventral view; 26, posterior view; 27, dorsal view. Figs. 28-30: P. diluta Gertsch and Mulaik, epigynum: 28, ventral view; 29, posterior view; 30, dorsal view. Male.—Length 1.5 mm. Carapace 0.7 mm long, 0.62 mm wide. Abdomen 0.85 mm long, 0.65 mm wide. Chelicerae (Fig. 21) with side margins of distal half revolved to form stout brown horns. First leg:femur 1.22, patella 0.3, tibia 1.36, metatarsus 1.33, tarsus 0.55, total length 4.70 mm; first leg 6.8 times,first femur 1.7 times as long as carapace. Male palpus(Figs. 19-20) specialized: femur thickened from thin base where provided with rounded spur; tarsus with small rounded spur on retrolateral side and attached complicated structure representing part of tarsal appendage. Type data.—Female holotype and 5 female para­types from Hot Springs, Brewster County, Texas,7-10June 1938(D.andS.Mulaik),inAMNH. Distribution.—Known only from along river in BigBend National Park, Brewster County, Texas. Records.—TEXAS: Brewster County: Big Bend National Park: Santa Elena region, 24 August 1967 (W. J. Gertsch, R. Hastings), 2 males, 4 females. Pholcophora baja, new species Figs. 27-29 Diagnosis.—Small epigean species with fairly long legs (first femur 1.7 times as long as carapace), small spurs at middle of chelicerae and very broad tarsal appendage (Fig. 37) on male palpus. Female un­known. Etymology.—Named for Baja California. Male holotype.—Length 1.25 mm. Carapace 0.57 mm long, 0.25 mm wide. Abdomen 0.8 mm long, 0.6 mm wide. Cephalothorax and appendages yellow­ish; abdomen gray. Posterior median eyes separatedby two-thirds narrow diameter. Chelicerae (Fig. 37)with small basal horns and short spurs on middle of face. First leg; femur 0.95, patella 0.25, tibia 0.90, metatarsus 0.92, tarsus 0.4, total length 3.44 mm;first leg 5.7 times, first femur 1.7 times as long as carapace. Male palpus (Figs. 38-39): embolus drawn to slender spine. Type data.—Male holotype from SalsipuedesIsland, Baja California Norte, 21 May 1962 (R. E. Ryckman and C. P. Christianson), in AMNH. Distribution.—Known only from above specimen. Pholcophora Hesperia, new species Figs. 34-36, 45-47 Diagnosis.—Yellowish epigean species with short legs (first femur as long as carapace), distinctive epi­gynum (Fig. 45) and tarsal appendage of male palpus(Fig. 34). Etymology.— Specific name from Latin hesperius,western. Female.—Length 1.5 mm. Carapace 0.6 mm long, 0.52 mm wide. Abdomen 0.9 mm long, 0.7 mm wide. Cephalothorax and appendages bright yellow; abdo­men gray. Posterior eye row moderately recurved, median eyes separated by narrow diameter. First leg:femur 0.58, patella 0.18. tibia 0.51, metatarsus 0.53, tarsus 0.3, total length 2.10 mm; first leg 3.5 times,first femur about length of carapace. Epigynum(Figs. 45-47) suboval, with narrow sclerotized band in front. Male holotype.—Length 1.1 mm. Carapace 0.55 mm long, 0.53 mm wide. Abdomen 0.65 mm long, 0.5 mm wide. Chelicerae (Fig. 36) with small brown spurs near apex. First leg: femur 0.55, patella 0.2, tibia 0.57, metatarsus 0.52, tarsus 0.32, total length 2.16 mm; first leg about 4 times, first femur as long as carapace. Male palpus (Figs. 34-35) like that of jalisco but tip slightly truncated. Type data.—Male holotype from 5 mi. S Mazat­lan, Sinaloa, Mexico, 20 July 1954 (W. J. Gertsch),in AMNH. Distribution.—Western Mexico (Sinaloa, Colima,Baja California Sur) and east to southern Oaxaca. Records.—MEXlCO: Sinaloa: 20 mi. E Mazatlan,5 August 1956 (W'. J. Gertsch, V. Roth), male, 2 females. 35 mi. S Mazatlan, 24 July 1954 (W. J. Gertsch), 2 females, immature. 5 mi. E Concordia,26 July 1964 (W. J. Gertsch. J. Woods), female. 3 mi. E Escuinapa, 1 August 1964 (W. J. Gertsch, J. Woods), 4 females. 5 mi. E Villa Union, 26 July1964 (W. J. Gertsch, J. Woods), female, immature. 32mi.EVillaUnion,26August 1965(W.J.Gertsch, R. Hastings), female. 40 mi. S Culiacan, 6 August1956 (V. Roth, W. J. Gertsch), male, 2 females. El Esquinal, 62 mi. S Culiacan, 24 August 1965 (W. J. Gertsch. R. Hastings), male, 6 females. Colima: 10mi. S Colima, 25 July 1954(W. J. Gertsch),male;1 August 1954 (W. J. Gertsch), male, 3 females. 12 mi. E Manzanillo, 11 May 1963 (W. J. Gertsch, W . Ivie), 2 females, immature from palm grove. BajaCalifornia Sur: Cabo San Lucas, 5-8 February 1960 (V. Roth), female. Oaxaca: 3 mi. W Tehuantepec, 28 April 1963 (W. J. Gertsch, W. Ivie), female. 8 mi. W Tehuantepec, 29 August 1966 (J. and W r . Ivie), male,2 females. 12 mi. W‘ Tehuantepec, 29 August 1963 (W. J. Gertsch, W. Ivie), female; 1 September 1964 (J. and W. Ivie), female. 5 mi. W Tequisistlan, 1 Sep­ tember 1964 (J. and W. Ivie), male, 7 females, imma­ture. Pholcophora jalisco, new species Figs. 40-41 Diagnosis.—Small epigean species similar to hes­peria with short legs (first femur 1.1 times as long as Figs. 31-47.—Species of Pholcophora: Figs. 31-33: P. munda, male: 31, left palpus, retrolateral view; 32, bulb of palpus,prolateral view; 33, left chelicera, retrolateral view. Figs. 34-36: P. hesperia, male: 34, left palpus, retrolateral view. 35, bulb of palpus, prolateral view; 36, left chelicera, retrolateral view. Figs. 37-39: P. baja, male: 37, chelicerae, frontal view; 38, left palpus, retrolateral view; 39, bulb of palpus, prolateral view. Figs. 40-41: P. jalisco, left male palpus: 40, retrolateral view; 41, bulb of palpus, prolateral view. Figs. 42-44: P. munda, epigynum: 42, ventral view; 43, posterior view; 44, dorsal view. Figs. 45-47; P. hesperia, epigynum: 45, ventral view; 46, posterior view, 47, dorsal view. carapace), palpus with thinner tarsal appendage, and chelicerae with short brown spurs near apex like those of hesperia (Fig. 36). Female unknown. Etymology.— Named for the state of Jalisco, used in apposition.Male holotype.—Length 1.17 mm. Carapace 0.53 mm long, 0.48 mm wide. Abdomen 0.65 mm long, 0.5 mm wide. Posterior median eyes separated bytwo-thirds diameter; clypeal margin slightly emargi­nated, with pair of trivial spurs; chelicerae with en­larged brown spurs near apex. First leg: femur 0.6, patella 0.2, tibia 0.48, metatarsus 0.5, tarsus 0.3,total length 2.08 mm; first leg4 times, first femur 1.1 times as long as carapace. Male palpus (Figs. 40-41):patella and tibia subequal in length, slightly inflated;tarsal appendage (Fig. 40) thin process narrowed at apex; embolusthickly rounded at apex. Type data.—Male holotype from 29 mi. N La Quemada, Jalisco, Mexico, 24 July 1954 (W. J. Gertsch), in AMNH. Distribution.—Known only from above specimen. Pholcophora munda, new species Figs. 31-33, 42-44 Diagnosis.—Small epigean species with short legs(first femur of male as long as carapace), distinctive epigynum (Fig. 42), and male chelicerae with longhorns (Fig. 33). Etymology.—Specific name from Latin mundus, neat, elegant.Female.—Length 1.5 mm. Carapace 0.53 mm long, 0.48 mm wide. Abdomen 0.9 mm long, 0.6 mm wide. Cephalothorax yellow; abdomen gray. Posterior me­dian eyes separated by radius. Legs missing. Epigy­num (Figs. 42-44) as long as broad, with transverse dark internal vesicles. Male holotype.—Length 1.1 mm. Carapace 0.53 mm long, 0.45 mm wide. Abdomen 0.6 mm long, 0.4 mm wide. Chelicerae (Fig. 33) with upwardlycurved horns near middle of face. First leg: femur 0.51, patella 0.5, tibia 0.57, metatarsus 0.55, tarsus 0.32, total length 2.16 mm; first leg 4 times, first femur about as long as carapace. Male palpus (Figs.31-32); tibia strongly inflated; tarsal appendage long,thin, drawn to curved spine, and pale accessory lobe. Type data.—Male holotype and female from Cerro Colorado, Nuevo Leon, Mexico, 16 October 1961 (0. de Ferrariis), in AMNH. Distribution.—Known only from above specimens. Pholcophora maria Gertsch Pholcophora maria Gertsch, 1977, p. 112, figs. 33-35. Diagnosis.—Small dusky species from Yucatan caves with legs of medium length (first femur 1.4 times as long as carapace) and distinctive epigynum. Male unknown. Etymology.—Named forMaryButterwick. Female holotype.—Length 1.65 mm. Carapace 0.74 mm long, 0.6 mm wide. Abdomen 0.9 mm long, 0.7 mm wide. Cephalothorax and appendages duskyyellow; abdomen gray with faint median pale stripe on dorsum. Posterior eye row slightly recurved, medi­an eyes separated by narrow diameter. First leg:femur 1.05, patella 0.32, tibia 0.93, metatarsus 1.08, tarsus 0.43, total length 3.81 mm; first leg 5 times, first femur 1.4 timesas long as carapace. Type data.—Female holotype from Cueva (Actun)Xpukil, Yucatan, Mexico, 18-19 March 1973(J. Red-dell, S. Murphy, D. and M. McKenzie, M. Butterwick), in AMNH. Distribution.—Known only from above specimen. Pholcophora bahama, new species Figs. 329-331 Diagnosis.—Small epigean species from Bahamas with legs of medium length (first femur 1.2 times as long as carapace) and distinctive epigynum (Fig. 329).Male unknown. Etymology.— Named for the Bahama Islands. Female holotype.—Length 1.7 mm. Carapace 0.8 mm long, 0.65 mm wide. Abdomen 0.95 mm long, 0.8 mm wide. Cephalothorax and appendages duskyyellow; eyes ringed with black; abdomen grayish.Eyes of anterior row moderately procurved, subcon­tiguous; anterior median eyes half as large as laterals. Posterior eye row moderately recurved; median eyesseparated by two-thirds diameter. First leg: femur 1.09, patella 0.25, tibia 0.97, metatarsus 1.14, tarsus 0.44, total length 3.89 mm; first leg 4.3 times, first femur 1.2 times as long as carapace. Epigynum (Figs.329-331). Type data.—Female holotype from West Caicos Island, Bahamas, 4 February 1953 (Hayden and Gio­vannoli), in AMNH. Distribution.—Bahama Islands. Record.—Bahamas: Rum Cay, near Port Nelson,16 March 1953 (Hayden and Giovannoli), immature female. GenusAnopsicus Chamberlin and Ivie Anopsicus Chamberlin and Ivie, 1938, p. 130. Pholcophorina Gertsch, 1939, p. 1. Ninetella Bry ant, 1940, p. 297. NEW SYNONYMY. Diagnosis.—Genus of Subfamily Bleochroscelinae sharing features of Pholcophora, distinguished as fol­lows: Anterior median eyes never present; six eyesnormally present arranged in two triads set close to­gether, these eyes subequal and subcontiguous; only four eyes present in quatoculus by abortion of the posterior lateral pair, leaving two diads. Anterior lateral eyes moderately separated, rarely subcontigu­ous; posterior eye row moderately procurved, with medians typically separated by about diameter. Eyesof cavernicoles reduced in size in some species, eva­nescent or completely obsolete in others; those with as evanescent or obsolete eyes are regarded beingtroglobites. Chelicerae of females unarmed except for trivial pale tooth overhanging fang; those of males bearing horns or spurs ofvarying length and position,these rarely absent. Leg formula 1432; legs of me­dium length in epigean members of both sexes, much longer in cavernicoles; femora moderately thickened,especially in males; terminal segments of legs of cavernicoles very thin and flexible. Male palpi with following features: femora with trivial rounded or angled projection at base bearing thin setae, thicker at apex where bearing rounded or pointed spur, this rarely absent; patellae and tibiaevariously shaped and sometimes incrassated; tarsi short rings bearing vari­ously formed appendages on retrolateral side distinc­tive for each species; bulb attached to tarsal ring on prolateral side, bulbous at base and produced apically to embolar structure of variable form. Epigynumsmall, sessile cap in resting position but inflatable to conspicuous lobularstructures in many species. Genotypes.—Of Anopsicus, pearsei Chamberlin and Ivie from Yucatan; of Pholcophorina, zeteki Gertsch from Panama; and of Ninetella, pulchraBryant from Cuba. Description.—The habitus of the 60 taxa ofAnop­sicus features small pholcids with globose abdomens and legs of variable length. The somatic characters fall within the following stereotyped morphologicaldesign: the eye sizes and patterns vary within quite narrow limits, featuring occasional reduction or loss of some or all the eyes; the leg formula 1432 is stan­dard and the leg pattern is useful in terms of generallength in relation to that of the carapace; the secon­dary sexual characters supplement the genitalic fea­tures: those of the males are best expressed in the form and position of the horns and spurs usuallyadorning the chelicerae; those of the females are the stridulatory apparatus, present in about half of the taxa and offering features in the shapes and positionsof both picks and files; finally, the genitalia of both sexes are of the haplogyne type and offer the best characters for identification ofspecies. A systematic analysis of Anopsicus resolves itself into a study of the genitalia of both sexes. The female epigyna, seen as tiny caps about 0.25 mm in width lying close to the abdomen, differ little among the species. Three views are offered for most of the spe­cies. The ventral view (see Figs. 61, 64, etc.) shows the typical shape, usually broader than long, with degree of anterior or posterior truncature or curva­ture, presence of lobular or angular projections (seeFigs. 318-319), and usually on each side a small pattern markingoftheinternalvesicles.Theposteriorview (Figs. 62, 65) shows the general shape of the organ, with concavity or truncature, the linear atrio­bursal orifice typically about as wide as the posteriormargin, anda differentviewoftheinternalpatternof vesicles. The dorsal view shows the internal vesicles of the organ, after it has been removed from the abdo­men and cleared; usually apparent are paired vesicle patterns on each side (Figs. 63, 66), presumably sperm receptacles with attendant guides. Some side views are offered to illustrate the epigynum when in­flatedto aconspicuouslobularstructure.Theinternal pattern of vesicles usually is diagnostic for the species.With only small reluctance I have decided that a key to the females, although possible, would result in an exercise contributing little to understanding of the taxa. The task of identification is thus left to the student who can make use of the few somatic fea­tures and geographic clues along with close perusalof the sketches of the epigyna. The male palpi, averaging about 0.03 mm in length, are structures of simple haplogyne design in spite of seeming complexity (see Figs. 78-95 or anyother species). The femoral, patellar and tibial seg­ments are variously thickened and offer little for identification except the shape of the ventral spur at the apex of the femur. The tarsus is a narrow ringdeveloped on the retrolateral side into a prominentappendage differing widely among the species in thick­ness, length, and especially in the shape of the apicalhalf. All species can be readily identified on the basis of this appendage alone. Supplementing the tarsal appendage and arising from the prolateral side of the tarsal ring is the bulb, usually globular over much of its length but bearing at its apex the embolus and accessorystructuresofvariouspattern, thesealso diag­nostic for each species. One of the special features of Anopsicus is the presence in females of a stridulatory apparatus con­sisting of a sclerotized projection (pick) on each pos­terior corner of the truncated pars thoracica of the carapace and a complementary pair ofrasping foveae (files) just above the pedicel of the abdomen. This structure, first noticed in gruta (Gertsch, 1971, p. 78,Fig. 137) is herein being more fully analyzed for the many species of the genus. The picks are variable in development, most often are rounded transparent Figs. 48-66.—Species of Anopsicus: Figs. 48-49: A. zeteki (Gertsch), eyes; 48, eyes of male; 49. eyes of female. Fig. 50: A.facetus, eyes of female. Fig. 51: A. reddelli, eyes of female. Fig. 52: A. soileauae, eyes of female. Fig. 53: .4. concinnws, eyes of female. Figs. 54-o5: A. zeteki (Gertsch). male, carapace and abdomen: 54. dorsal view; 55, retrolateral view. Figs. 56-57: A. quatoculus: 56, eyes of female; 57, carapace and abdomen of female. Fig. 58: A. zimmermani, eyes of female. Fig. 59: .4.pecki, eyes of female. Fig. 60: A. chiapa, eyes of female. Figs. 61-63: A. speophila (Chamberlin and Me), epigynum: 61, ven­ tral view; 62, posterior view; 63, dorsal view. Figs. 64-66: A. pearsei Chamberlin and Me, epigynum: 64, ventral view, 65, pos­terior view; 66, dorsal view. lobes (pleurital extensions of the carapace) as shown for bispinosus (Fig. 67), or lobes further providedwith small rounded picks as in mitchelli (Fig. 69) and others. In other species the picks are more formal pigmented angles or spurs as in davisi (Fig. 68) and grata (Fig. 71) in which the relationship of the picksand files are graphically shown. The files are similarlyvariable in development: in bispinosus (Fig. 73) and some other species they are conspicuous, roughened or ridged, brownish invaginations of quite large size;in most other species they are smaller, more widelyseparated foveae margined by a few short hairs. I presume that this apparatus is present in all females but in many of small size they may be undetectable under conventional magnification or possibly even aborted. Finally can be mentioned two species, al­teriae and ceiba (Figs. 75, 76, 265), in which the picks have migrated to a median position oppositethe cervical groove and in consequence the files are now positioned high up on the front of the abdomen overhanging the carapace. The relationships of the picks and files are graphically shown for ceiba (Fig.265). The typical stridulatory apparatus is a sound pro­ducing organ activated by rubbing the picks and files together probably during some phase of the sexual biology' of the taxa. The device of Anopsicus is analo­gous to those of many other groups of spiders as shown by Bishop (1925) in his article on “SingingSpiders.' In spiders the elements are placed on vari­ous body surfaces. Known to me in the Pholcidae are the following examples; the female of Physocyclusglobosus has a sharp crest at the center of the cara­pace behind the cervical groove which presumably is rubbed against a large invaginated fovea at the middle of the abdomen just above the pedicel; all males of thegenusPhysocyclushave afileoffineridges onthe outer surface of the chelicera which is activated by a sharp spur at the base of the femur of the male palpus; in some Psilochorus, notably diablo and tellezi, a tubular process on the sternum between the posterior coxae (the pick) presumably is nibbed against an area of transverse striae (the file) on the frontal aspect of the epigynum. In the following descriptions of Anop­sicus mention will be made only of those instances where the stridulatory elements are of notable devel­opment. Since one of the prime identification aids for the species of Anopsicus is geography, I have made use of this by dividing the large fauna into the followingdistribution areas: 1, the Mexican fauna (p. 107);2, the Central American fauna (p. 126); and 3, the West Indian fauna (p. 134). The Mexican Fauna Mexico is rich in Anopsicus with 36 species now known and many others likely to be found in little explored areas. Of these, three males and nine females so far are unpaired. Twenty of the species came from caves and 16 from epigean habitats. Among them is pearsei, the first eyeless member of the family and designated as genotype by Chamberlin and Ivie. Four additional eyeless troglobites are described in this paper from Mexican caves, thus enlarging the total from Mexico to six. None of theAnopsicus taxa from thislargearea occursoutsideofMexico,andmost(aspreviously noted) are restricted to narrow zones,either as cavernicoles or epigean types. Most of the cave species of this and other areas of this report are considered to be troglophiles, which presumes their occurrence outside of caves in suitable ecologicalhabitats. At present and likely as a result of incom­plete collecting, no cavernicole is known from a surface station and, vice versa, no epigean taxon is known from a cave habitat. A key to the males offered below is based on the features of the palpiand chelicerae. Key to the Males 1.SpeciesoftheYucatanPeninsulaandChiapas 2 Species of other parts ofMexico H 2. Eyes present 3 Eyes absent: troglobite from caves ofYucatan and Quintana Roo; tarsal appendage (Fig. 1 * 0) pearsei Chamberlin and Ivie 3. Tarsal appendage narrowed at apex 4 Tarsal appendage broad at apex 5 4. Femoralspurofpalpus(Fig. 169)nearlyobsolete;cheliceralhornswith small spur below tip (Fig. 169); caves ofCampeche and Yucatan speophila (Chamberlin and Ivie)Femoral spur well developed 5 5. Tip of tarsal appendage (Fig. 164) with narrow spur; Cueva Halmensura, Campeche reddelli, new species Tip of tarsal appendage (Fig. 214) thicker, revolved inward; Palenque region of Chiapas alteriae, new species 6. Chelicerae (Fig. 213) with pair ofhorns and spurs; caves of Chiapas bispinosus (Gertsch)Chelicerae with single pair of horns 7 7. Tarsal appendage (Fig. 26) with small emargination at apex; Grutas de Zapaluta, Chiapas evansi (Gertsch)Notso 8 8. Apex of tarsal apophysis (Fig. 200) with thin spines; Palenque region, Chiapas palenque (Gertsch)Notso 9 9. Tarsal appendage spatulate 10 Tarsal appendage (Fig. 204) bluntly truncated; epigean species ofChiapas debora (Gertsch) 10.Femoralspurlarge(Fig.208);epigeanspeciesofChiapas jeanae(Gertsch)Femoralspursmall(Fig.173);CuevaLoltun,Yucatan wileyae,newspecies 11. Eyes absent 12 Eyes present 15 12. Chelicerae(Fig. 124)withouthornsorspurs;Cueva delaFinca, Oaxaca vinnulus, new speciesChelicerae with horns 13 13.Tarsalappendage(Fig. 119) narrowedattiptothinspine;SotanodeSanAgustin, Oaxaca niveus, new speciesTarsal appendage spatuliform 14 14. Tipoftarsalappendage(Fig. 128)rounded;GrutadeJuxtlahuaca,Guerrero gruta(Gertsch) Tip of tarsal appendage (Fig. 116) with acute point; Cueva de Juan Sanchez, Oaxaca lucidus, new species 15.Chelicerae(Fig. 133)withouthornsorspurs;CuevadelosRiscos,Durango exiguus(Gertsch)Chelicerae with horns or spurs 16 16. Tarsal appendage at apex acute or rounded spur 17 Tarsal appendage broad at apex, sometimes spatulate 20 17. Tip of tarsal appendage (Fig. 87) with trivial emargination; epigean species of Puebla puebla, new speciesNotso X8 18. Tip of tarsal appendage sharp blade 19 Tipoftarsalappendage(Fig. 158)bluntblade;epigeanspeciesofcoastalNayarit malkini, new species 19. See tarsal appendage (Fig. 161); species of Colima boneti, new speciesSee tarsal appendage (Fig. 125); species of southern Oaxaca tehuana, new species 20. Tarsal appendage (Fig. 90) broadly bilobed at apex; Cueva Desapareciendo, Oaxaca grubbsi, new speciesNot so 21 21. Tarsal appendage (Fig. 93) subtruncate at apex, with lateral series of fine teeth; cavesofPuebla mckenziei, new speciesNot so 22 22. Tarsal appendage (Fig. 101) spatulate; caves ofVeracruz troglodyta (Gertsch)Not so 23 23. Tarsal appendage relatively short, subtruncate or angled at apex 24 Tarsal appendage (Fig. 98) long, with acute angle at apex; epigean species of Veracruz iviei, new species 24. Tarsal appendage (Fig. 84) short, broadly pointed at apex; epigean species of San Luis Potosi Not so 25. Tarsal appendage (Fig. 81) short, broad at base, truncated at apex; Cueva de la Virgen de Guadalupe, TamaulipasTarsalappendage(Fig.78)longer,acuteatapex;Cueva delosCuarteles, Tamaulipas Anopsicus placens (0. P.-Cambridge)Fig. 180 Spermophora placens 0. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896, p. 222. F. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902, p. 370. Roewer, 1942, p. 349. Bonnet, 1958,p. 3606. Pholcophora placens: Gertsch, 1977, p. 114. Diagnosis.—Epigean species with fairly long legs(first femur 3.3 times as long as carapace) and distinc­tive epigynum (Fig. 180). Male unknown. Etymology.—Specific name from Latin placeo,agreeable.Female.—Length 2.3 mm. Carapace 0.8 mm long, 0.77 mm wide. Abdomen 1.5 mm long, 1.1 mm wide. Cephalothorax and appendages dusky yellowishbrown; abdomen gray. Eye triads: anterior lateral eyes separated by nearly diameter; posterior median eyes separated by full diameter. First leg: femur 2.7,patella 0.3, tibia 3, metatarsus 3.5, tarsus 0.85, total length 10.35 mm; first leg about 13 times, first femur 3.3 times as long as carapace. Stridulatory apparatus; picks on pars thoracica not detected; small foveal files present above base of abdomen. Epigynum(Fig. 180). Type data.—Female type from Teapa, Tabasco,Mexico, in British Musum (Natural History), exam­ined; (type measures 1.8 mm and in same vial cluster of eggs, each about 0.15 mm in diameter). Distribution.—Mexican states of Tabasco and Chiapas. Records.—MEXlCO; Tabasco: Teapa, 16 July1947 (C. and M. Goodnight), 3 females. Chiapas:Pichuacalco, 18 July 1947 (C. and M. Goodnight),female. Anopsicus speophila (Chamberlin and Ivie) Figs. 61-63, 167-169 Spermophora speophila Chamberlin and Ivie, 1938, p. 130. Bonnet, 1958, p. 4115. Pholcophora speophila: Gertsch, 1976, p. 76; 1977, p. 114. Diagnosis.—Pale cavernicole with legs of medium length (first femur about twice as long as carapace), covadonga, new species mitchelli (Gertsch) bolivari(Gertsch) distinctive epigynum (Fig. 61) and tarsal appendage(Fig. 167)ofmalepalpus.Etymology.— Specific name from Latin speophila,living in caves. Female.—Length 1.7 mm. Carapace 0.7 mm long, 0.6 mm wide. Abdomen 1.0 mm long, 0.75 mm wide. Eyes small on well spaced triads; anterior lateral eyesseparated by more than full diameter; posteriormedian eyes separated by about two diameters. First leg: femur 1.5, patella 0.23, tibia 1.45, metatarsus 1.62, tarsus 0.55, total length 5.35 mm; first leg 7.65 times, first femur 2.1 times as long as carapace. Stridulatory apparatus not detected. Epigynum (Figs.61-63). Male.—Length 1.5 mm. Carapace 0.7 mm long,0.65 mm wide. Abdomen 0.8 mm long, 0.75 mm wide. Eyes small: anterior lateral eyes separated by one and one-half diameters; posterior median eyesseparated behind by two diameters. Chelicerae (Fig.169) with sharp horns bearing small spur below tips.First leg; femur 1.45, patella 0.26, tibia 1.55, meta­tarsus 1.75, tarsus 0.6, total length 5.61 mm; first leg8 times, first femur twice as long as carapace. Male palpus (Figs. 167-168). Type data.—Female holotype from Chac Mol Cave, Tohil, Yucatan, Mexico, 27 June (A. S. Pearse),in AMNH. Distribution.—Mexican states of Yucatan and Campeche. Newrecords.—MEXlCO: Yucatan:GrutasdeTzab-Nah, 2 km S Tecoh, 1 October 1974 (J. Reddell, D. McKenzie, S. Wiley), 2 males, females, immature. Cueva (Actun) Chen, Santa Rita, 3 km W Kiuick,13 November 1974 (J. Reddell, D. McKenzie, S. Wiley), female. Cueva de Aguacate, 2 km S Maxcami,17 October 1974 (J. Reddell, S. Wiley, D. McKenzie, R. Solis), 2 females. Cueva (Actun) Kiuick, Kiuick,13 November 1974 (J. Reddell, D. McKenzie, S. Wiley), female, immature. Cueva (Actun) Sabaca,6 km S Tekax, 4 December 1974 (J. Reddell et al.),2females.Campeche:GrutasdeSanAntonio, 10km NE Bolonchenticul, 23-24 November 1974 (J. Red-dell, D. McKenzie, S. Wiley), 2 females, immature. Figs. 67-77.—Species of Anopsicus: Fig. 67: A. bispinosus (Gertsch), carapace of female showing lobular picks. Fig. 68: A. davisi (Gertsch), pars thoracica of female showing angular files. Figs. 69-70: A. mitchelli (Gertsch), female; 69, dorsal view of pars thoracica showing picks; 70, abdomen showing small files. Figs. 71-72: A. grata (Gertsch), female: 71, carapace and abdomen showing positions of picks and files; 72, portion of abdomen showing files. Fig. 73: A. bispinosus (Gertsch), female abdomen showing large files. Fig. 74; A. boneti, female abdomen showing files. Figs. 75-76; A. alteriae, female; 75, parsthoracica showing picks; 76, abdomen showing files. Fig. 77: A. qaatoculus, abdomen of female showing files. Anopsicus pearsei Chamberlin and Ivie Figs. 64-66, 170-172 Anopsicus pearsei Chamberlin and Ivie, 1938, p. 130. Bonnet, 1955, p. 330. Pholcophora pearsei: Gertsch, 1971, p. 48. Diagnosis.—Essentially eyeless troglobite with legsof medium length (first femur about 3.6 times as long as carapace), distinctive epigynum (Fig. 64) and short,rounded tarsal appendage (Fig. 170) of male palpus. Etymology.— Named for Dr. A. S. Pearse. Female.—Length 1.5 mm. Carapace 0.73 mm long, 0.7 mm wide. Abdomen 0.8 mm long, 0.7 mm wide. Cephalothorax and appendages dusky yellow; abdo­men gray. Eyes essentially obsolete, visible as widelyspaced corneal vestiges. First leg: femur 2.6, patella0.3, tibia 2.7, metatarsus 3.25, tarsus 0.9, total length 9.75 mm; first leg about 13 times, first femur 3.6 times as long as carapace. Stridulatory apparatus:picks on pars thoracica not detected; inconspicuousfiles present at base of abdomen. Epigynum (Figs.64-66). Male from Cueva Escondida.—Length 1.5 mm. Carapace 0.75 mm long, 0.7 mm wide. Abdomen 0.8 mm long, 0.7 mm wide. Chelicerae (Fig. 172) with thin, sharp horns set near base of face. Legsthin, first femur thickened in basal half; first leg:femur 2.3, patella 0.28, tibia 2.2, metatarsus 3.1, tarsus 0.8, total length 6.68 mm; first leg 11.4 times, first femur 3 times as long as carapace. Male palpus(Figs. 170-171). Type data.—Female holotype from Oxolodt Cave,Kaua, Yucatan, Mexico, 18 June (A. S. Pearse), in AMNH. Distribution.—Mexican states of Yucatan and Quintana Roo. New records.—MEXlCO: Yucatan: Cueva (Actun)Kaua, 1 km W Kaua, 20 November 1974 (J. Reddell, D. McKenzie, S. Wiley), female; same, 20-21 October 1964, 7 females; same, 9-10 October 1974, 2 females, immature; 9 November 1974 (J. Reddell), male,female. Cueva Escondida, 3.5 km S Kaua, 21 July1975 (J. Reddell, A. Grubbs, S. Wiley), male, 2 fe­males. Quintana Roo: Cenote de Santo Domingo,5 km NE Kilometer 50, 29 July 1975 (J. Reddell, D. McKenzie, A. Grubbs), female. Cenote de Las Ruinas, 29 July 1975 (J. Reddell, A. Grubbs, D. McKenzie, S. Wiley), female, immature. Anopsicus palenque (Gertsch) Figs. 200-203, 332-333 Pholcophora palenque Gertsch, 1977, p. 116. Diagnosis.—Epigean species with eye triads close together, legs of medium length, and tarsal appendage (Fig. 200) of male palpus bent and enlarged at apex.Etymology.—Named for Ruinas de Palenque.Female.—Length 1.6 mm. Carapace 0.8 mm long, 0.7 mm wide. Abdomen 0.85 mm long, 0.75 mm wide. Cephalothorax and appendages dusky yellow;abdomen bluish, with faint pale linear marking above. Eye triads: anterior lateral eyes separated by about diameter; posterior median eyes separated by longdiameter. First leg: femur 1.9, patella 0.26, tibia 2.1, metatarsus 2.45, tarsus 0.63, total length 7.34 mm; first leg 9.2 times, first femur 2.4 times as long as carapace. Stridulatory apparatus not detected. Epi­gynum (Figs. 332-333). Male holotype.—Length 1.25 mm. Carapace 0.7 mm long, 0.6 mm wide. Abdomen 0.65 mm long, 0.55 mm wide. Chelicerae (Figs. 202-203) with sharp spurs high up on face. First leg: femur 1.92, patella0.27, tibia 2.1, metatarsus 2.5, tarsus 0.8, total length 7.59 mm; first leg 10.8 times, first femur 2.74 times as long as carapace. Male palpus (Figs. 200-201). Type data.—Male holotype from 0.8 km N Ruinas de Palenque, Chiapas, Mexico, 25 December 1973 (J. Reddell, R. W. Mitchell), in AMNH. Distribution.—Known only from Palenque region,where it is sympatric with new species alteriae. Anopsicus jeanae(Gertsch)Figs. 208-210, 278 Pholcophora jeanae Gertsch, 1977, p. 116. Diagnosis.—Epigean species with fairly long legs(first femur about 2.7 times as long as carapace), dis­tinctive epigynum (Fig. 278) and tarsal appendage (Fig. 208) of male palpus.Etymology.—Named for the late Jean Ivie. Female.—Length 2.2 mm. Carapace 0.8 mm long, 0.77 mm wide. Abdomen 1.3 mm long, 1.1 mm wide. Cephalothorax and appendages dusky yellow; abdo­men gray with bluish markings on dorsum. Eye triads: anterior lateral eyes separated by about full diameter; posterior median eyes separated by 1.3 diameters. First leg: femur 2.2, patella 0.3, tibia 2.3, metatarsus 2.75, tarsus 0.65, total length 8.20 mm; first leg 10 times, first femur 2.75 times as long as carapace. Stridulatory apparatus not detected. Epigynum (Fig.278).Male holotype.—Length 1.75 mm. Carapace 0.85 mm long, 0.8 mm wide. Abdomen 0.9 mm long, 0.7 mm wide. Chelicerae (Fig. 210) with long, curved horns just below clypeal margin. First leg: femur 2.3,patella 0.3, tibia 2.45, metatarsus 3.3, tarsus 0.8,total length 9.50 mm; first leg 10.7 times, first femur 2.7 times as long as carapace. Male palpus (Figs.208-209). Type data.—Male holotype from La Venta, Villa­hermosa,Tabasco,Mexico, 13August 1965(Jeanand Wilton Ivie), inAMNH. Distribution.—Known only from above material. Anopsicus debora (Gertsch)Figs. 204-207, 279 Pholcophora debora Gertsch, 1977, p. 117. Diagnosis.—Epigean species with short legs (firstfemur about 1.8 times as long as carapace), distinctive epigynum (Fig. 279) and tarsal appendage (Fig. 204)ofmale palpus. Etymology.—Named for Ms. Debora Denson. Female.—Length 1.8 mm. Carapace 0.77 mm long, 0.7 mm wide. Abdomen 1 mm long, 0.73 mm wide. Cephalothorax and appendages dusky yellow to brown; abdomen bluish. Eye triads: anterior lateral eyes separated by little more than long diameter; posterior median eyes separated by one and one-half diameters. First leg: femur 1.35, patella 0.25, tibia 1.33, metatarsus 1.55, tarsus 0.55, total length 5.03 mm; first leg 6.5 times, first femur 1.76 times as long as carapace. Stridulatory apparatus not detected. Epigynum (Fig. 279). Male holotype.—Length 1 mm. Carapace 0.63 mm long, 0.6 mm wide. Abdomen 0.4 mm long, 0.35 mm wide. Chelicerae (Figs. 206-207) with sharp spurs at about middle of outer face. First femur 1.2 mm long, 1.9 times as long as carapace. Male palpus (Figs. 204­205). Type data.—Male holotype and 4 females from Finca El Real, Ocosingo Valley, Chiapas, Mexico,1-7 July 1950 (C. and M. Goodnight), in AMNH. Distribution.—Mexican state of Chiapas.Records.—MEXlCO: Chiapas: Monte Libano, 20 km E El Real, 4-5 July 1950 (C. and M. Goodnight, L. J. Stannard), 2 females. 5 mi. NE Chiapa, 22 Aug­ust 1966 (J. and W. Ivie), 3 females. Anopsicus bispinosus (Gertsch)Figs. 67, 73, 211-213, 273-274 Pholcophora bispinosa Gertsch, 1971, p. 79. Brignoli,1973, p. 221. Diagnosis.—Large cavernicole (females to 3.5 mm long) with legs ofmedium length (first femur ofmale 2.7 times as long as carapace), distinctive epigynum(Fig. 273) and tarsal appendage (Fig. 211) of male palpus. Etymology.— Specific name from Latin bispinosus,with two spines.Female.—Length 2.9 mm. Carapace 1.2 mm long, 1.1 mm wide. Abdomen 1.9 mm long, 1.6 mm wide. Cephalothorax and appendages dusky orange; abdo­men whitish. Eye triads: anterior lateral eyes separa­ted by diameter; posterior median eyes separated by one and one-half diameters. First leg: femur 2.75, patella 0.45, tibia 2.85, metatarsus 2.8, tarsus 1, total length 9.85 mm; first leg 8 times, first femur 2.3 times as long as carapace. Stridulatory apparatus(Figs. 67, 73): pars thoracica with pale transverse, laterally rounded lobes serving as picks; files on abdo­men above pedicel conspicuous dark, grooved foveae. Epigynum (Figs. 273-274). Male holotype.—Length 2.1 mm. Carapace 1 mm long, 0.9 mm wide. Abdomen 1.3 mm long, 1 mm wide. Chelicerae (Fig. 213) with sharp, outwardlydirected principal horns just below clypeal edge and below in apical half small sharp spurs. First leg:femur 2.7, patella 0.4, tibia 2.7, metatarsus 2.9, tar­sus 0.8, total length 9.50 mm; first leg 9.5 times, first femur 2.7 times as long as carapace. Male palpus(Figs. 211-213). Type data.—Male holotype from Cueva de Arco­tete, 6 km S San Cristobal, Chiapas, Mexico, 15 Aug­ust 1969 (S. and J. Peck), in AMNH. Distribution.—Cavesof Chiapas. New records.—MEXlCO : Chiapas: Cueva de Rancho Nuevo, 1 April 1971 (R. Argano), male,6 females, immature (Brignoli, 1973, p. 221). Gruta de San Cristobal, 5 mi. S San Cristobal de las Casas (V. and B. Roth), male, 8 females, immature. Anopsicus modicus, new species Figs. 182-184 Diagnosis.— Epigean species with short legs (firstfemur 1.7 times as long as carapace) and distinctive epigynum (Fig. 182). Male unknown. Etymology.—Specific name from Latin modicus,moderate. Female holotype.—Length 1.5 mm. Carapace 0.7 mm long, 0.6 mm wide. Abdomen 0.9 mm long, 0.75 mm wide. Cephalothorax and appendages duskyyellow; carapace with Y-shaped linear marking and dusky shadings on clypeus and pars cephalica; abdo­men gray. Eyes small on well spaced triads: anterior lateral eyes separated by little more than diameter;posterior median eyes separated by nearly two diame­ters. First leg; femur 1.2, patella 0.22, tibia 1.1, meta­tarsus 1.4, tarsus 0.5, total length 4.42 mm; first leg 6.3 times, first femur 1.7 times as long as carapace.Stridulatory apparatus not detected. Epigynum (Figs.182-184). Type data.—Female holotype from Aquiles Serdan,Campeche, Mexico, 28 September 1974 (J. Reddell),in AMNH. Distribution.—Known only from female holotype. Figs. 78-95.—Species of Anopsicus: Figs. 78-80: A. bolivari (Gertsch), male: 78, left palpus, retrolateral view; 79, bulb of palpus, prolateral view; 80, left chelicera, retrolateral view. Figs. 81-83: A. mitchelli (Gertsch), male: 81, left palpus, retro-lateral view; 82, bulb of palpus, prolateral view; 83, left chelicera, retrolateral view. Figs. 84-86: A. covadonga, male: 84, left palpus,retrolateral view;85,bulbofpalpus,prolateralview;86,leftchelicera,retrolateralview. Figs.87-89:A.puebla,male: 87, left palpus, retrolateral view; 88, bulb of palpus, prolateral view; 89, left chelicera, retrolateral view. Figs. 90-92: A. grubbsi, male: 90, left palpus, retrolateral view; 91, bulb of palpus, prolateral view; 92, left chelicera, retrolateral view. Figs.93-95:A.mckenziei, male:93,leftpalpus,retrolateralview;94,bulbofpalpus,prolateralview;95,leftchelicera,retrolateral view. Anopsicus alteriae, new species Figs. 75-76, 191-193, 214-215 Diagnosis.—Yellowish epigean species with quiteshort legs (first femur nearly twice as long as cara­pace), distinctive epigynum (Fig. 191) and tarsal appendage (Fig. 214) of male palpus. Etymology.—Named for Ms. Charlotte H. Alteri. Female.—Length 1.6 mm. Carapace 0.8 mm long, 0.72 mm wide. Abdomen 0.8 mm long, 0.6 mm wide. Cephalothorax and appendages yellowish; abdomen gray. Eye triads: anterior lateral eyes separated bytwo-thirds diameter; posterior median eyes separatedby long diameter. First leg: femur 1.32, patella 0.21,tibia 1.4, metatarsus 1.55, tarsus 0.65, total length5.12 mm; first leg 8.4 times, first femur about 1.7 times as long as carapace. Stridulatory apparatus(Figs. 75-76): pars thoracica with elevated brown picks on each side of cervical groove; abdomen with oval brown files close together high on front of face. Epigynum (Figs. 191-193).Male holotype.—Length 1.3 mm. Carapace 0.7 mm long, 0.65 mm wide. Abdomen 0.65 mm long, 0.6 mm wide. Chelicerae with short sharp horns at middle of front. First leg; femur 1.35, patella 0.24,tibia 1.4, metatarsus 1.6, tarsus 0.53, total length 5.12 mm; first leg 7.1 times, first femur about twice as long as carapace. Male palpus (Figs. 214-215). Type data.—Male holotype, male, 2 females from La Canada Woods, near Palenque, Chiapas, Mexico (C. H. Alteri), in AMNH. Distribution.—Palenque region of Chiapas; pre­sumably sympatric withpalenque. Records.—MEXlCO: Chiapas: Ruinas de Palenque,Group IV left of gate, 3 April 1974 (C. H. Alteri),3 females. Palenque, 2-24 March 1975 (C. H. Alteri),2 females, immature. 1 km N Palenque, 25 July 1973 (J. Reddell et al.), female misidentified as palenque. Anopsicus wileyae, new species Figs. 173-175 Diagnosis.—Cavernicole with legs of medium length (first femur 2.5 times as long as carapace) and tarsal appendage (Fig. 173) of male palpus spatulate.Female unknown. Etymology.—Named for Ms. Suzanne Wiley. Male holotype.—Length 1.3 mm. Carapace 0.6 mm long, 0.5 mm wide. Abdomen 0.6 mm long, 9.5 mm wide. Cephalothorax and appendages yellowish; abdo­men grayish. Eye triads moderately spaced; anterior lateral eyes separated by full diameter; posteriormedian eyes separated by diameter. Chelicerae (Fig.175) with sharp horns set near base of face. First leg:femur 1.5, patella 0.25, tibia 1.5, metatarsus 1.7, tarsus 0.7, total length 5.65 mm; first leg 9 times, first femur 2.5 times as long as carapace. Male palpus(Figs. 173-174). Type data.—Male holotype from Cueva (Actun)Loltun, 7 km SW Oxkutzcab, Yucatan, Mexico,25-26 July 1976 (J. Reddell, A. Grubbs, D. McKenzie, S. Wiley), in AMNH. Distribution.—Known only by above specimen. Anopsicus reddelli, new species Figs. 164-166, 185-187 Diagnosis.—Pale cavernicole with legs of medium length (first femur about 3 times as long as carapace),epigynum (Fig. 185) with nasute projection and tarsal appendage (Fig. 164) of male palpus produced at apex to pointed spur. Etymology.—Named for Mr. James Reddell. Female.—Length 1.6 mm. Carapace 0.8 mm long, 0.7 mm wide. Abdomen 1 mm long, 0.7 mm wide. Cephalothorax and appendages dusky yellow; parscephalica shaded with brown; abdomen whitish. Eyessmall, posterior medians smaller than anterior laterals; eye triads well spaced: anterior lateral eyes separatedby 2 diameters; posterior median eyes separated byfull two diameters. First leg: femur 2.4, patella 0.25,tibia 2.0, metatarsus 2.3, tarsus 0.5, total length 7.45 mm; first leg 9.3 times, first femur 3 times as long as carapace. Stridulatory apparatus not detected. Epigynum (Figs. 185-187). Male holotype.—Length 1.15 mm. Carapace 0.8 mm long, 0.7 mm wide. Abdomen 0.8 mm long, 0.6 mm wide. Chelicerae (Fig. 166) with long thin horns near base of front. First leg: femur 2.2, patella0.3, tibia 2.2, metatarsus 2.5, tarsus 0.7, totallength 4.90 mm; first leg 6 times, first femur 2.7 times as long as carapace. Male palpus (Figs. 164-165). Type data.—Male holotype, female and immature from Cueva (Actun) Halmensura, 5 km E Cumpich,Campeche, Mexico, 31 October 1974 (J. Reddell, D. McKenzie, S. Wiley), in AMNH. Distribution.—Known only from Cueva Halmen­ sura. Anopsicus chiapa, new species Figs. 60, 194-196 Diagnosis.—Yellow epigean species with short legs(first femur 1.5 times as long as carapace) and dis­tinctiveepigynum(Fig. 194).Maleunknown. Etymology.—Specific name from Chiapa, the typelocality, used in apposition.Female holotype.—Length 1.12 mm. Carapace 0.6 mm long, 0.57 mm wide. Abdomen 0.7 mm long, 0.5 mm wide. Cephalothorax and appendages brightyellow; abdomen gray. Eyes (Fig. 60) on low triads: anterior lateral eyes separated by diameter; posteriormedian eyes separated by nearly two diameters. First leg: femur 0.9, patella 0.22, tibia 0.9, meta­tarsus 1.0, tarsus 0.4, total length 3.42 mm; first leg 5.7 times, first femur 1.5 times as long as carapace.Stridulatory apparatus not detected. Epigynum (Figs.194-196). Type data.—Female holotype from hillside 5 mi. NE Chiapa, Chiapas, Mexico, 26 August 1966 (Jeanand Wilton ivie), in AMNH. Distribution.—Known only by above specimen. Anopsicus evansi (Gertsch) Figs. 188-190, 216-218 Pholcophora evansi Gertsch, 1971, p. 80 Diagnosis.—Cavernicole with legs of medium length (first femur of female 2.8 times as long as cara­pace), distinctive epigynum (Fig. 188) and tarsal appendage (Fig. 216) of male palpus elongated with small apical emargination. Etymology .—Named for Mr. T. R. Evans. Female.—Total length 2 mm. Carapace 1 mm long, 0.95 mm wide. Abdomen 1.2 mm long, 1 mm wide. Cephalothorax and appendages dusky orange; abdo­men whitish. Triads of eyes well spaced: anterior lateral eyes separated by one and one-half diameters; posterior median eyes separated by two diameters. First leg: femur 2.8, patella 0.35, tibia 3.0, meta­tarsus 3.3, tarsus 0.75, total length 10.20 mm; first leg 10 times, first femur 2.8 times as long as carapace.Stridulatory apparatus: pars thoracica with trivial rounded picks; abdomen with narrow files above pedicel. Epigy num (Figs. 188-190). Male holotype.—Length 1.8 mm. Carapace 1 mm long, 0.9 mm wide. Abdomen 0.9 mm long, 0.7 mm wide. Eye triads closer together. Chelicerae (Fig. 218)with sharp horns projecting outward from about middle of face. First leg: femur 2.35, patella 0.35,tibia 2.4, metatarsus 2.75, tarsus 0.7, total length 8.55 mm; first leg 8.5 times, first femur 2.3 times as long as carapace. Male palpus (Figs. 216-218). Type data.—Male holoty pe from Grutas de Zapa­luta, 6.5 km SF Zapaluta, Chiapas, Mexico, 20 Aug­ust 1967 (J. Reddell, J. Fish, T. R. Evans), in AMNH. Distribution.—Known only from above cave. Anopsicus mitchelli (Gertsch) Figs. 81-83, 96, 104-106 Pholcophora mitchelli Gertsch, 1971,p. 77. Diagnosis.— Cavernicole with long legs (first femur 2.7 times as long as carapace), distinctive epigynum(Fig. 104), and tarsal appendage of male palpus(Fig. 81). Etymology.— Named for Dr. Robert Mitchell of Texas Tech University.Female holotype.—Length 2.3 mm. Carapace 0.9 mm long, 0.8 mm wide. Abdomen 1.4 mm long, 1.1 mm wide. Cephalothorax and appendages dull yellow; abdomen whitish. Eye triads well separated:anterior lateral eyes separated by slightly more than diameter; posterior median eyes separated byr two diameters. First leg: femur 2.4, patella 0.35, tibia 2.7, metatarsus 2.7, tarsus 0.7, total length 8.85 mm; first leg 9.8 times, first femur 2.7 times as long as cara­pace. Epigynum (Figs. 104-106).Stridulatory appara­tus (Figs. 96-97); picks on pars thoracica rounded lobes; abdominal files low on abdomen. Male.—Length 1.5 mm. Carapace 0.75 mm long, 0.7 mm wide. Abdomen 0.8 mm long, 0.7 mm wide. Chelicerae (Fig, 82) with short horns set near middle of face. Legs mostly missing. Male palpus (Figs. 81­82); tarsal appendage shorter than that of bolivari, truncated apically. Type data.—Female holotype, females and male from Cueva de la Virgen de Guadalupe, 58 km SW Soto de la Marina, Tamaulipas, Mexico, 31 October 1970 (W. Russell, G. and J. Ediger), in AMNH. Distribution.—Known only from Cueva de la \ irgen de Guadalupe. Anopsicus bolivari (Gertsch) Figs. 78-79, 109 Pholcophora bolivari Gertsch, 1971, p. 79. Diagnosis.—Cavernicole relative of mitchelli with longer legs (first femur 3.5 times as long as carapace),distinctive epigy num (Fig. 109) and tarsal appendage(Fig. 78) of male palpus longer. Etymology .—Named for the late Dr. C. Bolivar yPieltain of the Institute Politecnico in Mexico City.Female holotype.—Length 2.4 mm. Carapace 0.9 mm long, 0.9 mm wide. Abdomen 1.5 mm long, 1.1 mm wide. Eye triads: anterior lateral eyes separa­ted by slightly more than long diameter; posteriormedian eyes separated by slightly more than diameter. First leg: femur 3.2, patella 0.35, tibia 3.5, meta­tarsus 3.6, tarsus 0.7, total length 11.35 mm; first leg 12.6 times, first femur 3.5 times as long as carapace.Stridulatory apparatus like that of mitchelli. Epigy­num (Fig. 109). Male.—Length 2 mm. Carapace 0.9 mm long, 0.8 mm wide. Abdomen 1.1 mm long, 0.9 mm wide. Eye triads closer together: anterior lateral eyes sepa­rated by nearly diameter. Chelicerae (Fig. 80) with short horns set near middle of face. First leg: femur 3.3, patel'a 0.13, tibia 3.7, metatarsus 4.0, tarsus 1.0, total length 12.30 mm; first leg 13.6 times, first femur 3.6 times as long as carapace. Male palpus Figs. 96-115.—Species of Anopsicus; Figs. 96-97; A. mitchelli (Gertsch), female: 96, pars thoracica showing picks; 97,abdomen showing files. Figs. 98-100: A. iviei, male: 98, left palpus, retrolateral view; 99, bulb of palpus, prolateral view­-100, left chelicera, retrolateral view. Figs. 101-103: A. troglodyte (Gertsch), male: 101, left palpus, retrolateral view; 102,bulb of palpus, prolateral view; 103, left chelicera, retrolateral view. Figs. 104-106: A. mitchelli (Gertsch), epigynum: 104, ven­tral view; 105, posterior view; 106, dorsal view. Figs. 107-108: A, elliotti (Gertsch), epigynum: 107, ventral view; 108, dorsal view. Fig. 109: A. bolivari (Gertsch), epigynum, dorsal view. Figs. 110-112: A. ocote, epigynum: 110, ventral view; 111, pos­teriorview;112,dorsalview. Figs.113-115;A.iviei,epigynum: 113,ventral view;114,posteriorview;115,dorsalview. (Hgs. 78-79); anterior femoral spur truncate; tarsal appendage bluntly pointed. Type data.—Female holotype from Cueva de los Cuarteles, 10 km S Aldama, Tamaulipas, Mexico, 6 December 1945 (C. Bolivar, F. Bonet, J. Alvarez), in AMNH. Distribution.—Known only from Cueva de los Cuarteles. New records.—MEXlCO: Tamaulipas: Cueva de los Cuarteles, 11 January 1977 (J. Reddell, A. Grubbs), 3 males, 4 females; 23 December 1972 (J. Reddell, D. and M. McKenzie, S. Murphy), male, 2 females,immature. Anopsicus elliotti(Gertsch) Fig. 109 Pholcophora elliottiGertsch, 1971,p. 79. Diagnosis.—Cavernicole relative of mitchelli with shorter legs (first femur 1.6 times as long as carapace)anddistinctiveepigynum(Fig. 109).Maleunknown. Etymology.—Named forDr. William Elliott. Female holotype.—Length 2 mm. Carapace 0.7 mm long, 0.6 mm wide. Abdomen 1.3 mm long, 0.8 mm wide. Anterior lateral eyes separated bytwo-thirds diameter; posterior median eyes separatedby slightly more than long diameter. First leg: femur 1.1, patella 0.21, tibia 1.2, metatarsus 1.1, tarsus 0.45, total length 4.06 mm; first leg 5.8 times, first femur 1.6 times as long as carapace. Stridulatory apparatus like that ofmitchelli. Epigynum (Fig. 109). Type data.—Female holotype from Sotano de las Piedras, NE Ciudad Valles, San Luis Potosi, Mexico,15 July 1969 (S. Peck, W. Elliott). Distribution.—Cavesof San Luis Potosi. Otherrecords.—MEXlCO: SanLuis Potosi:Cueva de Taninul n. 1, June 1967 (R. Mitchell), female;17 March 1967 (R. Mitchell), 2 females. Anopsicus potrero, new species Figs. 197-199 Pholcophorina placens: Gertsch, 1939, p. 3. Diagnosis.—Epigean relative of mitchelli with longlegs (first femur 2.2 times as long as carapace) and distinctive epigy num (Fig. 197). Male unknown. Etymology.— Named for Potrero, the type locality,used in apposition. Female holotype.—Length 1.8 mm. Carapace 0.8 mm long, 0.8 mm wide. Abdomen 1 mm long, 0.8 mm wide. Anterior lateral eyes separated bydiameter; posterior median eyes separated by slightly more than long diameter. First leg: femur 1.75,patella 0.32, tibia 1.9, metatarsus 2.17, tarsus 0.65, total length 6.79 mm; first leg 8.4 times, first femur 2.2 times as long as carapace. Stridulatory apparatuslikethatofmitchelli.Epigynum(Figs. 197-199). Type data.—Female holotype from Potrero, Mexi­co, 24 June 1936 (L. Irby Davis), in AMNH. Loca­tion of type locality uncertain, probably in Veracruz. Distribution.—Known only from type specimen. Anopsicus covadonga, new species Figs. 84-86, 134-135 Diagnosis.— Epigean relative of mitchelli with legs of medium length (first femur about 1.9 times as long as carapace, distinctive epigynum (Fig. 134) and shorter tarsal appendage ofmale palpus (Fig. 84). Etymology.—Named for type locality , Covadonga, used in apposition. Female.—Length 2 mm. Carapace 0.8 mm long, 0.7 mm wide. Abdomen 1.2 mm long, 0.8 mm wide. Eye triads close together: anterior lateral eyes separa­ted by about radius; posterior median eyes separatedby full diameter. First leg: femur 1.5, patella 0.27, tibia 1.63, metatarsus 1.74, tarsus 0.6, total length 5.74 mm; first leg 7.2 times, first femur about 1.9 times as long as carapace. Stridulatory apparatus:small rounded picks on carapace; position of abdo­minal files not detected. Epigynum (Figs. 134-135). Male holotype.—Length 1.5 mm. Carapace 0.7 mm long, 0.65 mm wide. Abdomen 0.8 mm long, 0.75 mm wide. Chelicerae (Fig. 86) with short stout horns at middle of face. First leg: femur 1.3, patella 0.23,tibia 1.38, metatarsus 1.43, tarsus 0.43, total length 4.77 mm; first leg 6.7 times, first femur about 1.9 times as long as carapace. Type data.—Male holotype, 7 males and 6 females from Covadonga, SW Valles, San Luis Potosi, Mexico,16 August 1964 (J. and W. Ivie), in AMNH. Distribution.—San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Record.—MEXlCO: San Luis Potosi': Taninul, near Valles, 16 August 1964 (J. and W. Ivie), male,4 females. Anopsicus ocote, new species Figs. 110-112 Diagnosis.— Cavernicole with legs of medium length (first femur 2.4 times as long as carapace) and distinctive broad epigynum (Fig. 110). Male un­known. Etymology.— Named for cave locality, ocote, pinetree of Mexico, used in apposition. Female holotype.-Length 1.5 mm. Carapace 0.7 mm long, 0.6 mm wide. Abdomen 0.8 mm long, 0.65 mm wide. Eye triads close together: anterior lateral eyes separated by about radius; posteriormedian eyes separated by diameter. First leg: femur 1.73, patella 0.3, tibia 1.76, metatarsus 1.8, tarsus 0.38, total length 6.07 mm; first leg 8.7 times, first femur 2.4 times as long as carapace. Stridulatory apparatus not detected. Epigynum (Figs. 110-112). Type data.—Femaleholotype from Cueva El Ocote, 15 mi. NE Jacala, Hidalgo, Mexico, 18 August 1964 (J. and W. Ivie), in AMNH. Distribution.—Known only from type specimen. Anopsicus troglodyta (Gertsch) Figs. 101-103, 334 Pholcophora troglodyta Gertsch, 1971, p. 77, figs.92-94. Diagnosis.—Cavernicole with long legs(first femur about 3 times as long as carapace), epigynum rounded behind and tarsal appendage of male palpus (Fig. 101) spatulate. Etymology.—Specific name from Latin troglodyta, cave dweller. Female.—Length 2.3 mm. Carapace 0.9 mm long, 0.8 mm wide. Abdomen 1.25 mm long, 1.1 mm wide. Cephalothorax and appendages dull yellow; abdomen whitish. Eye triads: anterior lateral eyes separated byslightly more than long diameter; posterior median eyes separated by one and one-half diameters. First leg; femur 2.5, patella 0.25, tibia 3.0, metatarsus 3.3, tarsus 0.8, total length 9.85 mm; first leg about 11 times, first femur 2.8 times as long as carapace.Stridulatory apparatus not detected. Epigynum (Fig. 334) broadly rounded behind. Male holotype.—Total length 1.6 mm. Carapace 0.7 mm long, 0.65 mm wide. Abdomen 0.9 mm long, 0.7 mm wide. Eyes smaller with space between triads wider. First leg: femur 2.3, patella 0.25, tibia 2.4, metatarsus, 3.2, tarsus 0.8, total length 8.95 mm;first leg 12.6 times, first femur about 3 timesas long as carapace. Chelicerae (Fig. 103) with small horns at about middle of face. Male palpus (Figs. 101-102). Type data.—Male holotype from Grutas de Atoyac,2 km E Atoyac, Veracruz, Mexico, 6 August 1969 (S. and J. Peck), in AMNH. Distribution.—Known onlyfromGrutasdeAtoyac. New record.—MEXlCO: Veracruz: Grutas de Atoyac, 6 January 1977 (J. Reddell), female. Anopsicus iviei, new species Figs. 98-100, 113-115 Diagnosis.—Epigean species with legs of medium length (first femur about twice as long as carapace), distinctive epigynum (Fig. 113) and tarsal appendageofmale palpus (Fig. 98) angled at tip. Etymology .—Named for the late Wilton Ivie. Female.—Length 1.6 mm. Carapace 0.75 mm long, 0.75 mm wide. Abdomen 0.9 mm long, 0.65 mm wide. Cephalothorax and legs dull yellowish brown; abdomen gray. Eye triads: anterior lateral eyes sepa­rated by diameter; posterior median eyes separatedby more than long diameters. First leg: femur 1.52, patella 0.29, tibia 1.68, metatarsus 1.93, tarsus 0.53,total length 5.95 mm; first leg 8 times, first femur twice as long as carapace. Stridulatory apparatus not detected. Epigynum (Figs. 113-115). Male holotype.—Length 1.8 mm. Carapace 0.83 mm long, 0.8 mm wide. Abdomen 1 mm long, 0.8 mm wide. Chelicerae (Fig. 100) with sharp horns at middle of front. First leg: femur 1.7, patella 0.3,tibia 1.75, metatarsus 2.0, tarsus 0.6, total length 6.35 mm; first leg 7.7 times, first femur twice as long as carapace. Male palpus (Figs. 98-99). Type data.—Male holotype, numerous males and females from Penuela, Veracruz, Mexico, 26 April1963 (W. J. Gertsch, W. Ivie), in AMNH. Distribution.—Mexican state of Veracruz. Records.— MEXlCO; Veracruz: 2 mi. E Cordoba,6 August 1968 (J. and W. Ivie), female. Atoyac,20 April 1944 (J. Alvarez, C. Tellez), juvenile prob­ably this species. Anopsicus puebla, new species Figs. 87-89 Diagnosis.—Epigean species with long legs (first femur 3 times as long as carapace) and tarsal appen­dage of male palpus (Fig. 87) narrowed apically to emarginate tip. Female unknown. Etymology.—Named for Mexican state ofPuebla,used in apposition. Male holotype.—Length 1.7 mm. Carapace 0.7 mm long, 0.6 mm wide. Abdomen 1 mm long, 0.75 mm wide. Cephalothorax and appendages orange brown;abdomen bluish-gray with faint pale hastate markingand pattern of dark spots. Eye triads: anterior lateral eyes separated by diameter; posterior median eyesseparated by about one and one-half diameters. Cheli­cerae (Fig. 89) with short horns near middle of face. First leg: femur 2.0, patella 0.25, tibia 2.2, meta­tarsus 2.4, tarsus 0.75, total length 7.60 mm; first leg11 times, first femur about 3 times as long as cara­pace. Male palpus (Figs. 87-88). Type data.—Male holotype from Hueytamalez,Puebla, Mexico, 30 December 1945 (J. Alvarez), in AMNH. Distribution.—Known only from type specimen. Figs. 116-133.—Species of Anopsicus; Figs. 116-118: A. lucidus, male: 116, left palpus, retrolateral view; 117, bulb of palpus, prolateral view; 118, left chelicera, retrolateral view. Figs. 119-121: A. niveus, male: 119, left palpus, retrolateral view;120, bulb of palpus, prolateral view; 121, left chelicera, retrolateral view. Figs. 122-124: A. vinnulus, male: 122, left male palpus,retrolateralview;123,bulbofpalpus,prolateralview;124,leftchelicera,retrolateralview.Figs. 125-127:A.tehuanus,male: 125, left palpus, retrolateral view; 126, bulb of palpus, prolateral view; 127, left chelicera, retrolateral view. Figs. 128­ 130: A. gruta (Gertsch), male: 128, left palpus, retrolateral view; 129, bulb of palpus, prolateral view; 130, left chelicera,retrolateral view. Figs. 131-133; A. exiguus (Gertsch), male: 131, left palpus, retrolateral view; 132, bulb of palpus, prolateralview; 133, left chelicera, retrolateral view. Anopsicus mckenziei, new species Figs. 93-95, 137-138 Diagnosis.—Cavernicole with long legs (first femur about 3 times as long as carapace), distinctive epi­gynum (Fig. 137) with rounded horns and tarsal appendage of malepalpus (Fig. 93) serrate at apex. Etymology.— Named for Mr. David McKenzie. Female.—Length 1.7 mm. Carapace 0.8 mm long, 0.7 mm wide. Abdomen 1 mm long, 0.8 mm wide. Cephalothorax and appendages pale yellowish brown;abdomen gray. Eye triads: anterior lateral eyes sepa­rated by full diameter; posterior median eyes sepa­rated by one and one-half diameters. First leg: femur 2.2, patella 0.25, tibia 2.5, metatarsus 2.7, tarsus 0.9,total length 8.55 mm; first leg 8 times, first femur 2.7 times as long as carapace. Stridulatory apparatus not detected. Epigynum (Figs. 137-138). Male holotype.—Length 1.75 mm. Carapace 0.8 mm long, 0.7 mm wide. Abdomen 1 mm long, 0.7 mm wide. Chelicerae (Fig. 95) with short curved horns at about middle of face. First leg: femur 2.3,patella 0.25, tibia 2.7, metatarsus 3.25, tarsus 0.9, total length 9.40 mm; first leg about 12 times, first femur about 3 times as long as carapace. Male palpus(Figs. 93-94); tarsal appendage truncatedat apex and with small teeth along inner margin. Type data.—Male holotype, 2 males and 4 females from Grutas de Atepolihuit, 5 km SW Cuetzalan,Puebla, Mexico, 18 December 1976 (J. Reddell, D. McKenzie, C. Soileau), in AMNH. Distribution.—Cavesof Puebla. Record.—MEXlCO: Puebla: Cueva de los Came­rones, 3 km NW Xochitlan, 29 December 1975 (J.Reddell), 3 females, immature. Anopsicus lucidus, new species Figs. 116-118, 271-272 Diagnosis.— Pale yellowish troglobite with longlegs (first femur about 5.5 times as long as carapace),distinctive epigynum (Fig. 271) and tarsal appendageof male palpus (Fig. 116), flat, shaped like blade. Etymology,— Specific name from Latin lucidus,clear, bright. Female.—Length 2 mm. Carapace 0.9 mm long, 0.8 mm wide. Abdomen 1.5 mm long, 1.25 mm wide. Cephalothorax and appendages dull yellowish; cheli­cerae light brown; abdomen dusky gray. Eyes eva­nescent, essentially obsolete, without pigment. First leg: femur 5.0, patella 0.4, tibia 5.75, metatarsus 8.0, tarsus 1.5, total length 20.65 mm; first leg 22.9 times,first femur 5.5 times as long as carapace. Stridulatory apparatus not detected. Epigynum (Figs. 271-272). Male holotype.—Length 1.7mm. Carapace0.8 mm long, 0.8 mm wide. Abdomen 1.1 mm long, 0.7 mm wide. Chelicerae (Fig. 118) with sharp horns near middle of front face. First leg: femur 4.6, patella0.3, tibia 5.0, metatarsus 7.0, tarsus 1.5, total length 18.40 mm; first leg 23 times, first femur 5.7 times as long as carapace. Male palpus (Figs. 116-117); apical spur of femur enlarged. Type data.—Male holotype, 2 malesand 11 females from Cueva de Juan Sanchez, 12 km NW Acatlan,Oaxaca, Mexico, 26 December 1976 (J. Reddell, A. Grubbs, C. Soileau), in AMNH. Distribution.—Known only from Cueva de Juan Sanchez. Records.—MEXlCO: Oaxaca: Cueva Chica de Juan Sanchez, 26 December 1976 (D. McKenzie), male,female; 6-7 January 1976 (M. Casey, T. Byrd, A. Grubbs, D. Barnes), male, female, immature. Anopsicus niveus, new species Figs. 119-121 Diagnosis.—Pale eyeless troglobite with long thin legs (first femur 6.6 times as long as carapace) and distinctive tarsal appendage (Fig. 119) of male palpus.Female unknown. Etymology.—Specific name from Latin niveus, snowy, whitish. Male holotype.—Length 1.4 mm. Carapace 0.6 mm long, 0.5 mm wide. Abdomen 0.8 mm long, 0.6 mm wide. Whole spider whitish. Pars cephalica flattened,declining forward, smooth, without traces of eyevestiges. Chelicerae (Fig. 121) without horns or spurs,with two tiny spinules at middle of front face. First leg: femur 4.0, patella 0.25, tibia 4.0, metatarsus 5.5, tarsus 1.2, total length 14.95 mm; first leg 25 times,first femur 6.6 times as long as carapace. Male palpus(Figs. 119-120): femur with stout subapical spur;tibia not much inflated; tarsal appendage elongated,narrowed apically to thin spine. Type data.—Male holotype from Sotano de San Agustin, 5 km SE Huautla de Jimenez, Oaxaca,Mexico, 1 January 1977 (R. Jameson), in AMNH. Distribution.—Known only from type specimen. Anopsicus vinnulus, new species Figs. 122-124, 275-276 Diagnosis.—Yellowish troglobite with long legs(first femur 5 times as long as carapace), epigynum(Fig. 275) lobed behind, and tarsal appendage (Fig.122) with thin spurs at apex. Etymology.—Specific name from Latin vinnulus,charming, pleasant. Female.—Length 2.1 mm. Carapace 0.8 mm long, 0.8 mm wide. Abdomen 1.5 mm long, 1.2 mm wide. Cephalothorax and appendages dull yellow;chelicerae light brown; abdomen gray. Eyes evanes­cent, without pigment, essentially obsolete. First leg;femur 4.2, patella 0.3, tibia 4.5, metatarsus 6.2, tar­sus 1.2, total length 16.40 mm; first leg 20 times,first femur 5 times as long as carapace. Stridulatory apparatus like that of mitchelli Epigynum (Figs.275-278). Male holotype.—Length 2.4 mm. Carapace 0.9 mm long, 0.8 mm wide. Abdomen 1.5 mm long, 1.4 mm wide. Chelicerae (Fig. 124) with stout curved horns near base of face. First leg: femur 4.5, patella 0.3,tibia 5.2, metatarsus 7.0, tarsus 1.4, total length 18.40 mm; first leg 20 times, first femur 5 times as long as carapace. Male palpus (Figs. 122-123): femo­ral spur short, rounded; tarsal appendage with curved spine at apex. Type data.—Male holotype and female from Cueva de la Finca, 10 mi. SW Acatlan, Oaxaca, Mexico, 3 December 1976 (J. Reddell, D. McKenzie, A. Grubbs), in AMNH. Distribution.—Known only from type locality. Anopsicus soileauae, new species Figs. 52, 150-151 Diagnosis.— Pale cavernicole, probable troglobitewith long legs (first femur 3.7 times as long as cara­pace) and epigynum (Fig. 150) triangular lobe; in­habiting Cueva de Juan Sanchez with blind lucidus. Male unknown. Etymology.—NamedforMs. CarmenSoileau. Female holotype.—Length 1.5 mm. Carapace 0.6 mm long, 0.6 mm wide. Abdomen 0.8 mm long, 0.7 mm wide. Whole spider whitish to pale yellow,with eye tubercles conspicuously black. Triads of eyes (Fig. 52) moderately separated: anterior lateral eyes separated by diameter; posterior median eyesseparated by about one and one-half diameters. First leg: femur 2.2, patella 0.2, tibia 2.3, metatarsus 3.0, tarsus 0.7, total length 8.4 mm; first leg 14 times,first femur 3.7 times as long as carapace. Stridulatory apparatus not detected. Epigynum (Figs. 150-151):subtriangular lobe with internal pair of dark vesicles. Type data.—Female holotype and female from Cueva de Juan Sanchez, 12 km NW Acatlan, Oaxaca,Mexico, 26 December 1976 (J. Reddell, A. Grubbs, C. Soileau), in AMNH. Distribution.—Known only from type locality. Anopsicus grubbsi, new species Figs. 90-92, 136 Diagnosis.—Cavernicole with small eyes, quad­rangular epigynum (Fig. 136), and tarsal appendage(Fig. 90) of male palpus spatulate. Etymology.—Named for Mr. Andrew Grubbs. Female.—Length 1.4 mm. Carapace 0.7 mm long, 0.7 mm wide. Abdomen 0.75 mm long, 0.6 mm wide. Eyes on well separated triads: anterior lateral eyesseparated by slightly more than long diameter;smaller posterior median eyes separated by three diameters. Fourth leg: femur 2.0, patella 0.25,tibia 2.0, metatarsus 2.0, tarsus 0.7, total length 6.95 mm; fourth leg about 10 times, fourth femur about 3 times as long as carapace. Stridulatory appa­ratuslikethatofmitchelliEpigynum(Fig. 136). Male holotype.—Length 1.8 mm. Carapace 0.67 mm long, 0.6 mm wide. Abdomen 0.75 mm long, 0.6 mm wide. Eye triads: anterior lateral eyes sepa­rated by full diameter; posterior median eyes sepa­rated by one and one-half diameters. Chelicerae (Fig. 92) with stout horns set just below clypealmargin on face. Male palpus (Figs. 90-91): tarsal appendage spatulate, divided at apex. Type data.—Male holotype and female from Cueva Desapareciendo, 2 km S Acatlan, Oaxaca,Mexico, 5January 1976(A.Grubbs),inAMNH. Distribution.—Known only from Cueva Desapa­reciendo. Record.—MEXlCO: Oaxaca: Cueva Desapareci­endo, 26 December 1976 (J. Reddell, A. Grubbs, C. Soileau), female. Anopsicus mirabilis, new species Figs. 139-141 Diagnosis.—Pale troglobite with long legs (firstfemur 5 times as long as carapace) and distinctive epigynum (Fig. 139) with rounded lobe. Male un­known. Etymology.—Specific name from Latin mirabilis,marvelous. Female.—Length 2.1 mm. Carapace 0.8 mm long, 0.7 mm wide. Abdomen 1.5 mm long, 1.2 mm wide. Whole spider pale yellow. Eyes evanescent, reduced to inconspicuous, unpigmented vestiges. First leg:femur 4.2, patella 0.35, tibia 4.7, metatarsus 6.2, tarsus 1.3, total length 16.75 mm. First leg 21 times,first femur 5 times as long as carapace. Stridulatoryapparatus like that of mitchelli. Epigynum (Figs. 139-141).Type data.—Female holotype and 6 females from Cueva de las Maravillas, 6 km S Acatlan, Oaxaca, Figs. 134-157.—Species of Anopsicus: Figs. 134-135: A. covadonga, epigynum: 134, ventral view; 135, dorsal view.Fig. 136: A. grubbsi, epigynum, posterior view. Figs. 137-138: A. mckenziei, epigynum; 137, posterior view; 138, prolateralview. Figs. 139-141; A. mirabilis, epigynum; 139, ventral view; 140, prolateral view; 141, posterior view. Figs. 142-144: A. gruta (Gertsch), epigynum: 142, ventral view; 143, posterior view; 144, dorsal view. Figs. 145-146: A. tehuanus, epigynum:145, ventral view; 146, dorsal view. Figs. 147-149: A. troglodyta (Gertsch), epigynum: 147, ventral view; 148, posterior view;149, dorsal view. Figs. 150-151: A. soileauae, epigynum: 150, ventral view; 151, dorsal view. Figs. 152-154; A. boneti, epi­ gynum: 152, ventral view; 153, posterior view; 154, dorsal view. Figs. 155-157; A. davisi (Gertsch), epigynum: 155, ventralview; 156, posterior view; 157, dorsal view. Mexico, 29 December 1976 (J. Reddell, A. Grubbs, C. Soileau, D. McKenzie), in AMNH. Distribution.—Known only from Cueva de las Maravillas. Anopsicus tehuanus, new species Figs. 125-127, 145-146 Diagnosis.—Epigean species with short legs (firstfemur about twice as long as carapace), distinctive epigynum (Fig. 145)and tarsal appendage (Fig. 125) blade drawn to sharp point.Etymology.—Specific name based on Tehuantepec, type locality.Female.—Length 2 mm. Carapace 0.85 mm long, 0.8 mm wide. Abdomen 1.2 mm long, 1 mm wide. Cephalothorax and appendages dusky orange; abdo­men gray. Eye triads: anterior lateral eyes separatedby radius; posterior median eyes separated by diame­ter. First leg: femur 1.55, patella 0.28, tibia 1.66, metatarsus 1.6, tarsus 0.53, total length 5.62 mm;first leg 6.6 times, first femur 1.8 times as long as carapace. Stridulatory apparatus: picks on pars tho­racica small sclerotized angles; small, grooved files halfway up base of abdomen. Epigynum (Figs. 145­146). Male holotype.—Length 1.5 mm. Carapace 0.65 mm long, 0.62 mm wide. Abdomen 0.8 mm long, 0.7 mm wide. Chelicerae (Fig. 127) sharp, curved horns near middle of face. First leg: femur 1.35,patella 0.25, tibia 1.45, metatarsus 1.4, tarsus 0.5,total length 4.95 mm; first leg 7.6 times, first femur twice as long as carapace. Male palpus (Figs. 125-126). Type data.—Male holotype and female from 8 mi. W Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico, 29 August 1966 (J. and W. Ivie), in AMNH. Distribution.—Known only from above material. Anopsicus gruta (Gertsch) Figs. 71-72, 128-130, 142-144 Pholcophora gruta Gertsch, 1971, p. 78. Diagnosis.— Pale troglobite with long legs (firstfemur of female 4 times as long as carapace), distinc­tive epigynum (Fig. 142), and tarsal appendage (Fig.128)ofmale palpus apically rounded. Etymology.—Specific name from Spanish gruta, cave, grotto. Female holotype.—Length 2 mm. Carapace 1 mm long, 0.8 mm wide. Abdomen 1.1 mm long, 0.9 mm wide. Cephalothorax and appendages pale yellow; abdomen whitish. Eyes evanescent, essentially obso­lete, visible as pale corneal vestiges. First leg: femur 4.0, patella 0.35, tibia 4.2, metatarsus 5.3, tarsus 1.2,total length 15.05 mm; first leg 15 times, first femur 4 times as long as carapace. Stridulatory apparatus (Figs. 71-72): pars thoracica with conspicuous, curved picks; pair of grooved files at base of abdo­ men. Epigynum (Figs. 142-144). Male.—Length 1.9 mm. Carapace 0.95 mm long, 0.85 mm wide. Abdomen 1 mm long, 0.8 mm wide. Chelicerae (Fig. 130) with sharp horns at middle of frontal face. Legs mostly lost. Male palpus (Figs.128-129); tarsal appendage long blade rounded at apex. Type data.—Female holotype and female from Grutas de Juxtlahuaca, 6.5 km N Colotlipa, Guerrero,Mexico, 16 January 1941 (C. Bolivar, F. Bonet), in AMNH. Distribution.—Known only from Grutas de Juxtla­huaca. Record.—MEXlCO: Guerrero: Grutas de Juxtla­huaca, 15August 1966(J. Fish, J. Reddell), male. Anopsicus davisi(Gertsch) Figs. 68, 155-157 Pholcophorina davisi Gertsch, 1939, p. 4. Diagnosis.—Epigean species with rather short legs(first femur about twice as long as carapace) and dis­tinctive epigynum (Fig. 155). Male unknown. Etymology.— Named for the late L. Irby Davis of Harlingen, Texas. Female holotype.—Length 1.7 mm. Carapace 0.8 mm long, 0.72 mm wide. Abdomen 0.9 mm long, 0.8 mm wide. Eye triads moderately separated: an­terior lateral eyes separated by two-thirds diameter;posterior median eyes separated by diameter. First leg: femur 1.5, patella 0.3, tibia 1.6, metatarsus 1.6, tarsus 0.6, total length 5.50 mm; first leg about 7 times, first femur nearly twice as long as carapace.Stridulatory apparatus (Fig. 68): pars thoracica with conspicuous angled picks on each posterior corner; small files at middle of abdominal face. Epigynum(Figs. 155-157).Type data.—Femaleholotype from 62 mi. N Aca­pulco, Guerrero, Mexico, 18 June 1936 (A. M. and L. I. Davis), in AMNH. Distribution.—Known only from above specimen. Anopsicus beatus, new species Figs. 179-180 Diagnosis.—Epigean relative of davisi with short legs (first femur 1.8 times as long as carapace), eyetriads close together, and distinctive epigynum (Fig.179). Male unknown. Etymology .-Specific name from Latin beatus,happy, blessed. Female holotype.—Total length 1.2 mm. Carapace 0.6 mm long, 0.55 mm wide. Abdomen 0.7 mm long, 0.7 mm wide. Cephalothorax and appendages dull yellow; abdomen gray with bluish spotting. Eye triads close together: anterior lateral eyes subcontiguous;posterior median eyes separated by radius. First leg:femur 0.9, patella 0.2, tibia 0.92, metatarsus 0.94, tarsus 0.4, total length 3.36 mm; first leg 5.5 times,first femur 1.8 times as long as carapace. Stridulatoryapparatus: picks on pars thoracica conspicuous spurs; abdominal files inconspicuous. Epigynum (Figs. 179­180).Type data.—Female holotype and two females from Icacos, Guerrero, Mexico, 15 October 1941 (C. Bolivar, R. Mercado), in AMNH. Distribution.—Mexican state of Guerrero. Records.—MEXlCO: Guerrero: Acapulco, 17 June 1936 (L. I. Davis), 3 immatures probably this species.Pie de la Cuesta, 8 mi. W Acapulco, 29 June 1941 (L. I. Davis), female. Anopsicus exiguus (Gertsch)Figs. 131-133, 225 Pholcophora exigua Gertsch, 1971, p. 80. Diagnosis.—Tiny white cavernicole, probable trog­lobite, with long legs (first femur more than 4 times as long as carapace), with rounded epigynum (Fig.225), and distinctive tarsal appendage (Fig. 136) of male palpus. Etymology.—Specific name from Latin exiguus,small. Female.—Length 1.5 mm. Carapace 0.65 mm long, 0.7 mm wide. Abdomen 1 mm long, 0.7 mm wide. Whole spider whitish; black eye tubercles conspicu­ ous. Eye triads low, moderately apart: anterior lateral eyes separated by radius; posterior median eyes separated by diameter. First leg: femur 2.5,patella 0.25, tibia 2.5, metatarsus 3.0, tarsus 0.7,total length 8.95 mm; first leg about 14 times, first femur 3.8 times as long as carapace. Stridulatoryapparatus not detected. Epigynum (Fig. 225) broadlyrounded behind, with distinctive internal pattern. Male holotype.—Length 1.2 mm. Carapace 0.5 mm long, 0.5 mm wide. Abdomen 0.7 mm long, 0.63 mm wide. Chelicerae (Fig. 133) without horns or spurs.First leg: femur 2.6, patella 0.25, tibia 3.2, meta­tarsus 3.5, tarsus 0.7, total length 10.25 mm; first leg20 times, first femur 5 times as long as carapace. Male palpus (Figs. 131-132): sharp femoral spur near base of segment; tarsal appendage with pointed extension near apex. Type data.—Male holotype and three females from Cueva de los Riscos, Sierra de la India, 6.5 km S Mapimi, Durango, Mexico, August 1964(W. Russell),in AMNH. Distribution.—Known only from Cueva de los Riseos. Anopsicus malkini, new species Figs. 158-160, 176-178 Diagnosis.— Epigean species with short legs (firstfemur about twice as long as carapace), distinctive epigynum (Fig. 176) and tarsal appendage of male palpus. Etymology.— Named for Mr. Borys Malkin. Female.—Length 1.75 mm. Carapace 0.77 mm long, 0.7 mm wide. Abdomen 1 mm long, 0.9 mm wide. Cephalothorax and appendages dusky yellow;abdomen gray. Triads of eyes: anterior lateral eyesseparated by two-thirds diameter; posterior median eyes separated by long diameter. First leg: femur 1.5,patella 0.28, tibia 1.65, metatarsus 1.7, tarsus 0.6,total length 5.73 mm; first leg 7.4 times, first femur about twice as long as carapace. Stridulatory appara­tus: pars thoracica with curved pick on each corner; files inconspicuous foveae at base of abdomen. Epi­gynum (Figs. 176-178). Male holotype.—Length 1.8 mm. Carapace 0.8 mm long, 0.75 mm wide. Abdomen 1 mm long, 0.9 mm wide. Eye triads closer together: anterior lateral eyes separated by one-third diameter; posteriormedian eyes separated behind by diameter. Chelicerae (Fig. 160) with sharp horns at middle of face. First leg: femur 1.5, patella 0.3, tibia 1.2, metatarsus 1.9, tarsus 0.5, total length 5.40 mm; first leg 6.7 times,first femur about twice as long as carapace. Male palpus (Figs. 158-159). Type data.—Male holotype, male and 6 females from 7 mi. E San Bias, Nayarit, Mexico, 27 June1964(W. J.Gertsch,J.Woods),inAMNH. Distribution.—Coastal area ofNayarit.Record.—MEXlCO: Nayarit: San Bias, 1947 (C.and M. Goodnight, B. Malkin), female. Anopsicus boneti, new species Figs. 74, 152-154, 161-163 Diagnosis.— Epigean species with legs of medium length (first femur 2.1 times as long as carapace),distinctive epigynum (Fig. 152) and tarsal appendage(Fig. 161) of male palpus. Etymology.-Named for the late Dr. Federico Bonet ofMexicoCity. Female.—Length 1.6 mm. Carapace 0.65 mm long, 0.6 mm wide. Abdomen 1 mm long, 0.9 mm wide. Cephalothorax and appendages dusky yellow; abdo­men grayish. Eyes small in close set triads: anterior Figs. 158-175.—Species of Anopsicus; Figs. 158-160: A. malkini, male; 158, left palpus, retrolateral view; 159, bulb of palpus, prolateral view; 160, left chelicera, retrolateral view. Figs. 161-163: A. boneti, male: 161, left palpus, retrolateral view;162, bulb of palpus, prolateral view; 163, left chelicera, retrolateral view. Figs. 164-166; A. reddelli, male: 164, left palpus,retrolateral view;165,bulbofpalpus,prolateralview;166,leftchelicera,retrolateralview.Figs. 167-169:A.speophila(Cham­berlin andIvie),male: 167,leftpalpus,retrolateralview;168,bulbofpalpus,prolateralview;169,leftchelicera,retrolateral view. Figs. 170-172; A. pearsei (Chamberlin and Ivie), male: 170, left palpus, retrolateral view; 171, bulb of palpus, prolateral view; 172, left chelicera, retrolateral view. Figs. 173-175; A. wileyae, male: 173, left palpus, retrolateral view; 174, bulb of palpus, prolateral view; 175, left chelicera, retrolateral view. lateral eyes separated by radius; posterior median eyes separated by long diameter. first leg: femur 1.35, patella 0.25, tibia 1.5, metatarsus 1.6, tarsus 0.5, total length 5.20 mm; first leg 8 times, first femur twice as long as carapace. Stridulatory appara­tus; pars thoracica with small rounded pick on each corner; pair of grayish files (Fig. 74) at base of abdo­men. Epigynum (Figs. 152-154). Male holotype.—Length 1.4mm. Carapace 0.7 mm long, 0.65 mm wide. Abdomen 0.7 mm long, 0.6 mm wide. Chelicerae (Fig. 163) with stout horns near base of face. First leg: femur 1.5, patella 0.25, tibia 1.35, metatarsus 1.45, tarsus 0.55, total length 5.10 mm;first leg 7.3 times, first femur 2.1 times as long as carapace. Male palpus (Figs. 161-162). Type data.—Male holotype, male, 7 females, and immature from Las Humedades, Armeria, Colima,Mexico, 19January 1945(F.Bonet), inAMNH. Distribution.—Known only from above material. Central America Fauna The little known Anopsicus of Central America consists of 13 species from five of the countries of that little exploited region. Nine males are known for the 13 species. Only one species, quieta of Guate­ mala, is a cavernicole and the remaining dozen live under surface objects or debris. Many hundreds of specimens were sifted from ground litter in Panama and Costa Rica by the late Dr. A. M. Chickering. It seems certain that many more species will be found in this diversified area. The males can be quicklyidentified by the key based on the palpi and cheli­ cerae. Anopsicus silvanus, new species Figs. 226-228, 247-249 Diagnosis.—Small epigean species with short legs(first femur of male 1.7 times as long as carapace),distinctive epigynum (Fig. 226), and tarsal appendage(Fig. 247) ofmale drawn to point set with long spine. Etymology.—Specific name from Latin Silvanus,god of woods and forest. Female.—Only abdomen available; epigynum (Figs.226-228).Male holotype.—Length 1.35 mm. Carapace 0.6 mm long, 0.55 mm wide. Abdomen 0.75 mm long, 0.56 mm wide. Carapace reddish brown; eye tubercles black; abdomen gray. Eyes small with triads close together: anterior lateral eyes separated by about radius; posterior median eyes separated by long diam­ eter. Chelicerae (Fig. 249) with small spurs near apexof face. Legs mostly missing; first femur thickened,1 mm long, 1.7 times as long as carapace. Male palpus(Figs. 247-249). Key to the Males 1. Chelicerae (Fig. 252) without horns or spurs; tarsal appendage (Fig. 250) thick at apex; Chiriqui Province, Panama chiriqui, new speciesChelicerae with horns or spurs on face 2 2. Cheliceral spurs near distal end of face 3 Cheliceral horns above middle of face 4 3. Tarsalappendage(Fig.247)thinatapex,tippedwithlongspines;forestspeciesof Belize silvanus, new species Tarsal appendage (Fig. 262) with apex drawn to thin spine; La Ceiba area ofHonduras ceiba, new species 4. CheliceraJ horns (Figs. 258, 261) projecting forward from base of chelicerae 5 Cheliceral horns projecting downward 6 5. Tarsal appendage (Fig. 256) thin in apical half, ending in small hook; Canal Zone of Panama zeteki (Gertsch)Tarsal appendage (Fig. 259) thicker, with trivial emargination at tip; Turrialba region ofCosta Rica 6. Tarsal appendage thick at apexTarsal appendage (Fig. 326) drawn to thin spine; Panama Canal Zone 7. Tarsal appendage (Fig. 253) spatulate; Panama Canal Zone Tarsal appendage broadly truncated at apex 8. Tarsal appendage (Fig. 266) truncated; Honduras Tarsal appendage (Fig. 244) bent at apex; Costa Rica turrialba, new species 7 panama, new species chickeringi, new species8 joyoa, new speciesfacetus, new species Figs. 176-199.—Epigyna of Anopsicus: Figs. 176-178: A. malkini: 176, ventral view; 177, posterior view; 178, dorsal view. Figs. 179-181: A. beatus: 179, ventral view; 180, posterior view; 181, dorsal view. Figs. 182-184: A. modicus: 182, ventral view; 183, posterior view; 184, dorsal view. Figs. 185-187: A. reddelli: 185, ventral view; 186, posterior view; 187, dorsal view. Figs. 188-190: A. evansi (Gertsch): 188, ventral view; 189, posterior view; 190, dorsal view. Figs. 191-193: A. alteriae: 191, ventral view; 192, posterior view; 193, dorsal view. Figs. 194-196: A. chiapa: 194, ventral view; 195, posterior view;196,dorsalview.Figs. 197-199:A.potrero:197,ventralview;198,posteriorview;199,dorsalview. Figs. 200-218.—Species of Anopsicus: Figs. 200-203: A. palenque, male: 200, left palpus, retrolateral view; 201, bulb ofpalpus, prolateral view; 202, left chelicera, frontal view; 203, left chelicera, retrolateral view. Figs. 204-207: A. debora (Gertsch), male: 204, left palpus, retrolateral view; 205, bulb of palpus, prolateral view; 206, left chelicera, frontal view;207, left chelicera, retrolateral view. Figs. 208-210: A. jeanae (Gertsch), male: 208, left palpus, retrolateral view; 209, bulb of palpus, prolateral view; 210, left chelicera, retrolateral view. Figs. 211-213: A. bispinosus (Gertsch): 211, left palpus, retro-lateral view; 212, bulb of palpus, prolateral view; 213, left chelicera, retrolateral view. Figs. 214-215: A. alteriae, male: 214, left palpus, retrolateral view; 215, bulb of palpus, prolateral view. Figs. 216-218: A. evansi (Gertsch), male: 216, left palpus, retrolateral view; 217, bulb of palpus, prolateral view; 218, left chelicera, retrolateral view. Type data.—Male holotype and female abdomen from Columbia Forest, Toledo District, Belize, July1974, in AMNH. Distribution.—Known only from above material. Anopsicus quietus (Gertsch) Fig. 277 Pholcophora quieta Gertsch, 1973, p. 148; 1977, pp. 112, 115. Diagnosis.—Dusky cavernicole of Guatemala with legs of medium length (first femur 2.2 times as long as carapace) and distinctive epigynum (Fig. 277). Etymology.—Specific name from Latin quietus,quiet. Female holotype.—Length 1.75 mm. Carapace 0.75 mm long, 0.65 mm wide. Abdomen 1 mm long,1 mm wide. Cephalothorax and appendages duskyyellow; abdomen greenish. Eye triads well separated:anterior lateral eyes separated by one and one-half diameters; posterior median eyes separated by two diameters. First leg: femur 1.7, patella 0.3, tibia 1.8, metatarsus 2.1, tarsus 1, total length 6.9 mm; first leg 8 times, first femur 2.2 times as long as carapace.Stridulatory apparatus not detected. Epigynum (Fig.277). Type data.—Female holotype from Gruta de Sil­vino, Izabal, 34 km W Puerto Charrios, Guatemala,20-22August 1969(S.and J.Peck),inAMNH. Distribution.—Known only from Gruta de Silvino. Anopsicus hanakash (Brignoli) Pholcophora hanakash Brignoli, 1974, p. 221. Diagnosis.—Epigean species of Guatemala with short legs (first femur about 1.9 times as long as cara­pace) and epigynum similar to those ofplacens and jeanaeofChiapas. Etymology.—Named for Hanakash, forest God of Lacandon Indians. Female holotype.—Length 1.85 mm. Carapace 0.85 mm long, 0.76 mm wide. Abdomen 1 mm long.Carapace yellowish; abdomen grayish with blue spots.Anterior lateral eyes separated by 1.5 diameters. First leg: femur 1.5, patella 0.22, tibia 1.55, metatarsus 1.8, tarsus, 0.62, total length 5.69 mm; first leg 8 times, first femur about 1.9 times as long as carapace. Type data.—Female holotype from Rio Usuma­cinta, near Yaxchilan, Guatemala, 12 March 1971 (A.Zullini), in Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Rome (not seen). Anopsicus ceiba, new species Figs. 262-265, 269-270 Diagnosis.—Brown epigean species from Honduras with short legs (first femur about twice as long as carapace), distinctive epigynum (1 ig. 269) and tarsal appendage (Fig. 262) of male palpus. Etymology.— Specific name from Spanish ceiba, silk-cotton tree, used in apposition. Female.—Length 1.7 mm. Carapace 0.8 mm long, 0.73 mm wide. Abdomen 0.9 mm long, 1.75 mm wide. Cephalothorax and appendages dusky orangebrown; carapace with prominent brown Y-shapedmarking on pars cephalica flanked by conspicuous brown stridulatory picks; abdomen grayish. Eyetriads close together: anterior lateral eyes separatedby three-fourths diameter; posterior median eyesseparated by long diameter. First leg: femur 1.45, patella 0.27, tibia 1.67, metatarsus 1.83, tarsus 0.63, total length 5.85 mm; first leg 7.3 times, first femur 1.8 times as long as carapace. Stridulatory apparatus(Fig. 265): pars thoracica with conspicuous elevated picks on each side of cervical groove; abdomen with oval brown foveal files close together high on front face. Epigynum (Figs. 269-270). Male holotype.—Length 1.4 mm. Carapace 0.7 mm long, 0.65 mm wide. Abdomen 0.7 mm long, 0.6 mm wide. Chelicerae (Fig. 264) with thin spurs near apexoverhanging fang. First leg: femur 1.5, patella 0.27,tibia 1.5, metatarsus 1.64, tarsus 0.5, total length 5.41 mm; first leg 7.7 times, first femur 2.1 times as long as carapace. Male palpus (Figs. 262-263). Type data.—Male holotype and female from 14 km S La Ceiba, Departamento Atlantida, Honduras,22 March 1979 (W. L. Brown, Jr.) from under rotten wood in steep forest slope at 130 meters, depositedin MCZ. Distribution.—Known only from above material. Anopsicus joyoa, new species Figs. 266-268, 299-301 Diagnosis.— Dusky yellow epigean species with short legs (first femur about 1.8 times as long as cara­pace), distinctive epigynum (Fig. 299) and tarsal appendage(Fig. 266)ofmalepalpus. Etymology.—Specific name from Lake Joyoa, typelocality, used in apposition. Female.—Length 1.8 mm. Carapace 0.8 mm long, 0.75 mm wide. Abdomen 1 mm long, 0.85 mm wide. Cephalothorax and legs dusky yellow; abdomen gray­ish with greenish tinge. Eye triads close together:anterior lateral eyes separated by short diameter; Figs. 219-243.—Epigyna of Anopsicus: Figs. 219-221: A. facetus: 219, ventral view; 220, posterior view; 221, dorsal view. Figs. 222-224; A. turrialba: 222, ventral view; 223, posterior view; 224, dorsal view. Fig. 225: A. exiguus (Gertsch), epigynum,ventral view. Figs. 226-228: A. silvanus: 226, ventral view; 227, posterior view; 228, dorsal view. Figs. 229-231: A. concinnus; 229, ventral view; 230, posterior view; 231, dorsal view. Figs. 232-234: A. definitus: 232, ventral view; 233, posterior view; 234, dorsal view. Figs. 235-237: A. chiriqui: 235, ventral view; 236, posterior view; 237, dorsal view. Figs. 238-240; A. chick­eringi: 239, ventral view; 239, posterior view; 240, dorsal view. Figs. 241-243; A. zeteki (Gertsch); 241, ventral view; 242,posterior view; 243, dorsal view. posterior lateral eyes separated by more than longdiameter. First leg: femur 1.45,patella 0.3, tibia 1.55, metatarsus 1.8, tarsus 0.65, total length 5.65 mm; first leg 7 times, first femur 1.8 times as long as cara­ pace. Stridulatory apparatus: pars thoracica with small lobular picks near side corners; abdomen with large oval foveal files on each side just above pedicel. Epigynum (Figs. 299-301). Male holotype.—Length 1.8 mm. Carapace 0.83 mm long, 0.78 mm wide. Abdomen 1 mm long, 0.7 mm wide. Chelicerae (Fig. 268) with small sharphorns set at middle of face. First leg: femur 1.52,patella 0.27, tibia 1.6, metatarsus 1.9, tarsus 0.7,total length 5.99 mm; first leg 7.2 times, first femur 1.7 times as long as carapace. Male palpus (Figs. 266­267). Type data.—Male holotype and female from E side island, Lake Joyoa, Departamento Cortes, Honduras (W. L. Brown, Jr.) from forest leaf litter of hill, 700 meters, deposited in MCZ. Distribution.—Known only from above material. Anopsicus definitus, new species Figs. 232-234 Diagnosis.—Yellowish epigeanspecieswithelegsof medium length (first femur 2.7 times as long as cara­pace) and distinctive epigynum (Fig. 232). Male un­known. Etymology.—Specific name from Latin definitus,definite, distinct. Female holotype.—Length 1.7 mm. Carapace 0.9 mm long, 0.9 mm wide. Abdomen 0.9 mm long, 0.75 mm wide. Cephalothorax and appendages brightyellow; carapace with faint Y-shaped figure; abdomen dark greenish gray. Eye triads well separated; anterior lateral eyes separated by little more than long diam­eter; posterior median eyes separated by slightly more. First leg: femur 2.45, patella 1.35, tibia 2.75, metatarsus 3.3, tarsus missing; first femur 2.7 times as long as carapace. Stridulatory apparatus not detected. Epigynum (Figs. 232-234). Type data.—Female holotype from Lancetilla,Honduras, 14 July 1929 (A. M. Chickering), in MCZ. Distribution.—Known only from above specimen. Anopsicus concinnus, new species Figs. 53, 229-231 Diagnosis.—Dark epigean species of Costa Rica with legs of medium length (first femur 1.8 times as long as carapace), lateral eyes subcontiguous, and dis­tinctive epigynum (Fig. 229). Male unknown. Etymology.—Specific name from Latin concinnus,pleasing. Female holotype.—Length 1.2 mm. Carapace 0.6 mm long, 0.5 mm wide. Abdomen 0.65 mm long, 0.55 mm wide. Cephalothorax and appendages dark yellowish brown; carapace with dark Y-shaped figure;abdomen dark gray. Eyes (Fig. 53) small, triads close together: anterior lateral eyes nearly touching; pos­terior median eyes separated by diameter. First leg:femur 1.1, patella 0.21, tibia 1.2, metatarsus 1.12, tarsus 0.4, total length 4.03 mm; first leg 6.7 times,first femur 1.8 times as long as carapace. Stridulatory apparatus not detected. Epigynum (Figs. 229-231). Type data.—Female holotype and broken female from Puntarenas Reserve near Cabuya, Costa Rica,9 July 1976 (C. and M. Goodnight), in AMNH. Distribution.—Known only from above material. Anopsicus facetus, new species Figs. 50, 219-221, 244-246 Diagnosis.—Dark epigean species of Costa Rica with large eyes (Fig. 50), short legs (first femur about twice as long as carapace), distinctive epigynum (Fig.219) and tarsal appendage (Fig. 244) of male palpusstrongly bent at apex. Etymology.—Specific name from Latin facetus, elegant. Female.—Length 1.7 mm. Carapace 0.7 mm long, 0.7 mm wide. Abdomen 1.2 mm long, 1 mm wide. Cephalothorax and appendages dark reddish brown;abdomen dusky, paler below. Eyes (Fig. 50) large on prominent tubercles of moderately spaced triads: anterior lateral eyes separated by nearly full diameter;posterior median eyes separated by full diameter. Femora of all legs thickened; first leg; femur 1.25,patella 0.2, tibia 1.35, metatarsus 1.6, tarsus 0.6,total length 5.00 mm; first leg 7 times, first femur 1.8 times as long as carapace. Stridulatory apparatus not detected. Epigynum (Figs. 219-221).Male holotype.—Total length 1.75 mm. Carapace 0.8 mm long, 0.8 mm wide. Abdomen 0.96 mm long, 0.78 mm wide. Chelicerae (Fig. 246) with thin horns set below clypeal margin. First leg: femur 1.6, patella0.3, tibia 1.35, metatarsus 1.75, tarsus 0.75, total length 5.75 mm; first leg 7.2 times, first femur twice as long as carapace. Male palpus (Figs. 244-245). Type data.—Male holotype and four females from Monteverde, Puntarenas Reserve, Costa Rica, 1-9 July1976 (M. and C. Goodnight), in AMNH. Distribution.—Known only from above material. Anopsicus turrialba, new species Figs. 222-224, 259-261 Diagnosis.—Dusky brown epigean species of Costa Rica with short legs (first femur nearly twice as long Figs. 244-261.—Species of Anopsicus: Figs. 244-246; A. facetus, male; 244, left palpus, retrolateral view; 245, bulb of palpus,prolateral view; 246, left chelicera, retrolateral view. Figs. 247-249: A. silvanus, male: 247, left palpus, retrolateral view; 248,bulb of palpus, prolateral view; 249, left chelicera, retrolateral view. Figs. 250-252: A. chiriqui, male: 250, left palpus, retro-lateral view; 251, bulb of palpus, prolateral view; 252, left chelicera, retrolateral view; Figs. 253-255: A. chickeringi, male; 253,left palpus, retrolateral view; 254, bulb of palpus, prolateral view; 255, left chelicera, retrolateral view. Figs. 256-258; A. zeteki (Gertsch), male: 256, left palpus, retrolateral view; 257, bulb of palpus, prolateral view; 258, left chelicera, retrolateral view.Figs. 259-261: A. turrialba, male: 259, left palpus, retrolateral view; 260, bulb of palpus, prolateral view; 261, left chelicera, retrolateral view. as carapace), distinctive epigynum (Fig. 222) and tarsal appendage (Fig. 259) ofmale palpus.Etymology.—Specific name for Turrialba, typelocality, used in apposition. Female.—Length 1.35 mm. Carapace 0.62 mm long, 0.56 mm wide. Abdomen 0.8 mm long, 0.7 mm wide. Cephalothorax and appendages dusky yellowishbrown; abdomen grayish. Eyes small on moderatelyspaced triads: anterior lateral eyes separated by little less than diameter; posterior median eyes separatedby long diameter. Femora of all legs moderatelythickened;firstleg:femur1.0,patella0.22,tibia 1.07, metatarsus 1.2, tarsus 0.45, total length 3.94 mm;first leg 6.3 times, first femur 1.7 times as long as carapace. Stridulatory apparatus not detected. Epi­gynum (Figs. 222-224). Male holotype.—Length 1.1 mm. Carapace 0.62 mm long, 0.6 mm wide. Abdomen 0.8 mm long, 0.6 mm wide. Eye triads little closer together. Cheli­cerae (Fig. 261) with straight horns at base, pro­jectingforward like those ofzeteki. Second femora of legs more strongly thickened than others; first leg:femur 1.2, patella 0.25, tibia 1.2, metatarsus 1.35, tarsus 0.5, total length 4.50 mm; first leg 7 times,first femur about twice as long as carapace. Male palpus (Figs. 259-261). Type data.—Male holotype, numerous males and females from Turrialba, Costa Rica, 25 July-15 Aug­ust 1965 (A. M. Chickering), in MCZ. Distribution.—Known only from above material. Anopsicus chiriqui, new species Figs. 235-237, 250-252 Diagnosis.—Dull orange epigean species of tempe­rate Panama with legs of medium length (first femur about twice as long as carapace), male chelicerae without horns (Fig. 252), distinctive epigynum (Fig.235) and tarsal appendage (Fig. 250) of male palpus. Etymology.—Named for Chiriqui Province of Panama, used in apposition. Female.—Length 1.6 mm. Carapace 0.7 mm long, 0.7 mm wide. Abdomen 1.1 mm long, 0.8 mm wide. Cephalothorax and appendages dull orange;abdomen gray. Eye triads close together: anterior lateral eyesseparated by radius; posterior median eyes separatedby full diameter. First leg; femur 1.5, patella 0.25,tibia 1.6 metatarsus 1.75, tarsus 0.5, total length 5.60 mm; first leg 8 times, first femur 2.1 times as long as carapace. Stridulatory apparatus not detected. Epigynum (Figs. 235-237). Male holotype.—Length 1.7 mm. Carapace 0.75 mm long, 0.75 mm wide. Abdomen 0.95 mm long, 0.75 mm wide. Chelicerae (Fig. 252) without horns or spurs on face. First leg: femur 1.7, patella 0.25,tibia 1.45, metatarsus 2.0, tarsus 0.7, total length 6.10 mm; first leg 8 times, first femur 2.2 times as long as carapace. Male palpus (Figs. 250-251). Type data.—Male holotype, numerous males and females from El Volcan, Chiriqui, Panama, 12 August1950(A. M. Chickering), in MCZ. Distribution.—Known only from above material. Anopsicus chickeringi, new species Figs. 238-240, 253-255 Diagnosis.—Pale epigean species of tropical Panama with legs of medium length (first femur 1.8 times as long as carapace), distinctive epigynum (Fig. 238)and tarsal appendage (Fig. 253) of male palpus. Etymology.— Named for the late Dr. A. M. Chick­ering.Female.—Length 1.9 mm. Carapace 0.75 mm long, 0.75 mm wide. Abdomen 1.1 mm long, 1 mm wide. Cephalothorax and appendages yellowish; carapacewith dark Y-shaped linear marking outlining parscephalica and cervical groove; abdomen grayish. Eyetriads: anterior lateral eyes separated by radius; pos­terior median eyes separated by long diameter. Femora of legs moderately thickened; first leg: femur 1.4,patella 0.25,tibia 1.5,metatarsus 1.5,tarsus0.5,total length 5.15 mm; first leg 6.8 times, first femur 1.8 times as long as carapace. Stridulatory apparatus; pars thoracica with small lateral picks; base of abdo­men with small greenish files. Epigynum (Figs. 238­240). Male holotype.—Length 1.9 mm. Carapace 0.9 mm long, 0.7 mm wide. Abdomen 1 mm long, 0.7 mm wide. Chelicerae (Fig. 255) with short downwardlydirected horns set near base of face. Third femur much thicker than others; first leg: femur 1.6, patella0.3, tibia 1.5, metatarsus 1.7, tarsus 0.5, total length 5.6 mm; first leg 6.2 times, first femur 1.8 times as long as carapace. Male palpus (Figs. 253-254). Type data.—Male holotype, many males and fe­males from Balboa, Canal Zone, Panama, May 1964 (A. M. Chickering), in MCZ. Distribution.—Canal ZoneofPanama. Records.— PANAMA: Canal Zone: Gatun, 15 Feb­ ruary 1958;PedroMiguel, 23January 1958;Gamboa,7 January 1958 (all A. M. Chickering), many males,females, immature, in MCZ. Anopsicus panama, new speciesFigs. 326-328, 335-337 Diagnosis.—Dusky yellow epigean species with short legs (first femur of female 1.2 times as long as carapace), distinctive epigynum (Figs. 335-337) wider than that of zeteki, and tarsal appendage (Fig. 326) ofmale palpus drawn to thin point. Etymology.—Named for Panama, used in apposi­ tion. Female.—Length 1.3 mm. Carapace 0.63 mm long, 0.5 mm wide. Abdomen 0.6 mm long, 0.5 mm wide. Cephalothorax and appendages dusky yellow; abdo­men grayish. Eye triads close together: anterior late­ral eyes separated by radius; posterior median eyesseparated by diameter. First leg: femur 0.97, patella0.23, tibia 0.97, metatarsus 1.1, tarsus 0.42, total length 2.69 mm; first leg about 4.3 times, first femur 1.2 times as long as carapace. Stridulatory apparatusnot detected. Epigynum (Figs. 335-337). Male holotype.—Length 1.1 mm. Carapace 0.55 mm long, 0.5 mm wide. Abdomen 0.5 mm long, 0.45 mm wide. Chelicerae (Fig. 328) with curved horns projecting downward from near base of face. First leg: femur 1.1, patella 0.2, tibia 1.1, metatarsus 1.2, tarsus 0.4, total length 4.00 mm; first leg about 3.3 times, first femur twice as long as carapace. Male palpus (Figs. 326-327). Type data.—Male holotype from Gatun, Panama Canal Zone, 30 January 1958 (A. M. Chickering), inMCZ. Distribution.—Panama Canal Zone. Record.—PANAMA: Canal Zone: Ft. Sherman,16 August 1939 (A. M. Chickering), female in MCZ;arbitrarily assigned to above male. Anopsicus zeteki (Gertsch)Figs. 48-49, 54-55, 241-243, 256-258 Pholcophorina zeteki Gertsch, 1939, p. 1. Diagnosis.— Yellowish epigean species from tropi­cal Panama with legs of medium length (first femur about 1.7 times as long as carapace), distinctive epi­gynum (Fig. 241), male chelicerae (Fig. 258) with slender, straight horns and tarsal appendage (Fig.256) strongly curved and ending in thin hook. Etymology.—Namedfor thelate JamesZetek. Female.—Length 1.7 mm. Carapace 0.62 mm long, 0.5 mm wide. Abdomen 1.1 mm long, 1.8 mm wide. Cephalothorax and appendages yellowish; abdomen bluish gray. Eyes (Figs. 48-49) and triadsmoderatelyspaced: anterior median eyes separated by five-eighths diameter; posterior median eyes separated bylong diameter. First leg: femur 1.06, patella 0.2,tibia 1.08, metatarsus 1.2, tarsus 0.44, total length 3.98 mm; first leg 6.4 times, first femur 1.7 times as long as carapace. Stridulatory apparatus not detected. Epigynum (Figs. 241-243). Male.—Length 1.3 mm. Carapace 0.6 mm long, 0.55 mm wide. Abdomen 0.7 mm long, 0.5 mm wide. Chelicerae (Fig. 258) with straight, slender horns projecting outward from near base of face. First leg:femur 1.0, patella 0.21, tibia 1.1, metatarsus 1.2, tarsus 0.42, total length 3.93 mm; first leg about 6.6 times, first femur about 1.7 times as long as carapace.Male palpus (Figs. 256-257). Type data.—Male holotype from Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, Panama, 10February 1936(W. J. Gertsch), in AMNH. Distribution.—Panama Canal Zone. Records.—PANAMA; Canal Zone: Barro Colorado Island, 4 July 1943, males and females; November 1952 (J. Zetek), male, females; January to July from 1934 to 1958 (A. M. Chickering), males, females (MCZ); January 1960 (W. J. Brown), male, females from leaf litter (MCZ). Summit, Experimental Gar­dens, Forest Preserve (A. M. Chickering), males and females (MCZ). The West Indian Fauna The Anopsicus fauna of the West Indiesis in many ways the most interesting of those of the three areas in spite of the limited species representation, which certainly can be enlarged by adequate collecting. Ten species come from the island of Jamaica and some of them are especially notable; eight are cavernicoles and four of these are eyeless troglobites, represented onlyby females, from caves in four parishes; and quat­oculus is a large four-eyed species which has aborted the posterior lateral eyes. The three species of Cuba are also of special interest as follows: cubanus is an eyeless troglobite from Cueva Grande in Las Villas Province; and living in the same cave and nearbyCueva de Colon is the large yellowish silvai, probablythe largest species of the genus; a third whitish spe­cies, pulcher, was taken years ago on the surface near Soledad. Finally, I have included in this group arima, a typical Anopsicus represented by females from Trinidad (not keyed below). The presence of a somewhat larger seriesof soma­tic characters and limited number of species make possible preparation of a key to both sexes. Anopsicus quatoculus, new species Figs. 56-57, 77, 281-283, 311-313 Diagnosis.—Large cavernicole with legs of medium length (first femur about twice as long as carapace,only four eyes (Figs. 56-57), posterior lateral eyesmissing, distinctive epigynum (Fig. 311) and tarsal appendage (Fig. 281) ofmale palpus. Key to the Males and Females 1. Species of Cuba 2 Species of Jamaica 4 2. Eyes absent; tarsal appendage (Fig. 323) deeply notched and chelicerae (Fig. 325) without horns; troglobite from Cueva Grande cubanus, new speciesEyes present 3 3. Largeyellowishspecieswithdistinctiveepigynum(Fig.338);cavesofLasVillas Province silvai, new species Small whitish species from Soledad; bulb of male palpus (Fig. 293) with prominentlobe; epigynum (Fig. 309) with small auricular lobes pulcher (Bryant) 4. Four eyes present; tarsal appendage (Fig. 281); epigynum (Fig. 311); caves of St. Ann, St. Catherine and Trelawny Parishes quatoculus, new speciesSix eyes or none present 5 5. Males 6 Females 9 6. Tarsal appendage (Fig. 296) thick at apex; caves of Trelawny Parish zimmermani, new speciesTarsal appendage much thinner at apex 7 7. Bulb of palpus (Fig. 291) with prominent lobe; chelicerae (Fig. 292) with small spurs in apical half of face; Portland Caves pecki, new speciesNotso 8 8. Tarsal appendage (Fig. 284) with two apical spurs; St. Andrew and St. Catherine Parishes lewisi, new speciesTarsal appendage (Fig. 287) pointed blade; Cousins Cove Cave, Hanover Parish nortoni, new species 9. Eyes present 10 Eyes absent 13 10. Epigean species HCave species 12 11. Anterior lateral eyes separated by radius; epigynum (Fig. 317); St. Andrew and St. Catherine Parishes lewisi, new species Anterior lateral eyes separated by diameter; epigynum (Fig. 314); St. Catherine Parish bryantae, new species 12. Anterior lateral eyes separated by radius; posterior lateral eyes much smaller;(Fig. 59); epigynum (Fig. 308); Portland Caves, Clarendon Parish pecki, new species Anterior lateral eyes separated by one and one-half diameters;epigynum(Fig.320);CarambieCave,TrelawnyParish zimmermani,newspecies 13. First femur 6.4 times as long as carapace; epigynum (Fig. 306);Duanwarie Cave # 1, St. Elizabeth Parish nebulosus, new speciesFirst femur 3.6 times as long as carapace; epigynum (Fig. 302);Worthy Park Cave $2, St. Catherine Parish jarmila, new speciesFirst femur 4.7 times as long as carapace; epigynum (Fig. 305);Cricket Cave, St. Ann Parish limpidus, new species First femur 5.6 times as long as carapace; epigynum (Fig. 303);JacksonBay Cave, Clarendon Parish clams, new species Figs. 262-280.—Species of Anopsicus: Figs. 262-264; A. ceiba, male: 262, left palpus, retrolateral view; 263, bulb ofpalpus, prolateral view; 264. left chelicera, retrolateral view. Fig. 265: A. ceiba, female, showing stridulatory apparatus.Figs. 266-268; A. joyoamale: 266, left palpus, retrolateral view; 267, bulb of palpus, prolateral view; 268. left chelicera, , retrolateral view. Figs. 269-270: A. ceiba. epigynum: 269, ventral view; 270. dorsal view. Figs. 271-272: A. lucidus, epigy­num: 2.1, ventral view; 272, dorsal view. Figs. 273-274: A. bispinosus (Gertsch), epigynum: 273, ventral view; 274, dorsal view. Figs. 2.5-2.6: A. vinnulus, epigynum: 275. ventral view; 276, dorsal view. Fig. 277: A. quietus (Gertsch), epigynum,dorsal view. Fig. 278: A. jeanae (Gertsch), epigynum, dorsal view. Fig. 279: A. debora (Gertsch), epigynum, dorsal view. Fig. 280;A.placens(0. P.-Cambridge),epigynum.dorsalview. Etymology.—Specific name from Latin quattuor,four, and oculus, eyes, used in apposition. Female.— Length 2.95 mm. Carapace 1.15 mm long, 1 mm wide. Abdomen 1.6 mm long, 1.25 mm wide. Cephalothorax and appendages yellowishbrown; carapace with dusky shadings and thin Y-shaped black marking outlining pars cephalica; abdo­men grayish. Eyes four, posterior laterals missing, on separated diads: anterior lateral eyes separated bylong diameter; posterior median eyes separated byabouttwodiameters.Firstleg:femur 2.4,patella0.3,tibia 2.7, metatarsus 2.8, tarsus 0.7, total length 8.90 mm; first leg 7.5 times, first femur 2.1 times as long as carapace. Stridulatory apparatus: pars thora­cica with transparent lobular picks; abdomen (Fig.77) with brown files, set with few upright hairs, on each sideof pedicel. Epigynum (Figs. 311-313). Male holotype.—Length 2.3 mm. Carapace 1.1 mm long, 1 mm wide. Abdomen 1.3 mm long, 1 mm wide. Chelicerae (Fig. 283) with sharp horns at middle of face. Femora of all legs moderately thick­ened; first leg: femur 2.6, patella 0.3, tibia 2.7, meta­tarsus 3.2, tarsus 1.0, total length 9.80 mm; first leg9 times, first femur 2.3 times as long as carapace.Male palpus (Figs. 281-282). Type data.—Male holotype and 3 females from Thatchfield Light Hole, St. Ann Parish, Jamaica,28 March 1973 (R. Norton, R. Zimmerman), in AMNH. Distribution.—Caves of St. Ann, St. Catherine, and Trelawny Parishes, Jamaica. Records.—JAMAICA: St. Ann Parish: Chesterfield Cave, 27 March 1973 (R. Norton, R. Zimmerman),male, 2 females. Norwood Rat Bat Hole, near Aenon Town, 2 September 1974 (S. Peck), male, 8 females,immature. St. Catherine Parish: Swansea Cave,Worthy Park Estate, 4 November 1973 (R. Norton),2 females. Trelawny Parish: Drip Cave, 1.5 mi. SSE Stewart Town, 2 April 1968 (S. Peck, A. Fiske),4 females, 6 immature; 28 July 1973 (R. Norton, R. Zimmerman), 2 females; 25 August 1974 (S. Peck),male, female, immature. Windsor Great Cave, 10 mi. 5 Falmouth, 5 April 1968(S. Peck, A. Fiske), 2 juve­nile; 26 August 1974 (S. Peck), 4 females. Harties Cave, Spring Garden, 4 April 1974 (S. Peck), female,immature. Anopsicus nebulosus, new species Figs. 306-307 Diagnosis.—Pale yellow, essentially eyeless troglo­bite with long legs (first femur 6.4 times as long as carapace) and distinctive epigynum (Fig. 306). Male unknown. Etymology.— Specific name from Latin nebulosus, misty, nebulous. Female holotype.—Length 1.4 mm. Carapace 0.7 mm long, 0.65 mm wide. Abdomen 0.7 mm long, 0.6 mm wide. Cephalothorax and appendages paleyellow; abdomen gray. Abdomen bluntly conical in shape. Pars cephalica with trivial vestiges of eyes.First leg: femur 4.5, patella 0.25, tibia 5.0, meta­tarsus 6.0, tarsus 1.4, total length 17.15 mm; first leg 24.5 times, first femur 6.4 times as long as cara­pace. Stridulatory apparatus: pars thoracica with rounded, slightly roughened picks; abdomen with narrow files on each side of pedicel. Epigynum(Figs. 306-307). Type data.—Female holotype from Duanwarie Cave #l, St. Elizabeth Parish, Jamaica, 29 October (R. Norton), in AMNH. Distribution.—Known only from Duanwarie Cave #l. Anopsicus jarmila, new species Fig. 302 Diagnosis.—Pale, essentially eyeless troglobite with long legs (first femur 3.6 times as long as carapace) and distinctive epigynum (Fig. 302). Male unknown. Etymology.— Named for Mrs. Jarmila Peck. Female holotype.—Length 1.6 mm. Carapace 0.68 mm long, 0.64 mm wide. Abdomen 1.1 mm long, 0.8 mm wide. Cephalothorax and appendagespale yellow; abdomen grayish. Pars cephalica with trivial vestiges of eyes. First leg: femur 2.5, patella0.24, tibia 2.6, metatarsus 3.4, tarsus 0.7, total length 9.44 mm; first leg 14 times, first femur 3.6 times as long as carapace. Stridulatory apparatus not detected. Epigynum (Fig. 302), Type data.—Female holotype, 3 females and 8 juveniles from Worthy Park Cave #2, St. Catherine Parish, Jamaica, 26 December 1972 (S. and J. Peck),in AMNH. Distribution.—Known only from Worthy Park Cave#2. Anopsicus limpidus, new species Fig. 305 Diagnosis.— Pale yellowish troglobite with rudi­mentary eyes, long legs (first femur 4.7 times as longas carapace) and distinctive epigynum (Fig. 305).Male unknown. Etymology.— Specific name from Latin limpidus,clear, limpid. Female holotype.—Length 1.75 mm. Carapace 1.8 mm long, 0.8 mm wide. Abdomen 1.1 mm long, Pigs. 281-298.—Species of Anopsicus: Figs. 281-283: A. quatoculus, male: 281, left palpus, retrolateral view; 282, bulb ofpalpus, prolateral view; 283, left chelicera, retrolateral view. Figs. 284-286: A. lewisi, male: 284, left palpus, retrolateral view;285, bulb of palpus, prolateral view; 286, left chelicera, retrolateral view. Figs. 287-289: A. nortoni, male: 287, left palpus,retrolateral view; 288, bulb of palpus, prolateral view; 289, left chelicera, retrolateral view. Figs. 290-292: A. pecki, male:290, left palpus, retrolateral view; 291, bulb of palpus, prolateral view; 292, left chelicera, retrolateral view. Figs. 293-295: A.pulcher(Bryant),male: 293,leftpalpus,retrolateral view;294,bulbofpalpus,prolateralview;295,leftchelicera,retrolateral view. Figs. 296-298: A. zimmermani, male: 296, left palpus, retrolateral view; 297, bulb of palpus, prolateral view; 298, left chelicera, retrolateral view. 1 mm wide. Cephalothorax and appendages dull yellow; abdomen gray to white. Eyes rudimentary,small, pearly white on widely separated triads. First leg: femur 3.5, patella 0.25, tibia 3.5, metatarsus 4.5, tarsus 0.75, total length 12.50 mm; first leg 15.5 times, first femur 4.7 times as long as carapace.Stridulatory apparatus: pars thoracica with small round picks; abdomen without evident files. Epi­gynum (Fig. 305). Type data.—Female holotype, 2 females, and 2 immature from Cricket Cave, Douglas Castle, St. Ann Parish, Jamaica, 20 December 1972 (S. and J. Peck), in AMNH. Distribution.—Known only from Cricket Cave. Anopsicus clams, new species Figs. 303-304 Diagnosis.— Pale eyeless troglobite with long legs (first femur 5.6 times as long as carapace) and distinc­ tive epigynum (Fig. 303). Male unknown. Etymology.—Specific name from Latin clams, clear. Female holotype.—Length 1.9 mm. Carapace 0.8 mm long, 0.7 mm wide. Abdomen 1.2 mm long,1 mm wide. Cephalothorax and appendages dull yellow; abdomen gray. Pars cephalica without trace of eyes. First leg: femur 4.5, patella 0.35, tibia 5.0, metatarsus 6.25, tarsus 1.2, total length 17.30 mm;first leg 21.6 times, first femur 5.6 times as long as carapace. Stridulatory apparatus: pars thoracica with rounded pick on each side; abdomen with suboval foveal files on each side of pedicel. Epigynum (Figs.303-304). Type data.—Female holotype and 2 females from Jackson Bay Cave, Jackson Bay, Clarendon Parish,Jamaica, 2 August 1974 (S. Peck), in AMNH. Distribution.—Caves of Clarendon Parish, Jamaica. Record.—JAMAICA: Clarendon Parish: Portland Caves,PortlandRidge, 15May 1974(S.Peck),female. Anopsicus nortoni, new species Figs. 287-289 Diagnosis.— Cavernicole with short legs (first femur 2.2 times as long as carapace) and distinctive tarsal appendage (Fig. 287) of male palpus. Female un­known. Etymology.—NamedforMr. R.Norton. Male holotype.—Length 1.5 mm. Carapace 0.7 mm long, 0.65 mm wide. Abdomen 0.8 mm long, 0.7 mm wide. Cephalothorax and appendages dull yellowishbrown; abdomen bluish gray. Eyes subequal on well spaced triads: anterior lateral eyes separated by long diameter; posterior median eyes separated by one and one-half diameters. Chelicerae (Fig. 289) with thin curved horns at middle offace. All femora mod­erately thickened; first leg: femur 1.56, patella 0.24,tibia 1.65, metatarsus 1.75, tarsus 0.65, total length 5.85 mm; first leg 8.3 times, first femur 2.2 times as long as carapace. Male palpus (Figs. 287-288). Type data.—Male holotype from Cousins Cove Cave, Cousins Cove, Hanover Parish, Jamaica, 28 October 1973(R. Norton), inAMNH. Distribution.—Known only from Cousins Cove Cave. Anopsicus zimmermani, new species Figs. 58, 296-298, 320-322 Diagnosis.— Yellowish brown cavernicole with short legs (first femur about twice as long as cara­ pace), distinctive epigynum (Fig. 320) and tarsal appendage (Fig. 296) ofmale palpus. Etymology.— Named for Mr. R. Zimmerman. Female.—Length 2.3 mm. Carapace 0.9 mm long, 0.8 mm wide. Abdomen 1.5 mm long, 1.25 mm wide. Cephalothorax and appendages dusky yellowishbrown; abdomen gray; carapace with dusky shadingsand Y-shaped marking outlining pars cephalica and cervical groove. Eyes (Fig. 58) subequal in size on well spaced triads; anterior lateral eyes separated by one and one-half diameters; posterior median eyesseparated by about two long diameters. First leg:femur 2.25, patella 0.25, tibia 2.5, metatarsus 2.5, tarsus 0.9, total length 8.40 mm; first leg 9.3 times,first femur 2.5 times as long as carapace. Stridulatoryapparatus: pars thoracica with lobular pick on each side; abdomen with suboval yellowish files set with few short hairs just above pedicel. Epigynum (Figs. 320-322). Male holotype.—Length 2.3 mm. Carapace 1 mm long, 0.9 mm wide.Abdomen 1.3mm long, 1.15mm wide. Chelicerae (Fig. 298) with sharp curved horns set near middle of face, also triangular spurs well below. First leg: femur 2.1, patella 0.35, tibia 2.8, metatarsus 3.0, tarsus 1.0, total length 9.25 mm; first leg 9.25 times, first femur 2.1 times as long as cara­pace. Male palpus (Figs. 296-297). Type data.—Male holotype, 2 males, 16 females and immature from Carambie Cave, Spring Garden,Trelawny Parish, Jamaica, 4 November 1974 (S.Peck), in AMNH. Distribution.—CavesofTrelawnyParish, Jamaica. Record.—JAMAICA: Trelawny Parish: Printed Circuit Cave, 30 March 1973 (R. Norton, R. Zimmer­man), female. Figs. 299-322.—Epigyna of Anopsicus: Figs. 299-301: A. joyoa: 299, ventral view; 300, posterior view; 301, dorsal view. Fig. 302: A. jarmila, ventral view. Figs. 303-304: A. clarus: 303, ventral view; 304, dorsal view. Fig. 305: A. limpidus, ventral view. Figs. 306-307: A. nebulosus: 306, ventral view; 307, dorsal view. Fig. 308: A. pecki, dorsal view. Fig. 309: A. pulcher(Bryant), subdorsal view. Fig. 310: A. arima, ventral view. Figs. 311-313: A. quatoculus: 311, ventral view; 312, posteriorview; 313, dorsal view. Figs. 314-316; A. bryantae: 314, ventral view; 315, posterior view; 316, dorsal view. Figs. 314-316: A. bryantae: 314, ventral view; 315, posterior view; 316, dorsal view. Figs. 317-319: A. lewisi: 317, ventral view; 318, pos­terior view; 319, dorsal view. Figs. 320-322: A. zimmermani: 320, ventral view; 321, posterior view; 322, dorsal view. Anopsicus pecki, new species Figs. 290-292, 308 Diagnosis. —Pale yellow cavernicole, probable trog­lobite, with long thin legs (first femur 3.3 times as long as carapace), distinctive epigynum (Fig. 308) and tarsal appendage (Fig. 290) of male palpus. Etymology.—Named for Dr. Stewart Peck ofCarle­ton University, Ottawa, Canada. Female.—Length 1.3 mm. Carapace 0.62 mm long, 0.6 mm wide. Abdomen 0.7 mm long, 0.7 mm wide. W hole spider pale yellow with conspicuous black eyetubercles. Eyes small, dissimilar, posterior lateral pairsmall; eye triads close together: anterior lateral eyesseparated by radius; posterior median eyes separated by nearly diameter. First leg: femur 2.1, patella 0.22,tibia 2.25, metatarsus 2.69, tarsus 0.65, total length 7.91 mm; first leg 12.7 times, first femur 3.3 timesas long as carapace. Stridulatory apparatus; pars thora­cica with inconspicuous rounded picks; abdomen without obvious traces of files. Epigynum (Fig. 308). Male holotype.—Length 1.25 mm. Carapace 0.55 mm long, 0.53 mm wide. Abdomen 0.7 mm long, 0.6 mm wide. Chelicerae (Fig. 292) short spurin distal half of face. Fourth leg: femur 2.1, patella0.24, tibia 2.0, metatarsus 2.55, tarsus 0.5, total length 7.39 mm; fourth leg 13.4 times, fourth femur 3.7 times as long as carapace. Male palpus (Figs. 290­291). Type data.—Male holotype, male and 2 females from Portland Caves, Portland Ridge, Clarendon Par­ish, Jamaica, 22 December 1972 (S. and J. Peck) and 15 August 1974 (S. Peck), male, female, immature, in AMNH. Distribution.—Known only from Portland Caves;sympatric with eyeless troglobite clarus from same cave. Anopsicus lewisi, new species Figs. 284-286, 317-319 Diagnosis.—Epigean species with short legs (firstfemur about twice as long as carapace), distinctive epigynum (Fig. 317) and tarsal appendage (Fig. 284) of male palpus.Etymology.—NamedforDr. BernardLewis,Direc­torofthe InstituteofJamaica. Female.—Length 1.7 mm. Carapace 0.73 mm long, 0.65 mm wide. Abdomen 1 mm long, 0.7 mm wide. Cephalothorax and appendages dusky orange brown;abdomen gray with bluish patches. Eyes subequal in size on closely set triads: anterior lateral eyes separa­ted by radius; posterior median eyes separated by diameter. First leg: femur 1.17, patella 0.22, tibia 1.3, metatarsus 1.3, tarsuso.3s, total length 4.34 mm; first leg 5.9 times, first femur 1.6 times as long as carapace. Stridulatory apparatus: pars thoracica with transparentlobularpicks oneachside;abdomenwith foveal files above pedicel. Epigynum (Figs. 317-319).Maleholotype.—Length 1.5mm.Carapace0.7mm long, 0.65 mm wide. Abdomen 0.85 mm long, 0.6 mm wide. Chelicerae (Fig. 286) with short sharphorns pointing toward apices. All femora moderatelythickened; first leg: femur 1.4,patellao.24, tibia 1.45, metatarsus 1.5, tarsus 0.55, total length 5.14 mm;first leg 7.3 times, first femur twice as long as cara­pace. Male palpus (Figs. 284-285). Type data.—Male holotype, male, 5 females and immature from 2 mi. W junction Red Hills Road to Spanishtown, St. Catherine Parish, Jamaica, Novem­ber 1957(A. M. Chickering), in MCZ. Distribution.—St. Andrew and St. Catherine Par­ishes ofJamaica. Records.—JAMAICA: St. Catherine Parish: 1 mi. W Spanishtown, 21 October 1957(A. M. Chickering),male, female. St. Andrew Parish: Ferry, 9-10 mi. W Red Hills Road, 27 September 1957 (A. M. Chick­ering), 2 females; Cooper’s Hill, 11 October 1960 (P. F. Bellinger), 1 immature; Red Hills Road, 28 October 1957 (A. M. Chickering), 2 males, 2 females,7 immature; Hermitage Reservoir, 26 November 1927 (A. M. Chickering), female;Constant Springs, 28May1956(C. C.Hoff),female.AllabovematerialinMCZ. Anopsicus bryantae, new speciesFigs. 314-316 Diagnosis.—Epigean species with legs of medium length (first femur 2.2 times as long as carapace) and distinctive epigynum (Fig. 314). Male unknown. Etymology.— Named for the late Miss Elizabeth Bryant of the Museum of Comparative Zoology.Female holotype.—Length 1.7 mm. Carapace 0.8 mm long, 0.76 mm wide. Abdomen 0.9 mm long, 0.75 mm wide. Cephalothorax and appendages dull yellow; abdomen gray. Anterior lateral eyes larger;eye triads widely spaced: anterior lateral eyes separa­ted by more than long diameter; posterior median eyes separated by about two long diameters. First leg:femur 1.8, patella 0.28, tibia 1.9, metatarsus 1.9,tarsus 0.6, total length 6.48 mm; first leg 8.1 times,first femur 2.2 times as long as carapace. Stridulatoryapparatus: pars thoracica with rounded lobular picks;foveal files present above pedicel. Epigynum (Figs.314-316). Type data.—Female holotype from Tuanaboa Vale, St. Catherine Parish, Jamaica, 4 December 1957 (A. M. Chickering), in MCZ. Distribution.—Known only from above specimen. Figs. 323-340.—Species of Anopsicus and Pholcophora: Figs. 323-325: Anopsicus cubanus, male: 323, left palpus, retro-lateral view; 324, bulb of palpus, prolateral view; 325, left chelicera, retrolateral view. Figs. 326-328: A. Panama, male: 326, left palpus, retrolateral view; 327, bulb of palpus, prolateral view; 328, left chelicera, retrolateral view. Figs. 329-331:Pholcophora bahama, epigynum; 329, ventral view; 330, posterior view; 331, dorsal view. Figs. 332-333: A. palenque, epi­gynum; 332, ventral view; 333, dorsal view. Fig. 334; A. troglodyta, epigynum, ventral view. Figs. 335-337: A. Panama, epigynum: 335, ventral view; 336, posterior view; 337, dorsal view. Figs. 338-340: A. silvai, epigynum: 338, ventral view;339, posterior view; 340, dorsal view. Anopsicus silvai, new species Figs. 338-340 Diagnosis.—Large yellowish cavernicole with longlegs (first femur 2.5 times as long as carapace) and distinctive epigynum (Fig. 338). Male unknown. Etymology.— Named for Dr. Gilberto Silva T. of Havana, Cuba. Female holotype.—Length 4 mm. Carapace 1.5 mm long, 1.3 mm wide. Abdomen 2.5 mm long, 2.2 mm wide. Cephalothorax and appendages brightyellow to orange; abdomen grayish. Eyes subequal in size on well separated triads: anterior lateral eyesseparated by diameter; posterior eye row moderatelyprocurved, median eyes separated by about two diameters. First leg: femur 3.7, patella 0.5, tibia 4.2, metatarsus 5.0, tarsus 1.0, total length 14.40 mm;first leg 9.6 times, first femur 2.5 times as long as carapace. Stridulatory apparatus not detected. Epi­gynum (Figs. 338-340). Type data.—Female holotype from Cueva Grande,Punta Caguanes, Yaguajay, Las Villas Provincia, Cuba (Gilberto Silva), in AMNH. Distribution.—Caves ofLas Villas Provincia, Cuba. Record.—CUßA; Las Villas Provincia: Cueva de Colon, Punta Caguanes, Yaguajay (Gilberto Silva),female in AMNH. Anopsicus cubanus, new species Figs. 323-325 Diagnosis.—Eyeless troglobite with long legs(fourth femur 5 times as long as carapace) and dis­tinctive tarsal appendage (Fig. 323) of male palpusdeeply notched at apex. Female unknown. Etymology.—Named for theisland of Cuba. Male holotype.—Length 1.1 mm. Carapace 0.65 mm long, 0.65 mm wide. Abdomen 0.55 mm long, 0.5 mm wide. Cephalothorax and appendages yellow­ish; abdomen grayish. Pars cephalica of poorly pre­served specimen without trace of eyes or eye tuber­cles. Chelicerae (Fig. 325) without trace of horns or spurs. Femora of legs thin; fourth leg; femur 3.4,patella 0.3, tibia 3.25, metatarsus 4.0, tarsus 0.7,total length 11.65 mm; fourth leg about 18 times,fourth femur about 5 times as long as carapace. Male palpus (Figs. 323-324). Type data.—Male holotype from Cueva Grande,Punta Caguanes, Yaguajay, Las Villas Provincia, Cuba (Gilberto Silva), in AMNH. Distribution.—Known only from Cueva Grande,where cubanus occurs with the much larger silvai. Anopsicus pulcher (Bryant) Figs. 293-295, 309 Ninetellapulchra Bryant, 1940,p. 297.Mello-Leitao,1946, p. 76. Diagnosis.—Pale yellow epigean species with short legs (first femur 1.25 times as long as carapace), dis­ tinctive epigynum (Fig. 309) and tarsal appendage (Fig. 293)ofmalepalpus. Etymology.—Specific name from Latin pulcher, beautiful. Female allotype.—Length 1.5 mm. Carapace 0.7 mm long, 0.6 mm wide. Abdomen 0.8 mm long, 0.7 mm wide. Cephalothorax and appendages paleyellow; abdomen gray. Eyes small, subequal in size on two compact triads: anterior lateral eyes separatedby about two-thirds diameter; posterior median eyesseparated by diameter. First leg: femur 0.9, patella0.2, tibia 0.9, metatarsus 0.9, tarsus 0.45, total length 3.35 mm; first leg 4.8 times, first femur 1.3 times as long as carapace. Stridulatory apparatus not detected. Epigynum (Fig. 309). Male holotype.—Length 1.4 mm. Carapace 0.65 mm long, 0.65 mm wide. Abdomen 0.6 mm long, 0.5 mm wide. Chelicerae (Fig. 295) with slender,forwardly projecting horns about middle of face. First leg: femur 1.0, patella 0.2, tibia 1.2, metatarsus 1.05, tarsus 0.5, total length 3.95 mm; first leg 6 times, first femur 1.2 times as long as carapace. Male palpus (Figs. 293-294). Type data.—Male holotype, female allotype and 2 male paratypes from Viches pasture, Soledad, Cuba, 3 July 1932 (Bates and Fairchild), in MCZ. Distribution.—Known only from above material. Discussion.—Miss Bryant assigned her pulchra to the new genus Ninetella of the subfamily Ninetidinae in the belief that two tiny eyes were present as stated in her quotation (1940, p. 298) that “a pair of easilyoverlooked minute eyes close to posterior row of eyes; these minute eyes may be the a.m.e. moved back.” Such eyes are not visible in her available material, so it is clear that the presumed presence was occasioned by mediocre ocular equipment avail­able to her. The anterior median eyes were ancientlylost objects in Anopsicus and would in any case not reappear in such an extraneous position. Anopsicus arima, new species Fig. 310 Diagnosis.—Small yellow epigean species with fairly long legs (first femur 1.8 times as long as cara­pace) and distinctive epigynum (Fig. 310). Male unknown. Etymology.-—Specific name from type locality,Arima \alley, used in apposition.Female.—Length 1.5 mm. Carapace 0.8 mm long, 0.6 mm wide. Abdomen 0.9 mm long, 0.7 mm wide. Cephalothorax and appendages bright yellow; eyetubercles black; abdomen whitish. Eyes large, on close set triads: anterior lateral eyes separated bydiameter; posterior median eyes separated by narrow diameter. First leg: femur 1.45, patella 0.2, tibia 1.4, metatarsus 1.65, tarsus 0.65, total length 5.35 mm;first leg 6.6 times, first femur 1.8 times as long as carapace. Stridulatory apparatus not detected. Epi­gynum (Fig. 310). Type data.—Female holotype and 2 females from Arima Valley, Trinidad, 800-1200 ft., 10-22 February­-1964 (P. Wygodzinsky, J. Rozen), in AMNH. Distribution.—Trinidad. Record.-TRINIDAD; Simla, 20April 1964(A. M. Chickering), 2 females, 2 immature, in MCZ. LITERATURE CITED Banks, N. 1895. The Arachnida of Colorado. Ann. New York Acad. Sci., 8:417-434. Banks, N. 1896. New North American spiders and mites. Trans. American Entomol. Soc., 23:57-77. Banks, N. 1910. Catalogue of Nearctic spiders. Bull. United States Natl. Mus., 72:1-80. Bishop, S. C. 1925. Singing spiders. New York State Mus. Bull., 260:65-69. Bonnet, P. 1955. Bibliographia Araneorum, tome 11:1-918. Bonnet. P. 1958. Bibliographia Araneorum. tome 11:3027­ 4230. Brignoli, P. M. 1972. Some cavernicolous spiders from Mexico (Araneae). Quad. Accad. Naz. Lincei. Probl. Att. Sci. Cult., 171(1);129-155. Brignoli, P. M. 1973 [1974], Notes on spiders, mainly cave dwelling of southern Mexico and Guatemala (Araneae).Quad. Accad. Naz. Lincei, Probl. Att. Sci. Cult., 171(2):195-238. Bryant, E. B. 1940. Cuban spiders in the Museum of Com­parative Zoology. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 86:86-269. Chamberlin, R. V., and W. Ivie. 1935. Miscellaneous new American spiders. Bull. Univ. Utah, 26:1-79. Chamberlin. R. V., and W. Ivie. 1938. Araneida from Yuca­tan. Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ., 491:123-136. Comstock, J. H. 1913. The spider book. New York, rev. ed. by W. J. Gertsch, 1940. 729 pp. Gertsch, W. J. 1935. Spiders from the southwestern U.S. with descriptions of new species. American Mus. Novi­tates, 792:1-31. Gertsch, W. J. 1939. A new genus in the Pholcidae. American Mus. Novitates, 1033:1-4. Gertsch. W. J. 1971. A report on some Mexican cave spiders.Assoc. Mexican Cave Stud.Bull.. 4:47-111. Gertsch, W. J. 1973. A report on cave spiders from Mexico and Central America. Assoc. Mexican Cave Stud. Bull.,5:141-163. Gertsch, W. J. 1977. Report on cavernicole and epigeanspiders from the Yucatan Peninsula. Assoc. Mexican Cave Stud. Bull., 6:193-231. Gertsch, W. J., and S. Mulaik. 1940. The spiders of Texas I. Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., 77:307-340. Mello-Leitao,C.1946.NotassobreosFilistatidae ePholcidae. Anais Acad. Brasileira Cienc., 18:39-83. Petrunkevitch, A. 1911. A synonymic index catalogue of spiders of North, Central, and South America. Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., 29:1-791. Pickard-Cambridge, F. 0. 1902. Arachnida, Araneida, 2:313­424, in Biologia Centrali-Americana, Zoology.Pickard-Cambridge, 0. 1896. Arachnida, Araneida, 1:161­224, in Biologia Centrali-Americana, Zoology.Reddell, J. 1971. A preliminary bibliography of Mexican cave biology. Assoc. Mexican Cave Stud. Bull., 5:1-184. Roewer, C. F. 1942. Katalog der Araneae, 1:1-1040. Vogel, B. R. 1967. A list of New North American spiders1940-1966. Mem. American Entomol. Soc., 23:1-186. Assoc.MexicanCave Stud,Bull.,8:145-160/TexasMem.Mus.Bull.,28:145-160. MILLIPEDS (DIPLOPODA) FROM CAVES IN MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA. IV. NEW SPECIES AND RECORDS OF GLOMERIDAE, CLEIDOGONIDAE, TRICHOPETALIDAE, FUHRMANNODESMIDAE AND SPHAERIODESMIDAE 1 William A. Shear Department ofBiology Hampden-Sydney College Hampden-Sydney, Virginia 23943 and Department of Entomology American Museum of Natural History New York, New York 10024 ABSTRACT Holotype and paratype specimens have been A fourth report on millipeds collected in Mexican and placed in the collections of the American Museum of Central American caves gives records of previously described Natural History, New York (AMNH). Where available, species in the families Glomeridae, Cleidogonidae, Tricho-additional paratypes, as well as all identified speci­petalidae, Fuhrmannodesmidae and the subfamily Bonetes­ mens, have been returned to the collectors’ organiza­ minae of the Sphaeriodesmidae. Described as new are Glo­meroides patei, G. grubbsi (Glomeridae); Cleidogona eulalia, tions. C. treacyae, C. yerbabuena, C. chiapas, C. jamesoni (Cleido-The classification followed in this report differs gonidae); Mexiterpes calenturas, M. nogal (Trichopetalidae); from that in the preceding three parts; here I follow Tylogoneus oyamel, Caramba enbecausius, Salvadoria beliza, the new classification set up by Hoffman (1979). S. mexicana (Fuhrmannodesmidae); and Bonetesmus soi Much of the material reported below had already leauae (Bonetesminae, Sphaeriodesmidae). A new genus, Sumidero, is described in the Fuhrmannodesmidae with two been partly studied by the late Dr. Nell Bevel Causey; new species, S. sumidero and S. sprousei; Speodesmuspecki after it had been returned to the collectors, it was Shear is transferred to the new genus as well. Caramba del-passed on to me for further work. Dr. Rowland negro Shear is transferred to Tylogoneus. Shelley has curated the Causey collection (now part ThisfourthreportinmyseriesonMexicanand oftheFloridaStateCollectionofArthropods,Gaines-Central American cave millipeds describes new spe-ville, Florida), and made it available to othertaxono­cies, and gives new records for known species, of the mists. families listed in the title. The collections upon which The number of families newly recorded for caves the work is based were made by members of the in Mexico (represented by troglobitic species) seems Association for Mexican Cave Studies, by members to be tapering off; no new ones are recorded here. of the expeditions to Mexico of the Accademia Nazi-However, undescribed genera continue to turn uponale dei Lincei and the Universita di Roma, and by with affinities both to the north and south, often not Dr. Stewart B. Peck and his associates. Future papers closely related to surface-dwelling forms found in the in this series based on the specimens now on hand parts of Mexico near the caves they inhabit. In manywill cover the families Pyrgodesmidae (=Stylodes-genera and families, the number of newly discovered midae), Rhachodesmidae, Xystodesmidae, Cam-species in each collection has remained high. This balidae, Spirostreptidae, Typhlobolellidae, and others. suggests that there is some way to go before we Surface collections are being included only if they arrive at a reasonably complete understanding of the shed light on the relationships or the biogeography of Mexican cave fauna. However, I have found nothingtroglobitic and troglophilic forms. to alter substantially the content of my earlier bio­ geographic essay on the subject (Shear, 1974). *Part I: Acc. Naz. Lincei, Prob. Att. Sci. Cult., 171(2): I hope that at some future time I will be able to 239-305, 1974. Part II: Assoc. Mexican Cave Stud. Bull.,5:43-45, 1973. Part III: Acc. Naz. Lincei, Prob. Att. Sci. synthesize the accumulated data on Mexican and Cult, 171(3):235-266, 1977. Central American cave millipeds and arrive at some Figs. 1-9.—Anatomy of Glomeroides spp.: Figs. 1-5.—G. patei, n. sp.: 1, head of male, anterior view; 2, second segment ofmale, lateral view; 3, leg 17 of male, anterior view; 4, leg 18 of male, anterior view; 5, telopod, anterior view. Figs. 6-9—G.grubbsi,n.sp.: 6,leg18ofmale,anteriorview;7,leg17ofmale,anteriorview;8,telopod,anteriorview;9,terminalsegments of telopod, posterior view. coherent conclusions concerning their distributional and evolutionary history, but for the present, the geological and paleoclimatological framework is too sketchy, and, like myself, the other taxonomists working on material from Mexican caves must prac­tice essentially alpha taxonomy. SUBCLASS PENTAZONIA SUPERORDER ONISCOMORPHA ORDER GLOMERIDA Family GlomeridaeLeach Glomeroides Chamberlin This genus is well represented in Mexico by both cave and epigean species. The epigean species are highly variable in size and color pattern; nearly all of them are undescribed. The distribution of the genusextends from Mexico to Panama; one isolated species occurs in the San Francisco Bay area. The glomerids as a whole seem to be a Laurasian group; aside from the occurrence of Eupeyerimhoffia and Trachy­sphaera in North Africa, the order is unknown in Africa, South America and Australia. The sister-groupof the Glomerida, the Order Sphaerotheriida, is found in South Africa, India, southeast Asia and Australia. Troglobitic species of Glorneroides have been described by Causey (1964, 1973) and Shear (1974).Aside from some variation in size, they are quite simi­lar to one another, an observation which leads me to think that the troglobites might be descended from one ancestral stock, since their troglobitic adaptations are not pronounced enough to suggest such strong convergence. Glomeroides caecus Causey Glomeroides caecus Causey, 1964, Proc. Louisiana Acad. Sci., 27:65, figs. 1-5. New record.—San Luis Potosi: Cueva de los Ladrones, 500 m SW La Silleta, 29 March 1980 (P. Sprouse), male, female (Association for Mexican Cave Studies, AMCS). Glomeroidespatei, new species Figs. 1-5 Diagnosis.—Larger than G. promiscus Causey, and differing from G. caecus Causey and G. grubbsi Shear (below) in having ocelli. Glorneroides pellucidusShear has 5 telopodite segments in leg 18of the male;the present species has 4. Types. —Male holotype and female paratypes(AMNH) from Sotano de las Calenturas, Yerbabuena, Tamaulipas, Mexico, collected 19September 1979 by D. Pate and colleagues.Etymology. —The species epithet honors Mr. Dale Pate. Description of male holotype.—Length, 6.3 mm,width, 2.9 mm. Head as usual in the genus, 0.84 mm long, 1.5 mm wide. Proportions of antennae as illus­trated in Fig. 1. Antennal segment 3, 0.32 mm long.Five ocelli in two groups, dorsal group of 2, ventral group of 3; unpigmented. Collum (Fig. 1) without obvious striae, anteriolateral angle acute. Second seg­ment (Fig. 2) as usual, striae weak. Leg 17 (Fig. 3)with 3 telopodite segments; leg 18 (Fig. 4) with 4. Telopods (Fig. 5) much as usual in the genus, but last segment somewhat longer, more compressed than usual, processes of penultimate and antepenultimate segments more distinct. Last tergite not emarginate.Cuticle soft, body lacking pigment, but preservedspecimens turn brown. Description of female paratype.—Length, 7.8 mm,width, 3.6 mm. Head 1.05 mm long, 1.40 mm wide. Antennal segment 3, 0.42 mm long. Nonsexual characters in agreement with those of male. Records.—Tamaulipas: Cueva del Brinco, April1978 (A. Grubbs, D. Pate, P. Sprouse, T. Treacy, S. Balsdon, R. Hemperly, P. Strickland), juveniles;Sistema Purificacion, World Beyond, 26 November 1979 (P. Sprouse), males, females; same date and locality (J. Lieberz), males, females; Sistema Purifi­ cacion, upstream World Beyond, 26 November 1979 (T. Treacy, P. Sprouse, J. Lieberz), males, females;Cueva de los Cuarteles, 10 km SW Aldama, 1 January19 1 6 (J. Reddell, A. Grubbs), male, females (allAMCS). Glomeroidesgrubbsi, new species Figs. 6-9 Diagnosis.— Glorneroides caecus is also eyeless, but G. grubbsi has quite different body proportions; caecus male L/W is 2.5, while grubbsi male L/W = 1.86. Types.—Male holotype (AMNH) and male and female paratypes (AMNH) from Cueva de Tasalolpan,5 km SW Cuetzalan, Puebla, Mexico, collected 22 December 1976 by J. Reddell, A. Grubbs, C. Soileau and D. McKenzie. Etymology.—The species epithet honors Mr. Andrew Grubbs. Description of male holotype.—Length, 6.15 mm,width, 3.3 mm. Head 0.9 mm long, 1.65 mm wide. Antennal segment 3, 0.35 mm long. Ocelli entirelyabsent, but on a few specimens oblique lighting sug­gests the remnants of 2-3 cuticular lenses. Nonsexual Figs. 10-21.—Anatomy of Cleidogona spp.: Figs. 10-14.—C. eulalia, n. sp.: 10. anterior gonopods. anterior view; 11, anterior gonopods. posterior view; 12. left posterior gonopod. anterior view; 13. left coxa 7 of male, posterior view; 14. cyphopods, posterior view. Figs. 15-17.—C. treacyae, n. sp.: 15. left anterior gonopod. lateral view; 16. left posterior gonopod. anterior view; 17,processofsternum 12.viewedfromanimal'sleftside.Figs. 18-20.—C.yerbabuena,n.sp.: 18.rightanteriorgonopod,lateral view; 19, left posterior gonopod, anterior view; 20. process of sternum 12. viewed from animal's right side. Fig. 21. Anterior gonopods of C. chiapasn. sp.. anterior view. , characters typical for the genus. Leg 17 (Fig. 7), with two telopodite segments, leg 18 (Fig. 6) with 4. Telopods (Figs. 8-9) with process of antepenultimate segment broadly flattened towards tip, process of penultimate segment with small cuticular nodules. Cuticle soft, unpigmented. Descriptionof femaleparatype.—Length.6.15 mm,width 3.75 mm. Head 1.05 mm long, 1.57 mm wide. Antennal segment 3, 0.34 mm long. Nonsexual characters as in male. Records.—Puebla: Sumidero de Cohuatichan, 2 km S Cuetzalan, 17 December 1976 (J. Reddell, D. McKenzie), males, females; Sumidero de Atepolihuitde San Andres, 2 January 1980 (A. Grubbs, J. Lie­berz. B. Richards), males, females (all AMCS). SUBCLASS HELMINTHOMORPHA SUPERORDER COELOCHAETA ORDER CHORDEUMATIDA Family Cleidogonidae Cook Cleidogona Cook For further data on this genus in Mexico, see Shear,19*2, 1974, 1977. The Mexican fauna is extraordi­narily rich in both epigean and troglobitic species. Cleidogona totonaca Shear Cleidogona totonaca Shear, 1972, Bull. Mus. Comp.Zool., 144:218, Figs. 257-259. New record.— Tamaulipas: Sotano de las Calen­turas, Yerbabuena, 19 November 1979 (D. Pate et ak),males, females (AMCS). Notes.—This species is at best troglophilic and has pigmentation typical of epigean Cleidogona, It was described from Sotano del Gobernador, nearPinal de Amoles, Queretaro. Cleidogona crucis (Chamberlin) Cavota crucis Chamberlin, 1942, Bulk Univ. Utah, 7(2):8, Figs. 3-7. Cleidogona crucis, Shear, 1972, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 144:209, Figs. 193-196; 1974, Acc. Naz. Lincei, Prob. Att Sci. Cult., 171(2):254. New record.—Veracruz: CuevadeCorral dePiedra,3 km S Corral de Piedra, 5 January 1977(J. Reddell),males, females (AMCS). Notes.—This species was previously known from Cueva de Atoyac and Cueva del Ojo de Agua Grande, near Cordoba, Veracruz. It is a troglobite. Cleidogona pecki Shear Cleidogona pecki Shear, 1972, Bull. Mus. Comp.Zool., 144:213, figs. 221-225. New record.—Tamaulipas: Cave C-5, 13 km NW Gomez Farias, May 1974 (W. Russell, A. Grubbs),males (AMCS). Notes.—This large troglobitic species was described from Cueva de la Mina, 6 km NW Gomez Farias,Tamaulipas. Cleidogona baroqua Shear Cleidogona baroqua Shear, 1972, Bull. Mus. Comp.Zool., 144:209, figs. 197-200. New record.—Oaxaca: Sotano Li Nita, Huautla de Jimenez, April-May 1980 (S. Zeman), female (AMCS). Notes.—This new record is near the type-locality,Sotano de San Agustin, Oaxaca. Cleidogona baroquais a large troglobite. Cleidogona eulalia, new species Figs. 10-14 Diagnosis.— Evidently related to C. ceibana Cham­berlin (and only the second member of that speciesgroup), but distinct in the form of the anterior gono­pods and in the long coxal process of the posteriorgonopods. This new species is from Guatemala, while ceibana is known only from Honduras. Types.—Male holotype and many male and female paratypes from Cueva de los Resadores, south of Eulalia, Huehuetenango, Guatemala, collected 17 September 1975, by V. Sbordoni, A. Zullini, R. Argano and V. Vomero. A number of paratypes have been returned to the Zoological Institute of the Uni­versity of Rome (ZIUR). Description of male holotype.—Length, 15 mm,width, 1.44 mm. Ocelli, 24-25, pigmented, regularlyarranged in triangular eyepatch. Segments with prom­inent shoulders to segment 25, segments thereafter cylindrical; segmental setae acute, short. Anterior gonopods: as in Figs. 10 and 11; strongly fused in midline nearly to apex, telopodites long, narrow, not movable. Posterior gonopod (Fig. 12); coxa elongate,apically somewhat swollen, with basal apophysisnearly as long as segment; prefemur nearly cylindri­cal. Coxae of legpair 7 modified as shown in Fig. 13. Coxae of legpairs 10 and 11 typical for genus. Ster­num 12 little modified. Pigmentation typical, paletan with light purplish brown mottling, darker anteriorly. Figs. 22.29.—Anatomy of Cleidogona spp.; Figs. 22-25.C. chiapas, n. sp.: 22, anterior gonopods, posterior view; 23, rightanterior gonopod, lateral view; 24, right posterior gonopod, anterior view; 25, cyphopods, ventral view. Figs. 26-29.—C. jame­soni, n. sp.: 26, anterior gonopods, anterior view; 27, anterior gonopods, anterior view; 28, right posterior gonopod, anterior view; 29, right cyphopods, posterior view. Description offemaleparatype.—Length, 17.5mm,width, 1.65 mm. Ocelli, 24, regularly arranged, pig­mented. Nonsexual characters as in male. Cyphopods(Fig. 14) with postgenital plate broadly divided, long transparent lamellae, apically broadened, extend ven­trally on each side. Records.—Known only from the type-locality. Notes.—Although many specimens, especially young ones, have reduced pigmentation, this speciesis at most troglophilic. It occurs in the Cueva de los Resadores in great numbers. Cleidogona treacyae, new species Figs. 15-17 Diagnosis.—This new species seems closest to C. bacillipus (Chamberlin and Mulaik) of Texas and northern Mexico, but treacyae has posterior gonopodprefemora that are markedly longer, and the anterior gonopod telopodites are much larger and of a differ­ent form. In addition, treacyae has a lateral process on the anterior gonopod colpocoxite that is not present in bacillipus. Both species are in the largeMaculataspecies group. Type.—Male holotype (AMNH) from Cueva de los Viet Cong, Xilitla Plateau, San Luis Potosi, Mexico,collected 1April 1980by T. Treacy. Etymology.—The species epithet honors Ms. Terri • Treacy. Description of male holotype.—Length, 22 mm,width, 2.72 mm. Ocelli 25, well pigmented, arranged in triangular eyepatch. All segments nearly cylindri­cal, but low shoulders on segments 3-7; segmental setae small, acute. Anterior gonopods (Fig. 15) in lateral view only slightly curved, colpocoxite with densely setose tip, lamellate lateral process; telopo­dites large, complex, movable. Posterior gonopod(Fig. 16) with coxal apophysis about 2/3 length of coxa.Coxae10and 11asusualforgenus;sternum12 as in Fig. 17. Female.—Unknown. Records.—Known only from the type-locality. Cleidogona yerbabuena, new species Figs. 18-20 Diagnosis.—This species resembles C. mayapecShear, described from Rio Blanco, Queretaro, but is nearly half again as large, and the posterior gonopods are of a different form. Types.—Male holotype (AMNH) from Sotano de las Calenturas, Yerbabuena, Tamaulipas, Mexico,collected 19 November 1979 by D. Pate et al. Etymology.—The species epithet is a noun in appo­sition, the name of the type-locality. Description of male holotype.—Length, 16 mm, width, 1.83 mm. Ocelli, 27, well formed and pig­mented, regularly arranged in triangular eyepatch.Segments generally cylindrical, but with small, rounded, smooth shoulders. Segmental setae small, acute. Anterior gonopods (Fig. 18) with colpo­coxites apically cleft, no lateral processes; telopoditessmoothly arched, nearly as large as colpocoxites.Posterior gonopods (Fig. 19): coxae with small, obtuse basal process separated from distal part of seg­ment by distinct notch, distomesal corner of coxa drawn out, prefemora rather clavate. Coxae 10 and 11 as usual. Process of sternum 12 shown in Fig. 20. Coloration typical of epigean species. Female.—Not collected. Records.—Tamaulipas: Pozo de Lagartijo, 0.5 mi. SW fire tower, Rancho Nuevo, 1 November 1979 (P. Sprouse), male; Cueva del Esquelito, Conrado Castillo, October 1979 (P. Sprouse), males; Cueva de las Bandanas, Purificacion Area, 17 April 1980 (D.Pate), males; Cueva del Tecolote, Los San Pedro,26 April 1980 (D. Honea et ah), males. (All AMCS). Cleidogona chiapas, new species Figs. 21-25 Diagnosis.—The highly reduced and simplifiedgonopods of this species are unique and only slightlyresemble those of members of the Protodybasia group of species (Shear, 1972). But, like those spe­cies, ithas small, cupped coxites, reduced telopodites,is small in body size and occurs in the southern partof the range of the genus (the group is found from Veracruz to El Salvador). Types.—Male holotype, female paratype (AMNH)and other male and female paratypes (ZIUR) from Cueva II de la Canada, La Quinta, San Cristobal, Chiapas, Mexico, collected 10 November 1975 by V. Sbordoni. Etymology.—The species epithet is a geographicindicator and a noun in apposition. Description of male holotype.—Length, 10.5 mm,width, 0.78 mm. Ocelli, 21-22, arranged in a rather irregular triangular patch, outer ocelli not well pigmented. Segments with prominent tubercle-like shoulders, segmental setae long (about 0.36 mm),curved. Anterior gonopods (Figs. 21-23) small, re­duced in complexity, with simple, cupped colpo­coxites lacking accessory processes; telopodites verysmall, rudimentary. Posterior gonopod (Fig. 24)likewise small, coxa and prefemur both cylindrical, coxa with blunt basal process. Coxae 10 and 11 and sternum 12 as usual. Coloration typical of epigeanspecies. Figs. 30-34.—AnatomyofMexiterpesspp.: Figs.30-33.—M.calenturas,n.sp.:30,midbodysegmentofmale,posteriodorsalview; 31, anterior gonopods, posterior view; 32, anterior gonopods, anterior view, setation omitted from left side; 33, left posterior gonopod, anterior view. Fig. 34.—Anterior gonopods of M. nogal, n. sp., posterior view. Descriptionoffemaleparatype.—Length, 11.2mm, width. 0.84 mm. Ocelli, 20 in well-formed patch. Nonsexual characters as in male. Cyphopods as in Fig. 25. Records.—Known only from the type-locality. Cleidogona jamesoni, new species Figs. 26-29 Diagnosis.—This species resembles the foregoing and C. atoyaca Chamberlin, but has long, thin anterior gonopod telopodites that distinguish it from both. Types.—Male holotype (AMNH) and male and female paratypes (AMCS) from Cueva del Volcancillo,5 km SE Las Vigas, Veracruz, Mexico, collected 8 January 1974 by J. Reddell, R. Jameson. Etymology.—The species epithet honors Mr. Roy Jameson. Description of male holotype.—Length, about 10 mm, width. 1.58 mm. Ocelli, 17 in triangularpatch, well pigmented. Segmental shoulders poorlydeveloped on segments 1-7, following segmentscylindrical. Segmental setae moderately long, straight,acute. Anterior gonopods (Figs. 26-27) with cupped,decurved, short colpocoxites lacking accessory pro­cesses; telopodites long, acute, curved, basally fused,evidently movable. Posterior gonopod (Fig. 28) with coxa sharply bent dorsally and bearing blunt basal process; prefemur nearly cylindrical. Coxae 10 and 11 and sternum 12 as usual. Ground color ivory-white, mottled with light tan on anterior few seg­ments and head. \ oung specimens somewhat darker. Description of female paratype. —Length, 12-13 mm, width 1.2 mm. Ocelli, 21 in triangular patch.Nonsexual characters as in male. Cyphopods as in Fig. 29. Records.—Known only from type-locality. Family Trichopetalidae Verhoeff Mexiterpes Causey All the known species of this genus are evidentlytroglobites, though there is some variation in their degree of adaptation to the cave habitat, some spe­ cies having pigment and ocelli. Mexiterpes fishi (Causey) Poterpes fishi Causey, 1969, Proc. Louisiana Acad. Sci., 32:47, figs. 6, 11-16. New record.—Queretaro: Cueva de Campamiento(=Sumidero del Llano Conejo), 2 km E ofCerro de la Luz. 15May1977(RoyJameson),male(AMCS). Notes.—This locality is not far from the type-locality, Cueva de la Luz, 20 mi. W of Aquismon,San Luis Potosi. Mexiterpes metallicus Shear Mexiterpes metallicus Shear, 1972, Bull. Mus. Comp.Zool., 144:281, figs. 532-538; 1974, Acc. Naz. Lincei, Prob. Att. Sci. Cult., 171(2):256. Newrecord.—Queretaro: Cueva del Rincon, Lagu­nita, El Doctor Platform, 21 November 1977 (RoyJameson), males(AMCS). Mexiterpes calenturas, new species Figs. 30-33 Diagnosis.—The broad, setose colpocoxites ofthe anterior gonopods of this species are unlike anyothers. Types.—Male holotype and female paratype (AMNH) from Sotano de las Calenturas, Entrada del Blazer Section, Yerbabuena, Tamaulipas, Mexico,collected 22 November 1979 by J. Reddell and P. Sprouse. Etymology.—The species epithet is a noun in appo­sitionreferring to the type-locality. Description of male holotype.—Length, 8 mm,width, 0.9 mm. Ocelli absent. Segments (Fig. 30)typical, with shoulders strongly produced around bases of segmental setae, dorsum nearly flat; seg­mental setae 0.77 mm long, curved, acute, usuallywith secretion at the base. Pregonopodal legs more crassate than others, but without conspicuous modi­fications. Anterior gonopods (Figs. 31-32) with coxites basally fused, large, broad, densely setose along inner margin; telopodites and telopodite pro­cesses as shown. Posterior gonopods (Fig. 33) two-segmented, second segment with small terminal nipple representing vestigial third segment; claw absent. Pigment entirely lacking, cuticle somewhat leathery. Description of female paratype.—Length, 10 mm,width, 1.05 mm. Ocelli absent. Segmental setae 0.62 mm long. Nonsexual characters as in male. Records.—Tamaulipas: Sistema Purification, Con­rado Castillo, Sumidero de Oyamel Section, World Beyond,ValhallaSection,November 1979(numerouscollectors), males, females, juveniles (AMCS); Cueva del Brinco, 14 March 1979 (T. Treacy, L. Turpin), female, juveniles (AMCS). Mexiterpes nogal, new species Figs. 34-38 Diagnosis.—Similar to M. metallicus, but differingin having much broader anterior gonopod colpo­coxites, and large, lobed telopodites rather than the narrow, dorsally curved ones of metallicus. Types.—Male holotype and male and female para­types (AMNH) from Sotano de Nogal, Queretaro, Figs. 35-41.—Anatomy of Mexiterpes nogal and Sumidero sumidero, n. spp.: Figs. 35-38.—M. nogal, n. sp.; 35, anterior gonopods, anterior view, setation omitted from left side; 36, left posterior gonopod, anterior view; 37, left leg 3 of male, ante­rior view; 38, left leg 15 of male, anterior view. Figs. 39-41.—S. sumidero, n. sp.: 39, midbody segment, posterior view; 40, rightside ofmidbodysegment,viewslightlyposterior ofventral;41,right sideofmidbodysegment, dorsalview. Mexico, collected 18-19 March 1976 by A. Grubbs, R. Jameson and A. Cochrane. Etymology.—The species epithet is a noun in apposition referring to the type-locality. Description of male holotype.—Specimen frag­mented, but length estimated at 12-13 mm, width, 1.57 mm. Ocelli 8, irregular in shape, poorly pig­mented. Segments of typical form, segmental seta 0.75 mm long. Prefemur of leg 3 (Fig. 37) greatly enlarged, those of legs 4 and 5 only slightly so. Ante­rior gonopods (Figs. 34-35) large, complex; colpo­coxites basally fused as usual, densely setose over entire surface, with broad subapical flange, bent over and acute at tips. Telopodites lobe-like, irregu­lar; process from coxa on each side extends nearly to midline and bears single apical seta. Median telopo­dite process hooked. Posterior gonopods (Fig. 36)with three segments, but division between coxa and prefemur is indistinct in most specimens. Description of female paratype.—Specimen frag­mented, length estimated at 14mm, width, 1.34 mm. Ocelli as in male. Segmental seta 0.72 mm long.Nonsexual characters as in male. Cyphopods essen­tially as inM. metallicus. Records.—Known only from the type-locality. SUBORDER MEROCHAETA ORDER POLYDESMIDA Superfamily Trichopolydesmoidea Verhoeff Family Fuhrmannodesmidae Brolemann According to Hoffman’s magisterial Classification of the Diplopoda (1979), the Mexican forms so far described as trichopolydesmids belong here. The checkered history of family assignments in the small polydesmids is recounted in that book, and will not be delved into here. However, it now seems clear to me that the species I described (Shear, 1974) as Speodesmus pecki is not a member of that genus and not a member of the Polydesmidae, since it lacks the fimbriate pad near the seminal canal opening charac­teristically found in that family. With the discoveryof a related new species, described below, I transfer pecki to the new genusSumidero, in the Fuhrmanno­ desmidae. Sumidero, new genus Diagnosis.—A genus of fuhrmannodesmids with simple gonopods consisting of essentially a singlepiece with three terminal branches, the middle one being the solenomerite. Like Tylogoneus species, thoseofSumiderohave 19segments,butTylogoneusgonopods are strongly 3-branched from the base. Caramha consists of 18-segmented species with groups of setae on all gonopod branches; there are only two apical divisions, the solenomerite beinglateral and having a flange-like branch. Type-species.—Sumidero sumidero Shear. Range.— Caves in Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosi, and Puebla, Mexico. Sumidero sumidero, new species Figs. 39-43 Diagnosis.— Differs from S. pecki (Shear) in having the solenomerite blade-like rather than tubular, beinglarger, and in having much more pronounced segmen­tal paranota, as well as “accessory paranoia” present on the sides of each segment. Types.—Male holotype and female paratypes(AMNH) from Sumidero de Cohuatichan, 2 km S of Cuetzalan, Puebla, Mexico, collected 17 December 1976 by J. Reddell and D. McKenzie. Etymology.—The species epithet is a noun in appo­sition, the Spanish word for sink, drain or sewer,taken here to refer to a geological sink, as at the type-locality. The generic name should be considered mas­culine. Description of male holotype.—Length, about 9-10 mm (specimen in fragments), width, 1.15 mm. Head densely setose, wider than collum. Collum oval in outline, segment 2 nearly as wide as head, segmentsthen gradually wider to segment 5; sides of bodynearly parallel after segment 5. Midbody segmentsin posterior view (Fig. 39) with scarcely arched dorsum, small paranota inclined slightly upward;pleurites almost vertical, distinct row of teeth at base (fig. 40) of each pleurite forms “accessory parano­tum,’ giving body segments almost rectangular out­line. Metazonites with short setae irregularly arrangedin perhaps 6 transverse rows, 12-16 setae in each row. Paranota with 4 marginal teeth (Fig. 41); the anterior-most does not bear a seta. Paranotal angles acute,drawn out; pore-swellings torical, large. Gonopodsin situ (Fig. 42) curving rnesad, acropodites touchingin midline, then curving laterad; coxae very tightly set in oval aperture. Gonopod (Fig. 43) with three apicalbranches, the ventralmost small, tooth-like, the middle branch the blade-shaped solenomerite, the dorsalmost curved, acute. Seminal canal passes over anterior surface. Pregonopodal legs somewhat more crassate than midbody legs. Entirely white, but cuticle hard, brittle. Description of female paratype.—Length, 8.5 mm,width, 1.15 mm. Nonsexual characters as in male. Records.—Known only from the type-locality. Figs. 42-47.—Anatomy of Sumidero spp., Tylogoneus oyameln. sp., and Caramba enbecausius, n. sp.; Figs. 42-43.-S. , sumidero, n. sp.: 42, gonopods in situ, posterioventral view; 43, right gonopod, mesal view. Figs. 44-45.-S. sprousei, n. sp.:44, midbody segment, posterior view; 45, gonopod tips, view slightly lateral of posterior. Fig. 46.-Right gonopod of T. oyamel, n. sp., mesal view, but telopodite twisted somewhat laterally in preparation of slide. Fig. 47.—Anterior part of body of Caramba enbecausius, n. sp., dorsal view. Setation omitted from antenna. Sumidero pecki (Shear) NEW COMBINATION Sumidero pecki Shear. 1974. Acc. Naz. Lincei, Prob. Att. Sci. Cult., 171(2):273. figs. 55-58. This species was described from a male found in Cueva del Pachon, near Ciudad Mante in Tamaulipas.It seems to have a more highlv developed suite of troglobitic adaptations than S. sumidero, includingmuch reduced paranota and entirely absent ‘'acces­sor)’ paranota. The similarity of the gonopodsunites the two species. Sumidero sprousei, new species Figs. 44-45 Diagnosis.—A smallspeciesofSumideroresemblingpecki in some of its somatic characters, but with gonopods much closer to the type found in S. sumi­ dero. Types.—Male holotype and male and female para­types (AMNH) from Sotano de La Silleta. La Silleta. San Luis Potosi, Mexico, collected 30 March 1980. by Peter Sprouse. Etymology.—The species epithet honors Mr. Peter Sprouse. Description of male holotype.—Length. 5.7 mm. width, 0.51 mm. Head setose, wider than collum collum basically oval, but with definite paranotal corners posteriorly. Body moniliform. especially in anterior half, posterior segments more compressed.Midbody segment (Fig. 44) with dorsum stronglyarched, paranota muchreduced, pore-swellings torical. Reduced paranota with 3 marginal teeth anterior to pore; segments with 5 rows of short setae, about 12 in each row. Gonopods very much like those of 5. sumidero, but solenomerite proportionally shorter, narrower, ventralmost branch more triangular (Fig.45); distalmost major seta without small setae distal to it Pregonopodal legs and some other anterior legs markedly more crassate than in female. Unpig­mented, cuticle thin, brittle. Description of female paratype.—Length. 6.9 mm. width. 0.55 mm. Nonsexual characters as in male. Records.—Known only from the type-locality. Tylogoneus Causey This genus, with its characteristic 3-branched gonopods, small size and much reduced paranota. has been known previously from two species found in caves in San Luis Potosi and Tamaulipas (Causey,1973). After examining more specimens. I think myspecies Caramba delnegro Shear (Shear. 1977) must be transferred to this genus; the gonopods seem much closer to Tylogoneus rainesi Causey than to the two species of Caramba. However, the two genera are definitely closely related to each other, and more distantlytoSumidero species. Tylogoneus delnegro (Shear) NEW COMBINATION Caramba delnegro Shear, 1977, Acc. Naz. Lincei, Prob. Att. Sci. Cult., 171(3):248. figs. 24-28. This species was described from males and females foundinCuevadelNegro,nearBochil, Chiapas. Tylogoneus oyamel, new species Fig. 46 Diagnosis.—Differs from T. rainesi and T. minus Causey in the acute, rather than blunt, prefemoralbranch; T. delnegro has a small branch near the tip of the solenomerite not present in T. oyamel Types.—Male holotype and female paratypes(AMNH) from Sumidero de Oyamel. Sistema Purifica­cion. Conrado Castillo, Tamaulipas. Mexico, collected 13March 1979byD. PateandL. Wilk. Etymology.—The species epithet, a noun in appo­sition, refers to the type-locality. Description of male holotvpe.—l9 segments.Length, 13.5 mm. width at segment 5, 0.85 mm. Segment structure and setation typical of genus (seeCausey, 1973). Gonopods (Fig. 46) typically 3­branched: in mesal view prefemoral branch bears short setae nearly to tip. is sinuously curved; soleno­merite branch nearly straight, acute; outer accessorybranch near solenomerite base spatulate near its tip.Body lacking pigment cuticle rather soft. Legs not modified. Description of female paratype.—Length, 15 mm,width, 0.88 mm. All nonsexual characters as in male. Records.—Known only from the type-locality. Caramba Shear Caramba is formed from two species, grandezaShear and delburro Shear, from caves in Chiapas(Shear. 1977). Species of this genus have 18 seg­ments. and while the gonopods retain some of the characteristics of Tylogoneus they are simpler, and those of C. grandeza are rather like those of speciesof Sumidero, a genus of larger species "which lack sternal remnants between the gonopods. Caramba enbecausius, new species Figs. 47-49 Diagnosis.—Most similar to C. delburro, but the flange subtending the solenomerite of the gonopodis much larger and more flaring in the present species, Figs. 48-57.—Anatomy of Caramba enbecausius, n. sp., Salvadoria spp., and Bonetesmus soileauae, n. sp.: Figs. 48-49.—C. enbecausius, n. sp.: 48, left gonopod, view slightly mesal of posterior; 49, solenomerite tip of same. Figs. 50-52 —Salvadoria beliza, n. sp.; 50, left paranotum of midbody segment, dorsal view; 51, right gonopod, lateral view; 52, the same, mesal view. Figs. 53-55.—S. mexicana, n. sp.: 53, gonopods in situ, viewed from animal’s left side; 54, gonopod tips viewed from right side;55, gonopod tip, posterior view. Figs. 56-57.-B. soileauae, n. sp.: 56, right gonopod, lateral view; 57, gonopod coxae and stemite,viewslightlylateral ofposterior. and while enbecausius is the larger species, the seg­mental setae of delburro are much longer (comparethe figure in Shear, 1977, with the present Fig. 47).Types.—Male holotype and male and female para­types (AMNH) from Cueva de Las Maravillas, 6 mi. S of Acatlan, Oaxaca, Mexico, collected 29 December 1976 by J. Reddell, A. Grubbs, C. Soileau and D. McKenzie. Etymology.—The species epithet is an arbitrarycombination ofletters. Description of male holotype.— lB segments.Length, 6.7 mm, width at segment 5, 0.72 mm. Body appearing moniliform, paranota reduced to very low torical swellings (Fig. 47), pores on some posterior segments are small, not rimmed. Segmental setae about 0.11 mm long, densely scattered on anterior segments, then forming about 3 transverse rows. Gonopods (Figs. 48-49) closely resemblingthose of C. delburro, but flange arising from soleno­merite base much larger, more flaring; when gono­pods are in place the flat mesal surfaces of these flanges are closely appressed. Legs not modified. Entirely without pigment. Description of female paratype.—Length, 7.0 mm, width 0.77 mm. Nonsexual characters as in male. Records.—Veracruz: Cueva Macinga, Tlilapan, 9 January 1977 (J. Reddell, A. Grubbs, C. Soileau, D. McKenzie), males, females. Puebla: Horizontal Cave,Zoquitlan, January 1978 (P. Strickland, J. Hooper),male (all AMCS). Salvadoria Kraus Kraus (1954) described 5 species in this genus, all from El Salvador. The following two species, one from Mexico and one from Belize, are the first recordsofthisgenusnorthofEl Salvador.Salvadoria mexicana is the first probable troglobite in the genus.Characteristic of this section of the Fuhrmannodes­midae are gonopods with long, thin shafts, which cross in the midline, and expanded tips. Salvadoria beliza, new species Figs. 50-52 Diagnosis.—A typical species of Salvadoria, dif­fering from those described in Kraus (1954) in the two large teeth at the lateroposterior angle of each metazonite (Fig. 50), and in the form of the gono­pods. Type.—Maleholotype(AMNH) fromCavesBranch, Cayo District, Belize, collected July-August, 1976,by L. McNatt. Etymology.—The species epithet is a noun in appo­sition and refers to the species’ country of origin. Description of male holotype.—2o segments.Length, 13 mm, width at segment 6, 1.32 mm. Bodyof typical form (see Kraus, 1954), but midbody para­nota (Fig. 50) with serrate edges, pores openingnearly flat on dorsal surface of large lateral tooth. Of three teeth on posterior margin of segment, lateral-most is much larger, with minutely serrate edge.Gonopods (Figs. 51-52) typical, coxae globose,closely appressed; telopodites crossing so that en­larged apices lie over opposite coxa. Apices expanded,bulky, with proximal shelf subtending lateral, blade-like solenomerite; mesal process very broad, spatulate.Colorpale brown fading to ivory-white. Female.—Unknown. Records.—Known only from the type-locality. Notes.—While not a troglobitic species, S. beliza occurs in a karst area and serves to link the followingspecies with the Salvadorian ones described byKraus (1954). Salvadoria mexicana, new species Figs. 53-55 Diagnosis.—A 19-segmented species of Salvadoria,unusually small and evidently troglobitic. Type.—Male holotype (AMNH) from Sotano de Cancuc, Chiapas, Mexico, collected 12 March 1977 by C. Soileau. Etymology.—The species epithet is an adjectivereferring to the species’ country of origin. Description of male holotype.—l9 segments.Length, about 4 mm (specimen in fragments), width at segment 6, 0.74 mm. Body form as usual, but paranota somewhatsuppressed. Collumoval,narrower than head, with 2 rows of sparse, rather clavate setae;midbody segments with 3 marginal setae, 6-8 setae in 3 transverse rows. Legs unmodified. Gonopods(Figs. 53-55) crossing over as in other species; soleno­merite lateral, basal dorsal branch suppressed, in form of low shelf (Fig. 55), mesal branch broad, twisted at tip. Entirely unpigmented cuticle thin and leathery. Female.—Unknown. Records.—Known only from the type-locality. Superfamily Sphaeriodesmoidea Family Sphaeriodesmidae Peters Subfamily Bonetesminae Hoffman Bonetesmus Chamberlin In 1974, I placed this genus, following tradition, in the Oniscodesmidae. Hoffman (1979) has established that it really belongs in its own subfamily of the Sphaeriodesmidae. The genus now consists of three species (including the new one below) from southern Mexico; all are known only from caves and are prob­able troglobites. Bonetesmus verus Chamberlin Bonetesmus verus Chamberlin, 1942, Bull. Univ. Utah, 7(2): 11, figs. 18-20; Shear, 1974, Acc. Naz. Lincei, Prob. Att. Sci. Cult., 171(2):257, figs. 20-28. Bonetesmus novenus Causey, 1971, Assoc. Mexican Cave Stud. Bull., 4:30. New records.— Veracruz: Cueva de Sala Seca. 4 January 1977 (J. Reddell. A. Grubbs, C. Soileau, D. McKenzie), males, females; Cueva de Corral de Piedra,3 km SE Corral dePiedra, 5January 1977(collectors as preceding), males, females (all AMCS). Bonetesmus soileauae, new species Figs. 55-56 Diagnosis.—The gonopod acropodite (Fig. 56) is acute and curved: in B. verus, it is spatulate and broadened at the tip, and in B. ojo Shear, the acro­podite is shorter, much heavier, and deeply divided apically. Types.—Male holotype and female paratypes(AMNH) from Cueva de Las Maravillas, 6 km S of Acatlan, Oaxaca, Mexico, collected 29 December 1976 by J. Reddell, C. Soileau, A. Grubbs, and D. McKenzie. Etymology.—The species epithet honors Ms. Carmen Soileau. Description of male holotype.—l9 segments.Length, about 12 mm (specimen fragmentary),width, 2.02 mm. Body form and vestiture typical, as described for B. verus and B. ojo (Shear, 1974,1977). Gonopods (Figs. 55, 56) with very large and prominent transverse sternum (Fig. 55) enfoldingbases of coxae, incomplete on dorsal side. Coxae elongate, very sparsely setose, prefemur globular,mesally depressed, densely setose, posterior group of setae particularly large and prominent, sinuouslycurved; acropodite twice as long or longer than pre­femur, acute, evenly curved, sickle-shaped (Fig. 56)seminal canal not detected. Legs not modified. Color opaque bone-white, cuticle heavy. Coloration ob­scured by usual adherent coat of orange silt. Descriptionoffemaleparatype.—Length, 11.7mm, width, 1.7 mm. Nonsexual characters as in male. Records.—Oaxaca: Cueva de la Finca, 10 km S Acatlan, 31 December 1976 (J. Reddell, A. Grubbs, D. McKenzie), males, females (AMCS). LITERATURE CITED Causey, N. B. 1964. Two new troglobitic millipeds of the genus Glomeroides from Mexico (Glomeridae: Glomerida). Proc. Louisiana Acad. Sci., 27:63-66. Causey, N. B. 1969.New trichopetalid (Chordeumidia; Chor­deumida) millipeds from caves in North and Central America. Proc. Louisiana Acad. Sci., 32:43-49. Causey, N. B. 1971. Millipedes in the collection of the Asso­ciation for Mexican Cave Studies (Diplopoda). Assoc. Mexican Cave Stud. Bull., 4:23-32. Causey, N. B. 1973. Millipedes in the collection of the Asso­ciation for Mexican Cave Studies. 11. Keys and additional records and descriptions (Diplopoda). Assoc. Mexican Cave Stud. Bull., 5:107-122. Chamberlin, R. V. 1942. On centipeds and millipeds from Mexican caves. Bull. Univ. Utah. Biol. Ser., 7(2): 1-19. Hoffman, R. L. 1979. Classification of the Diplopoda. Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneve. 237 pp. Kraus, 0. 1954. Myriapoden aus El Salvador. Senck. biol., 35:293-349. Shear, W. A. 1972. Studies in the milliped Order Chordeu­mida (Diplopoda): A revision of the family Cleidogonidae and a reclassification of the order Chordeumida in the New World. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zooh, 144:151-352. Shear, W. A. 1973. Jarmilka alba, n. gen., n. sp. (Diplopoda,Spirostreptida, Cambalidae), a new milliped from a cave in Belize. Assoc. Mexican Cave Stud. Bull., 5:43-45. Shear, W. A. 1974. Millipeds (Diplopoda) from Mexican and Guatemalan caves. Acc. Naz. Lincei, Prob. Att. Sci. Cult.,171(2):240-305. Shear, W. A. 1977. Millipeds (Diplopoda) from caves in Mexico, Belize and Guatemala. 111. Acc. Naz. Lincei,Prob. Att. Sci. Cult., 171(3);235-265. Assoc.Mexican Cave Stud,Bull.,8:161-192/TexasMem. Mus.Bull.,28:161-192. THE CAVERNICOLOUS ANCHOMENINE BEETLES OF MEXICO (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE: AGONINI) Thomas C. Barr, Jr. School of Biological Sciences University of Kentucky Lexington. Kentucky 40506 ABSTRACT Anchomenines are the largest and most conspicuouscarabid beetles in Mexican caves. Most of them are assigned to Mexisphodrus Barr and Rhadine LeConte, two genera near Platynus Bon. Illustrated keys for determination of speciesand subspecies of these two genera are given. Mexisphodrusincludes: veraecrucis Barr (Veracruz), zoquitlan n. sp. (Pueb­la), urquijoi Hendr. & 801. (Oaxaca), cuetzalan n. sp. (Puebla),profundusBarr(Tamaulipas),cancucn.sp. (Chiapas),gertschigertschi Hendr. & 801. (Hidalgo), g. ahuacatlan n. ssp. (San Luis Potosf), g. sprousei n. ssp. (San Luis Potosi). g. campo­santos n. ssp. (Queretaro. Hidalgo), purgatus n. sp. (Tamauli­pas. Nuevo Leon), spiritus n. sp. (San Luis Potosi). boneti boneti (801. & Hendr.), n. comb. (Nuevo Leon), b. nortoni n. ssp. (Nuevo Leon), b. monterreyensis n. ssp. (Nuevo Leon), b. palmitensis n. ssp. (Nuevo Leon), valverdensis n. sp. (Texas, U.S.A.). Rhadine includes; euprepes (Bates) (Chihua­hua, Durango, Oaxaca), hendrichsi n. sp. (San Luis Potosi).reddelli n. sp. (Tamaulipas), perlevis Csy. (Chihuahua). rotgeri 801. & Hendr. (Coahuila. Durango), medellini 801. & Hendr, (San Luis Potosi). araizai (Bol.) (Nuevo Leon, Coa­huila).bolivarin. sp.(Coahuila),leptodes(Bates)(Durango),chipinque n. sp. (Nuevo Leon), elliotti n. sp. (Nuevo Leon); the latter two species are the first troglobitic species of Rhadine known from Mexico. R. boneti 801. & Hendr. is transferred to Mexisphodrus and R. pelaezi 801. & Hendr. to Platynus. Agonum jonesi Barr is a junior synonym of R. larvalis LeConte. Miquihuana rhadiniformis, n. gen. and sp.(Tamaulipas) is a troglobitic representative of the Sphodrus group, subtribe Sphodrina, with styloid right paramere; it is a wholly new element in the Nearctic cave carabid fauna. Carabid beetles encountered in caves of Mexico include trechines (Mexaphaenops. Paratrechus, Mexi­trechus, Chiapadytes), ozaenines (Pachyteles), scari­tines (Antroforceps, Clivina, Ardistomis), bembidi­ines (Tachys, Bembidion), anillines (Mexanillus),lebiines (Xenodromius and other accidentals), harpa­lines (Selenophorus and other accidentals), and numerous anchomenines. The anchomenines are more widely prevalent, in many caves more abundant, and certainly larger and more conspicuous than represen­tatives of any other carabid group, including the trechines. They are thus terrestrial predators of majorecological significance in cave communities of Mexico. The vast majority of Mexican anchomenines, including species described in various genera, were lumped by Whitehead (1973) into Platynus s. lat. The practice of Putzeys and Chaudoir of puttingalmost every subtropical and tropical anchomenine in the New World into Colpodes M'Leay had alreadybeen criticized by Casey (1920), who selected -4ncho­menus as the appropriate repository for most of these species, at the same time naming additional generaand subgenera. Recent studies on anchomenines of Mexico and Central America have been almost en­tirely limited to cavemicolous species and montane relics. W hitehead’s paper (1973) contains a veryuseful key to described species of epigean anchome­nines from the region. Ball and Negre (1972) re­viewed the Nearctic Calathus, including several Mexican species. Almost certainly W hitehead’s concept of Platynusin the wide sense must sooner or later give way to a phylogenetically structured system involving a number of genus-group names, species groups, and so forth. Because such a classificatory scheme does not yet exist, the relationship of many cave-associated species to winged epigean species has not been established. The objective of the present study is less ambitious: what I have tried to do is describe the habitually cavemicolous anchomenines of Mexico and to suggest their relationships to each other. These fall into two major groups, which I treat as genera: 1)Rhadine, with narrow, blunt, prostemal process and non-lobate4thtarsalsegments;and 2)Mexisphodrus,with sharply truncate, triangular prostemal processand asymmetrically lobed 4th tarsal segments. In both groups the parameres of the male genitalia are conchoidal. The pattern of the female stylus is illus­trated in Figs. 45 and 46. Platynus (Hemiplatynus) umbripennis Casey has not been separately considered here; it is a habitual troglophile in caves of northern Guerrero, south­western Morelos, and the southwestern part of the state of Mexico (see Barr, Bolivar, and Hendrichs,1968). Platynus pelaezi (Bolivar and Hendrichs)(1964:12) is suggested as a new combination for Rhadine pelaezi, a species described and known onlyfrom Grutas de Garcia, near Monterrey, Nuevo Leon;it has neither the characteristic flat disc nor narrow,reflexed margin of the elytra in Rhadine, and it has rather large hind wing rudiments, which are absent in Rhadine. The present paper limits discussion to anchome­nine species regarded as troglobites or troglophiles.The many apparently accidental, full-winged speciesfrom Mexican caves have not been considered, al­though some of them possess a triangular, sharply truncate prosternum base and are probably taxonomi­cally close toMexisphodrus spp.Mexisphodrus tlama­yaensis Barr (1966) is one such species with func­tional wings and large eyes; the tip of the aedeagus in this and several other apparently related species is producedasanarrowspoutfor somedistancebeyondthe apical orifice, contrasting with the short, blunt aedeagal apex in the cave Mexisphodrus lt is prob­ably not too closely related to the cave species (Barr,1970; Whitehead, 1973). Whether Mexisphodrus is ultimately retained as a genus or assigned subgenericstanding will depend on the lumping or splitting pro­clivities of a future reviser. The group as constituted here—at least for the cave species—is in my judgment a monophyletic taxon deserving a genus-group name; the rank is necessarily subjective. Speocolpodes (Barr,1973), a monobasic Guatemalan genus established for the remarkable troglobite S. franiai, may be absorbed into Mexisphodrus when morphologically and geo­graphically intermediate species have been discovered,but at present such synonymy appears a little pre­mature. Speleodesmoides (Mateu, 1978), a monobasic cave genus from Venezuela, is also phylogeneticallyclosetoMexisphodrus, judgingfromthedescription. Elsewhere (Barr, 1974) I have given my rationale for retaining Rhadine as a full genus. Lumping such a distinctive and highly monophyletic assemblage (with an estimated70 species) withPlatynus s. lat. seems to me counterproductive in any attempt to understand the phylogenetic complexities of the anchomenines. All of the anchomenine genera previously men­tioned belong to the Agonina (Agoni of Lindroth, 1956); both parameres of the male genitalia are con­choidal. Whether the similarity in habitus between these Nearctic cavernicoles and the Palearctic spho­drines is convergent or reflects close relationship has not been convincingly determined. Similarity be­tween the true sphodrines (Sphodrina) and Mexi­sphodrus led me (Barr, 1965) to suspect that the latter might be primitive sphodrines, but I am now inclined to regard the form of the parameres as a veryconservative character and thus view the convergencehypothesis as more likely. Similarly Ueno (1952)described the genus Jujiroa (Shikoku, Japan) as a sphodrid, but later (Ueno, 1955a) transferred it to the “true anchomenids” because both parameres are conchoidal. Evidently there is considerable conver­gence between these two lines of Agonina from Mexico and Japan, respectively, and both are super­ficially convergent with the Sphodrina except for the nature of the parameres. Ueno (1955b) also described several species of Trephionus Bates (transferred to Synuchus Gyllenhal by Lindroth, 1956) from Japa­nese caves; these, too, have a habitus which recalls that of the sphodrines, but they belong to yet a third subtribe, the Synuchina (Synuchi of Lindroth, 1956).In all three subtribes it seems that adaptation to a subterranean existence leads to convergence of habi­tus. More recently Habu (1978) revised the Japaneseanchomenines, making use of the structure of the female genitalia (styli or hemisternites). In Habu’s subtribe Platynina (=Agonina) the basal stylomerebears several subapical setae; the apical stylomerebears a pair of subapical setae on the inner side and usually three spines on the outer side. In his subtribe Sphodrina + Pristosiina excluding Doli­chus) and Dolichina (=Synuchina plus Dolichus) the basal stylomere is glabrous, and the spines of the api­cal stylomere are reduced; in the Sphodrina the sub-apical pair of small setae is present, but it is absent in theDolichina. The recent discovery of the new Mexican genusMiquihuana, described in this paper, introduces a new element into the North American troglobitic fauna,because Miquihuana is a member of the Sphodrina,with compressed and truncate prostemal process and no longitudinal sulcus on the anterior tibia; the right paramere of the aedeagus is elongate, slender, arcuate, and distinctly styloid, and the female stylus has a glabrous basal stylomere and only two spines on the apical stylomere. The genus is at present monobasic; its single species, M. rhadiniformis, is known from a cave in northwestern Tamaulipas, in the Sierra Madre Oriental. Jeannel (1937) divided the sphodrines into the Calathus group, the Sphodrus group, and the Laemosthenes group; Miquihuana in this scheme is a member of the Sphodrus group, heretofore not rep­ resented in the North American fauna. Except for the Holarctic genus Calathus, whose origins were traced by Lindroth (1956) and Ball and Negre (1972) to the Old World, all known genera of Sphodrina are Palae­ arctic (see Lindroth, 1956; Jeannel, 1937, 1942). 1his suggests that Miquihuana is a remarkable relic of an Old World stock which is now apparently extinct in epigean habitats in North America. Miquihuana is also the only fully troglobitic sphodrine known at present. Sphodropsis ghilianii Schaum is a facultative cavernicole in the eastern Alps of southern Europe,and a number ofspecies of other European sphodrine genera (notably Antisphodrus Schaufuss and Ceutho­sphodrus Jeannel) are more or less cavernicolous (Jeannel, 193 1). The single known species of Miqui­huana very closely resembles an elongate, troglobiticspecies ofRhadine, and the argument for convergenceof habitus among cavernicolous anchomenines be­comes accordingly stronger. The bulk of the available material used in this study was collected by Mr. James R. Keddell and his colleagues in the Association for Mexican Cave Studies. Significant additional collections were also made by Stewart B. and James H. Peck and R. M. Norton. 1 his paper is dedicated to my late colleagues Dr. Candido Bolivar y Pieltain and Ing. Jorge Hendrichs, whose deaths ended an era of pioneer discovery and description of the carabid fauna of Mexican caves. Dr. Bolivar’s career spanned many decades and in­ cluded studies of cave fauna of Europe, the United States (with Rene Jeannel in 1928), and in his adop­ted country Mexico. The close and generous coopera­tion which Dr. Bolivar and Sr. Hendrichs offered me in the 1960’s and 1970’s led to the description of several new species of Mexaphaenops, the first four Mexisphodrus species to be discovered in Mexican caves, the first troglobitic North American scaritine (Antroforceps bolivari Barr), and clarification of the taxonomic status of Platynus (Ilemiplatynus) umbri­pennis Casey. The assistance, counsel, and stimulatingcorrespondence of these friends will be sorely missed. I know of no better way to honor their contributions and their memory than to continue the study of the Mexican cave carabid fauna which held their highinterest in the last years of their productive lives. Mexisphodrus Barr Barr, 1965:65; type-species, Mexisphodrus verae­crucis Barr, by original designation. Description.—Form more or less elongate, mode­rately to strongly convex, appendages elongate and slender; integuments dark piceous to reddish piceous.Prosternum sharply truncate and triangular at base;metepisternum with anterior margin half as long as outer margin; metathoracic wings vestigial (microp­terous). Eyes rather small to very small, flat to con­vex, their diameter less than scape length, rudimen­ tary in several species. Protibia longitudinally sulcate; tarsi with 4th segment asymmetrically bilobed; all tarsi strongly carinate both internally and externally;tarsi not strigose, typically glabrous above with strongisodiametric microsculpture. Elytra with 1-3 discal punctures, 1 or two punctures near apex of 7th stria;umhilicate series normally of 16-20 punctures; scu­tellar puncture and short scutellar stria usually pres­ent. Aedeagus typically anchomenine, basal bulb rather long and not appreciably larger in diameter than median lobe, basal orifice elongate and narrow; apex not narrowed nor produced, usually very briefly attenuate and acuminate, apical orifice subterminal,guarded by hood-like median flap and two lateral flaps, dorsal surface of median lobe in apical half with very strong isodiametric microsculpture; parameressub-equal in length, conchoid, right paramere about half as wide as left. Female stylus with fringe of setae at inner, apical edge of basal stylomere; apical stylo­mere with two small subapical setae at inner side, spines of outer side rudimentary (Fig. 46). Discussion.—lt should be reiterated that Mexi­sphodrus is not a “true'’ sphodrine (Sphodri ofLind­roth, 1956). The resemblances to the Sphodrina maybe purely convergent, or they may result from an ancient common ancestry. Eleven species are recog­nized at the present time. The veraecrucis groupincludes four large, slender troglobites from caves inPuebla, western Veracruz, and northern Oaxaca. The profundus group, with transverse elytral microsculp­ture (like Speocolpodes franiai), includes one near­troglobite from Tamaulipas and a troglophile from Chiapas. The gertschi group includes two species with apparently functional eyes, dark piceous integuments,and deeply excavated elytral discs with prominentposthumeral ridges; one species occupies caves near the common border of San Luis Potosi, Hidalgo, and Queretaro, and the other is found in caves of the upper Purificacion basin in western Tamaulipas. The Key to Species and Subspecies ofMexisphodrus I.* Eyes small but apparently functional, subconvex to convex with numerous facets visible and distinct 6 Eyes rudimentary, irregular or very small, individual facets present but more or less vestigial 2 2(1). Elytral microsculpture isodiametric; eye rudiments smaller, 1/4 to 1/2 as long as scape 3 Elytral microsculpture transverse; eye rudiments very flat, sunken beneath cuticle, 2/3 as long as scape; Tamaulipas (Gomez Farias and Encino areas) profundus Barr 3(2). Elytra! apex finely produced at apex of 3rd interval (Fig. 1) 4 Elytral apex finely produced at apex of Ist interval (Fig. 2) 5 4(3). Frontal grooves strongly wrinkled; pronotum hind angles acute; Veracruz (Tequila and Soledad Atzompa region) veraecrucis Barr Frontal grooves less wrinkled, more or less bifoveate, with anterior and posteriorimpressions; pronotum hind angles right; southern Puebla (Zoquitlan region) zoquitlan n. sp. 5(3). Twopairsofsupraorbitalsetaepresent;eyeverysmall,itsdiameterscarcely 1/4 lengthofscape:northern Oaxaca(vicinityofHuautla deJimenez and San Miguel) urquijoi Hendrichs and Bolivar One pair ofsupraorbital setae present; diameter of eye rudiment nearly half lengthofscape:northernPuebla(Cuetzalanregion) cuetzalann.sp. 6(1). Elytral microsculpture transverse, body slender and subdepressed: eyes small and subconvex or flat and rectangular 7 Elytra! microsculpture isodiametric, body (at least elytra) robust and convex 8 7(6). Eyes flat, almost rectangular: pronotum with prominent anterior angles and two pairs of marginal setae; elytra with 3 pairs of discal punctures; Tamaulipas profundus Barr Eyes small, round, subconvex; pronotum with subdued anterior angles and only one pair (anterior) of marginal setae; elytra with only two discal punctures; Chiapas cancuc n. sp. 8(6). Elytra with conspicuous discal excavation from base to apical half or beyond,with posthumeral ridges or carinae 9 Elytra without basal excavation, disc simply convex to very convex 13 9(8). Dull-shining; sides ofpronotum shallowly sinuate or convergent (Figs. 12-15); posthumeral ridge very prominent but rounded on top, not carinate; commoncornerofHidalgo, SanLuis Potosi,Queretaro 10 Polished-shining; sides of pronotum deeply sinuate before hind angles (Fig. 16); sharp discal carina behind humerus: upper Rio Purificacion basin, Tamaulipas, Nuevo Leon purgatus n. sp. 10(9). Frontal grooves short and rather shallow; pronotum sides less rounded, anterior angles more prominent (Figs. 12, 15) 11 Frontal grooves deeper: pronotum sides more rounded, anterior angles less prominent (Figs. 13, 14) 12 11(10). Length 14.4-17.0mm:pronotumabout0.87aslongaswide;posthumeralridgesprominent; Cueva deEl Ocote, Hidalgo gertschi gertschi Hendrichs and Bolivar Length 11.0-13.4mm;pronotum0.8aslongaswide;posthumeralridgessubdued; eastern Queretaro, western Hidalgo gertschi camposantos n. subsp. *M. profundus, with visibly reduced eyes, is keyed out under both choices in this couplet. 12(10). Pronotum sides strongly rounded; elytral sides not sinuate in basal third; strial impression and lateral explanation moderate; vicinity of La Silleta (8 km NW Xilitla), Queretaro gertschi sprousei n. subsp. Pronotum sides less rounded; elytral sides shallowly but distinctly sinuate in basal third, striae rather deeply impressed and disc more strongly explanate laterallyinapicalthird;Ahuacatlanvicinity’, easternSanLuisPotosi gertschi ahuacatlan n. subsp. 13(8). Elytra very convex, pronotum almost barrel-shaped (Figs. 18-22), very shallowlysinuate at sides Elytra moderately convex, pronotum strongly cordifonn. deeply sinuate at sides (Fig. 17); western San Luis Potosi 14(13). Head with only one pair ofsupraorbital punctures; Nuevo Leon, Mexico Head with two pairs ofsupraorbital punctures; Val Verde Co., Texas 15(14). Elytra with rather deeply impressed striae, intervals subconvex Elytral striae very fine and regular, intervals flat 16(15). Headwithdistinctneckconstriction(Fig.19):pronotumwithonepairof marginal setae;elytrawith2pairsofdiscalsetae;vicinityofMonterrey, spiritus n. sp. 15 valverdensis n. sp. 16 17 Nuevo Leon boneti monteneyensis n. subsp. Head without sharp neck constriction (Fig. 21); pronotum usually without marginal setae; elytra with 0 or 1 pair of discal punctures; vicinity of Bustamante, Nuevo Leon bonetipalmitensis n. subsp. 17(16). Head and pronotum shining, microsculpture obsolete; pronotum widest near middle, no marginal setae; Cueva de la Boca, near Santiago, Nuevo Leon boneti boneti Bolivar and Hendrichs Head and pronotum dull-shining, microsculpture evident: pronotum widest beforemiddle,onepair(anterior)ofmarginal setaepresent(cavearea about 35 km west of Montemorelos, Nuevo Leon) boneti nortoni n. subsp. spiritus group includes a single species from caves of semi-arid western San Luis Potosi. The boneti groupincludes two species with barrel-shaped pronotumand very' convex elytra; they occur in Nuevo Leon, Mexico, and Val Verde County. Texas. All of the species treated here are known onlyfrom caves, but without intensive collecting at the surface in the same region, it is not possible to saywhether they also occur in non-cave microhabitats. In the caves they are found walking about on walls and floor. Known distributions of even the apparenttroglophilic species (large eyes) are quite local, sug­gesting that they may be just as restricted geographi­cally as are the troglobitic species. Geographic distri­bution of the genus is shown in Fig. 47; known spe­cies are decidedly eastern, limited to upland areas in the Sierra Madre Oriental, the Sistema Montahoso Oaxaqueno-Poblano. and so forth. veraecrucis group Size large, 12.4-18.8 mm; form slender and elon­gate, all species with rudimentary eyes which are flattened. 1/4 to 1/2 as long as scape, nevertheless with rudiments of numerous vestigial facets visible; elytra weakly deplanate around scutellum, post-humeral elevations rather weak; elytral microsculp­ture isodiametric, surface of disc dull shining; all 4th tarsal segments strongly and asymmetrically bilobed. Type-species of group: M. veraecrucis Barr. Mexisphodrus veraecrucis Barr Barr, 1965:66; type-locality, Sotano del Profesor,Tequila. Veracruz, Mexico; type deposited in Museum of Comparative Zoology. Harvard Univer­sity. Description.—Length 16.9-18.8. mean 17.9 ± SD = 0.. mm (n 6). Distinguished from M. cuetzalan and M. urquijoi by elytral apexes finely produced at 3rd interval instead of Ist interval: from M. zoquitlan byless rounded head, much wrinkled and excavated frontal grooves, less pronounced anterior angles and acute hind angles of pronotum, pronotum narrower with sides more rounded anteriorly and more deeplysinuate behind, elytra more slender and more ventri­cose. Both pairs ofsupraorbital setae are present (onepair in M. cuetzalan). and the eye diameter is about one-third the length of the scape (1/4 as long in M. urquijoi). Figs.l-3.—Mexisphodrusspp.: 1,M.zoquitlan,n.sp.,elytralapex;2,M.cuetzalan,n.sp.;3,M.profundusBarr(Sotanode la Joya de Salas). Discussion.— This species is known from 8 speci­mens in four caves near Tequila and Soledad At­zompa, south of Orizaba in western Veracruz: Sotano del Profesor and Sotano de los Sphodrini, near Tequila; and Sotano de Teanacan and Sotano Itamo, near Soledad Atzompa. The two localities are in con­tiguouskarst, separatedby a distanceofonly 10km. Mexisphodrus zoquitlan, new species Figs. 1, 5 Description.—Closely similar to M. veraecrucis,differing in slightly smaller size, more rounded head,slightly lobed lahrum margin, more or less bifoveate and less wrinkled frontal grooves, broader pronotumwith sides less rounded and only feebly sinuate before base, anterior angles conspicuously produced, hind angles about right, elytra less slender and less ventri­cose. Length 13.8-18.5, mean 16.1 ± SD 1.6 mm = (n 6). Head 1.5 times longer than wide, eye 1/3scape length. Pronotum nearly as long as wide, sides weakly arcuate and very shallowly sinuate before base; base 1/4 wider than apex and 0.8 maximum pronotum width; anterior angles prominent, blunt,and produced; hind angles about right, sharp. Elytranearly 1.9 times longer than wide; 3 discal punctures present; umbilicate series with supernumerary punc­tures about as in M. veraecrucis; apex slightly pro­duced at apex of 3rd interval. Aedeagus of holotype 3.12 mm long, typical for the group with basal bulb slender, basal orifice long and narrow, apical orifice subterminal. Type-series.—Holotype male (American Museum of Natural History), allotype female, and one para­typemale,SotanooftheLog-FilledSink, 10kmEof San Pablo Zoquitlan, Puebla, Mexico, January 1977, P. Strickland, P. Forsythe, F. Poer, and J. Rodemaker. Measurements (mm).—Holotype, total length 16.0,head 3.15 long X 2.08 wide, pronotum 3.02 long X 3.08 wide, elytra 8.55 long X 4.59 wide, antenna 9.18 long, aedeagus 3.12 long.Discussion.—Described on 6 specimens from two caves near San Pablo Zoquitlan, Puebla: 2 males and female, Sotano of the Log-Filled Sink (type­locality), and 3 females, Sotano de Coyomeapan(=Second River Cave), 12 km ESE San Pablo Zoquit­lan (P. Strickland, leg.). The second male from Sotano of the Log-Filled Sink and all females from Sotano de Coyomeapan have been designated para­types. Mexisphodrus veraecrucis and M. zoquitlan are more closely similar than any other pairs of species in the veraecrucis group, and they are geographicallycloser to each other than the members of any other pair. The series of both species are small, and the variance in total length is much higher in M. zoquitlanthan in M. veraecrucis, but the size difference is nevertheless significant at the 5% level (M. zoquitlan is smaller). Both species are immediately distinguishedfrom M. cuetzalan and M. urquijoi by the elytral apex (Fig. 1). In addition, the absence of the anterior supraorbital setae in M. cuetzalan and the very small eye rudiment in M. urquijoi are highly diagnostic.For all practical purposes, however, all four species may be identified by provenance, because they all have very restricted ranges and are strictly allopatric. Mexisphodrus urquijoi Hendrichs and Bolivar Hendrichs and Bolivar, 1973:38; type-locality, Sota­no de San Agustin, Oaxaca, Mexico; type depo­sited in Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas,Mexico. Description.—Differs from other species of the veraecrucis group most noticeably in the very small eye rudiment; elytral apexes finely produced at the tipsattheapexofthesuturalstria(Fig. 1);twopairsof supraorbital setae; pronotum sides not sinuate before base, base distinctly wider than apex. Length14.0-17.4, mean 15.3 (n = 4). Head 1.5 times longerthan wide, a little rounded, neck about 0.8 greatestwidth; frontal grooves broad, rather shallow, with vague anterior and posterior depressions, separatedfrom antennal ridge by 2 or 3 fine striae, one of which joins antennal groove behind anterior supra- orbitals; eye very small, about 1/4 as long as scape,oblique and suboval, very flat, with vestiges of omma­tidia, cuticle above eye with ommatidial vestigescoveringan areaaboutthreetimessizeofpaleareolar rudiment; antenna less than 0.6 body length. Pro­notum almost as wide as long (L/W about 1.02),widest in apical 0.4, base 0.9 times greatest width but apex only 0.7 times base width, sides weakly rounded apically then convergent behind anterior marginals;front angles prominent and produced, hind anglesquite obtuse, finely produced, base oblique at sides behind hind angles; marginal gutter wide, disc with secondary inner crease, antebasal foveae with irregu­lar elevated area in middle of depression. Elytra 1.9 times longer than wide, humeri strongly but not completely rounded, apexes finely produced alongsuture; disc depressed around scutellum, deplanate area in disc center extending through apical half;striae regular and moderately deep, intervals subcon­vex; microsculpture finely isodiametric, medium-shining; 3 discal punctures, anterior on 3rd stria,medial and posterior on 3rd interval; apex of 7th stria with 2 punctures; umbilicates 6(7) + 2 8(9), + Figs. 3a-ll.—Mexisphodrus spp.: 3a, M. profundus, larva, head and prothorax, Cueva de la Mina; 4, M. cancuc, n. sp.;5-11.—Aedeagi,left lateralview: 5,M.zoquitlan,n.sp.;6,M.cuetzalan,n.sp.;7,M.gertschisprousei,n.subsp.;8,M.purgatus, n.sp.;9,M.spiritus,n.sp.; 10,M.bonetipalmitensis,n.subsp.;11,M.valverdensis,n.sp. in three vaguely defined groups. Aedeagus 2.64 (holotype) to 2.92 mm long; feeblv arcuate, widest in the middle, basal bulb not sharply set off from median lobe (Hendrichs andBolivar. 1973:fig. 2). Discussion.—Six specimens of this species are known, from caves in the vicinity of Huautla de Jimenez, northern Oaxaca: Sotano de San Agustin (type-locality); Cueva del Escorpion, San Miguel Dolina, San Miguel. 5 km SE Huautla de Jimenez; Sotano del Rio Iglesia. 5 km SE Huautla de Jimenez; La Grieta, 2 km E San Andres (5 km E Huautla de Jimenez); Sotano Li Nita. 5 km SE Huautla de Jime­ nez; and Cueva Bonita del Presidente. 1 km N Huautla de Jimenez. Most of these caves are part of a huge, integrated system (Stone, 1981: Steele, 1981). In having the elytral apexes produced along the suture (instead of the 3rd interval) M. urquijoi resembles M, cuetzalanfrom which it is readily , distinguished by the much smaller eye rudiment and presence of both pairs of supraorbitals. The holotypeis described as an old, partially damaged specimen.The five additional specimens show that both pairs of pronotal marginal setae are present and that the eyes arenotentirelywithoutrudimentsoffacets.The difference in size between M. veraecrucis and M. urquijoi is less than supposed by Hendrichs and Bolivar (1973), but M. urquijoi is probably smaller, although the small series available do not permit a statistically significant comparison. Mexisphodrus cuetzalan, new species Figs. 2, 6, 46 Description.—A large, elongate species differingfrom other species of the veraecrucis group in havingonly one pair of supraorbital setae; elytra finely pro­duced at apex of first interval along sutural stria, as in M. urquijoi Length 12.4-18.1. mean 15.0 ± SD = 1.6 mm (n 20). Dark piceous, microsculpture of head isodiametric, of pronotum disc finely trans­verse, of elytral disc isodiametric, dull shining. Head almost twice as long as wide; eye small, its diameter about 0.45 scape length, pale, individual ommatidia discernible; anterior margin of labrum truncate; dor­sum of head strongly wrinkled between strong anten­nal ridge and shallow, short, frontal groove; only one pair of supraorbital setae (the posterior pair) present: antenna attaining apical fourth of elytra when laid back, pubescence beginning (as usual) near base of segment IV. Pronotum about 1.07 longer than wide,base width slightly more than apex width and 3/4greatest width, which occurs before middle; anterior angles very prominent and produced: sides shallowly sinuate before base; bind angles large and slightlyobtuse: disc subconvex, broadly deplanate internal to wide, well-defined gutter; two pairs of marginal setae. Elytra elongate-oval, somewhat ventricose, 1.9 times longer than wide, disc convex but slightly deplanate around scutellum, without postbumeral carina; humeri strongly but not completely rounded, marginslightly sinuate behind humerus and before apex, apexes minutely produced for width of first interval;longitudinal striae regular and moderately impressed,intervals subconvex, scutellar stria well developed,scutellar puncture setiferous; umbilicate series of 16 punctures in groups of 6 + 2 (widely spaced) + 8; 3 discal punctures, anterior on 3rd stria, middle and posterior punctures on 2nd stria. Aedeagus 2.89 mm long in holotype, basal bulb well defined but longerthan wide, basal orifice elongate-oval: both pararneresconchoid, right paramere conspicuously smaller than left. Type-series.—Holotype male (American Museum of Natural History) and allotype female, Sumidero de Atepolihuit de San Andres, Cuetzalan. Puebla,Mexico, 2 January 1980, A. Grubbs, J. Lieberz, and B. Richards: paratype male, same cave, 28 December 1979,HectorGalindoandAdolfo Manuel. Measurements (mm).—Holotype, total length 17.1,head 4.37 long X 2.22 wide, pronotum 3.12 long X 2.93 wide, elytra 9.58 long X 5.02 wide, aedeagus 2.89 long. Discussion.—This species is described on 33 speci­mens collected from 11 caves in the vicinity of Cuetzalan and Xochitlan, northern Puebla: Sima de Coahuatichan, 2 km S Cuetzalan; Cueva Xochitl,3 km S Xochitlan; Cueva Murcielago de Xocoyoloand Cueva de Xocoyolo, both 6 km S Cuetzalan;Simas de Octimaxal Sur No. 1 and No. 2, 3 km SSW Cuetzalan; Cueva de Tasalolpan. 5 km SW Cuetzalan;Grutas de Olivares, 8 km SW Cuetzalan: Grutas de Jonotla, 7 km SW Cuetzalan; Sumidero Atichayan(Sur), 2 km S Cuetzalan; Cueva de Guayateno No. 1, ' km SW Cuetzalan; and Sima de Atepolihuit de San .Andres (type-locality). The absence of the anterior supraorbital seta immediately distinguishes M. cuetzalan from other species of Mexisphodrus. The larger size and feeble basal depression of the elytra relate it to other spe­cies of the veraecrucis group, and the feebly producedelytral apex along the first interval is a character shared with M. urquijoi. This is the northernmost species of the group, the other three species beingclustered around the common corner of Veracruz,Puebla, and Oaxaca. profundus group Form slender, elongate, somewhat depressed,length 10.4-14.4 mm; elytra polished shining, discal microsculpture finely and densely transverse; disc not conspicuously depressed around scutellum; 4th segments of middle and hind tarsi less conspicuouslybilobed than on front tarsus. Type-species: M. pro­ fundus Barr. This group includes two species, M. profundus,with small, flat eyes, from caves in the Sierra de Guatemala region of Tamaulipas, and M. cancuc,from a cave in Chiapas. These two species are per­haps closer to Speocolpodes franiai Barr, from a cave in Guatemala, than are the other species of Mexisphodrus, notably in degree of tarsal lobation and transverse elytral microsculpture. Mexisphodrus profundus Barr Fig. 3 Barr, 1966:113; type-locality, Sotano de la Joya de Salas, Tamaulipas; type deposited in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. Platynus profundus: Whitehead, 1973:207. Description.—Length 10.5-14.4, mean 12.7 ± SD = 0.9 mm (n 20). Pale rufotestaceous to pale casta­neous; form slender and elongate, polished shining,elytral microsculpture transverse. Eyes very flat, sub­normal and subrectangular and/or sunken beneath cuticle (type-locality), but with numerous facets (vestigial in type-locality specimens); eye about 2/3as long as scape, somewhat irregular in size, shape,and degree of rudimentation. Pronotum stronglycordiform, subparallel in some specimens, anterior angles strongly produced, sides weakly to moderatelyrounded, distinctly sinuate before sharp, about righthind angles; two pairs ofmarginal setae. Elytra rather depressed, striae moderately deep, intervals a little subconvex, no discal punctures, apexes rounded,umbilicate series about 16-18 (6 2-3 + 8-9) punc­ + tures, two closely spaced punctures at apex of 7th stria. Discussion.—The type-locality cave is entered via a deep pit 25 km west of Encino, Tamaulipas. How­ever, the species has subsequently been shown to occur in considerable abundance in caves of the Gomez Farias region, Tamaulipas, in La Cueva de la Mina, La Cueva Chica de la Perra, Crystal Cave,La Cueva de la Capilla, and Harrisons Sinkhole (Rancho del Cielo). Over 40 specimens from the lat­ter caves have been examined. They differ from topo­typic material primarily in less rudimentary eyeswhich, though still rather small and quite flat, are not sunken beneath the cuticle as they are in specimens from Sotano de la Joya de Salas. Ultimately the Gomez Farias populations should probably be desig­nated a geographic race (subspecies); however, at present there is insufficient material from Joya de Salas to make a critical comparison. Many of the specimens of M. profundus have been taken rather close to cave entrances or in the bottom of entrance shafts in wet areas (cf. Barr,1966:114). Some specimens, notably those from La Cueva de la Mina, are heavily infested with laboulbe­niaceous ascomycetes. In M. profundus the 4th seg­ments of the middle and hind tarsi are a bit less strongly bilobed than in species of the veraecrucis group, hut more so than in the following, presum­ably related species. Mexisphodrus cancuc, new species Fig. 4 Description.—Resembling M. profundus in body size, depressed and polished elytra with transverse microsculpture, cordiform pronotum, and mode­rately bilobed 4th tarsal segments, differing most conspicuously in small, round, convex, presumablyfunctional eyes, subdued anterior angles, only one pair (anterior) of marginal setae on the pronotum,and presence of two elytral discal punctures in­stead of none. Length of unique female holotype 10.44 mm. Form elongate, slender, depressed; integu­ments shining, microsculpture (including elytral disc)generally transverse, glabrous; color dark reddish­ testaceous. Head 1.4 times longer than wide, neck 0.8 times width measured across eyes; labrum not emarginate; frontal grooves short and broad anteri­orly, represented by an irregular fovea each side medial to eye; antennal ridge weak, antennal groovecurving around posterodorsal angle of eye; eye sub-convex, its diameter half scape length; two pairs of supraorbital setae. Pronotum elongate cordiform, 1.1 times longer than wide, disc subconvex and broadlyexplanate at sides; anterior angles rounded; sides feebly arcuate apically, clearly though shallowlysinuate in basal fifth; hind angles sharp, about right;anterior marginal punctures present (setae broken?),no posterior marginal punctures present; apex seven-eighths as wide as base, which is seven eighths as wide as greatest width measured across anterior mar­ ginals. Elytra more than twice as long as wide, humeri completely rounded, greatest width behind middle,sides shallowly sinuate before apexes and finely and individually rounded at tips; disc weakly subconvex,scarcely depressed at base; striae moderately deepand regular, intervals feebly subconvex; scutellar puncture and short scutellar stria present; two discal punctures on 2nd stria behind middle, two closely spaced punctures at apex of 7th stria; umbilicate series 6+2 + 8. Appendages long and very slender (right mesotibia is twisted and entire right meta-thoracic leg is missing in holotype); 4th segment of protarsus strongly and asymmetrically bilobed, of meso-and metatarsi less strongly bilobed; antenna 0.6 times body length, segment II half as long as seg­ment I and 0.4 as long as III; segments 111 and IV subequal in length. Male unknown. Type-series.—Holotype, a unique female (Ameri­can Museum of Natural History), Sotano de Cancuc,Cancuc, 11 km NE Tenejapa, Chiapas, Mexico,12March 1977,C. Soileau. Measurements(mm).—Holotype,totallength 10.44,head 2.08 long X 1.47 wide, pronotum 1.93 long X 1.74 wide, elytra 6.09 long X 2.94 wide, antenna 6.27 long, eye 0.31. Discussion.—This species most closely resembles M. profundus, but it is more slender, the humeri more effaced and anterior pronotal angles not at all produced; the eyes, though about the same size as those of M. profundus, are more rounded and sub-convex. In both species the middle and hind tarsi have the 4th segment less conspicuously bilobed than in the veraecrucis group, and the elytra are polishedshining as a result of finely transverse discal micro-sculpture. gertschi group Size moderate to large (11.0-17.3 mm); form rather robust and convex, both species with convex, apparently functional eyes; elytra deeply excavated in basal half to two-thirds, with prominent posthumeralridge or carina; elytral microsculpture isodiametric,dull-shining in one species and polished in the other; all 4th tarsal segments asymmetrically bilobed, though a little less strongly than in species of the veraecrucis group. Mexisphodrus gertschi gertschi Hendrichs and Bolivar, new status Fig. 12 Mexisphodrus gertschi Hendrichs and Bolivar, 1966: 8,pi.I,figs. 1-3;type-locality,CuevadeElOcote, 1.5 km N Palomas, Hidalgo, Mexico; type deposi­ted in J. Hendrichs collection, Mexico City. Description.—Length 14.4-17.0, mean 16.2 ± SD 1.1 mm (n = 6). Reddish-piceous to dark piceous­black, dull shining, microsculpture of head and elytraisodiametric but very fine, of pronotum finely trans­verse; form moderately robust and convex. Head 1/4 longer than wide, sides rounded, neck 0.8 greatest head width; labrum margin entire or very shallowlyemarginate; eye a little more than 0.6 scape length,subconvex, moderately well developed and presum­ably functional; frontal grooves broad, shallow, irregular, rather short; antennal ridge strong, antennal groove deep and extending behind posterodorsalangle of eye; antenna about half total body length, segment II 0.4 as long as scape and 0.4 as long as 111,HI about 0.9 as long as IV. Pronotum subconvex,0.87 as long as wide, greatest width in apical third, apex 0.83 as wide as base, which is 0.80 greatestwidth; anterior angles blunt but quite strongly pro­duced, sides very broadly reflexed, hind angles even more so; sides slightly rounded in apical half then convergent to obtuse hind angles; basal depressionsdeep and irregular, base oblique at sides behind hind angles; marginal bead complete except near middle of apex; two pairs of marginal setae. Elytra oblong-oval,humeri prominent though a little rounded, sides shallowly sinuate before apex; 1.6 times longer than wide, disc deeply depressed around scutellum, post-humeral elevations extending to apical third and sides of disc rather steeply declivous in basal half;striae 1, 8, and 9 much deeper than 2-6, striae especi­ally fine and shallow on posthumeral ridges, first interval convex, other intervals flat; two discal punc­tures (medial and posterior) on 2nd stria; scutellar puncture present, scutellar stria long and well devel­oped; umbilicate punctures about 6 + (1 1) + (9-) + 10, medial set widely spaced and not always clearlyseparated from humeral or subapical set, and occa­sional supernumerary punctures present; 7th stria with 2 closely spaced punctures near apex. Aedeagusslender, arcuate, and elongate, 2.57-3.07 mm long,moderately arcuate (as opposed to M. purgatus),basal bulb a little more sharply set apart from median lobe than in M. veraecrucis, apical orifice similarlyelongate-oval, right paramere smaller and more slen­der than left but essentially conchoidal, apex attenu­ate and acuminate in lateral view, not significantlyproduced beyond apical orifice but more sharplynarrowedin ventral view than inM. veraecrucis. Discussion.—The type-locality (and only known locality) for M. g. gertschi was given as “Cueva a 24 Km al NE de Jacala, Hidalgo”. . .“sobre la carre­tera Mexico-Nuevo . Laredo, quedando al mano derecha al dirigirse al Norte en el KM 303.5;” the local name for this cave is Cueva de El Ocote. In addition to a male paratype kindly given me by Sr. Hendrichs and Dr. Bolivar, I had available five topo­types collected by J. Reddell, J. Rowland, S. and J.Peck on which to base the description given above. The following three taxa are subjectively inter­preted as subspecies of M. gertschi. No geographical Figs. 12-17.-Mexisphodrus spp.: 12-15.-Pronotum, M. gertschi subspp.: 12, M. gertschi; 13,M. g. ahuacatlan, n. subsp.;14,M. g. sprousei, n. subsp.; 15,M. g. camposantos, n. subsp.; 16, M. purgatus, n. sp.; 17,M. spiritus, n. sp. or morphological intermediates are known, but all four taxa occur in a rather small area around the common corner of Hidalgo, San Luis Potosi, and Queretaro. Mexisphodrus gertschi ahuacatlan, new subspecies Fig. 13 Description.—Length 11.6-16.0, mean 14.0 ± SD = 1.3 mm (n 14), smaller than M. g. gertschi Frontal grooves a little deeper, wider behind. Pronotum wider, L/W index about 0.8, sides more rounded, anterior angles less produced, hind angles a little more obtuse. Elytral sides shallowly but distinctly sinuate in basal third, longitudinal striae more deeply im­pressed and disc more strongly explanate toward sides in apical third. Type-series.— Holotype male (American Museum of Natural History) and 8 paratypes, Sotano de Potrero, 1 km N Ahuacatlan, Mpo. de Xilitla, San Luis Potosi, Mexico, 21 February 1973, R. W. Mitch­ell, S. Wiley, and T. Fu Mollhagen. Additional mate­rial assigned to this taxon includes 4 specimens from Cueva de Potrerillos, Rancho de Potrerillos, 2 km WSW Ahuacatlan, 27 November 1972, J. Reddell and T. Raines; one specimen from Sumidero del Llano Conejo (=Cueva de Campamiento), 2 km E Cerro de la Luz, Queretaro, 8 June 1976, Roy Jameson; and one from the same cave, 30 April 1969, T. R. Evans. Discussion.—Some of the Sotano de Potrero speci­mens were heavily infested with clusters of larval nematodes, not determined to family but attached to tarsi and elytral apexes in the manner of certain spe­cies of mermithids. Many of the specimens also were parasitized by occasional Laboulbeniales. The populations treated here as subspecies of polytypic M. gertschi are all allopatric and inhabit different cave systems located a few kilometers apart in the Xilitla Plateau. From their relatively well-developed and presumably functional eyes one would suspect that populations of M. gertschi are troglo­philic rather than troglobitic, yet the very limited distributions of the subspecies are more characteristic of troglobites. Cueva de Potrerillos is at a compara­tively low elevation in contrast to the other caves, but it is nevertheless in limestone contiguous with that of the Xilitla Plateau. Mexisphodrus gertschi sprousei, new subspecies Figs. 7, 14 Description.—Length 12.5-17.3, mean 15.4 ± SD = 1.9 mm (n 4), intermediate in size between M. g.gertschi and M. g. ahuacatlan (but not geographicallyintermediate). Frontal grooves rather deep, about as in M. g. ahuacatlan. Pronotum very wide, L/W index 0.8 and sides very rounded, anterior angles as in M. g. ahuacatlan, hind angles strongly obtuse and base oblique behind each angle. Elytra not sinuate at sides in basal third, striae rather deep toward apex. Type-series.—Holotype male (American Museum of Natural History) and one male and two female paratypes, Cueva del Agua, 700 m E La Silleta (about8 km NW Xilitla), Mpo. de Xilitla, San Luis Potosi,Mexico, 27 March 1 April 1980, P. Sprouse, D. - Pate, T. Treacy. Discussion.—One of the three paratypes has the sides of the pronotum much more subparallel than the others, with hind angles much rounded and uni­laterally an anterior discal puncture (in addition to the normal two pairs) on the third interval. The status of this unusually robust subspecies needs to be clari­fied by examination of larger series. Mexisphodrus gertschi camposantos, new subspeciesFig. 15 Description.—Length 11.0-13.4, mean 12.4 ± SD 0.9 mm (n = 7). Reddish piceous, smaller and more slender than other subspecies ofM. gertschi. Frontal grooves relatively short and shallow. Pronotum wide (0.8 as long as wide), sides rounded and feebly sinu­ate before base, anterior and posterior angles about as in M. g. gertschi Elytra with basal deplanationshallower, longitudinal striae finer than in any of the other subspecies, sides imperceptibly sinuate in basal third. Type-series.— Holotype male (American Museum of Natural History) and two male paratypes, Sotano de Camposantos, 30 km SW Xilitla, Queretaro,Mexico, 11 August 1966, J. R. Reddell. Additional specimens assigned to this subspecies are a female,Cueva del Nino, 12 July 1967, J. R. Reddell; and two males and one female, Cueva de las Tablas,12 July 1967, J. R. Reddell and J. Fish; these two caves are quite close to the type-locality. Recentlycollected specimens from Sotano Inclinado, Sotano de Lombriz, and Sotano Hondo del Pinalito, all about 10 km N Jacala, Hidalgo, are also assignedto this subspecies. Mexisphodrus purgatus, new species Figs. 8, 16 Description.—A dark species with apparentlyfunctional eyes, very deep excavation of elytral disc,posthumeral ridges carinate, pronotum stronglycordifonn, microsculpture of elytra isodiametric but very fine, polished-shining. Length 11.6-15.8, mean = 13.75 ± SD 1.05 mm (n 22). Form rather robust and very convex, polished shining, reddish piceousto dark piceous, head and pronotum disc a little infuscated, appendages and elytra paler (exceptfemora sometimes darker). Head about 1.4 times longer than wide, labrum not or very shallowly emar­ginate; antennal ridge very prominent but scarcelyattaining anterior angle of eye, frontal grooves short and confluent with broad depressions medial to eyes,antennal groove deep and curving around to posteriorangle of eye; eye 2/3 as long as scape, rather small,weakly convex; antenna 0.6 body length. Pronotum strongly cordiform, 1.0-1.1 as long as wide, sides rounded in apical 2/3, deeply and conspicuouslysinuate in basal third; anterior angles prominent,blunt, and slightly produced, hind angles large and very7 obtuse, base oblique behind angles and recti­linear between them; disc strongly and broadlyreflexed at sides; greatest width in about apical 3/8 at level of anterior marginals, posterior marginals in hind angles. Elytra strongly ventricose, margins sinuate in apical third, greatest width behind middle, 1.6 times longer than wide, apexes attenuate behind shallow subapical sinuation; disc deeply excavated in apical3/4 between very' conspicuous, carinate longitudinalridges originating from base of 6th stria behind humerus, sides of ridge abruptly declivous between carinae and umbilicate puncture row, which lies between unusually deep 7th stria and more shallowlyimpressed Bth stria; umbilicate series 19-20, 2 small discal punctures in apical half on 3rd interval next to 2nd stria, scutellar puncture and short scutellar stria present; longitudinal striae very fine and regular,finely punctulate or not, intervals flat except for sub-convex first interval alongside suture. Aedeagus 2.14­ 2.27 mm long, stronglyoarcuate, apex witho lateral bosses in dorsal view and fine medial and lateral cari­nae in ventralview. Type-series.—Holotype male (American Museum of Natural History) and 7 paratypes, Cueva del Teco­lote, Los San Pedro (about 32 km NW Ciudad Vic­toria), Tamaulipas, Mexico, 26 April 1980, P. Sprouse, T. Treacy, et al. Five additional paraty pes, Cueva del Tecolote, Conrado Castillo (41 km NW Ciudad Vic­toria), 24 August 1973,D. McKenzie and R. Jameson. Measurements (mm).—Holotype, total length14.00, head 2.58 long X 2.08 wide, pronotum 2.83 long X 2.52 wide, elytra 7.74 long X 4.53 wide, antenna 6.48 long. Discussion.—ln addition to the type-series of 13 specimens, I have examined over 50 specimens from the following caves (all located between 32 and 41 km NW Ciudad Victoria): Tamaulipas: Cueva de los Allarines, 0.8 km N Conrado Castillo, 1900 m; Cueva de la Aprendiza, Conrado Castillo, 1920 m; Cueva de Los Arcitos, Yerbabuena, 1500 m; Cueva de Borrego, 0.5 km S Conrado Castillo, 1980 m; Sotano de las Calenturas, 0.7 km S Yerbabuena, 1460 m; Sotano de la Cuchilla, 1.75 km N Conrado Castillo; Grieta de las Flores (=Pozo de Juan Fuentes Perez), Con­rado Castillo, 2000 m; Sotano de Jesus, 1 km S Rancho Revilla, 2210 m; Cueva del Moro, 2 km SE Yerbabuena; Sistema Purificacion, Conrado Castillo,1100 to 1900 m (specimens collected in Cueva del Brinco and Sumidero de Oyamel Sections); Cueva de Revilla (=Cueva de Rancho Revilla), Rancho Revilla, 2300 m; Cueva X, Conrado Castillo, 1950 m; Nuevo Leon: Cueva Chica del Ojo de Agua, 4 km WSW Dulces Nombres; Cueva de los Parajitos, 2 km N Tinajas, 7 km SE Dulces Nombres; Sotano de las Penuelas, 3 km SW Dulces Nombres, 2010 m. This distinctive species, easily recognized by its strongly cordiform pronotum, post-humeral carinae,small eyes, and polished-shining, almost opalescentinteguments, is one of the most frequent terrestrial predators in the cave communities of the upper Rio Purificacion basin in western Tamaulipas and adjacentNuevo Leon. Mexisphodrus purgatus coexists in this area with four endemic Mexaphaenops species: M. mackenziei Barr, M. sulcifrons Barr, M. jamesoniBarr, and M. febriculosus Barr (all described in Barr, 1981, this volume). spiritus group This group contains a single species with rather large, convex eyes, strongly cordiform pronotumwith large, explanate hind angles, slightly ventricose and strongly convex elytra with finely impressedstriae and flat intervals. Pronotum with 2 pairs of marginal setae. Elytra with isodiametric microsculp­ture; discal punctures 1-3, usually 2 pairs; 7th stria with two subapical punctures. Type-species: M. spiritus, new species. Mexisphodrus spiritus, new species Figs. 9, 17 Description.-Length 12.0-14.4, mean 13.0 ± SD - 0.8 mm (n 12). Form slender and convex, legs long and slender; color reddish-piceous, head and pronotum shining, polished, elytra dull shining. Head 1.3 times longer than wide, neck nearly 0.8 maximum width;eyerather largeandconvex,itsdiameterabout 0.6 scape length; frontal grooves short, broad, irregu­lar, antennal ridge and groove strong, usually 2-3 additional longitudinal wrinkles between antennal groove and frontal groove; antenna less than 0.6 bodylength. Pronotum strongly cordiform, more than 0.9 as long as wide, base 0.9 as wide as apex and 0.8 great­est width, which occurs about apical 0.4; anterior angles briefly produced, blunt; sides conspicuouslysinuate then subparallel before base, hind angles large,explanate, slightly obtuse; both pairs of marginal setae present; microsculpture evanescently transverse,disc polished shining. Elytra 1.7 times longer than wide, widest in apical 3/8, humeri strongly rounded, apexes briefly attenuate; disc strongly convex,scarcely deplanate at all near base; scutellar punctureand scutellar stria well developed; discal puncturesvariable, from 1-3 pairs, normally 2 (medial and posterior) pairs; umbilicate punctures about 6 + 2 + 8(-10); 7th stria with 2 subapical punctures, the terminal one usually small and inconspicuous at the extreme apex of the stria; longitudinal striae nor­mally very fine and shallowly impressed, intervals quite flat (weakly convex in one specimen with deeper striae). Aedeagus 1.99-2.20, mean 2.08 mm (n =3) long; smaller and more arcuate and apexless narrow than that ofM. gertschi. Type-series.—Holotype male (American Museum of Natural History) and 7 paratypes, from an un­named sink (sotano) in Valle de los Fantasmas,4 km NW San Francisco, Mpo. de Zaragoza, San Luis Potosi, 24 November 1966, J. Fish andj. Davis. An additional 8 specimens were seen from other caves in the vicinity: Sotano de la Golondrina, Valle de los Fantasmas; Sotano Puerto de los Lobos, 1.5 km S San Francisco; Sotano del Pajaro, Los Sotanos Unidos,6 km WNW San Francisco; and Sotano de San Fran­cisco No. 2, 0.5 km S San Francisco. These caves occur in a high (ecu 2300 m), serniarid region in western San Luis Potosi. Measurements (mm).—Holotype, total length12.00, head 2.45 long X 1.89 wide, pronotum 2.20 long X 2.32 wide, elytra 6.73 long X 3.89 wide, antenna 6.35 long. Discussion.— This species in its morphology helpsbridge the gap between M. gertschi and the species of the boneti group. The pronotum shape is very similar to that ofM. profundus, but 1 suspect the species is more closely related to the gertschi group than to profundus. The caves of the Valle de los Fantasmas,including some in which Mexisphodrus spiritus has been taken, are also occupied by Mexaphaenops fishi Barr, an aberrant, troglobitic trechine. boneti group Elytra extremely convex, humeri rounded, marginsslightly sinuate behind humeri, disc with 0-3 discal punctures, no basal deplanation and no posthumeralelevations; pronotum almost dolioliform but with very shallow sinuation in sides before base, with one (anterior) or no marginal setal pairs; length 8.8­ 12.4 mm. Head with 1-2 pairs of supraorbital setae; eye diameter less than length of scape, eye flat to weakly convex. Elytral microsculpture isodiametric, striae regular and very finely impressed to moderatelyimpressed; 7th stria with one or two punctures near apex, according to species. Type species: Rhadine (=Mexisphodrus) boneti Bolivar and Hendrichs. Mexisphodrus boneti boneti (Bolivar and Hendrichs), new combination and new status Fig. 18 Rhadine boneti Bolivar and Hendrichs, 1964:14; type-locality, Cueva de la Boca, Villa Santiago, Nuevo Leon, type deposited in Bolivar collection, Escuela Nacional deCiencias Biologicas, Mexico. Description.—Length 8.8-11.9, mean 10.6 ± SD = 0.9mm(n 34)forvarioussubspeciesofM.boneti s. lat., the subspecies of which do not differ signifi­cantly in size. Castaneous to castaneous-piceous;microsculpture of head faintly isodiametric but obso­lescent and microsculpture of pronotum faintly trans­verse but obsolescent in nominate subspecies, head and pronotum polished-shining; elytral microsculp­ture strongly isodiametric and dull-shining. Head 1.7 times longer than wide; eye small and flat, its diame­ter about 0.6 length of scape, probably functional. Pronotum slightly longer than wide, vaguely subcordi­form, sides very shallowly but distinctly sinuate in basal fifth; anterior angles small and slightly pro­duced but general aspect of apex more or less trun­cate, hind angles obtuse and rather prominent; basal impressions moderate, slightly oblique, extended forward around sides of disc, producing a moderate lateral deplanation; no marginal setae; gutter con­tinuous across base. Elytra with longitudinal striae very shallow and regular, finely seriate-punctulate,apical half of Bth and apical fifth of 7th more deeplyimpressed, intervals very flat; scutellar puncturepresent; one pair of small discal punctures behind middle on 2nd stria; 7th stria with 2 punctures near apex, the outermost rather small; elytral apexesfinely and individually truncate. Aedeagus 1.61­ 1.70 mm, weakly arcuate and rather slender, apexbriefly attenuate beyond apical orifice; right para­mere about half as wide as left, slightly constricted in middle and widened and spatulate at apex; isodia­metric microsculpture limited to lateral lobes either side ofapical orifice. Discussion.—This subspecies is known only from La Cueva de la Boca, justnortheast ofVilla Santiago, Figs. 18-22.Mexisphodrus spp.: 18, M. b. boneti (801. & Hendr.); 19.M. b. monterreyensis n. subsp., head and pronotum;20, M. b. nortoni n, subsp., head and pronotum; 21, M. b. palmitensis n. subsp., head and pronotum; 22, M. valverdensis n. sp. which is located on Rt. 85 a few kilometers south of Monterrey. The subspecies M. b. boneti is more closely similar to M. b. nortoni than to M. b. mon­terreyensis or M. b. palmitensis. The polished-shining appearance of the head and pronotum is highly diag­nostic. Mexisphodrus boneti nortoni, new subspeciesFig. 20 Description.—Similar to M. b. boneti in generalform; head and pronotum less shining, microsculp­ture evident; pronotum widest before middle, an­ terior marginal setae present; elytral striae very fine,intervals flat. Type-series.—Holotype male (American Museum of Natural History) and 42 paratypes, Cueva Chorros de Agua, 22 km W Montemorelos, Nuevo Leon,Mexico, 19-25 June 1969, dogfood bait traps, S. B. and J. H. Peck, R. M. Norton. Discussion.— Two specimens assignable to M. b. nortoni were collected in Cueva Sin Nombre, at Potrero Redondo, 17 km SW Villa Santiago, Nuevo Leon, by W. Elliott, 24 May 1980. Both M. b. boneti and M. b. nortoni differ from the other two sub­ species of boneti and from M. valverdensis in the slightly produced prosternal process. Mexisphodrus boneti monterreyensis, new subspeciesFig. 19 Description.—Differs from the preceding in the distinct cervical constriction, shallow frontal grooves,and rather deep elytral striae, with weakly convex intervals; pronotum about as in M. b. nortoni, with one pair of anterior marginal setae, hind angles more nearly right, pronotum sides subparallel in basal fifth,marginal bead continuous with basal bead. Type•series.—Holotype male (American Museum of Natural History) and 14 paratypes, small, un­named caves near the top of Chipinque Mesa, Mon­terrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico, 24 June 1969, S. B. and J. H. Peck, R. M. Norton. Discussion.—Most of the specimens were taken in the twilight zone at dogfood baits. Rhadine chipinque occurs in these caves. Mexisphodrus boneti palmitensis, new subspeciesFigs. 10, 21 Description.—Resembles M. b. boneti in the slen­der head and form of the pronotum, which is widest near the middle; pronotum usually without marginal setae (one specimen out of 9 has anterior marginalsetae); elytral striae rather deeply impressed, 0-1 punctures on 2nd stria behind middle. Microsculp­ture evident on dull-shining head and pronotum. Type-series.—Holotype male (American Museum of Natural History) and one male paratype, Grutas del Palmito, near Bustamante, Nuevo Leon, Mexico, 13 July 1963, W. Russell. Seven additional paratypes as follows, same cave: 18 March, 1967, R. Reming­ton; May 1967, W. Russell; March 1960, Michel Bardlet; 24 June 1964, S. B. Peck. Discussion.— Grutas del Palmito is also the type-locality for Mexaphaenops prietoi Bolivar and Rha­dine araizai Bolivar. Mexisphodrus valverdensis, new species Figs. 11, 22 Description.—Length 10.6-12.4, mean 11.9 SD 0.65 mm (n = 6), a little larger thanM. boneti Color darker piceous, tarsi, palps, and outer antennal seg­ments pale, contrasting; microsculpture intense, dull-shining. Head with 2 pairs of supraorbital punctures; eye larger and more convex than in M. boneti, its diameter about 0.8 length of scape. Pronotum sides scarcely sinuate, oblique in basal fifth to more rounded, oblique, hind angles; one pair of marginal setae before middle. Elytra with longitudinal striae very shallow, slightly irregular, intervals very flat;scutellar puncture present; 3 pairs of discal punctures,anterior on 3rd interval, two posterior pairs on 2nd stria; 7th stria with only one obvious puncture near apex (second puncture may be represented by a minute puncture in gutter at apex of 2nd stria);elytral apexes simply attenuate. Type-series.—Holotype male (American Museum of Natural History), two male and one female para­types, Ladder Cave, 25 km NW Del Rio, Val Verde Co., Texas (U.S.A.), 2 April 1965, J. R. Reddell and K. Christiansen. One male paratype, Ladder Cave, 10 August 1963, J. R. Reddell. One male paratype,Sunset Cave, 20 km NW Del Rio, 14December 1962, J. R. Reddell and W. Russell. Measurements(mm).—Holotype,totallength 10.63,head 2.33 long X 1.60 wide, pronotum 2.14 long X 2.01 wide, elytra 5.79 long X 3.65 wide, antenna 6.48 long. Discussion.—Geographically M. valverdensis is separated from the range of M. boneti by the Rio Grande. The darker color, larger eyes, two pairs of supraorbital setae, and the full complement of three pairs of elytral discal punctures are all plesiomorphiccharacters distinguishing it from corresponding apo­morphic character states in M. boneti. Speocolpodes Barr Barr, 1973:273, fig. 1. Type from Seamay Cave, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala; type deposited in American Museum of Natural History. Description. Speocolpodes franiai, the only spe­cies in this genus, is immediately distinguished from Mexisphodrus species by the elongate, subparallel = = head (L/W 2.1) and pronotum (L/W 1.25), elon­gate appendages (antenna length/body length = 0.85),and the very small eye rudiment, which is a paleareola without ommatidial vestiges. Two pairs of supraorbital setae and two pairs of pronotal marginalsetae are present. The elytral disc is highly polishedand convex, with finely transverse microsculpture(cf. M. profundus and M. cancuc); the scutellar stria is vestigial, only medial and posterior discal punctures are present, there is only one puncture at the apex of the 7th stria, and the umbilicate series consists of + 6+2 6 punctures; elytra! apexes are very finelyand briefly truncate. The two known females measure 9.5 and 10.2 mm; males are unknown. Seamay Cave is located on the Finca Seamay, Senahu, Alta Vera­paz, Guatemala. Discussion.—Speocolpodes is almost certainly partofthe same anchomeninelineage to whichMexispho­drus belongs. In addition to the more pronouncedtroglobitic morphology, it differs from Mexisphodrusspecies in the less sharply truncate prosternum base,and the 4th metatarsomeres are much less deeplybilobed. A general relationship between Mexispho­drus, Speocolpodes, and Speleodesmoides Mateu (1978), a cavernicole from western Venezuela, maybe postulated, but it seems premature to speculate on phylogenetic details with so little information available. Rhadine LeConte LeConte, 1848:218; type-species, R. larvalis, bymonotypy. The species share a distinctive habitus, very elon­gate body form (except R. euprepes), narrow (nottriangular) prosternal base, 4th tarsomeres not bi-lobed, elytra very flat with reflexed margin and usually more or less dehiscent apexes. They are essen­tially apterous, reddish piceous in color(R. euprepesis dark piceous-black), and have the 3rd antennal seg­ment conspicuously longer than the 4th segment(segments subequal in a few of the smaller troglobiticspecies). “” In the present paper I have transferred R boneti Bolivar and Hendrichs (1964) to Mexispho-. drus and left “R.” pelaezi Bolivar and Hendrichs in Platynus s. lat. Although Whitehead (1973) suggested subgeneric status for Rhadine in his all-inclusive Platynus s. lat., it seems to me a mistake to waste the informational and phyletic content afforded by retention of the genus. In my judgment Rhadine is a highly distinc­ tive, monophyletic group including about 70 species; few such clear-cut groups exist among North Ameri­ can anchomenines. Our taxonomic system is not well served by lumping Rhadine with several hun­ dred other species in as heterogeneous and difficult- to-defineataxonasPlatynus s.lat. Mexican species of Rhadine fall into four of the six species-groups which I established in an earlier paper (Barr, 1974)—the larvalis group (euprepes), the dissecta group (hendrichsi, reddelli), the perlevis group (perlevis, leptodes, rotgeri, medellini, araizai, bolivari), and the suhterranea group (chipinque, elliotti). To six previously known Mexican species of the genus an additional five species are described as new. larvalis group In this group of medium-large species the pro­notum margins are quite broadly reflexed, eyes are well developed, and the mentum foveae are glabrous.Rhadine caudata LeConte is a southeastern specieswhose range includes much of the area between the southern margins of Pleistocene glaciation and the Fall Line; it occurs often but locally in caves of Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Alabama. Rha­dine larvalis LeConte inhabits the Gulf Coastal em­bayment of north Florida, south Alabama, and eastern Arkansas north to the vicinity of St. Louis (type-locality); it occupies a cave in south Alabama. Rhadine ozarkensis Sanderson and Miller is known only from one male and one female taken in a west­ ern Arkansas cave. Rhadine euprepes (Bates) is dis­ tributed from western Chihuahua south throughDurango into Oaxaca; no cave collections have been made for this species. Rhadine larvalis LeConte LeConte, 1848:218. Agonum (Rhadine) jonesi Barr, 1960:48; type- locality, Turks Cave, Conecuh Co., Alabama NEW SYNONYMY. Platynus jonesi: Choate and Rogers, 1976:364. Comparison of the holotype and a specimen from Little Rock, Arkansas, with the type-series of R. jonesi has convinced me that jonesi is a junior syno­nym of R. larvalis. The Arkansas specimen (in mycollection) was obtained in the flood plain of theArkansas River by N. B. Causey. Choate and Rogers Key to Mexican Species ofRhadine 1. Eyes reduced to minute, pale areolae; length only 5.7-7.6 mm; caves near Monterrey, Nuevo Leon Eyes well developed; size larger 2 3 2(1). Smaller(5.7 mm) and more robust (Fig. 33); postantennal groove not attaining posterior supraorbital puncture; pronotum widest before middle;immediate vicinity ofMonterrey (Chipinque Mesa)Larger (6.5-7.6 mm) and more slender (Fig. 34);postantennal groove prolongedto posterior supraorbital puncture: pronotum widest near middle; vicinity of Potrero Redondo(17 km S Santiago) chipinque n. sp. elliotti n. sp. 3(1). Mentum with pair of rather deep, pubescent foveae (50X!)Mentum with pair of shallow, glabrous foveae 4 5 4(3). Pronotum more slender, hind angles slightly reflexed; elytra with 3 discal punctures, striae fine and regular, finely punctulate, apexes slender,considerably produced and sharply acuminate (Fig. 25);cave in San Luis Potosi Pronotum less slender, hind angles not reflexed at all; elytra with 4-5 discal punctures, striae very shallow and somewhat irregular, apexes brieflyproduced and dehiscent (Fig. 26); southwest Tamaulipas hendrichsi n. sp. reddelli n. sp. 5(3). Color pale reddish-testaceous, form rather slender; pronotum as long as wide orlonger than wide (Figs. 27-29, 31-32), anterior angles not prominent,distinct hind angles present, with only one (anterior) or no marginal setae;elytral striae shallow, intervals flat, elytral apexes obliquely truncate and at least slightly dehiscent Color dark piceous, form more robust; pronotum transverse, anterior anglesproduced and hind angles strongly rounded (Fig. 23), two pairs of marginalsetae; elytral striae deeper, intervals weakly but distinctly convex, elytral apexes individually rounded (Fig. 24); Durango and western Chihuahua to Oaxaca 6 euprepes (Bates) 6(5). Femora with two rows of 7-9 long setae, these setae longer than width of femora; elongate, very slender species, pronotum nearly twice as lone as wide (Fig. 31)Femora witli 2-4 setae which are shorter than or subequal to length of femora 7 8 7(6). 8(6). Head narrower than pronotum, pronotum apex wider than base; elytral margin more deeply sinuate before apex, apexes briefly produced (Fig. 30); caves in northwest Nuevo Leon and adjacent Coahuila Head as wide as pronotum, pronoturn apex and base widthssubequal; elytralmargin quite shallowly sinuate before apex, apexes slender, more produced,acute (Fig. 31); cave in eastern Coahuila Pronolurn slender, longer than wide; eyes smaller, less than length of templesbehind; elytra with 3 discal punctures (or fewer)Pronotum less tlian 0.05 longer than wide, strongly cordifonn; eyes larger, their length greater than length of temples behind; elytra with 4 discal punctures(Fig. 32); Durango (Fa Ciudad) araizai (Bolivar) bolivari n. sp. 9 leptodes (Bates) 9(8). Pronotum sides distinctly sinuate, hind angles about rightPronotum sides feebly and vaguely sinuate, hind angles obtuse; Chihuahua 10 perlevis Casey 10(9). Size larger(9.s-12.5 mm); eye 0.75 as long as temple behind; margin of pronotumless deeply sinuate (Fig. 29); eastern San Luis Potosi medellini Bolivar and Hendrichs Size smaller (8.0-8.3 nun); eye less than 0.6 as long as temple behind; marginof pronotum more deeply sinuate (Fig. 28); southeast Coahnila to northeast Durango rotgeri Bolivar and Hendrichs (1976) report taking a north Florida specimen at night on a river bank. The south Alabama (A. jonesi)collection was made in a cave. Rhadine euprepes (Bates) Figs. 23, 24 Platynus euprepes Bates, 1884:93. “Cotypes, '’La Ciudad. Durango, British Museum of Natural History and Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle,Paris. Description. Length 11.0-12.4 mm. Form mode­rately broad and depressed, dull shining, including pronotum disc; dark piceous, sometimes mouthparts.tarsi, and margins of pronotum and elytra paler.Head rounded, about as wide as long, neck 0.75 width measured across eyes; eye convex, slightlyshorter than scape length but 1.5 times longer than temple behind; frontal impressions quite short and broad, not attaining level of eye. a few wrinkles between antennal ridge and frontal impressions, and a few very fine, oblique striae between supraorbital punctures; antenna 0.6 body length. Pronotum 0.9 as long as wide, anterior angles produced, hind anglesalmost completely rounded; both pairs of marginal setae present; disc microsculpture intense, transverse,dull shining. Elytra two-thirds longer than wide, apexes individually rounded and scarcely dehiscent: striae rather deep (for the genus), intervals subcon­vex; 3 discal punctures; about 20 umbilicate punc­tures (7 + 3 widely spaced 10) on Bth stria; 2 small + punctures close together at apex of 7th stria; scutel­ lar puncture and scutellar stria well developed. Discussion.—The type-locality is La Ciudad. Durango; I have examined material from Bates’ collection in the British Museum. Four specimensfrom western Chihuahua were examined (3 between Creel and Batopilas. J. Reddell: and one specimen west of Madera. B. Rotger). The California Academyof Sciences collection contains specimens labeled “El Salto" (Durango) and “Oaxaca” which are typical R. euprepes, suggesting the species may be quitewidely distributed in western Mexico. No specimensof R. euprepes have been taken in caves, but this is probably a function of the comparatively low densityof suitable caves in western Mexico. The species is probablv not closely related to other Mexican Rha­dine, as suggested by the aberrant external morpho­logy and the female stylus, which bears a long setal fringe on the basal segment and 3 stout outer spines on the apical segment. dissecta group This group ranges through the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains from southern Canada to San Luis Potosi and Tamaulipas, where it is newly recorded from Mexico. Most of the species have a cordifonn pronotum, but the two described here superficiallyresemble species of theperlevis group. The diagnostic feature which distinguishes species of this group is a pair of unusually deep and distinctly pubescentmental foveae. A few small scales are present in the internal sac, but these are much less conspicuous than thedensepatchinspeciesoftheperlevis group. Rhadine hendrichsi, new species Fig. 25 Description.—Distinguished by large, flat eyes;long and slender pronotum, elytra, and appendages;and abruptly and obliquely truncate elytral apexeswhich are narrowly produced, acuminate, and de­hiscent. Head 1.5 times longer than wide; frontal grooves very shallow, associated wrinkles relativelyfew, antennal ridge short, antennal groove quiteshallow and short; eye rather large, its length greaterthan scape length or length of temple behind, nearlyflat: antenna very long and slender, 0.7 total bodylength. Pronotum 1.65 times longer than wide, widest about apical 0.3. apex slightly wider than base, base 0.65 greatest width; anterior angles rounded, apex truncate, sides convergent to hind angles with sug­gested very shallow sinuation, hind angles more or less obtuse, base rounded behind angles and shallowlyemarginate between them; both pairs of marginal setae present. Elytra twice as long as wide, apexesabruptly and obliquely truncate, tips produced,slender, acuminate, dehiscent; 3 discal punctures, 16-17 umbilicate punctures, 7th stria with only one apical puncture, scutellar punctures small and incon­spicuous, scutellar stria obsolete. Male unknown. Type-series.—Holotype female (American Museum of Natural History), a unique, Surnidero 552, 50 km S Matehuala at Km. 552, San Luis Potosi, Mexico,June 1965,W. Russell. Measurements (mm).-Holotype, total length 9.00,head 1.82 long X 1.20 wide, pronotum 2.08 long X 1.26 wide, elytra 5.41 long X 2.64 wide, antenna 6.22 long. Rhadine reddilli, new species Figs. 26, 36 Description.—Differs from R. hendrichsi in broader form and less produced elytral apexes; 4-5 elytraldiscal punctures. Length 9.1-10.3, mean 9.8 ± SI) - 0.4 mm (n >). Head 1.5 times longer than wide,neck 0.7 width measured across eyes; eye about as long as temple and 0. i as long as scape; frontal im­pressions very shallow, with several irregular, trans­ Figs. 23-26.-Rhadine spp.; 23, R. euprepes (Bates), pronotum; 24, R. euprepes (Bates), elytral apex; 25, R. hendrichsi n. sp.; 26, R. reddelli n. sp. verse wrinkles, antennal groove shallow but con­tinued to posterior angle of eye; antenna 0.7 as long as body, Pronotum 1.3 times longer than wide,widest about apical third, base slightly narrower than apex and 0.6 greatest width; both pairs of marginalsetae present; anterior angles effaced, sides conver­gent in basal half with faint suggestion of sinuation,hind angles obtuse, base very shallowly emarginate at most. Elytra 1.8 times longer than wide, apexesbriefly and broadly produced, dehiscent; 4 (-5)discal punctures on 3rd interval; umbilicate series about 16 (4 in humeral margin and 12 on Bth stria), small scutellar puncture and vague scutellar stria, two small punctures at apex of 7th stria; striae very shal­low but somewhatirregular and intervals vaguely sub-convex in some specimens. Type-series.—Holotype male (American Museum of Natural History), 5 paratype males, and one para­type female, Cueva Abajo de Carretera, 33 km SW Tula, Tamaulipas, Mexico, 17 July 1967, J. Reddell, J. Fish. Measurements(mm).—Holotype, totallength9.88,head 2.08 long X 1.38 wide, pronotum 2.08 long X 1.57 wide, elytra 5.41 long X 3.02 wide, antenna 7.04 long. Discussion.—The two setae on the pronotum mar­gins are not present on all individuals in the type-series but have probably broken off. The number of discal punctures is a little variable but is apparentlyusually four. perlevis group This is one of the largest groupsin the genus, con­taining many cavemicolous species with functional eyes. The majority of its species have a dolioliform pronotum (exception: R. leptodes) and obliquely truncate elytral apexes, but R. araizai and related species have briefly produced and slightly “caudate” apexes; the latter, however, are readily recognized bythe twin rows of 7-9 long femoral setae. The internal sac of the aedeagus bears a characteristically dense scaly patch. Mentum foveae are glabrous. The rangeof the group includes south Texas, most of New Mexico and Arizona, southern Nevada, Chihuahua,Coahuila, western Nuevo Leon, northern San Luis Potosi, and Durango. The species are difficult and are best recognized by body outlines. Type-species: R. perlevis Casey. Rhadine perlevis Casey Figs. 27, 35 Casey, 1913:167; type-locality, Colonia Garcia, Chi­ huahua, Mexico, type deposited in U. S. National Museum of Natural History, Washington. Description.—Length 8.6-10.8, mean 10.1 mm (n = 4). Slender, appendages elongate, elytral apexes very strongly and obliquely truncate, scarcely pro­duced and slightly dehiscent. Eye large, more than 0.6 length of temple; neck narrow, about 0.6 width of head measured across eyes. Pronotum with ante­rior marginals but no posterior marginals, sides almost convergent (vaguely sinuate) to hind angles, which are obtuse. Elytra with 4 discal punctures, striae very fine and intervals flat. Discussion.—Casey’s type-specimen came from Colonia Garcia, which is located about 80 km south­east of Casas Grandes in western Chihuahua. The onlyother Mexican specimens known are 4 examplestaken in Grutas de Coyame, 6 km south of Coyame,Chihuahua, 22 June 1980, J. Reddell, D. McKenzie,and M. Shumate. The species’ range extends north­westward into southern Arizona, where it is relatively common in caves and near the mouths of mammal burrows. Rhadine rotgeri Bolivar and Hendrichs Figs. 28, 37 Bolivar and Hendrichs, 1964:9; type-locality, Gruta de Cuevecillas, 9 km ENE Arteaga, Coahuila,Mexico, type deposited in Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, Mexico. Description.—Length 8.0-8.3, mean 8.3 mm = (n 5). Compared to R. perlevis, eye smaller, less than half length of temple; neck wider, about 0.7 of head width measured across eyes. Pronotum with or without anterior marginals only; sides distinctlysinuate in basal sixth, hind angles blunt but about right. Elytra with only 2 discal punctures, striae fine and intervals very flat. Aedeagus relatively short and rather strongly arcuate for the group (cf. Bolivar and Hendrichs, 1964, fig. 2). Discussion.—The type-locality, in the Sierra de Arteaga, has yielded a total of 4 specimens, 3 of them collected by Bolivar and others in 1959 and formingthe type-series, and one specimen collected by J. R. Reddell in 1965. The occurrence of the species in the Sierra del Rosario, eastern Durango, was established 12 June 1980 when 3 specimens and an isolated pair ofelytrawerecollectedinGrutasdeMapimi, 15km west-southwest of Mapimi, by J. Reddell, D. McKen­zie, and M. Shumate. The Cuevecillas specimens lack the anterior marginal setae, which are however pres­ent in the small series from Grutas de Mapimi. Rhadine medellini Bolivar and Hendrichs Figs. 29, 38 Bolivar and Hendrichs, 1964:11. Type-locality,Cueva Camicero, La Maroma, San Luis Potosi, Figs.27-30.-Rhadinespp.:27,R.perlevisCasey,pronotum;28,R. rotgeriBol.&Hendr.,pronotum;29,R.medelliniBol. & Hendr., pronotum; 30, R. araizai (Bol.), elytral apexes. Mexico; type deposited in coll. Bolivar, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, Mexico. Description.—Length 9.5-12.5 mm. Closely similar to R. perlevis; head less wrinkled between antennal ridge and frontal impressions; pronotum sides sub-parallel in basal 0.3, hind angles about right. Eyesrather large, neck about two-thirds as wide as head measured across eyes. Pronotum 1.25 times longerthan wide, widest near middle, one pair of marginal setae at apical third. Elytra a little narrower and flatter, striae slightly deeper; 3 discal punctures; + umbilicate series of 5 11 (on Bth stria) punctures. Discussion.—l have examined a paratype of this species from Cueva Camicero, also two males from Sumidero de Matehuala, 1500 m, 3 km E Matehuala, San Luis Potosi, August 1966, J. Reddell, J. Fish, D. McKenzie. Rhadine araizai(Bolivar) Fig. 30 SpalaeorhadinearaizaiBolivar, 1944:27;type-locality,Grutas del Palmito, near Bustamante, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; type deposited in Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas.Rhadine araizai araizai: Bolivar and Hendrichs, 1964:6. Description.—Length 9.2-10.1 mm. Form veryelongate and slender; femora with two rows of verylong (Ttactile) setae, each row with 7-9 setae which are longer than the width of a femur. Head narrower thanpronotum;pronotum apexwiderthanpronotum base; elytra with 3 discal punctures, subapical emargi­nation very deep, apexes briefly produced, slender,and dehiscent; longitudinal striation extremely shal­low, obsolescent. Discussion.—The type-locality cave is also occu­pied by Mexaphaenops prietoi Bolivar and Mexispho­drus boneti palmitensis. I have seen R. araizai not only from the Grutas del Palmito, a large cave in the Sierra de Gomas, but also from Cueva del Precipicio, a few kilometers away, and from Cueva de los Lagos,in eastern Coahuila (now inundated by the Amistad Reservoir). Because the ranges oiR. araizai and those of R. howdeni (Barr and Lawrence) and R. bahcocki (Barr) are disjunct, I prefer to consider R. araizai as a monotypic species. The status of R. howdeni and R. babcocki, both of which inhabit south-central Texas,is under investigation. Rhadine bolivari, new species Fig. 31 Description.—Resembles R. araizai in extremelyelongate, slender body and appendages, elvtral striae obsolescent and femora with two ventral rows of verylong setae: but head as wide as pronotum. widths of pronotum at apex and base subequal, elvtral marginswith shallow subapical emargination. elvtral apexesslender, more produced, acute. Length of uniqueholotype 10.13 mm. Head 1.6 times longer than wide; eye 0.75 as long as temple: neck width 0.6 width of head measured across eyes. Pronotum 1.9 times longer than wide, widest in apical third, apexand base widths subequal and about 0.6 greatestwidth: one pair (anterior) of marginal setae. Elvtra 1.9 times longer than wide; no discal punctures: sub­apicalsinuationofmarginshallowerthaninR. araizai. apexes slender, produced, acute, and dehiscent; 16 umbilicate punctures. Antenna 0.8 as long as body.Aedeagus not examined. Type-series —Holotype male (American Museum of Natural History), a unique, Cueva del Pedregoso,33 km SE Cuatro Cienegas. Coahuila. Mexico, 30 December 1967. J. Reddell. W. Russell. W. Calvert. Discussion.—The type-localitv is approximately180 km west of Grutas del Palmito. where R. araizai occurs. This species is also closely allied to R. how­deni (Barr and Lawrence. 1960) and R. babcocki (Barr, 1960), which were considered subspecies of R. araizai by Bolivar and Hendrichs (1964). .Althoughmoderately large and presumably functional eves are present in all four of these species, they are known only from caves. Rhadine leptodes (Bates), new combination Fig. 32 Platynus leptodes Bates, 1884:92, pi. 4. fig. 25. Platynus leptomorphus: lapsus in plate label in above reference. Description.—Length 9.6-10.3 mm. Eye unusuallylarge and convex, about 1/7 longer than scape and 1/7 longer than temple behind; antenna rather short, less than 0.6 total body length: frontal grooves typi­cally very shallow and wrinkled, antennal groove longand deep, extending to posterior angle of eye. Pro­notum about as long as wide, elongate-cordifonn.widest in apical three-eighths, apex and base subequalin width and 5/8 greatest width; anterior marginalsetae present, no setae in hind angles: sides strongly arcuate, subparallel in basal seventh, anterior anglesmoderately prominent, hind angles about rightthough much rounded behind and a little reflexed,base emarginate between angles. Elytra 1.6 times longer than wide, widest just behind middle, apexesobliquely truncate though much less so than in R. perlevis, briefly and weakly dehiscent: 4 or 5 small discal punctures on 3rd interval, about 17 umbilicate punctures. Measurements (mm).—Topotype female (T. Barr coll.),totallength10.25.head1.82longX 1.51wide, pronotum 2.08 long X 2.01 wide, elytra 5.72 long X 3.46 wide, antenna 5.47 long. Discussion.—The type-locality is La Ciudad,Durango. I have examined two specimens, one “para­type from the British Museum, another collected at La Ciudad in August 1963 by B. Rotger, C. R. The species, which is not yet known from caves, is imme­diately recognized from other members of the per­levis group by the large eyes and cordiform pronotum.The plate illustration in Bates (1884:pl. 4, fig. 25) portrays the pronotum as less cordiform than it actu­ally is. subterranea group The group is distinguished by minute eye rudi­ments. more or less pubescent mental foveae, and a scaly patch in the internal sac of the aedeagus. All species are troglobitic. Previously all known speciesof the subterranea group occurred in the Balcones Fault Zone and eastern Edwards Plateau of Central Texas. However, two newly described species from Nuevo Leon share all the diagnostic group charac­ters given by Barr (19.4) and are the only troglobiticRhadine species known from Mexico. Both appear to be related to R. Persephone Barr, a somewhat aber­rant species occupying caves in northern Travis Co.,Texas. They are readily keyed out in the first coupletof my key to species of this group (Barr. 1974:4-5),because they lack pronotal marginal setae; however,they are readily distinguished by small size (R. chipin­que) or more slender habitus with very long antennal grooves (R. elliotti). The subterranea group is probably derived from the perlevis group, although a less convincing case can be made for derivation from the dissecta group (Barr,1974). In my judgment all species assigned to the group constitute a monophyletic assemblage, but R. Persephone, R. chipinque, and R. elliotti form a rather distinctive subgroup in which the larger eyerudiments—probably non-functional—retain vestigesof ommatidia, and the pronotum margin is devoid of marginal setae. Rhadine chipinque is the smallest species in the genus. Figs. 31-32.—Rhadine spp.; 31. R. bolivari, n. sp.; 32. R. leptodes (Bates.) Rhadine chipinque, new species Fig. 33 Description.—A member of the subterranea groupwith no marginal setae, distinguished by its small size, long antennal groove, blunt and obtuse hind angles of the pronotum (acute in R. Persephone ), and minute eye rudiment. Length of unique female holotype 5.68 mm. Form moderately robust and convex, about as in R. Persephone; mfotestaceous, head and pronotum shining, elytra dull shining;integuments virtually glabrous. Head 0.7 as wide as long, neck about 0.8 greatest head width, surface nearly glabrous, sparse micropubescence on sides and below; labrum not emarginate; frontal grooves and frontal ridge weak, antennal ridge strong but barelyattaining posterior margin of eye, antennal groovecontinued almost to but not attaining posteriorsupraorbital puncture, frontal grooves and inter­vening area to antennal ridge with many small wrin­kles; eye rudiment quite small, about 0.04 X 0.10 mm, a small, oblique, oval areola. Pronotum nearly0.8 as wide as long, widest in apical three-eighths,slightly wider than head: apex slightly wider than base and 0.7 maximum width; disc glabrous, subcon­vex; sides faintly sinuate in basal sixth, anterior angles subdued, hind angles blunt and obtuse, not reflexed; no marginal setae. Elytra a little more than half as wide as long and three times as long as pro­notum; disc glabrous, microsculpture strongly dia­metric (as usual); apical sinuation absent, apexesblunt, obtuse, weakly dehiscent at sutural angle;longitudinal striae feebly impressed but distinct; one pair of discal punctures on 3rd stria in apical third;umbilicate series of 5 2 6 punctures, two small ++ punctures near apex of 7th stria. Mandibles slender, palps sparsely pubescent, terminal segments acumi­ nate hut not swollen. Antenna 0.7 body length, attaining middle of elytra when laid hack; 3rd and 4th segments subequal in length, dense pubescence beginning in apical three-fourths of 4th segment. Front tarsus with lateral ridge on basal segments. Male unknown. Typ e-series.—Holotype female (American Museum of Natural History), a unique, small caves on Chipin­ que Mesa, 1500 m, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico, 24 June 1969, S. B. and J. H. Peck and R. M. Norton. Measurements(mm).—Holotype,totallength 5.68, head 1.06 long X 0.74 wide, pronotum 1.14 long X 0.88 wide, elytra 3,45 long X 1.88 wide, antenna 4.00 long. Discussion.—Rhadine chipinque is the smallest known species in the genus. The type-locality is one of three small, trash-filled caves on Chipinque Mesa described by Peck and Peck (1973); Mexisphodrusboneti monterreyensis was very abundant in the same cave. In the Pecks’ account (1973) the Mexi­sphodrus are called “Rhadine” and the R. chipinque was mistaken for a Mexaphaenops, which it super­ficially resembles. The right front leg is missing from the holotype. Rhadine elliotti, new species Figs. 34, 39 Description.—ResemblingR.Persephone in generalhabitus and absence of pronotal marginal setae; dif­fering in more slender head, antennal groove extend­ing hack to posterior supraorbital puncture; prono­tum width 1.5 times base width (as in R. chipinque);aedeagal apex more sharply deflexed, produced, and = attenuate. Length 6.5-7.6, mean 6.9 (n 4). Head 1.9 times longer than wide, eye rudiment 0.12 X 0.20 mm, its long axis about one-third scape length,with vestiges of rudimentary ommatidia; antenna 0.7 body length; frontal grooves short, antennal ridge and groove very long, attaining posterior supraorbital puncture. Pronotum 1.4 times longer than wide,width at base two-thirds greatest width, apex width five-sixths base width; no marginal setae; anterior angles subdued, sides broadly and shallowly sinuate in basal ninth; hind angles small, nearly right. Elytra 1.9 times longer than wide, humeri much rounded,slightly ventricose, widest in apical three-eighths,broadly and shallowly sinuate in apical ninth, apexes not dehiscent; disc strongly depressed behind scutel­ + lum; no discal punctures; umbilicate series 14-15(61 + I+6). Aedeagus 1.10 mm long in paratype, basal bulb separated by slight constriction, median lobe apex deflexed almost at right angle, narrowly pro­duced and acuminate; scaly patch on dorsal side of internal sac. Female unknown. Type-series.—Holotype male (American Museum of Natural History) and 3 male paratypes, Cueva Sin Nombre, 17 km S Villa Santiago at Potrero Redondo,Nuevo Leon, Mexico, 24 May 1980, William Elliott. Measurements (mm).—Holotype, total length 7.55,head 1.64 long X 0.84 wide, pronotum 1.53 long X 1.10 wide, elytra 4.28 long X 2.30 wide, antenna 5.20 long. Miquihuana, new genus Derivatio nominis.—Miquihuana, a place name, town near the type-locality cave; gender is designatedfeminine. Description.—A member of subtribe SphodrinaCastelnau (=Sphodri of Lindroth, 1956=Sphodriniof Jeannel, 1942) with styloid right pararnere. Size small (6.5-8.0 mm), form elongate and slender, with troglo­bitic facies; eyes rudimentary; lahrum with 4 apicalmarginal setae; prosternal process laterally com­pressed and truncate behind; hind wings absent;elytra without discal punctures, margin not bent transversely across base; mesosternum without pre­coxal tooth; metepisternum short; protibia without longitudinal sulcus; metatibia without internal brush;tarsi glabrous, not strigose, with strong claws not pectinate. Male with 3 basal segments of protarsuswith adhesive setae beneath; both male and female with only 2 marginal setae on last ventral sternite. Habitus elongate and subconvex, resembling a troglobitic Rhadine; pale rufotestaceous, shining;elytral microsculpture isodiametric, dull shining, a little less intense than in Rhadine. Head subtriangular, long and narrow; eye rudi­mentary, circular, with few vestigial ommatidia, a weakly convex, 0.12-0.18 mm; lahrum singly emargi­nate, two setae at each side; frontal grooves short;antennal ridge prominent, with series of longitudinalwrinkles extending to posterior supraorbital punc­ture; antenna with heavy pubescence beginning on segment IV; mentum free, with very strong isodia­metric microsculpture, tooth very short and bifid (grooved); 2 setae each side behind suture; glossa Figs.33-34.-Rhadinespp.: 33,R.chipinque,n.sp.;34,R.elliotti,n.sp long and slender, expanded at tip, which bears 2 Elytra narrowly oval-elongate, humeri completely setae, with fine, longitudinal carina; paraglossae effaced, no subapical sinuation; discal punctures ab-slightly shorter than glossa; mental foveae very sent, umbilicate series short (11-13), 7th stria with shallow and glabrous; last segments of palps fusiform, one subapical puncture, small apical puncture at con-apexes obtuse. fluence of Ist and 2nd stria; margin narrow, not bent Pronotum subdolioliform, anterior angles weak, inward at base and not continued to apex; epipleura hind angles rather large, obtuse, flattened, produced, simple, not twisted. base consequently emarginate; 2 pairs of marginal Aedeagus with basal bulb not sharply bent nor setae. Prostemal process laterally compressed, sharply separated from median lobe by constriction, apex truncate behind. simply obtuse and symmetric, without apical disc, Figs.35-39.AedeagiofRhadinespp.,leftlateralview: 35,R.perlevisCasey(GrutasdeCoyame);36,R.reddelli,n.sp.;37,R.rotgeriBol.&Hendr.(GrutasdeMapimi); 38,R.medelliniBol.&Hendr.,paratype;39,R.elliotti,n.sp. orifice dextral; internal sac much convoluted, armed with many small spines, one patch of large, blunt spines near base; left paramere conchoidal, right paramere styloid, long, slender, and arcuate, attaining apex of penis. Female stylus with basal segment glab­rous; apical segment short and blunt, bearing one large blunt spine on both inner and outer side and one small subapical seta on inner side. Type-species.—Miquihuana rhadiniformis, new species. Miquihuana rhadiniformis, new species Figs. 40-44 Description.—Length 6.4-8.0, mean 7.3 mm (n = 4). Form very strongly reminiscent of an elon­gate, slender, troglobitic Rhadine (e.g. R. elliotti or R. austinica Barr). Head 1.6 times longer than wide,somewhat triangular, with narrow neck; labrum with 2 setae each side, middle 2 setae apparently absent: clypeus with 1 seta each side; 2 pairs of supraorbital setae, anterior placed over eye rudiment, posteriorbefore cervical constriction; frontal impressions short but rather broad and deep, ending above eye; anten­nal ridge prominent, numerous small, longitudinal wrinkles between antennal ridge and frontal impres­sions, extending to posterior supraorbital seta; eyeslightly oblate, subconvex, without pigment, about 0.9 as high as long (smallest 0.12 X 0.14 mm. largestin holotype, 0.17 X 0.18 mm), with about 15-16 ves­tigial ommatidia discernible; antenna rather short, less than 0.6 body length, heavy pubescence begin­ning on segment but segment 111 with evident sparse pubescence, segments I-IV cylindrical, V-XI slightlyflattenedandlongitudinallycarinate, segmentsin length ratio 1:1:2:1.75:1.25:1.25:1:1:1:0.75:1.25. Pronotum 1.8 times longer than wide, rather dolioli­form. widest near middle, apex 0.9 as wide as base,base 0.75 maximum width; apex truncate, sides scarcely sinuate; hind angles blunt, slightly acute, a little produced and flattened, base emarginate and without bead; disc depressed, irregular, with manyfine, transverse strigae, marginal bead quite narrow; two pairs of marginal setae, anterior before middle,posterior in hind angles. Elytra very elongate-oval,humeri effaced, margin without subapical sinuation, apexes narrowly approximate and each with a tinytooth; disc strongly convex but peculiarly depressedin apical third; margin narrowly beaded and narrowlyreflexed, bead ending blindly near base, not bent inward to form transverse basal margin (which is thus Figs. 40-43.—Miquihiiana rhadiniformis, n. gen. and sp., Sotano de Riachuelo, Tamaulipas; 40, habitus; 41, mouthparts;42,protarsus,holotypemale;43, aedeagus(actuallength1.16mm):LP,leftparamere;RP,rightparamere. absent), not continuedto apex;striaerather deep and equally impressed (except 6th and 7th), vaguelypunctulate, intervals subconvex, scutellar stria presentbut scutellar puncture displaced laterally to apex of sutural stria; discal punctures absent; umbilicate series of (11-) 12 (-13) punctures, all setiferous but longwhips in punctures 3, 9, and 11; one puncture near apex of 7th stria and one small puncture at apical confluence of Ist and 2nd striae. Aedeagus 1.16 mm long in holotype, rather short and compact, apexbriefly attenuate and produced but bluntly obtuse and without apical disc; right paramere strongly arcu­ate, not hooked at apex, which is obtusely rounded; left paramere conchoidal, rather small. Female stylusglabrous, without basal setae characteristic of Ago­nina (cf. Figs. 45, 46); outer stylomere with one inner and one outer spine and a small subapical seta on inner side. Type-series.—Holotype male (American Museum of Natural History) and 3 female paratypes, Sotano de Riachuelo, 6.5 km N and 2 km E Miquihuana,northwestern Tamaulipas, Mexico, elevation 2500 m,16 February 1981, Roy and Patti Mothes Jameson. Measurements (mm).—Holotype, total length 7.99,head 1.35 long X 0.86 wide, pronotum 1.93 long X 1.07 wide, elytra 4.28 long X 2.42 wide, antenna 4.62 long, aedeagus 1.16 long. Discussion.—This wholly unexpected and unusual troglobitic beetle is apparently a relic of considerable importance, belonging to the tme Sphodrina (Cala­ thus + Eurasian sphodrines of other genera). In the generickeysofJeannel(1937, 1942)itcomesclosest to Sphodropsis Seidlitz and Taphoxenus Motschulsky;however, it differs from Sphodropsis because the first metatarsomere is not pubescent beneath, and the tarsi are not strigose; it differs from Taphoxenus in the slender tarsi and absence of a metatibial brush. The distribution of Sphodropsis is interesting because it extends from China and Mongolia to the eastern Alps,where it is represented by a troglophile, S. ghilianiiSchaum (Jeannel, 1937). Mexisphodrus, although it resembles true spho­drines in habitus, has two conchoidal parameres and a fringe of setae on the inner, apical part of the basal stylomere (Fig. 46). Rhadine, also with conchoidal parameres,has asetosebasalstylomereandthreelongspines on the apical stylomere (Fig. 45). In both genera, unlike Miquihuana, the protibia is longitudi­nally ridged. Given the highly conservative structure of the parameres and stylus, we have in Miquihuana (a) the first known instance of an undoubtedly troglobiticsphodrine and (b) the first indication of a hitherto Figs. 44-46.—Left stylus of anchomenine females; 44, Miquihuana rhadiniformis; basal stylomere glabrous, outer stylomere with one inner and one outer spine and one small, subapical seta. 45, Rhadine tenebrosa Barr, Ramsay Bat Cave, Texas; reduced setation of basal stylomere and unusu­ally long subapical seta (doubled in some species) are typicalfor genus; one inner and two outer spines present in dissecta, perlevis, and subterranea groups. 46Mexisphodrus cuetzalan; , two short, outer spines on apical stylomere are characteristic ofMexisphodrus,but inM.cuetzalan theyarevestigial;apical fringe of setae on basal stylomere and short, geminate sub- apical setae in foramen on outer stylomere are characters of most Agonina. unrecognized penetration of the Sphodrina into North America, epigean representatives of which are presumably extinct. In JeanneFs (1937) classificatoryscheme Miquihuana clearly fits into the Sphodrus group of the Sphodrina. The only previously known genus of true Spho­drina in the New World is Calathus Bonelli (see Ball and Negre, 1972), which spread into Mexico from the north in at least three “pulses” during the Tertiary(Ball, 1970). Because Calathus and all other known genera of Sphodrina are Palaearctic, we can surmise with a reasonable degree of certainty that Miqui­huana, too, is derived from a Palaearctic stock, per­haps in Miocene or Pliocene time. Like the troglo­bitic trechines of northeastern Mexico it is appa­rently a relic ofa more widely distributed stock now extinct at the surface. Unlike the trechines, it is not immediately apparent what that stock may have been. LITERATURE CITED Ball, G. E., and J. Negre. 1972. The taxonomy of the Nearc­ tic species of the genus Calathus Bonelli (Coleoptera: Carabidae; Agonini). Trans. American Entomol. Soc., 98:412-533. Barr, T. C., Jr. 1960. The cavemicolous beetles of the sub- genus Rhadine, genus Agonum. American Midi. Nat., 64:45-65. Barr, T. C., Jr. 1965. A new cavemicolous sphodrine from Veracruz, Mexico (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Coleopt. Bull., 19:65-72. Fig. 47.—Distribution of Mexisphodrus (numerals), Miquihuana (M), and Speocolpodes (S): 1) M. valverdensis; 2) M. boneti palmitensis, 3)M.bonetisubspp.;4)M.purgatus;5)M.profundus;6)M.spiritus;7)M.gertschisubspp.;8)M.cuetzalan;9)M.veraecrucis;10)M.zoquitlan;11)M.urquijoi;12)M.cancuc;M:Miquihuanarhadiniforrnis; S:Speocolpodesfraniai. Barr, T. C., Jr. 1966. New species of Mexisphodrus from Mexican caves (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Psyche, 73:112­ 115. Barr, T. C., Jr. 1970. Studies of the Mexican subgenusPlaty­nella (Coleoptera; Carabidae: Agonini). Psyche, 77:209­ 216. Barr, T. C., Jr. 1973. Speocolpodes, a genus of troglobiticbeetles from Guatemala (Coleoptera; Carabidae). Psyche, 80:271-276. Barr, T. C., Jr. 1974. Revision of Rhadine LeConte (Coleop­tera, Carabidae). I. The subterranea group. American Mus. Novitates, 2539:1-30. Barr, T. C., Jr. 1981. The trechine beetles of the Paratrechus series in Mexico and Central America, with special refe­ rence to the cave species (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Tre­ chinae). Assoc. Mexican Cave Stud. Bull., 8:193-236. Barr, T. C., Jr,, J. Hendrichs, and C. Bolivar y Pieltain. 1968. Nota sinonomica sobre Agonum (Platynus) bilimeki 801. & llendr. Ciencia, Mexico, 26:107-108. Barr, T. C., Jr., and J. F. Lawrence. 1960. New cavernicolous species of Agonum (Rhadine) from Texas. Wasmann J.Biol., 18:137-145. Bates, H. W. 1884. Biologia Centrali-Americana, Zoologia:Insecta, Coleoptera, Vol. I, pt. 1. London. 316 pp.,13pis. Bolivar y Pieltain, C. 1944. Descubrimiento de un Rhadine afenopsiana en el estado de Nuevo Leon, Mexico (Col.Carab.). Ciencia, Mexico, 5:25-28. Bolivar y Pieltain, C., and J. Hendrichs. 1964. Agoninoscaverm'colas nuevos del genero Rhadine de Nuevo Leon,Coahuila, y San Luis Potosi (Mexico) (Col. Carab.).Ciencia, Mexico, 28:5-16. Casey, T. L. 1913. Studies in the Cicindelidae and Carabidae of America. Memoirs on the Coleoptera, IV: 1-192. Casey, T. L. 1920. A revisional study of the American Platy­ninae. Memoirs on the Coleoptera, IX:1-132. Choate, P. M., and T. Rogers. 1976. The occurrence of a troglophilic ground beetle in Florida (Coleoptera: Carabi­dae). Coleopt. Bull., 30:364. Habu, A. 1978. Fauna Japonica: Carabidae, Platynini (In­secta, Coleoptera). Tokyo; Keigku Publ. Co. 447 pp. + pis. Hendrichs,J.,andC.BolivaryPieltain. 1966.Hallazgodeun nuevo Mexisphodrus cavernicola en el Estado de Hidalgo, M. gertschi n. sp. Ciencia, Mexico, 24:7-10. Hendrichs, J., and C. Bolivar y Pieltain. 1973. Un nuevo es­fodrino ciego del Sotano de San Agustin, Oaxaca, Mexico. Ciencia, Mexico, 28:37-41. Jeannel, R. 1937. Notes sur les Carabiques (deuxieme note).Rev. franc. d’Entomol., 4:73-100. Jeannel, R, 1942. Coleopteres carabiques. Faune de France,40, vol. 2:573-1173. Paris: Faculte des Sciences. Le Conte, J. L. 1848. A descriptive catalogue of the geode­phagous Coleoptera inhabiting the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York,4:173-233; 334-474. Lindroth, C. H. 1956. A revision of the genus Synuchus Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in the widest sense, with notes on Pristosia Motschulsky (Eucalathus Bates)and Calathus Bonelli. Trans. Roy. Entomol. Soc. London, 108:485-585. Mateu, J. 1978. Speleodesmoides raveloi, nuevo genero y especie de carabido troglobio en una cueva de Venezuela (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Rev. Soc. Venezolana Espel., 9:21-28. Peck, S. 8., and J. H. Peck. 1973. 1969 Mexico-Guatemala cave biology field trip report. Assoc. Mexican Cave Stud. News., 4:63-70. Steele. B. 1981, Rio Iglesia 1980 expedition: The year of the Nitas. Explorers}., 59(1):10-15. Stone, B, 1981. Rio Iglesia 1980 expedition—Li Nita: The last resort. Explorers J., 59(2):68-73. Ueno, S.-I. 1952. On a cave-dwelling sphodrid found in Japan(Coleoptera, Harpalidae). Mushi, 24:17-19. Ueno, S.-I. 1955a. New cave-dwelling anchomenids of Japan.Opusc. Entomol., 20:56-64. 1 pi. Ueno, S.-I. 1955b. On the genus Trephionus H. W. Bates. Opusc. Entomol., 20:37-48, 1 pi. Whitehead, D. R. 1973. Annotated key toPlatynus, including ” Mexisphodrus and most “Colpodes so far described from North America including Mexico (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Agonini). Quaest. Entomol., 9:173-217. Assoc. Mexican Cave Stud. Bull., 8; 193-236/TexasMem. Mus. Bull., 28:193-236. THE TRECHINE BEETLES OF THE PARATRECHUS SERIES IN MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE CAVE SPECIES (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE: TRECHINAE) Thomas C. Barr, Jr. School ofBiological Sciences University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky 40506 ABSTRACT Trechine beetles of the Paratrechus series are distributed from Mexico southward through Central America and South America to central Brazil. The group arose from a Holarctic stock which became isolated in northern South America in early Tertiary and spread northward into Central America and Mexico in the later Tertiary. In northeastern Mexicc relics of a more extensive distribution survive as cave popu­ lations of Mexaphaenops and Paratrechus. Today the geo­graphic ranges of Mexaphaenops and Paratrechus are mutu­ally exclusive except for three troglobitic species of Para­trechus. Paratrechus includes 33 known species: 1 in Brazil, 2 in Ecuador, and 30 species in Mexico and Central America; its epigean species are usually micropterous and confined to cool, moist uplands, but four obligate cave species occur in northeastern Mexico, Mexaphaenops includes 8 troglobitic species in three groups which evolved from a Paratrechus­like stock, now extinct above ground. Mexitrechus includes 6 known species in southwestern Mexico, but no troglobitic species are known. Chiapadytes (Mexico) is very closely re­lated to Paratrechus, but Mayaphaenops (Guatemala) prob­ably shares a common ancestry with Mexitrechus; both are monobasic troglobitic genera. The genera Paratrechus, Mexaphaenops, and Mexitrechus are reviewed, keys to species are given, and the following new taxa are described and illustrated. Paratrechus: contrarius (Queretaro), tacana (Chiapas), putzeysi (Oaxaca), cataractae (Veracruz), balli (Oaxaca), totontepec (Oaxaca), propior (Hidalgo), laticeps (Tamaulipas), reddelli (Veracruz), oaxa quensis (Oaxaca), jeanneli (Oaxaca), chiriquensis (Panama),franiai (Guatemala), erwini (Veracruz), pecki (Costa Rica). Mexaphaenops: mackenziei mackenziei (Tamaulipas), mac­kenziei gracilis (Tamaulipas), mackenziei dulcinominis (Nuevo Leon), febriculosus(Tamaulipas), jamesoni(Tamauli­pas), sulcifrons (Tamaulipas/Nuevo Leon). Mexitrechus: mogotensis (Guerrero). The trechine beetles of Mexico and Central Amer­ica include obviously boreal elements (4 species of Trechus in the Sierra Volcanica Transversal) and elements emanating from South America (Perileptus,Cnides, Trechisibus), but the great majority of speciesbelong to the Paratrechus series. Jeannel (1931)pointed out that Paratrechus belongs to the tribe Trechini in the family Tree ae, and consequently it must have been derived from a Holarctic stock. Para­trechus itself has one species in central Brazil, two species in Ecuador, and 30 species in Mexico and Central America, including 15 species newly de­scribed in this paper. Other genera in the same phy­letic series are Mexaphaenops Bolivar (8 troglobiticspecies in northeastern Mexico), Mexitrechus Mateu (6 species in southwestern Mexico), and two mono-basic cave genera (Vigna Taglianti, 1977) recentlydescribed from Chiapas, Mexico (Chiapadytes), and Huehuetenango, Guatemala(Mayaphaenops). In this paper I have reviewed Paratrechus, Mex­aphaenops, and Mexitrechus, described 20 new species, and attempted to relate the cave fauna to epigean genera and species. No comprehensive mono­graph of the trechines of Mexico and Central America is possible at the present time; substantially more collections are needed, both above and below the surface of the ground. The species assembled byvarious collectors have been rather differentfor the epigean fauna, and relatively few cave systems have been intensively investigated. This suggests that many more species and perhaps additional genera remain uncollected and unknown. The fragmentary material (3 species) from South America makes it especiallydifficult to interpret the zoogeography of the group.What I have done in this paper is to consolidate avail­able information, add to it from material available to me, and sketch the general outlines of the trechine fauna of the region as it is currently known, thus providing a basis for future studies. A hypotheticalscenario of evolutionary and biogeographic events is offered as a tentative explanation for present distri­ bution of epigean and cave species. This scenario can be strengthened, rejected, or modified by future dis­coveries. Although species of Paratrechus have been de­scribed from Brazil (Jeannel, 1928:103) and Ecua­dor (Ueno, 1968:342, 347), the great majority of known species in the genus occur in Mexico (23),Guatemala (3), Costa Rica (5), and Panama (1). No Paratrechus species have yet been reported from Belize, Honduras, El Salvador, or Nicaragua. Sub- genera are probably premature and should await a more comprehensive view of the diversity of what will eventually be a much larger genus. I have groupedthe known species into species groups which, beingneutral taxonomic categories, may be modified in the future without cluttering the literature with available genus-group names. Some of these groups may, of course, become subgenera, particularly the sylvaticus,erwini, and grandiceps groups. In fact, subgenusHygroduvalius has already been proposed for two pale species of Paratrechus with free mentum and 8 prebasilar setae (Bolivar, 1940;Barr, 1967a), but the discovery of P. contrarius, a cave species closelyrelated to P. pallescens Barr, effectively destroys the concept of this subgenus, because P. contrarius is dark reddish-piceous and has the mentum and submentum fused. The presence ofa suture between the mentum and submentum in the Paratrechus series has much less diagnostic value than it usually has in the Tre­chinae, where it is commonly of generic significance.In all three genera (Paratrechus, Mexaphaenops, Mexi­trechus) there are species with the mentum free and also species in which the mentum and submentum are clearly fused. And in Paratrechus there are species,notably P. mexicanus and P. halffteri, in which some individuals have this suture open at the middle and closed at the sides. The key diagnostic features ofParatrechus (otherthanitsstandingas amemberoftheTrechini) arethe position of one or both elytral discal punctures on the sth elytral stria (instead of the usual position on the 3rd stria) and the development of a rounded,discoidal, or mushroom-shaped “sensorial organ” at the apex of the aedeagus. In Mexitrechus the anterior discal puncture remains on the sth stria, but it is variable in Mexaphaenops and is located on the 3rd stria in Mayaphaenops. The sensorial organ is absent in Mexitrechus, variable in Mexaphaenops (present,vestigial, or absent according to species), and absent in Mayaphaenops. In effect, Mayaphaenops may not even belong to the Paratrechus series, but it does show striking similarities to Mexitrechus in some other characters. Elongation of the head in Maya­phaenops and in 5 species of Mexaphaenops has led to “incomplete” frontal grooves which end blindly on the vertex rather than continuing around the sides of the head, a condition which Rene Jeannel has called “aphaenopsian.” In three Mexaphaenops species,however, the frontal grooves do continue around the sides of the head, so we have the unusual situation of a mixed genus of aphaenopsian and non-aphaenopsianspecies. At the same time there is no doubt that the aphenopsian and non-aphaenopsian species belong to a monophyletic, closely related group. Chiapadytes bolivari, carefully described and illus­trated by Vigna Taglianti (1977), seems to be little more than a large Paratrechus species close to P. syl­vaticus and P. pallescens. The posterior discal seta is on the 3rd elytra! stria, but this character is ap­proached in P. reddelli, P. sylvarum, P. oaxaquensis, P. jeanneli, and P. reyesi, in which this seta is on the 4th stria or 4th interval. However, 1 have not seen the unique holotype of C. bolivari; additional col­lections of this rare and interesting species would be useful in clarifying its status. Mexitrechus Mateu, a distinctive genus within the Paratrechus series, is widely distributed from south­western Durango to Guerrero and Oaxaca, then east­ward into the Sierra Volcanica Transversal. Six spe­cies are known, two of them reported from caves,but no troglobitic species have been discovered. Two species, M. tepoztlanensis and M. michoacanus, occur without obvious geographic variation on oppositesides of the Rio Balsas valley, in the Sierra Volcanica Transversal and the Sierra Madre del Sur. In both species Bolivar (1943a) reported occasional ± wingedindividuals, although the majority of specimenscollected are micropterous. WhetherMexitrechus also occurs in the Chiapas highlands and elsewhere in the Cordillera in Central America remains to be seen, but the possibility is rather high, judging from the distri­butions of the Mexican species. The aedeagus lacks an apical sensorial organ; the coarctatus group has evolved a bizarrely produced and flattened aedeagalapex, contrasting with the simple apex in the tepoz­tlanensis group. Mexaphaenops Bolivar includes 8 rather hetero­geneous species from the caves of northeasternMexico, all of them from caves at comparatively high elevations. Curiously, the collective geographic distri­ butions of Mexaphaenops and Paratrechus are mutu­ally exclusive, with the exception of P. laticeps, P.pallescens, and P. contrarius, which are troglobitic. In other parts of the world the transition from an epi­gean life style to life in caves appears to have been made among the trechines by an intermediate eda­phobitic stage in deep soil and humus. Such was probably the case for the evolution of Mexican cave trechines, judging from the morphology and micro-habitat selection in P. sylvaticus, an epigean speciesclosely related to P. pallescens and P. contrarius,which are troglobites. A third troglobitic Paratrechus, P. reddelli, inhabits a lava cave in a spur of the Cofre de Perote, Veracruz; it is closely similar to P. syl­varum, an epigean, high-altitude endemic on Popo­catepetl. Paratrechus laticeps, from a cave in north­west Tamaulipas, is sufficiently distinct that I have left it in a monobasic species group, but it is prob­ably closest to the mexicanus group, whose species are dstributed from Oaxaca as far north as Hidalgo.There are thus at least three lineages in Paratrechus which have independently given rise to troglobites. The insistence of Rene Jeannel (e.g. 1943) and Barr (e.g. 1967b, 1968) on the preponderance of temperate zone troglobites versus a paucity of trog­lobites in the tropics was certainlv conditioned bygreater familiarity with carabid beetles. In Mexico it is generally true that troglobitic carabids are limited to regions of higher elevations; in tropical parts of Mexico, however, the predator role of troglobiticcarabids is assumed by a variety of troglobitic arach­nids (J. R. Reddell, in litt.). In lowland caves and mines in Chiapas, Guerrero, Veracruz, Yucatan, Costa Rica and elsewhere various trogloxene and troglophile carabids occur, for example Platynuscolibor Whitehead (-Colpodes bicolor Chaudoir) and epigean species of Tachys, Ardistomis, Chlaenius, and other riparian species likely to be washed into caves. The model of genetic changes during colonization of caves and speciation of troglobites proposed for the temperate zones (Barr, 1967b. 1968) may not be strictly applicable for Mexican and CentralAmerican cave carabids (see also Howarth, 1980). Nevertheless,restriction of troglobitic trechines in the region to caves at rather high altitudes (the “tierra fria” of climatologists) may ultimately permit an adaptationof this model. Upland areas in northeast Mexico (parts of the Altiplanicie Central, Altiplanicie Sep­tentrional, and the Sierra Madre Oriental) would have been much colder and wetter during Pleistocene gla­cial maxima than they are today. Epigean trechines in such areas would have become extinct during warmer and drier periods (interglacials), surviving only in caves. The origin of Paratrechus and related genera re­mains a puzzle for which there is no wholly satis­factory solution (Jeannel, 1931). Derivation from a Holarctic stock seems almost certain. Yet the genushas representatives in Brazil and Ecuador. I have not seen P. clermonti Jeannel, from Brazil, but the two Ecuadorean species, P. gressiti and P. grandiceps, are distinguished from the Mexican and Central American species by a series of apomorphic characters that imply long residence in the locality which theypresently inhabit. The following evolutionary and biogeographic scenario is based on patently fragmen­tary' distributional information: there are almost certainly many species of Paratrechus (and other genera?) still undiscovered in Mexico, Central Amer­ica, and South America. As an hypothesis, however, the scenario is eventually subject to testing by future collecting and examination of trechines, and it can stand, fall, or be modified accordingly. Stage I: A line of Holarctic Trechini reached northern South America, probably in late Cretaceous or early Tertiary and became isolated from North .American trechines by subsidence of the Panamanian land bridge. This group of trechines evolved into the basalstockoftheParatrechus series. Stage II: Reinvasion through Central America into Mexico tookplace intwosteps—one groupgivingrise to Mexitrechus and Mayaphaenops and a later groupgiving rise to Paratrechus and Mexaphaenops. Stage III: The Paratrechus line expanded north­ward in the uplands as far as the Rio Bravo (=RfoGrande), probably in Miocene or Pliocene time. This migration was facilitated by occasional +-wingedpopulations, but in mountain carabids there is strongselection pressure for microptery (Darlington, 1943). Stage IV: Intermittent warming and drying duringPleistocene interglacial periods led to progressivearidity in northeasternMexico, resulting in extinction of epigean trechines north of the Sierra Volcanica Transversal. Only those species which had adapted to subterranean life were able to survive. This process may have occurred several times, the epigean fauna expanding northward during glacial maxima and con­tracting during interglacials, resulting in “pulses” of cave colonization. In the uplands to the south the alternating pluvial and semiarid climatic regimesresulted in alternate expansion and contraction of the ranges of epigean species and divergence of iso­lates in various mountainous regions. Whether the Paratrechus line also spread northward in the Sierra Madre Occidental we do not know; the area is prob­ ably too arid to support epigean species at present(other than Mexitrechus occidentalis in Durango),and its caves are relatively dry and dusty and unlikelyto support survival of troglobitic relics (J. R. Reddell,in litt.). Perileptus, Cnides, and Trechus have not yet been encountered in caves ofMexico and Central America. Both Perileptus and Cnides share a similar habitus­very large, convex eyes, V-sbaped labrum, last palpal segments narrower than penultimate segments,strongly cordiform pronotum, elytra very depressedand subparallel, no definitive apical groove. With so many similar characters, convergence of habitus is extremely unlikely. Yet the basal bulb of the aedea­gusisclosedinPerileptus, andtherearetwosubequalbasal lobes in Cnides; this feature caused Jeannel (1962) to remove Cnides from the Homaloderini and place it in the Trechodini. If, however, one acceptsthe hypothesis that a closed basal bulb evolved inde­pendently in Perileptus and also among other tre­chines, Cnides could be viewed as a South American isolate of the same group which produced Perileptusin the Old World. Although it is well established in theWestIndies, theextenttowhichPerileptusoccurs on the mainland and coexists with Cnides remains to be determined. Species of Cnides are found as far north as San Luis Potosi and Tamaulipas, north­eastern Mexico. The four species of Trechus known from the vol­canic massifs that ring Mexico City (see Mateu,1974) include three which are closely related (aztec Jeannel, hendrichsi Mateu, moctezuma Mateu) to each other and perhaps more remotely to the ovipen­nis group (Alaska to southern California and the mountains of Arizona). Trechus tolucensis Bolivar,from the Nevado de Toluca crater, is quite different. Finally, Jeannel (1962) has shown that Trechus panamensis Putzeys (1870) is a synonym of Trechi­ sibus (T.) politus Brulle and almost certainly must have come from Chili, not from Panama. Conse­quently Trechisibus, with 7Vec/ms-like habitus and a premolar tooth, is not known from Central Amer­ica. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The material assembled for the present study comes from several sources. The cave trechines were collected by J. R. Reddell, David McKenzie, RoyJameson, Dale Pate, Peter Sprouse, and other mem­bers of the Association for Mexican Cave Studies, to all of whom (specifically named or not) I express mythanks for the diligence with which they have sup­ported the study of Mexican cave fauna. Epigeantrechines were collected primarily by Dr. George E. Ball, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta,Canada, and his students. Additional epigean collec­tions were made by R. T. Allen, T. L. Erwin, H. E. Frania, S. B. Peck, and J. R. Reddell. The late Dr. Candido Bolivar y Pieltain and Ing. Jorge Hendrichs provided paratypes and topotypes of some of the species described by Dr. Bolivar. Dr. Shun-Ichi Ueno provided paratypes of the two Paratrechus species which he described from Ecuador. And finally, the manuscript was measurably improvedby correspondence with Dr. Joaquin Mateu, Paris;Dr. J. Manson Valentine, Miami; Dr. Shun-Ichi Ueno, Tokyo; and especially Mr. James R. Reddell,Austin, Texas. Notes on the collecting localities from Dr. Ball and Mr. Reddell were particularlyvaluable. KeytoGeneraofTrechinaefromMexico, CentralAmerica, andtheWestIndies 1. Eyes well developed, apparently functional, usually pigmented, with numerous facets 2 Eyes absent or reduced to minute, pale areolae (flat or slightly convex); inhabitants ofcaves 5 2(1). Eyesglabrous;lastsegmentofpalpsnotorbutslightlynarrowerthanpenultimate segment; labial palps with penultimate segment 4-setose at most 3 Eyes pubescent, very convex; last segment of palps narrower than penultimate segment, penultimate segment of labial palps plurisetose; small, pubescent species with body depressed and very subparallel; West Indies Perileptus Schaurn 3(2). Eyes very large, form subparallel and depressed, glabrous above and pubescent beneath; elytral striae 1, 2, and 8 deeply impressed and complete, stria 3 beginning at anterior discal puncture, no apical recurrent groove; aedeagus quite small, two subequal basal lobes not forming enclosed basal bulb, parameres with only 2 apical setae; active, winged species along streams at lower elevations, all ofCentral America, north to San Luis Potosi and Tamaulipas, Mexico Guides Motschulsky Eyes smaller, form and elytral striation not as described; elytra with apical recurrent groove; aedeagus with basal bulb, parameres usually with 3-5 setae (2 in one species); species usually occurring in cooler, moist situations at higher altitudes 4 4(3). Elytra with anterior discal puncture on sth stria; posterior discal on sth, 4th, or 3rd stria or absent; apex ofaedeagus with button-like “sensorial organ” OR satiny, blackish-piceous species with elongate body and strongly cordiform pronotum, epipleura visible from above, base narrower than apex; Panama northtocentralMexico 5 Elytra with anterior discal puncture on 3rd stria or 3rd interval; central Mexico Trechus Clairville 5(4). Pronotum strongly cordiform, base narrower than apex, epipleura visible from above infrontofhind angles;colorblack orpiceous, satiny,sometimes iridescent; elytral striae obsolescent, at most with shallow sutural stria, weak second stria, trace of 3rd or 4th striae; aedeagal apex simply attenuate or flattened and very conspicuously produced, no sensorial organ; Durango (La Ciudad), Guerrero, Oaxaca, Michoacan, Edo. de Mexico, Morelos Mexitrechus Mateu Pronotum more transverse, apex and base width more nearly subequal, epipleura not visible from above; color usually dark piceous, occasionally black, pale piceous, or rufotestaceous; usually with several striae (sutural stria only; one species from Guatemala); northern Panama (Chiriqui) to central Mexico (Michoacan, Hidalgo) Paratrechus Jeannel 6(1). Pronotum strongly cordiform, base much narrower than apex, epipleura visible from above before hind angles; frontal grooves incomplete, color rufotestaceous, no trace of eye rudiment; apex of aedeagus simple, bluntly rounded; Huehuetenango province, Guatemala Mayaphaenops Vigna Taglianti Pronotum more transverse, or at least apex and base widths more nearly subequal, epipleura not visible from above; distinct areolar or lunate eye rudiment present; Mexico 7 7(6). Elytra! humeri strongly rounded, more or less oblique to suture; frontal groovescomplete or incomplete, head more or less subparallel; color rufotestaceous;Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosi, Queretaro Mexaphaenops Bolivar Elytral humeri prominent, scarcely rounded; frontal grooves complete, head rounded; color pale piceous or dark reddish-piceous (if rufotestaceous then labrum very deeply emarginate and head very wide behind eyes; Tamaulipas) 8 8(7). Anterior discal puncture on 4th elytral stria, posterior discal on 3rd stria; pale piceous, elytral microsculpture transverse; length 6 nun; Chiapas Chiapadytes Vigna Taglianti Anterior discal puncture on sth stria or sth interval, posterior discal on 4th or sthstria:palepiceous, darkpiceous,reddish-piceous, orrufotestaceous;elytral microsculpture transverse or isodiametric; length under 6 mm; Queretaro (Pinal de Amoles and El Doctor platform), Veracruz (Cofre de Perote), Tamaulipas (Miquihuana) Paratrechus Jeannel sharp, sometimes laterally produced. Elytra elongate-Paratrechus Jeannel oval to rounded-oval, humeri generally prominentJeannel, 1920:106 (subgenus). Type-species, Trechus to slightly rounded; microsculpture varying from mexicanus Putzeys, by original designation. strongly isodiametric to (usually) densely transverse Jeannel, 1928:104(full genus). Mateu, 1974:195. and obsolescent; longitudinal striae usually well Description.—Length 4-6 mm, form 7Vec/ius-like, marked, deep to superficial, but in many speciessubglabrous. Head with complete frontal grooves, outer striae progressively obsolescent, only one stria mentum free or fused to submentum, according to present in one species (Guatemala), intervals subcon­species, partial fusion occurring in a few species, 6-8 vex to flat; anterior discal seta on sth stria at level of prebasilar setae; mentum tooth bifid; mandibles with-2nd or 3rd umbilicate puncture, posterior discal on out premolar tooth. Pronotum more or less cordi-4th or sth stria or 4th or sth interval, or entirelyform, usually transverse; one or two pairs ofmarginal absent; apical triangle complete, anterior apical punc­setae (posterior pair absent in 2 species from Ecua-ture on 2nd stria apex, often where 2nd and 3rd dor); hind angles usually large and well developed, striae join, lateral and posterior punctures on or near apical groove; umbilicate punctures in closely Discussion.—The aedeagal pattern is rather homo-aggregated groups; apical groove well developed, geneous within Paratrechus, in various groups and directed toward (4th-) sth (-6th) stria. Aedeagus species shorter, thicker, and less arcuate, in others with well-developed basal bulb, apex with more or long, slender, conspicuously arcuate, with sharplyless prominent sensorial organ which varies from deflexed basal bulb. The aedeagus in P. erwini, how-rounded to mushroom-shaped to flattened and dis-ever, is exceptionally aberrant; the median lobe is coidal; internal sac with dense armature of elongate, twisted about 45°before the middle, and there are triangular spines; transfer apparatus anisotopic, con-lateral wings (slightly asymmetrical) on either side sisting of (Tone or) two subequal, hyaline, spade-before the blunt, rounded apex, which is tipped with shaped or elongate, triangular copulatory sclerites; a small, discoidal vestige of the sensorial organ; the parameres with 2-6, usually 3-4 apical setae. Males entire aedeagus is very heavily sclerotized, piceouswith two basal protarsal segments enlarged and black. The pale body color, elongate habitus, hyper­dentate, adhesive setae beneath. trophy of fixed setae, and deep, punctured elytral Key to Species Groups ofParatrechus in Mexico and Central America The function of this key is primarily definitional. It is easier and faster for sorting out species when one has already acquired a familiarity with Paratrechus, but the more artificial key to species is recommended for routine identificationpurposes. A. Prebasilar setae 6 in number B Prebasilar setae 8 in number sylvaticus group B(A). Color piceous, black, or reddish testaceous; aedeagus normal C Color pale piceous, form slender and elongate; elytral striae deep and punctured; aedeagus heavily sclerotized, dark piceous, median lobe twisted, with lateral antapical wings (Fig. 33) erwini group C(B). Elytral discal punctures 5-5 or 5-4 D Elytral discal punctures 5-0*; aedeagus rather short, thick, weakly arcuate (Figs. 28-31) bifoveatus group D(C). Aedeagus moderately elongate and/or slender; Mexico E Aedeagus rather short, thick, and arcuate (Figs. 25, 26); Costa Rica, Panama halffteri group E(D). Elytral discal punctures 5-5 F Elytral discal punctures 5-4 G F(E). Form moderately robust, color darker; pronotum with anterior angles weakly produced; aedeagus rather elongate, median lobe not strongly arcuate, length 0.9-1.3 mm, sensorial organ large and oblique (Figs. 8-14) mexicanus group Form rather slender, color paler; pronotum apex truncate, anterior angles rounded, not produced; aedeagus slender, less than 1 mm long, median lobe evenly arcuate, sensorial organ rounded and rather small (Figs. 5, 6) osorioi group G(E). Form moderately robust, color dark piceous or rufotestaceous; aedeagus with median lobe moderate, not greatly produced nor slender, sensorial organ rounded H Form elongate, slender, and depressed;color dark reddish piceous; aedeagus with large basal bulb bent at right angle or more to slender, produced median lobe, sensorial organ discoidal and oblique (Fig. 18) sylvarum group H(G). Rufotestaceous, microphthalmous, in caves; elytral striae deeply impressed,intervals strongly convex (Fig. 15);Tamaulipas laticeps groupPiceous, eyes normal, epigean; elytral striae shallowly impressed, intervals flat or subconvex (Fig. 19); Oaxaca oaxaquensis group *lf specimen is from southwestern Oaxaca (Suchixtepec-Miahuatlan area), it is probably P. hoegei (mexicanus group), which has no posterior discal puncture but a mexicanus-like aedeagus (cf. Fig. 13). striae of P. erwini appear again in P. pecki, a Costa Rican species unfortunately known only from a unique female. Four species of Paratrechus have become troglo­bites, probably rather recently. They are presumablyindependently derived from three epigean or edapho­bitic ancestors. Paratrechus reddelli, dark reddish piceous with slender habitus, has the mention and submentum fused and only 6 prebasilar setae; the elytral microsculpture is finely transverse, and the eyerudiments are oblique and lunate. Habitus, color, and the long, slender aedeagus with strongly bent basal bulb are very reminiscent ofP. sylvarum, an epigeanspecies occurring high on the upper slopes of Popoca­tepetl. The habitat of P. reddelli is a lava tube on a spur of the Cofre de Perote, approximately 170 km northeast of Popocatepetl. Paratrechus pallescens occurs in caves in the vici­nity of Pinal de Amoles, Queretaro, where it is sym­patric and syntopic with Mexaphaenops elegans(Barr, 1967a). It is pale flavocastaneous, has denselyisodiametric elytral microsculpture, and the eyerudiments are flat, circular areolae; the mentum is free, and there are 8 prebasilar setae. The species is morphologically quite close in habitus, color, and labial characteristics to P. sylvaticus, which has func­tional eyes and transverse elytral microsculpture and occurs in wet, rotten wood in the Parque de Zempo­ala and the Desierto de los Leones south ofMexico City. Paratrechus contrarius is similar toP. pallescensin form and the possession of 8 prebasilar setae, but the isodiametric microsculpture of the elytra as well as the microsculpture of head and pronotum are much more intense, the eye rudiments are minute, convex spherules, and mentum and submentum are fused. The habitat is a cave on the El Doctor plat­form, near Lagunita, separated from the Pinal de Amoles karst by the deep valley of the Rio Extorax. Paratrechus laticeps, from a single cave in the Sierra Madre Oriental of northwest Tamaulipas, is the only rufotestaceous troglobite yet known in the genus. It is readily distinguished by the shape of the head, which is widest behind the eye rudiments, bythe transverse elytral microsculpture, and the verydeep elytral striae. The species is apparently a relic of a more widely distributed stock now extinct in epigean habitats, perhaps derived from a mexicanus­like ancestor. The eye rudiments are larger and the elytral humeri more pronounced than in Mexaphae­nops species of comparable size. Nevertheless its assignment to Paratrechus rather than Mexaphaenopsis somewhat arbitrary, reflecting the different degrees of subterranean evolution which various lineages of Paratrechus have undergone in various cave systemsofnortheastern Mexico. At present it seems best not to divide Paratrechus into subgenera. In future classifications subgenusHygroduvalius Bolivar may be resurrected (withappropriate redefinition). The erwini group is a likelycandidate for elevation to subgeneric standing (ordistinct genus), as is the grandiceps group (two spe­cies, Ecuador, Ueno, 1968). Presumably P. clermonti (Brazil) should form a monobasic group. The Mexican and Central American species have been arranged in 9 species groups. Usually the position of the posteriorelytral discal puncture is highly diagnostic, but I have placed pecki (5-0) with erwini (5-5 or 5-4) on the basis of distinctive external morphology. I suspectreyesi and perhaps costaricensis, both 5-4, are more closely related to halffteri and chiriquensis, both 5-5, than to Mexican species with the 5-5 discal punc­ture formula; and hoegei (5-0) seems clearly related to species of the mexicanus group on the basis of aedeagal form, even though other species of the group have the 5-5 formula. Relationship among the groups is more difficult to determine. Although no formal character analysis will be attempted here, some of the principal character states are the following. The plesiomorphic state (putative) is given first, with the apomorpbic state(s)in parentheses: piceous color (pale piceous or rufo­testaceous), mentum free (mentum and submentum fused), 8 prebasilar setae (6 prebasilar setae), elytraldiscal formula 5-5 (5-4 or 5-0), large sensorial organat apex ofaedeagus (small sensorial organ), functional eyes (microphthalmous), deep elytral striae (shallow orobsolescent striae). Inthiscontextthemostprimi­ tive group is the sylvaticus group and the most aber­rant (highly apomorphic) is the erwini group. The mexicanus group appears to be rather primitive, and the laticeps, oaxaquensis, and sylvarum groups are probably apomorphic offshoots of the same stock. The osorioi group—and it is by no means certain that its two component species are really related—mightfall somewhere between the sylvaticus and mexicanus clades. The general body form and rather short, thick form of the aedeagus suggest to me that the hifovea­tus and halffteri groups are related; this supposition is at least biogeographically feasible.If the evolutionaryand biogeographic scenario postulated earlier in this paper is correct, then the grandiceps and clermonti groups would probably represent still earlier branches,but so few species are now known from South Amer­ica that it is scarcely productive to speculate about them at present. Key to Mexican and Central American Species ofParatrechus The key to species given by Mateu (1974) is outdated by descriptions of new species in this paper. In the new key offered below I have omitted P. clermonti (Brazil; see Jeannel, 1928), P. grandiceps, and P. gressiti (bothfrom Ecuador; see Ueno, 1968). Two species included in Maten’s key, tepoztlanensis and quirogai, have been transferred in this paper to Mexitrechus. I have not seen 3 rare species described by Mateu (costaricensis, altitu­dinis, beltrani) nor P. laevigatas Jeannel; these four species were included in the key by drawing on diagnosticcharacters given in published descriptions. The key is admittedly artificial. 1. Specimen from Costa Rica or Panama Specimen from Mexico or Guatemala 2 6 2(1). Color blackish-or reddish-piceous; elytra with 2 discal punctures; elytral striae shallow or deep but impunctate or vaguely punctulateColor pale piceous (castaneous); elytra with only one (anterior) discal puncture;elytral striae deep and rather strongly punctured (Fig. 34); Cerro de la Muerte,Costa Rica 3 .pecki, n. sp. 3(2). Color dark reddish-piceous; inner elytral striae moderately deep, inner intervals distinctly subconvex; mentum and submentum completely separated bydistinct suture 4 Colorblackish-piceous; elytral striae all quite shallow, intervals flat; mentum fused to submentum, at least at sides (Figs. 22, 25);Cerro de la Muerte,Costa Rica halffteri Mateu 4(3). Length 4.4-5.0, mean about 4.8 mm; pronotum strongly transverse, sides strongly rounded (Figs. 23, 24); elytra robust, sides rounded, 1.35-1.45 times longer than wide Length 4 mm; pronotum less transverse, elytra more elongate; Rosario de Desamparos, Costa Rica 5 costaricensis Mateu 5(4). Eye twice as long as temple; pronotum (Fig. 23) with anterior angles more prominent, base rectilinear; elytra more than 1.4 times longer than wide,posterior discal puncture on sth stria or sth interval; aedeagus (Fig. 26)with apical sensorial organ large and oblique; Cerro Punta, Chiriqui,Panama; Volcan Irazu, Costa Rica Eye only 1.4 times longer than temple; pronotum (Fig. 24) with anterior anglessubdued, base distinctly emarginate; elytraless than 1.4 times longer than wide, posterior discal puncture on 4th stria or 4th interval; aedeagus with apical sensorial organ small and rounded; Talamanca and Alajuela, Costa Rica chiriquensis, n. sp. reyesi Mateu 6(1). Cave species with rudimentary eyesEyes normal, functional 7 10 7(6). Color dark reddish-piceous or yellowish-piceousColor rufotestaceous; head very wide behind eyes (Fig. 15), elytra! striae deepand intervals convex; Tamaulipas 8 laticeps, n. sp. 8(7). Dark reddish-piceous; elytral microsculpture finely transverse; submentum with transverse row of 6 prebasilar setae; Cofre de Perote area, Veracruz Piceous oryellowish-piceous; elytral microsculpture isodiametric; submenturn with transverse row of 8 prebasilar setae reddelli, n. sp. 9 9(8). Dark piceous, elytral microsculpture intense, dull shining; mentum and submentum fused; posterior elytral discal puncture on 4th stria; eyerudiment distinctly convex; Queretaro (El Doctor platform)Pale yellowish-piceous, elytral microsculpture shining; mentum free;posterior elytra! discal puncture on sth stria; eye rudiment flat;Queretaro (Pinal de Amoles) contrarius, n. sp. pallescens Barr 10(6). Color pale, yellowish-piceous or reddish-testaceous 11 Color dark piceous (normal), appendages usually paler 13 11(10). Pale yellowish-piceous 12 Reddish-testaceous;5.5mm; eyes small,elytrasubparallel withtwopunctures on sth stria, striae superficial; Popocatepetl area, Mexico altitadinis Mateu 12(11). Mentum free, 8 prebasilar setae; elytral striae impunctate; aedeagus of normal form; Morelos and Distrito Federal, Mexico sylvaticus Bolivar Mentum fused to submentum, 6 prebasilar setae; elytral striae deep and strongly punctured; aedeagus heavily sclerotized, dark piceous shining, median lobe with subapical lateral wings (Figs. 32, 33); Veracruz (Cofre de Perote) erwini, n. sp. 13(10). Elytra with only one (anterior) discal puncture, on sth stria 14 Elytra with two discal punctures 20 14(13). Elytra more or less striate; at least 2-3 striae present 15 Elytra with only one stria (sutural); eyes small; elytra quite robust and convex;Guatemala laevigatas Jeannel 15(14). Color blackish piceous; elytral striae shallow, obsolescent at sides, elytral disc quite convex 16 Color dark, somewhat reddish, piceous 17 16(15). 4.0-4.4 mm; aedeagus (Pig. 28) quite short, scarcely arcuate, parameres with only 2 apical setae; Guatemala(Totonicapam, Volcan Tajumulco, Volcan Tacana) and Chiapas, Mexico (Volean Tacana) bifoveatus Jeannel5.2-5.4 mm; aedeagus (Fig. 29) larger, parameres with 3 setae at apex; Veracruz,Mexico (Cofre de Perote, Las Vigas) batesi Mateu 17(15). Outer elytral striae obsolescent, striae rather shallow, impunctate or irregularly and variably punctulate; not from Popocatepetl area,Mexico 18 Elytral striaeall visible, deep,andpunctured:lengthabout4.5mm;Popocatepetl area beltrani Mateu 18(17). Form moderately slender, elytra 1.4 times longer than wide, subconvex; Mexico 19 Form robust, elytra 1.3 times longer than wide and very convex, with 3 inner striae (Fig. 27);aedeagus (Fig. 31) short, scarcely arcuate; Guatemala (Volean Tajumulco) franiai, n. sp. 19(18). Frontal grooves subparallel on clypeus, eye slightly longer than temple; elytra with most striae visible though shallow; elytral apexes quite rounded; aedeagus shorter and thicker in vicinity of internal sac (Fig. 30); Michoacan bolivari Mateu Frontal grooves divergent on clypeus, eye as long as temple; elytra with two deeperinnerstriae,outerstriaeprogressively obsolescent;elytralapexes slightly attenuate; aedeagus long and slender, feebly arcuate (Fig. 13); southwestern Oaxaca (Suchixtepec, Miahuatlan) hoegei Jeannel 20(13). Elytra with posterior discal puncture on 4th stria or 4th interval 21 Elytra with posterior discal puncture on sth stria or sth interval 23 21(20). Form moderately robust, subconvex to convex; pronotum with anterior angles slightly produced; apical triangle compact, punctures close together; aedeagus with basal bulb bent at less than right angle, median lobe less slender, sensorial organ rounded; Oaxaca 22 Form slender, elongate, and depressed; pronotum apex truncate, anterior angles subdued; apical triangle with punctures widely spaced; aedeagus with large, deflexedbasalbulbandlong,slendermedianlobe, sensorialorgan obliqueandsetoffbyconstriction(aboutasinP.reddelli,cf.Fig. 18); Popocatepetl area, Mexico sylvarum Mateu 22(21). Pronotum and elytra rather convex, inner elytral intervals subconvex, striae finely punctulate; aedeagus (Fig. 21) much larger (1.2 mm) and more arcuate;Oaxaca(Puerto deSoledad) jeanneli,n.sp. Pronotum and elytra subconvex, intervals flat, striae impunctate; aedeagus(Fig. 20) smaller (0.9 mm) and straighter; Oaxaca (between Cd. de Oaxaca and Guelatao) oaxaquensis, n. sp. 23(20). Form more slender, pronotum with anterior angles subdued (Fig. 4); aedeagusshorter, median lobe more arcuate (Figs. 5, 6) 24 Form more robust, anterior angles of pronotum slightly produced (Fig. 7);aedeagus elongate, scarcely arcuate (Figs. 8-14) 25 24(23). Eye 0.8 as long as temple; mentum free; elytra with 6 striae; aedeagus as in Fig. 5; Chiapas (Volcan Tacana) tacana, n. sp. Eye 1.5 as long as temple; mentum and submentum fused; elytra with 3-5 striae; aedeagus as in Fig. 6; Hidalgo (El Chico, Barranca de los Marmoles) osorioi Bolivar 25(23). Elytra verypolished, shining, microsculpture essentially obsolete all over disc 26 Elytral microsculpture consisting of transverse meshworks over most of disc, at most a few basal spots where it becomes locally obsolete 28 26(25). Elytra with 5-7 visible striae; elytral apexes briefly attenuate 27 Elytra with only 2-3 inner striae, outer striae obsolete; elytral apexes quitebroadly rounded, not at all attenuate; aedeagus as in Fig. 9; west-central Veracruz (Orizaba area) mexicanus (Putzeys) 27(26). Length 4.4-5.0 mm ; color uniformly darkpiceous (except appendages); head rounded; pronotum 3/5 as long as wide; elytral intervals flat; aedeagus as in Fig. 10;northeastOaxaca .putzeysi, n. sp. Length 5.1-5.7 mm; head and pronotum dark piceous, elytra paler; head 4/5 as long as wide, pronotum 4/5 as long as wide; elytra with inner intervals weaklybut distinctly convex; aedeagus as in Fig. 8; western Veracruz (Tequila) cataractae, n. sp. 28(25). Elytral microsculpture intense, nowhere obsolete 29 Elytral microsculpture with a few obsolete, polished spots, especially in basal third; aedeagus as in Fig. 12;color normal piceous; Oaxaca (Totontepec) totontepec, n. sp. 29(28). Color very dark piceous, not quite black; elytral microsculpture intense, satinydull shining; aedeagus with median lobe very long and produced (Fig. 11);Oaxaca (La Cumbre) balli, n. sp. Color piceous, sometimes frons, antennal segments 11-IV, and elytral disc infuscated; elytral microsculpture less intense; aedeagus (Fig. 14) much shorter; Hidalgo (Encarnacion) propior, n. sp. sylvaticus group Description.— Length 5-5.6 mm. Mentum and sub­rnentum separated by complete suture; 8 prebasilar Paratrechus sylvaticus Bolivar setae. Form rather elongate; color pale piceous,Paratrechus (Hygroduvalius) sylvaticus Bolivar, 1941: shining; elylral microsculpture densely transverse,114, Type-locality, Parque de Zempoala, Morelos, obsolescent. Head as long as wide; eye 0.6 as long as Mexico; type deposited in Bolivar coll., Escuela temple; antenna half body length. Pronoturn 0.8 as Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, Mexico. Mateu, long as wide; anterior angles hardly produced, sides 1974:206. rounded, prominently sinuate before large and about right hind angles, base very feebly emarginate; apex and base widths subequal and about 0.7 greatest width, which occurs in apical fourth. Elytra elongate- oval, 1.5 times longer than wide, apexes a little atten­ uate; disc depressed, humeri weak; anterior discal puncture on sth stria at level of 4th umbilicate, pos­ terior discal absent; apical triangle elongated; longi­ tudinal striae rather deeply impressed, slightly irregu­ lar, intervals barely convex, all striae visible and some irregularly punctulate. Aedeagus with large and well rounded sensorial organ. Discussion.—This species was collected beneath very rotten timbers in a forest of Abies religiosa in the Parque de Zempoala, northern Morelos, eleva­ tion 2800 m; a single female was subsequently taken in the Desierto de los Leones, Distrito Federal, eleva­ tion 3200 m (Bolivar, 1941). The description given above is based on a male paratype from Parque de Zempoala; total length range cited was given by Bolivar (1941). In a later paper Bolivar (1943b) described the larva of this species. Paratrechus pallescens Barr Fig. 3 Paratrechus (Hygroduvalius) pallescens Barr, 1967a: 161. Type-locality, Sotano de Tejamanil, Quere­taro, Mexico; type deposited in Museum of Com­parative Zoology, Harvard University. Paratrechus (H.)pallens: Mateu, 1974:206(misprint). Description.—Length 4.7-5.3 mm; pale piceous; eyes reduced to small, circular areolae; mentum free,8 prebasilar setae. Head rounded: pronotum sides very feebly sinuate, hind angles obtuse; elytral micro-sculpture strongly isodiametric, both discal setae on sth stria (at least touching sth stria); aedeagus with arcuate median lobe, sensorial organ discoidal. Discussion.—This troglobitic species is known from 4 caves near Pinal de Amoles, Queretaro; a) Sotano de Tejamanil, 0.5 km NE Tejamanil and 2.5 km SW Pinal de .Amoles; b) Sotano del Buque, 20km N Pinal de Amoles; c) Cueva del Judio, 2 km S Pinal de /Amoles; and d) Sotano de la Escuela, Llano de San Francisco, 10 km NW Pinal de Amoles. In most of these caves it is associated with Mexaphaenopselegans. Paratrechus contrarius, new species Figs. 1, 2 Description.—A microphthalmous cave speciesresembling P. pallescens, but smaller and narrower,color darker, microsculpture similarly isodiametric but more intense, elytra more convex with posteriordiscal puncture on 4th stria, and aedeagus similar but smaller and straighter; eyes noticeably more convex. Length 4.6-4.9 mm. Form moderately robust, sub-convex; dark piceous, very dull shining. Head as wide as long;labrum doubly emarginate; menturn fused to submentum, 8 prebasilar setae; eye rudiment dis­tinctly convex, appearing as translucent spherules seen from above, with vestiges of ommatidia; antenna quite short, little more than 0.4 body length. Pro­notum 7/8 as long as wide, cordiform, moderately convex; anterior angles more produced than inpalles­cens, sides shallowly sinuate in basal sixth, hind angles right and not produced to sides, base recti­linear; apex 0.9 as wide as base, which is 0.8 greatestwidth, which occurs in apical third. Elytra oblong, 1.5 times longer than wide, a little more convex than in pallescens, apexes rounded; striae deep but inter­vals a little less strongly convex; anterior discal punc­ture on sth stria, posterior discal on 4th stria or 4th interval. Aedeagus similar to that of pallescens but a little smaller, 0.55 mm long in holotype, mode­rately arcuate, basal bulb bent at less than rightangle, median lobe slightly swollen in vicinity of internal sac, sensorial organ rather large and quiterounded; parameres with 3 apical setae. Type-series.—Holotype male (American Museum of Natural History) and one paratype male, Cueva del Rincon, near Lagunita, El Doctor platform,Queretaro, Mexico, 21 November 1977, Roy Jame­ son. Measurements (mm).—Holotype, total length 4.59,head 0.90 long X 0.90 wide, pronotum 0.94 long X 1.09 wide, elytra 2.5 1 long X 1.68 wide, antenna 2.07 long, aedeagus 0.55 long. Discussion.—Paratrechus contrarius occurs in a cave area which is geographically separated from the Pinal de Amoles karst by the deep valley (about1000 m lower) of the Rio Extorax, an east-flowingtributary of the Rio Moctezuma. It is, indeed, a “contrary” species, because it is clearly close to P. pallescens yet is dark reddish piceous and has men-tum and submentum fused. This destroys the useful­ness of two out of three diagnostic characters of sub-genus Hygroduvalius; the number of prebasilar setae,8 instead of 6 as in Paratrechus s. str., is the onlyremaining character to separate Hygroduvalius from Paratrechus s. str. Accordingly, I have for the time being treated sylvaticus, pallescens, and contrarius as a species group. osorioi group Paratrechus osorioi Bolivar Fig. 6 Bolivar, 1943a: 174. Type-locality, El Chico, Hidalgo, Mexico; type deposited in Bolivar coll., Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, Mexico. Figs. 1-6.—Paratrechus, sylvaticus and osorioi groups: 1, P. contrarius, n. sp., Cueva del Rincon; 2, P. contrarius, aedeagus3, P. pallescens, aedeagus, Sotano de Tejamanil; 4, P. tacana, n. sp., Volcan Tacana; 5, P. tacana, aedeagus; 6, P. osorioi, aedea gus. Barranca de los Marmoles. [Aedeagus scale is 4X habitus scale except where otherwise noted.] ± Description.—Length 4.6-5.4, mean 4.6 SD = 0.2 mm (n 32). Form moderately slender, de­pressed; color rufocastaneous, rather pale, shining.Head 0.9 as long as wide; eyes large, nearly 0.2 longerthan temples; mentum fused to submentum; antenna more than half total body length. Pronotum 0.7 as long as wide, cordiform, anterior angles slightly pro­duced, sides sinuate in basal sixth, hind angles right to slightly acute; apex and base widthssubequal and 2/3greatest width, which occurs in apical third. Elytrarounded-oval, about 1.45 times longer than wide,disc depressed; posterior discal puncture on sth inter­val touching sth stria; striae rather deeply impressed, at least inner 3-5, inner intervals convex. Aedeagus0.95-1.05 mm long, basal bulb deflexed at less than right angle to median lobe, which is feebly arcuate,swollen in region of internal sac; apical sensorial organ rounded, a little oblique; parameres slender, with 4-5 long apical setae. Discussion.— George Ball collected this species at El Chico (Parque Nacional) and at Barranca de los Marmoles, 0.7 km W San Vicente, both localities in the state of Hidalgo. Paratrechus tacana, new species Figs. 4, 5 Description.—Length of unique holotype 4.7 mm. Form elongate and rather slender, depressed; color rufopiceous, shining. Head as long as wide; eye 0.8 as long as temple, weakly convex; mentum free; antenna less than half total body length. Pronotum 0.8 as long as wide, cordiform: anterior angles subdued, sides sinuate in basal sixth, hind angles right; base almost rectilinear; apex and base widths subequal, about 0.7 greatest width, which occurs in apical third. Elytraelongate-oval, not quite subparallel, humeri some­what rounded, apexes slightly attenuate, disc de­pressed; posterior discal puncture on sth interval but touching sth stria; striae moderately deep, intervals subconvex, all striae well impressed except 7th and Bth. Aedeagus 0.71 mm long in holotype, basal bulb bent at right angle, median lobe short but slender and evenly arcuate, sensorial organ rather small and rounded; parameres with 5 apical setae. Type-series.—Holotype male, a unique (AmericanMuseum ofNatural History), Volcan Tacana, Chiapas,Mexico, 3500-3560 m, pine forest, 23 December 1976, H. E. Frania and D. L. C. Procter. Measurements (mm).—Holotype, total length 4.72,head 0.86 long X 0.89 wide, pronotum 0.92 long X 1.16 wide, elytra 2.72 long X 1.71 wide, antenna 2.20 long, aedeagus 0.71 long. Discussion.—This slender, elongate, depressed spe­cies of reddish piceous color resembles P. osorioi, to which it is probably related. It differs most conspicu­ously from osorioi in the smaller eyes, more slender and more depressed elytra, and in the rather even impression of the first 6 elytral striae. The aedeagi of the two species are similar, but in P. tacana the basal bulb is more sharply bent, the sensorial organ is more nearly round, and the parameres bear 5 setae instead of 4. The morphology and the elevation at which the unique specimen was collected suggest that this is a high-altitude endemic. mexicanus group Paratrechus mexicanus (Putzeys) Fig. 9 Trechus mexicanus Putzeys, 1870:33. Type-locality,Mexico; type deposited in Oberthiir coll., Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris. Trechus (Paratrechus) mexicanus: Jeannel, 1920:106. Paratrechus mexicanus: Jeannel, 1928:78. Mateu,1974:205. Description.—Length 4.4-5.3, mean 4.9 ± 0.2 mm = (n 27). Form moderately robust and subconvex,dark piceous shining, appendages and elytral marginspaler. Head 0.9 as long as wide; eye large and rather convex, as long as temple; frontal grooves divergentwhere continued onto clypeus; antenna half total length. Pronotum 3/4 as long as wide, cordiform, anterior angles moderate but not conspicuously pro­duced, sides strongly rounded and shallowly sinuate in basal fifth, hind angles sharp, right or slightly acute, base rectilinear; apex and base width sub-equal, 2/3 greatest width, which occurs at apicalthird. Elytra about 1.4 times longer than wide,rounded-oval, apexes notably rounded and not pro­duced; disc subconvex, striae shallow and regular,2-inner striae visible, outer striae obsolescent,intervals quite flat; discal microsculpture very fine and obsolete over central disc; posterior discal punc­ture on sth stria; apical groove wide and short, apicaltriangle closely spaced. Aedeagus 0.96-1.00 mm long, basal bulb large and bent at somewhat less than right angle to weakly arcuate median lobe, which is slightly swollen in region of internal sac; apical sen­sorial organ set apart by slight constriction, more oblique and flattened than rounded; parameres with 3-apical setae. Discussion.—Putzeys (1870:34) noted: “Cette espece semble etre assez variable,” and Mateu (1974)drew attention to minor discrepancies between Putzeys’ type and the aedeagal illustration given byJeannel (1928:fig. 1305), offering his own illustra­tions of the aedeagi of the type and of a specimenfrom Orizaba (which is in the state of Veracruz, Figs. 7-14 —Paratrechus, mexicanus group; 7, P. cataractae, n. sp., Cueva de la Cascada;8,P. cataractae, aedeagus; 9, P. mexi­canus,aedeagus, 15kmWCuiyachapa,Veracruz;10a,P.putzeysi,n.sp.,aedeagusofparatype;10b,transferapparatusofsame;11, P. balli, n. sp., aedeagus of paratype, La Cumbre; 12, P. totontepec, n. sp., aedeagus of paratype; 13, P. hoegei, aedeagus,Miahuatlan; 14,P. propior, n. sp., aedeagus of paratype, Cueva del Cambio. not Puebla as stated by Mateu). In my judgment “P. mexicanus” is a cluster of closely similar allopatricspecies distributed from Puebla and western Vera­cruz into central Oaxaca. Collections of mexicanus­like taxa are rather widely dispersed; no morpho­logical and geographical intermediates are available. The George Ball collections include specimens from the following localities which I assign to P. mexi­canus; all are in west-central Veracruz: 1) Cuiya­chapa, 15.3 km W Coscomatepec, 2740-3050 m;2) 15.3 km W Coscomatepec between Ixtapa and Cuiyachapa, cloud forest, 2300-2400 m; 3) 7.4 km W Coscomatepec, 1830 m, Arroyo Seco; 4) Rio Pena Blanca, N of Ixtapa and W of Coscomatepec,2060 m. The aedeagus in this series resembles that illustrated by Mateu (1974:fig. 16) from Orizaba,but is variable enough to include the illustration which he gives (Fig. 15) for Putzeys’ type. The geo­graphic range of P. mexicanus thus appears to be restricted to the lower, eastern slopes of the Pico de Orizaba (Citlatepetl), the highest peak in Mexico. Paratrechus putzeysi, new species Fig. 10a, 10b Description.—Closely similar to P. mexicanus in external form, color, and elytral microsculpture,differing most conspicuously in the form of the aedeagus and slightly attenuate elytral apexes. Length = 4.4-5.0, mean 4.7 ± SD 0.2 mm (n 22). Head rounded; mentum free; frontal grooves subparallel on clypeus; antenna half body length. Pronotum 3/4 as long as wide; anterior angles weak, sides sinuate basal fifth, hind angles slightly acute, base inclined slightlyforward behind angles and very feebly emerginate in middle; apex and base width subequal and 3/4 maxi­mum width, which occurs in apical third. Elytra 1.4 times longer than wide, apexes not so completelyrounded as in mexicanus, posterior discal puncture on sth stria; discal microsculpture obsolete, surface polished shining; 4 striae readily visible, traces of sth and 6th present but 7th and Bth absent. Aedeaguslarge, about 1.1-1.2 mm long, basal bulb deflected at about same angle (less than right) and median lobe weakly arcuate as in mexicanus, but median lobe distinctly and consistently sinuate in region of internal sac. Type-series.—Holotype male (American Museum of Natural History) and 20 paratypes, 62 km SSW Valle Nacional along the road to Ixtlan de Juarez (Route 175), 2400-2500 m, oak forest litter, Oaxaca,Mexico, 24 May 1971, S. B. Peck. Measurements (mm).—Holotype, totallength 5.04,head 0.98 long X 0.99 wide, pronotum 0.98 long X 1.25 wide, elytra 2.73 long X 1.91 wide, antenna 2.46 long. Discussion.—The type-locality is along the eastern edge of the Sistema Montahoso Poblano Oaxaqueho.An additional specimen was taken by G. E. Ball 64 km SSW of Valle Nacional along Route 175, but Ihavenotmadeit aparatype. Because of the availability of fresh material pre­served in Barber’s fluid by Dr. Peck, I took advantageof the opportunity to remove the internal sac in a specimen of P. putzeysi. Two copulatory pieces were evident (Fig. 10B), the left larger, spade-shaped,obscuring the right piece in left lateral view; the rightpiece is a little shorter but similarly spade-shapedwith thickened apical margin, concave medially and forming a partial tube with the inner face of the left piece. In most aedeagal preparations of Paratrechus species the densely spiny wall of the internal sac makes it very difficult to see the copulatory pieces.However, in exceptionally well-cleared preparationsthe outlines of the left copulatory piece can be seen within the internal sac. The eastern portion of the Oaxacan Sierra is bi­sected to the north by the lowland valley of the Rio Quiotepec before it joins the Sierra Volcanica Trans­versal in southeastern Puebla and western Veracruz. Presumably this lowland is a significant barrier to micropterous Paratrechus species. Similarly the upperreaches of the Rio Playa Vicente separate this speciesfrom the Zempoaltepetl region to the south, where the related species P. totontepec occurs, and the wide valley of the Rio Grande, a tributary of Rio Quiote­pec, crosses Route 175 at Guelatao, possibly acting as a geographic barrier between P. putzeysi and P. balli, which occurs at La Cumbre northeast of C. de Oaxaca. Paratrechus altitudinis Mateu Mateu, 1974:205. Type-locality, Popocatepetl, Mex­ico. A reddish-testaceous species 5.5 mm or less in length, with the posterior discal puncture on the sth elytral stria; eyes small; elytra elongate, striae super­ficial; aedeagus elongate, similar to that of P. mexi­canus but with a subapical flexure in the median lobe,apical sensorial organ large. This species, taken byMateu (1974) on Popocatepetl at an altitude of 4200 m, is known to me only from the literature. Paratrechus cataractae, new speciesFigs. 7, 8 Description.— Similar in form to P. mexicanus but larger, form very robust, subconvex, head and pro­notum dark piceous, elytra paler, mouthparts and appendages testaceous. Length 5.1-5.7, mean 5.4 ± = SD 0.2 mm (n 8). Head 5/6 as long as wide; eyes convex, as long as temples; frontal grooves sub-parallel on clypeus; antenna half body length; men-tum free. Pronotum 0.8 as long as wide, hind angleslarge and about right, antebasal sinuation a little deeper than in mexicanus. Elytra 1.4 times longerthan wide, disc very polished and shining, micro-sculpture obsolete, apexes not so abruptly rounded as in mexicanus; all striae visible but 1-4 deeper,inner intervals weakly convex, striae vaguely punctu­late. Aedeagus of same form as mexicanus but larger, 1.24-1.27 mm. Type-series.— Holotype male (American Museum of Natural History), two male and 5 female para­types, Cueva de la Cascada, near Tequila, Veracruz,Mexico, 6 August 1967, J. Reddell, J. Fish, and T. R. Evans. Measurements(mm).—Holotype, totallength 5.66,head 0.92 long X 1.10 wide, pronotum 1.16 long X 1.47 wide, elytra 3.12 long X 2.20 wide, antenna 2.82 long. Discussion.—This is a larger species of the mexi­canus group, known only from a cave but without modifications which would restrict it to life in caves. The Cueva de la Cascada is near the Sotano del Pro­fesor and other caves in which the large anchomenine troglobite Mexisphodrus veraecrucis Barr is known to exist. The aedeagus, though closely similar to that of mexicanus, is about 1/5 longer; externally the speciesis diagnosed by contrasting color of head/pronotumand elytra and by deeper elytral striae and subconvex elytral intervals. The type-locality is approximately20 km south of Orizaba; it is separated from the Citlaltepetl region, where P. mexicanus occurs, by the lowlandsalongtheupper RioBlanco. Paratrechus balli, new species Fig. 11 ± Description.—Length 4.6-5.1, mean 4.9 SD = 0.2 mm (n 17). Form moderately robust and sub-convex, resembling P. mexicanus; color very dark piceous, not quite black, shining; elytral micro-sculpture satiny, consisting of very fine, transverse meshes, not obsolete as in mexicanus; appendages and elytral margin paler. Head 0.9 as long as wide; eyeabout 0.1 longer than temple, rather convex; frontal grooves divergent where continued onto clypeus; menturn free, at least in middle; antenna half total body length. Pronotum 3/4 as long as wide, cordi­form, anterior angles moderate, not produced, sides strongly rounded, shallowly sinuate in basal sixth, hind angles right, about as in mexicanus, base recti­linear; apex slightly wider than base, base 0.7 maxi­ mum width, which occurs at or slightly behind an­terior marginal setae. Elytra rounded-oval, about 1.45 times longer than wide, apexes notably rounded; disc a little depressed in middle; striae shallow and regular, finely punctulate, 1-3 deeper, 4-5 feeblyimpressed, 6-7 obsolete, posterior discal puncture on sth stria; apical groove wide and short, apical triangle compact, anterior apical puncture behind level of Bth urnhilicate. Aedeagus of paratype 1.22 mm long,larger than that of mexicanus, median lobe con­ siderably produced and sinuate in lateral view, apicalsensorial organ about as in mexicanus; parameres with 3 or 4 apical setae. Type-series.—Holotype male (American Museum of Natural History) and 16 paratypes, 6.6 km W La Cumbre (which is about 13 km NE Cd. de Oaxaca on Route 175), 2800 m, oak-pine-fir forest, Oaxaca, Mexico, 18 July 1975, G. E. Ball and H. E. Frania. Measurements(mm).—Holotype, totallength5.04,head 0.94 long X 1.03 wide, pronotum 0.98 long X 1.25 wide, elytra 2.85 long X 1.95 wide, antenna 2.54 long. Discussion.—This species is externally rather close to P. mexicanus, differing primarily in darker color,slightly larger eyes, slightly depressed elytral disc,and satiny, densely transverse and anastomosingelytral microsculpture, which is evident over the entire disc and not obsolete as in mexicanus. From P. totontepec, which occurs in the eastern Oaxacan Sierra across the Rio Grande valley in the Zempoal­tepetl region, it is distinguished by more intense ely­tral microsculpture without local polished spotswhere the microsculpture is obsolescent. The aedea­gus is thicker and much longer, although the basal bulb is bent at somewhat less than a right angle to the median lobe, and the apical sensorial organ is of the same form as in mexicanus. The long median lobe is sinuate and slightly reflexed in the region of the internal sac. It is a great pleasure to name this species in honor of Dr. George E. Ball, University of Alberta, Edmon­ton, Alberta, Canada, in recognition of his great con­tributions to our knowledge of the carabid fauna of Mexico. Paratrechus totontepec, new species Fig. 12 Description.—Closely similar to P. mexicanus in external form and color; differing in finely transverse elytral microsculpture, 5-6 striae, and aedeagal form. = Length 4.2-4.9, mean 4.7 ±SD 0.2 mm (n 8). Head slightly wider than long (L/W 0.95); menturn free,although suture quite faint. Pronotum 5/6 as long as wide; anterior angles feeble, sides sinuate basal fifth,hind angles about right, not produced to sides, base feebly emarginate. Elytra 1.4 times longer than wide, apexes quite rounded, as in P. mexicanus, posteriordiscal puncture on sth stria; all striae visible, but 5-6 inner striae more deeply impressed, intervals flat;elytral microsculpture consisting of very fine, trans­verse meshes, dull shining, with a few scattered spotswhere microsculpture is obsolescent and polished near center and base. Aedeagus slightly less than 1.0 mm long, resembling that of P. mexicanus but median lobe more slender basally, slightly thicker and a little more deflexed in apical half. Type-series.—Holotype male (American Museum of Natural History), 3 male and 4 female paratypes, 16.6 km S Totontepec, Oaxaca, Mexico, 15 July1975, G. E. Ball and H. E. Frania. Measurements (mm).—Holotype, totallength 4.72,head 0.86 long X 0.90 wide, pronotum 1.05 long X 1.27 wide, elytra 2.57 long X 1.87 wide, antenna 2.46 long. Discussion.—The type-locality is on the lower,north slopes of Zempoaltepetl in cloud forest amongtree ferns, 2480-2540 m. The species is distinguished most readily by the form of the aedeagus; however the microsculpture of the elytra is predominantly transverse and far less polished than in P. mexicanus or P. putzeysi, though not as strongly transverse as in P. balli. Paratrechus hoegei (Jeannel) Fig. 13 Trechus hoegei Jeannel, 1920:107. Type-locality,“Oaxaca.” “Cotypes” deposited in British Museum of Natural History, also Jeannel collection in Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris (apparently no lectotype has been selected). Paratrechus hoegei: Jeannel, 1930:79. Mateu, 1974: 202. ± Description.—Length 4.5-5.5, mean 5.1 SD = 0.2 mm (n 30). Apparently allied with the mexi­canus group by structure of the aedeagus, but lacking a posterior discal (elytral) puncture, thus superfici­ally resembling P. bolivari (bifoveatus group). Form moderately elongate and subdepressed; color dark reddish-piceous, shining; elytral microsculpture obso­lete over highly polished disc, slight transverse stria­tion, with touch of iridescence. Head 0.9 as long as wide; mentum fused to submentum; eye large and convex, 0.2-0.3 longer than temple; antenna half body length. Pronotum convex, 0.8 as long as wide, anterior angles marked but scarcely produced, sides sinuate basal sixth, hind angles large and right or slightly acute, sharp, produced a little to sides; apex 0.9 as wide as base, base 3/4 greatest width, which occurs in apical third. Elytra oblong-oval, humeri prominent, apexes slightly attenuate, disc subcon­vex; anterior discal puncture far forward, between level of Ist and 2nd umbilicate punctures, posteriordiscal absent; inner 3 striae more deeply impressed, outer striae 4-7 feeble and obsolescent, inner 3 in­ tervals flat to weakly convex; apical groove unusu­ally long, ending in advance of level of 7th umbili­cate puncture, apical triangle compact as in mexi­canus, anterior apical puncture slightly behind level of Bth umbilicate. Aedeagus about 1.0-1.1 mm long, basal bulb bent at less than right angle to median lobe, which is elongate, slender, and weaklyarcuate, slightly recurved in apical fifth, sensorial organ mushroomlike, less oblique than in mexicanus; parameres with 4 apical setae. Discussion.—This species lacks the posterior elytraldiscal puncture, but the form of the aedeagus is un­mistakably that of the mexicanus group rather than the bifoveatus group. It is larger than other speciesof the mexicanus group (except cataractae), and the finely transverse-obsolete microsculpture of the elytral disc exhibits transverse striations and a little iridescence. GeographicallyP. hoegei appears limited to south­western Oaxaca: a) Route 175, 5.7 km S Suchixte­pec, 2160 m (G. Ball); b) Route 175(km 144), 5 km N Suchixtepec, 2900 m (H. Howden); and c) 27.2 km S Miahuatlan, oak-pine zone, Alnus litter, bromeliads,2440 m (G. Ball). Paratrechus propior, new species Fig. 14 Description.—Resembles P. balli in clearly evident,though less intense, transverse meshworks in elytralmicrosculpture, differing in deeper sinuation of pro­notum sides and much shorter aedeagus. Length 4.6­ = 5.2,mean4.9±SD0.2mm(n 8).Formasusualfor mexicanus group, color piceous with lighter legs and mouthparts, in some specimens frons, antennal seg­ ments H-IV, and elytral disc infuscated; elytral micro-sculpture uniformly and very finely transverse, with meshworks. Head about as long as wide; eye mode­rately convex, its diameter subequal to length of temple; mentum free; antenna half body length. Pro­notum 3/4 as long as wide, widest in apical fourth, apex and base subequal in width, base 0.7 maximum width; sides rather deeply sinuate in basal seventh;anterior angles moderately pronounced, hind angleslarge, sharp, and right; base rectilinear. Elytra 1.45 times longer than wide, subapical sinuation promi­nent; posterior discal on sth interval, 4th stria usually Figs. 15-18.Paratrechus, laticeps and sylvarum groups: 15,P. laticeps, n. sp., Sotano de Riachuelo; 16,P. laticeps, aedeagusof holotype; 17, P. reddelli, n. sp., Cueva del Volcancillo; 18, P. reddelli, aedeagus of paratype. broken at site of puncture; inner 3-5 striae deeplyimpressed, inner intervals convex, outer 2-4 striae progressively fainter; apical groove not unusuallywide. Aedeagus of paratype 0.86 mm long, somewhat smaller than in most species of mexicanus group but of same form; basal bulb strongly deflexed, middle portion of median lobe straight, apical third a little deflexed and slightly swollen in region of internal sac, sensorial organ large and rounded; paramereswith 3-4 long setae. Type-series.—Holotype male (American Museum of Natural History), four male and three female para­types, Cueva del Cambio, 2 km E Encarnacion,Hidalgo, Mexico, 20 March 1981, J. Reddell and T. Archey. Measurements (mm).—Holotype, total length 5.09,head 1.04 long X 1.01 wide, pronotum 0.95 long X 1.22 wide, elytra 2.78 long X 1.93 wide, antenna 2.69 long. Discussion.—This species occurs near the northern limit of epigean species of Paratrechus, in a cave near Encarnacion, in the state of Hidalgo. It shows no modifications suggesting that it is cave-limited; the paler coloration may be phenotypic, resulting from development in an aphotic environment. laticeps group Paratrechus laticeps, new species Figs. 15, 16 Description.—A rufotestaceous, microphthalmous cave species with head unusually wide behind eyes,deeply emarginate lahrum, and deeply impressed = elytral striae. Length 4.65-4.84 mm (n 2). Form moderately robust and convex; rufotestaceous,shining; microsculpture of head isodiametric, of pro­notum basically isodiametric with vague transverse tendency, of elytra transverse but not formingmeshes, obsolescent on disc, which is very polished.Head slightly longer than wide, widest behind eyes, a little triangular, genae bulging, cervical constric­tion quite pronounced; lahrum very deeply emargi­nate; frontal grooves long and quite deep, complete; eye rudiment about 0.09 X 0.11 mm, surrounded bypiceous ring, a few vestigial ommatidia evident; men-tum free, 6 prebasilar setae. Pronotum transverse­cordiform, 0.75 as long as wide, widest in apicalfourth, sides convergent to hind angles with vaguesuggestion of sinuation before hind angles; anterior angles prominent and slightly produced; hind anglesobtuse, weakly reflexed; marginal gutter rather wide,disc convex; base weakly bisinuate; anterior marginalsetae placed just before maximum width, posteriorsetae in hind angles. Elytra 1.6 times longer than wide, a little subparallel, humeri quite prominent but not angular, disc convex hut flattened on either side of suture, antapical sinuation quite shallow; striae deeply impressed, intervals strongly convex, scutellar stria short; apical groove wide, ending before level of 7th umbilicate puncture; posterior discal seta on 4th stria or sth interval, striae and intervals more or less confluent at site of puncture; apical triangle com­plete. Aedeagus 0.73 mm long in holotype, basal bulb deflexed at more than right angle, median lobe straight, sensorial organ large and rounded, slightlyoblique; parameres with only 2 long, apical setae, a short third seta present on left paramere in holo­type. Type-series.—Holotype male (American Museum of Natural History) and one female paratype, Sotano de Riachuelo, elevation 2500 m, 6.5 km N and 2 km E Miquihuana, northwest Tamaulipas, Mexico, 16 February 1981, Roy and Patti Mothes Jameson. Measurements (mm).—Holotype, total length 4.65,head 1.04 long X 0.98 wide, pronotum 0.83 long X 1.07 wide, elytra 2.69 long X 1.65 wide, antenna 2.60 long, aedeagus 0.73 long. Discussion.—This species is readily distinguishedfrom all other known cavernicolous Paratrechus spe­cies by the rufotestaceous color, the peculiar shape of the head, the deeply emarginate lahrum, and the unusually deep elytral striae. It occurs farther north than any other described species of Paratrechus. The species coexists in the Sotano de Riachuelo with Miquihuana rhadiniformis Barr, a unique troglobiticsphodrine carahid. The Miquihuana cave area is iso­lated from the Rio Purificacion area (about 35 km to the northeast) by the Rio Guayalejoand from the Sierra de Guatemala to the east by lower, barren desert. Not obviously very close to any otherknown species, P. laticeps is here treated as the sole represen­tative of a monobasic species group which may have been derived from the same slock as the mexicanus group, judging from the form of the aedeagus. Appa­rently it is a relic of a more widely distributed line of Paratrechus which no longer exists at the surface in northeastern Mexico. sylvarum group Paratrechus sylvarum Mateu Mateu, 1974:206. Type-locality, Popocatepetl, Ame­ cameca, Mexico; type in Mateu coll., Paris. P. sylvanus: Mateu, 1974:200 (in key, typographical error). Description.—Length 5.5-5.9 mm. Color pale cas­taneous, appendages slightly paler; form moderatelyelongate and rather depressed. Head 0.9 as long as Figs.19-26.-Paratrechus,oaxaquensisandhalffterigroups: 19,P.oaxaquensis,n.sp.;20,P.oaxaquensis,aedeagusofpara­type; 21, P. jeanneli, n. sp., aedeagus of paratype; 22, P. halffteri, pronotum; 23,P. chiriquensis, n. sp., pronotum; 24, P. reyesi,pronotum; 25, P. halffteri, aedeagus, Villa Mills; 26, P. chiriquensis, aedeagus of paratype, Cerro Punta. wide; eye about 0.2 longer than temple; frontal grooves wide and divergent where continued onto clypeus; antenna half body length. Pronotum 3/4as long as wide, transverse-cordifonn, apex truncate and anterior angles somewhat rounded, sides stronglyrounded, sinuate in basal sixth, hind angles right and scarcely produced to sides, base almost rectilinear; apex about as wide as base, base 0.7 greatest width,which occurs rather far forward in apical fourth. Elytra oblong-oval, humeri fairly prominent, apexesat best feebly attenuate, 1.5 times longer than wide,disc depressed: inner 5 striae well impressed, inner 3 intervals feebly subconvex, outer intervals flat and outer striae obsolescent; posterior discal puncture on 4th stria or 4th interval; apical groove rather long,anterior apical puncture of apical triangle at level of Bth umbilicate puncture. Aedeagus long and slender,basal bulb perpendicular to axis of greatly producedmedian lobe, apical sensorial organ large, flattened,oblique, set off by constriction; parameres with 4-5 setae. Discussion.—The description given above is based on a male paratype 5.7 mm long (in G. Ball coll.).Although Mateu indicated that the posterior discal puncture in this species is on the sth stria, the speci­men examined has this puncture on the 4th stria on the left elytron and on the 4th interval at the con­catenation of the 3rd and 4th striae on the rightelytron. The aedeagus closely resembles that of P. reddelli (cf. Fig. 18), a troglobitic species from Vera­cruz. Paratrechus sylvarum is apparently a high-altitude endemic, taken at 3200 m in a forest of Abies religiosa (Mateu, 1974). Paratrechus reddelli, new species Figs. 17, 18 Description.—A microphthalmous, troglobitic spe­cies with mentum and submentum fused and 6 pre­basilar setae. Length 4.7-5.8, mean 5.3 mm. Dark castaneous with touch of deep red; form elongateand rather depressed. Head 0.9 as long as wide; eyerudiment lemon-shaped, about 0.06 mm, without facets; antenna elongate, more than 0.6 total bodylength. Pronotum 3/4 as long as wide, transverse­cordifonn, widest in apical fourth, sides strongly convergent and deeply sinuate in basal fifth;anterior angles produced, hind angles large and slightly acute. Elytra elongate-oval, 1.6 times longer than wide,depressed; discal microsculpture finely and densely transverse; anterior discal puncture on sth stria,posterior discal on 4th interval effecting confluence of 4th and sth striae; apical groove short, directed toward slh stria; longitudinal striae shallow, outer striae obsolescent. Aedeagus slender and elongate, 1.16 mm long in paratype, basal bulb nearly per­pendicular to median lobe, which is greatly pro­duced and feebly arcuate; apex with large, obliquesensorial organ; 3-4 setae on parameres. Type-series.—Holotype male (American Museum of Natural History), 3 male and 2 female paratypes,Cueva del Volcancillo, 5 km SE Las Vigas, Veracruz,Mexico, 8 January 1974, J. R. Reddell and RoyJameson. Measurements(mm).—Holotype, totallength5.20,head 0.92 long X 1.00 wide, pronotum 0.98 long X 1.29 wide, elytra 2.88 long X 1.84 wide, antenna 3.31 long. Discussion.—This troglobitic species was dis­covered in a lava tube on a spur of the Cofre de Perote; epigean species in the same area include P. batesi and P. erwini, which belong to the hifoveatus and erwini groups, respectively. The only other known troglobitic Paratrechus species are pallescensand contrarius (central Queretaro) and laticeps(northwest Tamaulipas). The more elongate bodyform, elongate and arcuate aedeagus, 6 prebasilar setae, and transverse elytral microsculpture readilydistinguish P. reddelli from those species. These same characters are closely similar to characters ofP. syl­varum, with which P. reddelli almost certainly shares a rather recent common ancestry. oaxaquensis group Paratrechus oaxaquensis, new species Figs. 19, 20 Description.—Length 4.9-6.0, mean 5.4 ± SD = 0.3 mm (n 30). Form rather robust, subdepressed;dark piceous, polished, appendages pale, elytralmicrosculpture very finely transverse, obsolescent on disc. Head a little wider than long, rather rounded; eye 1.0-1.1 times as long as temple and a little shorter than length of scape; mentum and submentum fused; antenna halfbody length. Pronotum cordiform, trans­verse, 0.8 as long as wide, anterior angles moderate,sides strongly rounded, conspicuously sinuate in basal seventh, hind angles prominent, sharp, a little less thanright and laterally produced, base rectilinear; apex slightly wider than base and 0.7 greatest width,which occurs in apical third. Elytra about 1.45 times longer than wide, oblong-oval, subconvex but de­pressed near middle of disc; longitudinal striae im­punctate, superficial but all visible, intervals flat,inner 3 striae deeper; posterior discal puncture on 4th interval, with 3rd and 4th striae usually inflec­ted at site of puncture; apical groove wide, anterior apical puncture rather close to apex. Aedeagus0.92-1.00 mm, weakly arcuate, sensorial organ largeand rounded; parameres with only 3 apical setae. Type-series.—Holotype male (American Museum of Natural History) and 63 paratypes, 147.5 km S Valle Nacional, Route 175, 2400 m, Oaxaca, Mexico,2 May 1966, G. E. Ball and D. R. Whitehead. Measurements (mm).—Holotype, total length 5.52,head 1.01 long X 1.09 wide, pronotum 1.09 long X 1.37 wide, elytra 3.12 long X 2.15 wide, antenna 2.89 long, aedeagus 0.92 long. Discussion.—This species is readily distinguishedfrom most Mexican species of Paratrechus by the position of the posterior discal puncture on the 4th interval. The two species of the sylvarum group are more elongate and more depressed, and P. jeanneli is a little narrower and more convex, with finely punc­tulate inner striae and weakly convex inner intervals. In all threeofthese species theaedeagus is largerand more arcuate. Paratrechus laticeps is a rufotestaceous troglobite. The typedocality, apparently along Route 175 between Guelatao and Oaxaca (city), consists of “madrono-oak-pine woods, rather dry” (Ball and Whitehead, 1967). Additional specimens, not para­types, were collected by Ball on the Llano de las Flores, 22 km N Ixtlan de Juarez, Route 175, 2780 m. Paratrechus jeanneli, new species Fig. 21 Description.—Length 4.8-5.7, mean 5.3 ± SD = 0.3 mm (n 11). Color dark reddish-piceous, mouth-parts, appendages, and elytral margin paler; form moderately elongate, microsculpture of elytral disc transverse but obsolescent, disc polished shining.Resembles P. oaxaquensis in having the posteriordiscal puncture on the 4th stria but differs in nar­rower and more convex pronotum, narrower and more convex elytra with punctulate striae, and much larger and more arcuate aedeagus. Head rounded, as wide as long; mentum free; eye about 0.2 longerthan temple (as inP. oaxaquensis);antennahalfbodylength. Pronotum 0.8 as wide as long, cordiform, disc convex; anterior angles prominent, sides strongly arcuate, sinuate in basal seventh, hind angles sharp,about right, not laterally produced, base rectilinear; apex and base widths subequal and 0.7 greatestwidth, which occurs in apical fourth. Elytra 1.45 times longer than wide, oblong-oval, disc subconvex, apexes slightly more attenuate than inP. oaxaquensis; striae moderately deep, inner intervals slightly con­vex, not flat; inner 4 striae deeper than sth, 6th, and 7th striae, inner striae more or less distinctly punctu­late; posterior discal puncture on 4th stria, 3rd and 4th striae usually concatenated at 4th interval at site of 4th discal; apical groove rather long, joining 7th stria at level of 7th umbilicate puncture. Aedeagus more 1.22 mm long in paratype, much larger and arcuate than inP. oaxaquensis, sensorial organ more round and median lobe swollen in region of internal sac; parameres with 4 or 5 long setae at apexes. Type-series.— Holotype male (American Museum of Natural History) and 10 paratypes, 24.5 km E Teotitlan del Camino, Puerto de Soledad, Oaxaca, Mexico, 2240 m, cloud forest, 15 July 1975, G. E. Ball and H. E. Frania. Measurements (mm).—Holotype, total length 5.44,head 1.05 long X 1.05 wide, pronotum 1.09 long X 1.37 wide, elytra 3.12 long X 2.15 wide, antenna 2.89 long. Discussion.—This species is named for that most eminent student of the trechine beetles, the late Dr. Rene Jeannel. For Jeannel the origin of Paratrechus was a challenging puzzle for which he found no en­tirely satisfactory solution (cf. Jeannel, 1931). We are still far from fully understanding the evolution and zoogeography of this interesting genus, but it is a pleasure to contribute to knowledge of the groupand thus to honor Dr. Jeannel. The type-locality is in northeastern Oaxaca near the edge of the Huautla plateau. halffteri group Paratrechus halffteri Mateu Figs. 22, 25 Mateu, 1974:204. Type-locality, Cerro de la Muerte, Costa Rica; type deposited in J. Negre coll., Paris. Description.—Length 4.2-5.4, mean 4.7 ± SD = 0.4 mm (n 20). Form convex and robust; color blackish-piceous, mouthparts, appendages, and elytralmargin paler. Head 7/8 as long as wide; eye 1.5 times longer than temple; menturn fused to submentum in most specimens (about 80% of material examined)but in some specimens suture open in middle and closed at sides. Pronotum 0.7 as long as wide; anterior angles moderately prominent, sides rounded then sinuate in basal sixth, hind angles large, sharp, and more or less right; base a little wider than apex and 3/4 maximum width, which occurs in apical third. Elytra 1.3-1.4 times longer than wide, oblong, sides strongly rounded, disc convex; posterior discal seta on sth stria or sth interval; longitudinal striae shal­low, outer striae obsolescent, intervals flat; apical groove rather wide. Aedeagus 0.83-0.88 mm long,basal bulb deflexed at nearly right angle, median lobe moderately arcuate, apical sensorial organ large and set apart by constriction; parameres with 3 apical setae. Discussion.—ln material available to me P. halff­teri is the most abundant of the 5 species from Costa Rica. Stewart B. Peck collected 15 specimens at Villa Mills, Cerro de la Muerte, 3000 m, including one specimen extracted from the gut of a salamander (Bolitoglossa sp.), and R. T. Allen obtained 12 speci­mens at Pension Georgina, along the Pan-American Highway. Mateu (1974) noted the occurrence of a single specimen of P. halffteri at the same spot where two specimens (holotype and paratype) of P. reyesi were taken, demonstrating at least occasional sym­patry and syntopy of these two similar species.Absence of P. reyesi from the Peck and Allen collec­tions and from the type-series ofP. halffteri collected by G. Halffter and P. Reyes in the Cerro de la Muerte strongly suggests that the two species occupy some­what different microhabitats and, accordingly, dif­ferent niches. At Villa Mills Peck took a single speci­men of P. pecki (erwini group). Paratrechus halffteri is distinguished from all other known species of the genus in Costa Rica by its blackish-piceous color and shallow elytral striation, as well as by the complete or partial fusion of mentum and submentum. Paratrechus chiriquensis, new species Figs. 23, 26 Description.— Resembles P. halffteri, differing in larger eyes, narrower and less convex pronotum with more acute hind angles, deeper elytral striae, nar­rower apical groove, and a complete suture between mentum and submentum (mentum free). Length 4.4­ = 5.0, mean 4.8 ±SD 0.2 mm (n 12).Form rather ro­bust and convex, colorpiceous with pale mouthparts,appendages (except outer antennal segments), and elytral margin. Head 7/8 as long as wide; eyes twice as long as temples; mentum and submentum separatedby complete suture; antenna half body length. Pro­notum 3/4 as long as wide; anterior angles prominent,sides strongly rounded, deeply sinuate in basal sixth,hind angles large, sharp, acute, laterally produced,base slightly emarginate; apex a little wider than base,base 5/8 greatest width, which occurs in apical third. Elytra rounded-oval, scarcely 1.5 times longer than wide, moderately convex; striae deeper than in P. halffteri, inner four intervals subconvex, outer striae shallower but all visible; posterior discal puncture on sth stria or sth interval; apical groove slightly nar­rower (between sutural stria and recurrent portion of groove) than in P. halffteri Aedeagus 0.94-0.98 mm long, slender, slightly swollen before apex, with small but prominent apical sensorial organ; parameres with 3 apical setae. Type-series.—Holotype male (Ffnited States Na­ tional Museum of Natural History) and 11 paratypes, near Cerro Punta, Chiriqui, Panama, 1800-2400 m,31 May 1972, T. and L. Erwin. Measurements (mm).—Holotype, total length 4.91,head 0.83 long X 0.95 wide, pronotum 0.95 long X 1.25 wide, elytra 2.97 long X 2.05 wide, antenna 2.54 long, aedeagus 0.95 long. Discussion.—The type-series was collected under leaves and other debris beside a road at the edge of a forest (T. Erwin, in litt.). A single female, probablythis species, (U. S. National Museum) was collected by F. Nevermann from Volcan Irazu, Costa Rica (“Subabhang Vulkan Irazu”). Among the 5 known species of Costa Rican Paratrechus, P. chiriquensisis distinguished from all except P. halffteri by the presence of the posterior discal seta on the sth elytralstria; compared with P. halffteri the species has a complete suture between mentum and submentum,larger eyes (2X temple length vs. 1.3 X in halffteri), more slender pronotum (base width/maximumwidth 5/8 vs. 3/4), and deeper elytral striae with distinctly subconvex inner intervals. The known geographic ranges are probably mutually exclusive,but this is impossible to determine with so few col­lections. Paratrechus chiriquensis is the first speciesof the genus to be described from Panama. Paratrechus reyesi Mateu Fig. 24 Mateu, 1974:203; type-locality, San Isidro, Tala­manca, Costa Rica. Description.—Length 4.7-5.0 mm. Form robust and rather convex; color dark reddish-piceous,mouthparts, legs, and basal antennal segments paler.Head 7/8 as long as wide; eye 1.4 longer than templebehind; mentum free. Pronotum very transverse,cordifonu, 3/4 as long as wide, widest in apical third,widths at apex and base subequal, base width 5/8greatest width; anterior angles subdued, sides verystrongly rounded, deeply sinuate in basal sixth, hind angles large, sharp, a little less than right, laterallyproduced; base emarginate in middle between hind angles. Elytra rounded-oval, less than 1.4 longer than wide, moderately convex; posterior discal puncture on 4th interval at concatenation of 3rd and 4th striae;striae rather deep, inner 4-5 intervals subconvex;apical groove wide. Aedeagus about 0.9 mm long,median lobe swollen in vicinity of internal sac, apicalsensorial organ quite small and rounded. Discussion.—The above description was based on examination of a single male from Cartago, Alajuela,Costa Rica (U. S. National Museum), collected by P. J. Spangler. The species was originally described from one male and one female (bolotype male in J. Negre collection, Paris) collected between San Figs. 27-31.—Paratrechus, bifoveatus group: 27, P. franiai, n. sp., San Marcos Sivinal; 28, P. bifoveatus, aedeagus, Volcan Tajumulco; 29, P. batesi, aedeagus, Cofre de Perote; 30, P. bolivari, aedeagus. Mil Cumbres; 31,P. franiai, aedeagus, San Marcos Sivinal. Isidro General and the Cerro de la Muerte. The spe­cies is similar in proportions to P. halffteri but is redder, the pronotum (Fig. 24) is more transverse and its base is emarginate, the elytra are a little shorter and have much deeper longitudinal striae, and the sensorial button at the apex of the aedeagus is much smallerand rounded. Paratrechus costaricensis Mateu Mateu, 1974:203; type-locality, Rosario de Desam­ paros, Costa Rica. This small (4 mm) species, which I have not seen,is described as having a less transverse pronotum and more elongate elytra than either P. halffteri or P. reyesl It is reddish-piceous, has deeply striate elytra,and the aedeagus is more closely similar to that of P. halffteri. The posterior discal seta is situated on the 4th stria, about as in P. reyesi. The species was described on three specimens found by Mateu (1974)in the Clermont collection, Museum National d’His­toire Naturelle, Paris. bifoveatus group Paratrechus bifoveatus Jeannel Fig. 28 Trechus (Paratrechus) bifoveatus Jeannel, 1920:107;type-locality, Totonicapam, Guatemala; type de­posited in British Museum of Natural History.Paratrechus bifoveatus: Jeannel, 1930:80. Mateu, 1974:201. ± Description.—Length 4.0-4.4, mean 4.2 SD = 0.1 mm (n 15). Form robust and convex; color blackish-piceous, mouthparts and appendages paler.Head about as long as wide; eye rather small and con­vex, its diameter equal to length of temple; antenna quite short, scarcely 0.4 body length, segments short and oval. Pronotum 3/4 as long as wide, widest in apical fourth, anterior angles moderate, sides stronglyrounded, basal sinuation brief but deep, hind anglessmall, acute, hardly produced to the sides. Elytraquite convex with strongly rounded sides, 1.5 times as long as wide; no posterior discal puncture; inner 3 striae shallow, intervals flat, outer striae obsolescent (a few specimens have more than 3 well-developedstriae); apical groove rather short. Aedeagus about 0.65 mm, short and thick, sensorial organ rounded, reflexed on ventral side; parameres with only 2 apical setae (3-6 in all otherspecies ofParatrechus examined exceptP. laticeps). Discussion.—This distinctive species differs from otherParatrechus spp.whichlacktheposteriordiscal puncture in its small size, convexity, black color, short antenna with oval segments, and short, arcuate aedeagus with only two setae on the parameres. Two typical copulatory sclerites are present, contrary to Mateu’s (1974) statement that they are absent in this species, but (as in all Paratrechus spp.) they are easily obscured by the dense spiny armature of the internal sac. Jeannel (1930) noted +-winged speci­mens among the series which he examined, but all the specimens Ihave seen are from the mountains and are micropterous. I have examined specimens col­lected by Champion at Totonicapam (British Museum of Natural History) and a small series taken by H. E. Frania and D. L. C. Procter in the Volcan Tajumulco(near San Marcos) and Volcan Tacana in both north­western Guatemala and adjacent Chiapas, Mexico. The species apparently occurs in the foothills at ele­vations of about 1000-1200 m. Paratrechus beltrani Mateu Mateu, 1974:201. Type-locality, Amecameca, Popo­ catepetl area, Mexico. This species was described from a unique female,which 1 have not seen. Itis similar in form toP. bifo­veatus but larger (4.5 mm) with subparallel frontal grooves, larger eyes, deeply sinuate pronotum sides,and deep, punctured elytral striae. The posteriordiscal seta of the elytron is absent. Paratrechus batesi Mateu Fig. 29 Mateu, 1974:202. Type-locality, Las Vigas, Veracruz,Mexico; type deposited in Oberthiir-Bates collec­tion, Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris. Description.—Length 5.2-5.4 mm. Form very ro­bust and convex; color blackish-piceous, appendagesand elytral margin pale. Head about as long as wide; eye rather large and convex, 1/4 longer than temple; antenna half as long as body. Pronotum 3/4 as long as wide, widest in apical third, widths at apex and base subequal, base width 0.7 maximum width;anterior angles scarcely prominent, apex almost truncate, sides rounded, sinuate in basal sixth, hind angles about right. Elytra rounded-oval, very robust,less than 1.4 times longer than wide, convex; pos­terior discal puncture absent; inner 3 striae superfi­cial, intervals flat, outer striae obsolescent. Aedeagusabout 1.00 mm long, moderately arcuate, closelysimilar to aedeagus of P. bolivari; apex with well-developed, somewhat oblique sensorial button. Discussion.—This species was described on a singlemale which Mateu discovered among the Bates speci­mens in the Oberthiir collection. I have seen three additional specimens taken by G. Ball, T. Erwin, and Figs.32-34.—Paratrechus,erwinigroup: 32,P.erwini,n.sp.,CofredePerote;33,P.erwini,aedeagusofparatype;34,P.pecki, n. sp., Cerro de la Muerte. R. Leech on the north slope of the Cofre de Perote,3550-3600 m, near Tembladora, Veracruz. A much larger series of P. erwini was collected in the same spot. The anterior puncture in the apical triangle was described by Mateu (1974) as unusually far forward,but this is an apparently individual variation not seen in the three specimens at hand. Paratrechus bolivari Mateu Fig. 30 Mateu, 1974:202. Type-locality, Mil Cumbres,Michoacan, Mexico. Description.—Length 4.6-5.4, mean 5.0 ±SD = 0.2 mm (n 30). Frontal grooves subparallel where they extend onto clypeus. Pronotum 0.75 as long as wide. Elytra 1.4 times longer than wide, disc slightlydepressed near middle; striae moderately deep, all visible, intervals flat, striae irregularly punctulate;posterior discal puncture absent. Aedeagus 0.82­ 0.86 mm long, moderately arcuate, apical sensorial organ quite rounded and set off by a constriction. Discussion.—This species was taken in considerable abundance by George Ball and his students at four localities in Michoacan; a) Mil Cumbres, Route 15,33 km W Ciudad Hidalgo, 2500 m; b) Route 15,43 km W Ciudad Hidalgo, 2750 m, south-facingravine; c) 48 km W Ciudad Hidalgo, spruce-oak forest; d) Puerto Garnica, Route 15, 2800-2900 m. Both Mexitrechus michoacanus (Bolivar) and M. quirogai(Bolivar) were originally collected at Mil Cumbres, but M. quirogai is known only from the type-specimens.This species and P. hoegei are more elongate than other species ofParatrechus which lack the posteriordiscal puncture (P. bifoveatus, P. franiai, P. laevigatas, P. batesi, P. beltrani); unlike P. bifoveatus and P. batesi, which are black, they are reddish-piceous. Paratrechus franiai, new species Figs. 27, 31 = Description.—Length 4.2-5.2, mean 4.7 mm (n4). Form robust and quite convex, blackish-piceous,with paler appendages and elytral margin, to dark mfopiceous, shining. Head about 0.8 as long as wide; eye moderately convex, as long as temple; mentum fused to submentum; antenna half total body length.Pronotum cordiform, 0.8 as long as wide; anterior angles subdued, sides strongly rounded and widest in apical third, sinuate in basal sixth; hind angles acute;base rectilinear; apex and base widths subequal and about 3/4 greatest width. Elytra only 1.3 times longerthan wide, rounded-oval, strongly convex; anterior discal puncture at level between Ist and 2nd umbili­cates; posterior discal absent; deep sutural and lightly impressed 2nd and 3rd striae, intervals flat, outer striae obsolescent; apical triangle compact, apical groove quite short. Aedeagus 0.73 mm long in holo­type, feebly arcuate, short and rather thick, apicalsensorial organ large and rounded; parameres with 3 setae. Type-series.— Holotype male (American Museum of Natural History) and 3 female paratypes, Guate­mala, San Marcos Sivinal, cloud forest, in leaf litter under rocks, 2620 m, 31 December 1976, H. E. Frania and D. L. C. Procter. Measurements(mm).—Holotype, totallength4.78,head 0.80 long X 0.95 wide, pronotum 0.98 long X 1.25 wide, elytra 2.60 long X 2.01 wide, antenna 2.42 long, aedeagus 0.73 long. Discussion.—ln its rather robust, convex form this species resembles Paratrechus laevigatas, to which it is quite probably related; it differs, however, in the larger eyes and in having at least 3 elytral striae. Paratrechus laevigatus Jeannel Jeannel, 1930:81. Type-locality, “Guatemala, sans autre precision;'’ type deposited in HamburgMuseum. Paratrechus laevigatas, described on a single female from an unknown locality in Guatemala, is distin­guished by small eyes, only one elytral stria (thesutural), and absence of the posterior discal puncture.It is apparently related to P. franiai, which has a similar form but larger eyes and at least 3 elytralstriae. Presumably it exists at a locality farther east in the Guatemala portion of the Cordillera, some­where between Totonicapam and Guatemala City,and it is probably allopatric fromP. franiai erwini group Paratrechus erwini, new species Figs. 32, 33 ± Description.—Length 5.1-5.8, mean 5.5 SD = 0.2 mm (n 25). Form elongate and subdepressed,color pale castaneous, dull shining, elytral micro-sculpture with transverse meshes. Head 0.8 as long as wide; eye shorter than temple; mentum free; antenna about half body length. Pronotum transverse-cordi­form, 0.7 as long as wide, anterior angles subdued,sides arcuate in apical half, oblique, then prominentlysinuate in basal fifth, hind angles sharp, slightly less than right; base very feebly emarginate; apex and base widths subequal, about 3/4 greatest width, which occurs in apical fifth; marginal gutter broad, con­tinuous with broad, rounded basal foveae. Elytraelongate-elliptical, about 1.35 times longer than wide,disc depressed either side of suture; about 5 inner striae rather deeply impressed, outer striae more superficial, striae punctured and often irregular: pos­terior discal puncture situated on sth stria (usual),4th stria, or 4th interval, in many specimens 3rd and sth intervals irregularly confluent medial to posteriordiscal puncture: apical triangle complete; setae indiscal, anterior apical, and umbilicate punctures a little longer than usual, hypertrophied. Aedeagushighly aberrant: length about 1.2 mm, heavily sclero­tized. dark piceous shining, twisted in basal third,with prominent, subequal lateral flanges before rounded apex, apical sensorial organ very small, discoidal; parameres with 4 long apical setae. Type-series.—Holotype male (American Museum ofNatural History)and24 paratypes, north slopeof tire Cofre de Perote, 3535-3695 m, near Tembladora, Veracruz, .Mexico, 25 August 1967, G. Ball. T. Erwin,R, Leech. Measurements(mm).—Holotype, totallength 5.68,head 0.86 long X 1.09 wide, pronotum 0.90 long X 1.29 wide, elytra 2.85 long X 2.11 wide, antenna 3.04 long, aedeagus 1.10 long. Discussion.—This pale, elongate species with deep,finely punctured striae has no counterpart amongknown species of Mexican Paratrechus. The aedeagusis exceptional, more heavily sclerotized than in anyother North .American trechine. twisted in the apicaltwo-thirds and bearing conspicuous lateral flanges,the left a little larger than the right: the apex is bluntly rounded and the apical sensorial organ is reduced to a small disc. Superficially P. erwini re­sembles P. pecki, a Costa Rican species; unfortu­nately P. pecki is known only from the female holo­type, so that its aedeagus cannot be compared. The lateral wings of the aedeagus are similar to those seen in Darlingtonea kentuckensis \alentine (1952). a troglobitic trechine from southeastern Kentuckvyin Darlingtonea, however, the aedeagus is not heavilysclerotized, and its copulatory pieces are nominallyisotopic. Evidently P. erwini is a high-altitude en­demic, found beneath stones about 500 m below the summit of the Cofre de Perote, where it coexists with P. batesi a much less abundant species. In the same area is the Cueva del Volcancillo, a lava tube inhab­ited by a troglobitic species, P. reddelli. Paratrechus pecki, new species Fig. 34 Description.— Resembles P. erwini in pale color,elongate form, and deep, strongly punctured elvtral striae, differing in larger eyes, more transverse and more convex pronotum. and the absence of a pos­terior discal seta on the elytron. Length of unique female holotype 4.80 mm. Form elongate, color pale,castaneous-yellow. Head slightly wider than long; mentum free, 6 prebasilar setae; eyes 0.1 longer than temples, small but very7 convex. Pronotum stronglytransverse-cordiform. 3/4 as long as wide; sides strongly rounded, deeply sinuate in basal fifth, hind angles sharp and about right, base shallowly emargi­nate; apex and base widths subequal, about 2/3greatest width, which occurs in apical third. Elytraelongate-oval, 1.6 times longer than wide, disc sub-convex; striae rather deep and strongly punctured,inner intervals subconvex: posterior discal punctureabsent. Male unknown. Type-series.— Holotype, a unique female (Ameri­can Museum of Natural History), Villa Mills, Cerro de la Muerte, Costa Rica. 3050 m, 2 August 1966, S. B. Peck. Measurements (mm).—Holotvpe, total length 4.80. head 0.94 long X 0.98 wide, pronotum 1.01 long X 1.33 wide, elytra 2.21 long X 1.79 wide, antenna 2.50 long. Discussion.— This species, apparently most closelyrelated to P. erwini is known from a single female collected along with 15 P. halffteri by S. B. Peck. From the other 4 species of Paratrechus thus far known from Costa Rica, P. pecki is immediatelyrecognized by the pale color, deep and punctured elytral striae, and by the absence of the posteriordiscal seta. It would be of great interest to determine whether or not the aedeagus in this species has the same unusual form as that ofP. erwini Chiapadytes Vigna Taglianti igna Taglianti. 1977;327. Type-species, Chiapa­dytes bolivari A igna Taglianti, by original desig­nation and monotvpy. This genus is monobasic. The single known species, C. bolivari, was described from a single completemale and pieces of two other specimens taken in the Cueva de la Planta No. 2, San Cristobal de las Casas,Las Piedrecitas, Chiapas, Mexico. The species is microphthalmous, pale piceous, of the same generalform as Paratrechus sylvaticus but larger (6 mm);mentum free, 8(-9) prebasilar setae; elytra with finely transverse microsculpture, anterior discal puncture on 4th stria, posterior discal on 3rd stria,apical triangle lacking posterior puncture. The aedea­gus is of the same form as that of P. pallescens, with small but distinct apical sensorial organ. The excel­lent. detailed description of this species leads me to theconclusionthatitprobably belongsinParatrechus and more precisely in the sylvaticus group. In any case it is the only known troglobitic trechine from the Chiapas highlands (elevation 2180 m) and repre­sents yet another instance of independent cave colo­nization and troglobitic evolution within the Para­ trechus series. Mexaphaenops Bolivar Bolivar, 1942:352. Type-species, Mexaphaenops prietoi Bolivar, by original designation and mono­ typy. Description.—Length 4.2-8.0 mm. Form elongateand rather convex; microphthahnous, more or less aphaenopsian; rufotestaceous shining, elytral micro-sculpture usually isodiametric, rarely finely trans­verse, never with meshes; humeri somewhat to greatly rounded, metathoracic wings vestigial; sub­glabrous. Head with frontal grooves incomplete(5 spp.) or not (3 spp.), sides subparallel or weaklyrounded; mentum free (6 spp.) or fused to submen­tum (2 spp.), 6 or 8 prebasilar setae, according to species; mentum tooth medially grooved; glossa with + 2 6 apical setae, paraglossae long, hyaline, and veryslender; mandibles without premolar tooth; maxillaryand labial palps rather coarsely pubescent to sub­glabrous, terminal segment of maxillary palps shorter than penultimate segment. Pronotum small, rather convex, 0.9-1.3 times as long as wide, essentiallycordiform; margins with 0, 1, or 2 pairs of setae;front angles moderate, usually not produced, hind angles small, usually sharp, approximately right.Elytra convex, elongate-oval to oval, humeri alwayssomewhat rounded but very strongly rounded and prehumeral borders oblique in some species; striae well developed (except in fishi), usually all visible,intervals flat to quite convex according to species;anterior discal puncture on sth, 4th, or 3rd stria, posterior discal on 3rd, 4th, or sth interval or absent; umbilicate series normal, well aggregated; apical tri­angle complete (4 spp.) or reduced to one or two punctures (4 spp.); apical groove well developed, recurrent portion directed toward apex of 4th, sth, or 6th longitudinal stria. Anterior tibia grooved and pubescent on outer face. Male with two basal pro­tarsomeres bearing adhesive setae beneath, but these segments feebly dentate and not or very feebly en­larged. Aedeagus with apical sensorial organ about as in Paratrechus (6 spp.) or vestigial (2 spp.); internal sac heavily armed with scales, copulatory pieces sub-equal, elongate-triangular or spade-shaped (about as in Paratrechus), anisotopic; parameres with 3-5 longapical setae. Discussion.—Mexaphaenops includes 8 known species from caves in Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas,Queretaro, and San Luis Potosi, in the Sierra Madre Oriental and the eastern part of the central Mexican plateau. The ranges ofMexaphaenops and Paratrechus are notably mutually exclusive, with the exception of three troglobitic species, P. pallescens, P. contrarius, and P. laticeps. In an earlier paper I outlined evidence for derivation of Mexaphaenops from Paratrechus, postulating an evolutionary series beginning with Paratrechus sylvaticus and running through P. palles­cens to M. elegans (Barr, 1967a). The discovery of P. contrarius, with mentum and submentum fused, in addition to the demonstration that the diagnosticsignificance of a free mentum is not very great in the Paratrechus series, partly bridges the gap toward derivation of Mexaphaenops species in which men-tum and submentum are fused (prietoi and inter­medins). Further, in M. sulcifrons, which is quiteclose to prietoi and intermedins, the mentum is free. And even though the apical sensorial organ of the aedeagus is vestigial in prietoi and sulcifrons, it is nevertheless present in intermedins. Mexaphaenopsmackenziei, M. jamesoni, and M. febriculosus, de­scribed in the present paper, are not strictly aphae­nopsian, but they extend the evolutionary series from Paratrechus of the sylvaticus series to M. elegans by filling the gaps between P. pallescens and M. elegans, M. mackenziei in particular being morphologicallyquite close to elegans but more plesiomorphic. The aedeagus of P. contrarius is remarkably similar—­almost identical—to that of M. mackenziei dulci­nominis. The relative heterogeneity among the species of Mexaphaenops probably reflects heterogeneity of their Paratrechus ancestors, coupled with multiple cave colonization and parallel subsequent modifica­tions for subterranean life. In this paper I have ad­vanced the hypothesis that Paratrechus was derived by isolation of a Holarctic trechine stock in northern South America in late Cretaceous or early Tertiary. In late Tertiary time, probably Pliocene, this stock expanded northward into Central America and Mexico as far as the Rio Bravo (=Rio Grande). Sub­sequent warming and drying climatic trends led to widespread extinction of epigean trechine popula­tions in the north, with survival possible only in the “tierra fria” of uplands in the south, or in caves. The sharp line between the area occupied by Mexaphae­nops and the troglobitic species of Paratrechus ver­sus the area occupied by epigean Paratrechus suggeststhat the process may have continued for some time and may be going on at present. There are at least 3 species groups in Mexaphae­nops: 1) the mackenziei group (mackenziei, elegans,febriculosus, jamesoni), 2) the fishi group, with one species; and 3) the prietoi group (prietoi, intermedins, that has been preserved through cave colonization sulcifrons). They are arranged in what I believe to be and adaptation to cave existence. increasing order of apomorphy. Not all the apo­ mackenziei groupmorphic character states occur together in the same species, but there are more apomorphic characters Mexaphaenops elegans Barr in group 2 than in group 1, and more in group 3 than Barr, 1967a: 162, figs. 2, 5. Type-locality, Sotano de in group 2. In Mexaphaenops we are presumably Tejamanil, Queretaro, Mexico; type deposited in observing, in Rene JeanneTs (1943) terms, “living Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard Uni­fossils”—remnants of a more extensive epigean fauna versity. Key to Species of Mexaphaenops Bolivar 1. Elytra with anterior discal puncture on 3rd, 4th, or sth stria; pronotum with 1-2 pairsofmarginal setae 2 Elytrawithoutdiscalpunctures;pronotum withoutmarginalpunctures;mentum free, 6 prebasilar setae; apical triangle reduced to lateral puncture only; length4.8-5.5 mm; San Luis Potosi (Valle de los Fantasmas, Sotano de la Golondrina) fishi Barr 2(1). Elytra with 2 discal punctures; apical triangle with 2-3 punctures; elytra rather elongate and slender 3 Elytra with a single discal puncture on sth stria near base, posterior puncture absent; only one puncture (lateral) in apical triangle; elytra 1.4 times longer than wide, very convex; length 5.0-6.2 mm; NW Nuevo Leon (Bustamante) prietoi Bolivar 3(2). Elytra with anterior discal puncture on 4th or sth stria; apical triangle complete,consistingofanterior,lateral,andposteriorpunctures;mentumfree 4 Elytra with anterior discal puncture on 3rd stria, posterior discal on 3rd stria or 4th interval; anterior apical puncture absent; mentum and submentum fused;length 5.0-5.4 mm; Tamaubpas (Gomez Farias-Encino area) intermedins Barr 4(3). Head with frontal grooves not unusually deep and sulciform; anterior discal puncture on sth stria; submentum with transverse row of 8 prebasilar setae 5 Head with very deep, elongate, sulciform frontal grooves (Fig. 41); anterior discal puncture on 4th stria, posterior discal on sth interval; submentum with 6 prebasilar setae; length 4.2-4.7 mm; upper Rio Purification basin, Tamaulipas/ Nuevo Leon sulcifrons, n. sp. 5(4). Head with sides more or less rounded, frontal grooves shallowly continued around sidesofhead(complete);pronotum withtwo pairsofmarginal setae; upper Rio Purificacion basin, Tamaulipas/Nuevo Leon 6 Head with sides subparallel, frontal grooves ending on vertex, not continued around sides of head (incomplete); pronotum with only one pair (anterior) ofmarginal setae;Queretaro(Pinal deAmoles) elegans Barr 6(5). Head with more pronounced cervical constriction, eye rudiment small but distinctly convex (Fig. 40); elytral humeri not completely rounded, disc not concave around scutellum 7 Head with less abrupt cervical constriction, eye rudiment flat (Fig. 35); elytral humeri strongly rounded, prehumeral borders very oblique, disc concave either sideofsuturenearscutellum;polytypic species,lengthsrangingfrom5.2-8.0mm, means 5.8-7.0 mm mackenziei, n. sp. 7(6). Elytra wider(L/W 1.54-1.60), disc evenly convex; aedeagus with basal bulb bent sharply downward, median lobe distinctly arcuate (Fig. 43); length 5.0-5.2 mm; Tamaubpas (Revilla, Conrado Castillo) jamesoni, n. sp. Elytra narrower (L/W 1.63-1.67), disc convex but distinctly flattened near center; aedeagus less sharply arcuate (Fig. 42); length 4.6-6.0 mm; Tamaulipas (Yerbabuena) febriculosus, n. sp. Description.—Length 5.4-7.3 mm. Form veryslender and elongate, convex; elytral microsculptureweakly transverse, not forming meshes, polished.Head 1.4 times longer than wide, sides subparallel; mentum free, 8 prebasilar setae; antenna 0.9 bodylength. Pronotum about 1/4 longer than wide, hind angles acute; only one pair of marginal setae (ante­rior). Elytra quite convex, 1.75 times longer than wide, prehumeral borders very oblique, disc depla­nate around scutellum; striae rather deep, intervals convex; anterior discal puncture at juncture of 4th and sth stria at level of 2nd umbilicate, posteriordiscal on 3rd stria; humeral set of umbilicate punc­tures rather evenly spaced; apical triangle complete.Aedeagus 0.88-0.93 mm long, with well-developedapical sensorial organ. Discussion.—This species is known from 5 locali­ ties in the vicinity of Pinal de Amoles, Queretaro:a) Sotano de Tejamanil, 2.5 km west (type-locality);b) Cueva del Judio, 2 km south; c) Sotano del Buque,20 km north; d) Sotano de la Escuela, 10 km north­west, in the Llano de San Francisco; and e) a road­side “mine" (actually a cave) near Pinal de Amoles (S. B. Peck). The nearly complete chaetotaxy and free mentum with 8 prebasilar setae led me to sug­gest (Barr, 1967a) that M. elegans was the most generalized species of Mexaphaenops known at the time, but in its elongate, slender form and incom­plete frontal grooves, as well as loss of the posteriormarginal setae of the pronotum it is more derivative than either M. mackenziei or M. jamesoni The spe­cies was presumably derived from an edaphobiticancestor very much like M. mackenziei, to which it is most closely related. There are two errors in the original description of this species (Barr, 1967a): 1) the aedeagus of the holotype is 0.92 (not 0.52) mm long, and b) the two discal punctures of the elytra are not both on the sth stria, as implied in the key; the posterior puncture is lateral to the 3rd stria as stated in the description and shown in the accompanying sketch (fig. 2). In most of the same cave localities Paratrechus pallescens co­exists with Mexaphaenops elegans. Mexaphaenops mackenziei mackenziei, new species and subspecies Figs. 35, 37 Description. —Resembles M. elegans in large size and small, flat eye rudiments, differing in wider head and pronotum, less convex elytra widest near the middle, and coarser and less polished elytral micro-sculpture. Length 6.0-8.0, mean 7.0 ± SD 0.5 mm = (n 17). Form slender, elongate, and convex; micro-sculpture isodiametric and locally obsolete on head, slightly transverse on pronotum disc, shallowly iso­diametric on elytral disc, with vague transverse ten­dency. Head 1/4 longer than wide, sides a little rounded; eye rudiment 0.08-0.10 mm in diameter, about 0.2 as long as scape; frontal grooves long and deep, lahrum singly emarginate. Pronotum cordiform, 0.9 as long as wide, widest in apical third, width at apex a little greater than width at base and 3/4 maxi­mum width; sides sinuate in basal sixth, hind anglessmall and more or less right, anterior angles small and not produced; both anterior and posterior pairsof marginal setae present. Elytra 1.7 times longer than wide, widest near middle and a little less convex than in elegans; prehumeral borders very stronglyoblique, humeri a little less pronounced than in ele­gans and circumscutellar deplanation shallower;distance between 3rd and 4th umbilicate punctures greater than distance between Ist and 3rd punctures;anterior and posterior discal punctures present, all three punctures of apical triangle present; anterior discal on sth stria at level of Ist umbilicate, 3rd and 4th striae rather constantly interrupted medial to puncture, posterior discal on 4th interval, 3rd and 4th stria generally interrupted or inflected around site of puncture; seven deep, impunctate striae, inter­vals convex and sometimes irregular; entire apicaltriangle and apical groove much shorter than in ele­gans. Antenna quite long, 4/5 body length; all appen­dages slender and elongate. Aedeagus elongate, 1.15­ 1.22 mm, basal bulb bent at more than right angle to long, straight median lobe, sensorial organ flattened and oblique; parameres with 3 long apical setae. Type-series. Holotype male (American Museum — of Natural History) and 6 paratypes, Cueva de Cali­fornia, 2 km N Rancho Nuevo, about 34 km WNW Ciudad Victoria in the upper Rio Purificacion basin, western Tamaulipas, Mexico, 23 August 1973, D. McKenzie and R. Jameson. One paratype, same cave,6 April 1978, A. Grubbs. Measurements (mm).—Holotype, total length 7.28,head 1.37 long X 1.09 wide, pronotum 1.25 long X 1.39 wide, elytra 4.21 long X 2.50 wide, antenna 5.85 long.Discussion.—Mexaphaenops m. mackenziei inhab­ its caves in the vicinity' of Rancho Nuevo, elevation 2500-2700 m, including Cueva de California (type­locality); Cueva del Vandalismo, 0.5 km SE Rancho Nuevo; Pozo del Lagartijo, 0.5 km SW fire tower on Mesas Juarez; Sotanos de Rancho Nuevo nos. 1 and 4; and Cueva del Camino, 1 km W Rancho Nuevo. Atotal of 23 specimens were examined. Mexaphaenops jamesoni coexists with M. m. mackenziei in the Rancho Nuevo area. Figs. 35-39.—MexaphaenopsfromRio Purificacionarea;35,M.m.mackenziei,n.sp.andsubsp.,CuevadeCalifornia;36,M. m. gracilis, n. subsp., head and pronotum, Sumidero de Oyamel; 37, M. m. mackenziei, aedeagus of paratype, Cueva de Cali-fornia;38,M. m.gracilis,aedeagus,CuevadelosAllarines;39,M. m.dulcinominis,n.subsp.,aedeagus,CuevadelOjodeAgua. Mexaphaenops mackenziei gracilis, new subspeciesFigs. 36, 38 Description.— Differs from M. m. mackenziei in the more narrowly incised frontal grooves, which are not widened behind to the same extent as in the nomi­nate subspecies, and in the narrower pronotum,which is as long as wide or slightly longer (L/Wabout 0.9 in m. mackenziei) and widest in apicalfourth at level of anterior marginal setae (widestbehind anterior marginals in m. mackenziei). Length = 5.7-7.0, mean 6.3 ± SD 0.4 mm (n 15), a little smallerthanM. m. mackenziei. Type-series.—Holotype male (American Museum of Natural History) and 4 paratypes, La Sistema Purificacion, Sumidero de Oyamel section, near Conrado Castillo, 1900 m, Tamaulipas, Mexico, 23 November 1977, Dale Pate; an additional 10 para­types from the same cave system, including the Sumidero de Oyamel section, Cueva del Brinco section, and Cueva del Infiernillo section, March 1978—April 1980, collected by various members of the Association for Mexican Cave Studies. Measurements (mm).—Holotype, total length 5.72,head 1.04 long X 0.86 wide, pronotum 1.04 long X 1.01 wide, elytra 3.34 long X 1.96 wide, antenna 4.71 long. Discussion.—This trechine is relatively frequentbut not abundant in the huge Sistema Purificacion cave system in the upper Rio Purificacion basin in western Tamaulipas. An additional 14 specimensassigned to M. m. gracilis were taken in Cueva de los Allarines and Cueva del Tecolote, both near Conrado Castillo. Mexaphaenops jamesoni and M. sulcifrons are sympatric with M. m. gracilis, but are much rarer. For differentiation of these 3 taxa, see the discussion following the description ofM. jame­soni. Mexaphaenops m. mackenziei X Mexaphaenops m. gracilis Two geographic races of M. mackenziei intergradebroadly in the caves of the Aserradero Revilla area, which lies between Rancho Nuevo and Conrado Cas­tillo, the areas in which M. m. mackenziei and M. m. gracilis respectively A total of 9 morphologi­ occur. cally intermediate specimens were obtained from Sotano de Jesus, 2 km SE Revilla; Pozo del MagueyVerde, 1 km NW Revilla; and Cueva de las Papitas,800 m SE Revilla. Two specimens of M. jamesoni were taken in Sotano de Jesus and M. sulcifrons occurs in other caves nearRevilla. Mexaphaenops mackenziei dulcinominis, new subspecies Fig. 39 Description.—Length 5.2-6.3, mean 5.8 mm (n = 4). Resembles M. m. gracilis, differing in smaller size; elytra more convex and alittlewider(L/W 1.56­ 1.66 vs. 1.60-1.72 in gracilis), intervals a little less convex, microsculpture of disc scarcely transverse; distance between 3rd and 4th umbilicate puncturesin humeral set not greater than distance between Ist and 3rd punctures. Aedeagus 0.86 mm long in holo­type, similar in form to that of M. m. mackenziei but much smaller, basal bulb less sharply bent with respect to median lobe, parameres with 5 apical setae. Type-series.—Holotype male (American Museum of Natural History) and one female paratype, Cueva del Ojo del Agua, 1980 m, 4 km WSW Dulces Nom­bres,NuevoLeon,Mexico,10April 1974,D.McKen­zie. Measurements (mm).—Holotype, total length 5.16, head 0.95 long X 0.80 wide, pronotum 0.95 long X 0.92 wide, elytra 3.06 long X 1.84 wide, antenna 3.89 long, aedeagus 0.86 long. Discussion.—Only twospecimensofthisperipheralsubspecies are available from the type-locality cave, but a pair from Pozo de los Penuelos, 2020 m, 3 km SW Dulces Nombres, are closely similar. In the latter the 4th umbilicate puncture is separated farther from the 3rd puncture and there is a slight tendencytoward transverse grouping of the cuticular polygons in the elytral microsculpture; in these two characters the Pozo de los Penuelos specimens approach M. mackenziei gracilis. A single specimen of Mexaphae­nops sulcifrons is also available from this cave and is further indication of incomplete geographic isola­tion from the caves of the Conrado Castillo area, which lie across a high ridge a few kilometers east of Dulces Nombres. The type-locality is in the eastern edge of Nuevo Leon close to the Tamaulipas border. Mexaphaenops febriculosus, new species Figs. 40, 42 Description.—Length 4.6-6.0, mean 5.4 ±SD = 0.3 mm (n 34). Head and pronotum rather slender,elytra robust and convex, appendages elongate;microsculpture of head strongly isodiametric, of pronotum rather coarsely and somewhat irregularly transverse, of elytra coarsely but shallowly isodia­metric with suggested transverse areas but no meshes,disc polished shining. Head 1.2 times longer than wide, sides a little subparallel but constricted at cervicum (more so than in mackenziei); frontal grooves deep, slightly sulcate on vertex, continuing veryshallowaround sidesofhead(non-aphaenopsian); Figs. 40-44.—Mexaphaenops from Rio Purificacion area; 40, M. febriculosus, n. sp., Sotano de las Calenturas; 41, M. sulci­frons,n.sp.,CuevaX;42,M.febriculosus, aedeagusofparatype,SotanodelasCalenturas;43,M.jamesoni,n.sp.,aedeagusof paratype, Sotano de Jesus; 44, M. sulcifrons, aedeagus of paratype, Cueva X. eye rudiment distinctly convex in dorsal view, about 0.12 mm, granulate, with suggested rudimentaryommatidia; mentum free, submentum with 8 pre­basilar setae; antenna 0.6 body length. Fronotum cordifonn, 0.9 as long as wide; anterior angles promi­nent, sides arcuate and convergent behind, veryshallowly sinuate before small, slightly obtuse hind angles; both anterior and posterior marginal setae present; apex and base width subequal, about 3/4greatest width, which occurs in apical fourth. Elytraoblong-oval, 1.63-1.67 times longer than wide, pre­humeral borders slightly oblique but far less so than in mackenziei, disc generally convex but flattened in middle; longitudinal striae deep, intervals quite con­vex; anterior discal puncture on sth stria near level of 2nd umbilicate, posterior discal on 4th interval at level of sth umbilicate; apical triangle complete, apical groove rather long, joining sth stria at level of anterior apical puncture. Aedeagus about 1.0 mm long, basal bulb bent at right angle, median lobe long,slender, and scarcely arcuate, sensorial organ small and oblique, 3 long setae on parameres. Type-series.—Holotype male (.American Museum of Natural History) and 10 paratypes, Sotano de las Calenturas, 1470 m, 1 km SSE Yerbabuena in the upper Rio Purificacion drainage basin, 34 km NW Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, Mexico, 19 November 1979, Dale Pate and Peter Sprouse; 30 additional paratypes, same cave, 19-23 November 1979, J. Reddell, D. McKenzie, J. Atkinson, T. Treacy, and other members of the Association for Mexican Cave Studies. Measurements(mm).—Holotype,totallength 5.60, head 1.14 long X 0.94 wide, pronotum 0.94 long X 1.09 wide, elytra 3.28 long X 1.91 wide, antenna 3.43 long, aedeagus 1.04 long. Discussion.—This species and M. jamesoni (de­scribed below) differ from all other species of the genus in the small but distinctly convex eye rudi­ments, which in dorsal view can be seen protrudingfrom the sides of the head as translucent spherules.The cervical constriction is more marked and the humeri are far less rounded than in M. mackenziei, to which they are most closely related. The Sotano de las Calenturas lies several kilometers southeast and at a much lower elevation than the caves of the Rancho Revilla and Conrado Castillo areas where M. jamesoni coexists withM. mackenziei. Mexaphaenops jamesoni, new species Fig. 43 Description.— Closely similar to M. febriculosus,differinginwiderandmoreconvex elytra,lessconvex elytral intervals, more intense and somewhat less polished elytral microsculpture, and slightly largerand more arcuate aedeagus. Length 5.0-5.2 mm. Head 1.2 times longer than wide; mention free. 8 prebasilar setae; eye rudiment convex; antenna 0.6 body length.Fronotum 0.9 as long as wide, shape as in febriculo­sus; two pairs of marginal setae. Elytra wider, 1.54­ 1.60 times longer than wide, convex and not flat­tened in center of disc; striae moderately deep but intervals a little less convex than in febriculosus;microsculpture shallowly isodiametric without trans­verse tendency, less polished; chaetotaxy as in febri­culosus. Aedeagus 1.06 mm long in holotype, much more strongly arcuate, basal bulb larger, sensorial organ small and oblique; parameres with 3 apical setae. Type-series.— Holotype male (American Museum of Natural History) and one female paratype, Sotano de Jesus, 2300 m, 2 km SE Revilla, Tamaulipas,Mexico, August 1973, R. Jameson and D. McKenzie. Measurements (mm).—Holotype, total length 5.20,head 0.98 long X 0.82 wide, pronotum 0.94 long X 1.05 wide, elytra 2.96 long X 1.87 wide, antenna 3.24 long, aedeagus 1.06 long.Discussion.—This species, evidently quite close to M. febriculosus, is known from 5 specimens: 2 from theSotano deJesus(type-locality),2fromSotanode Rancho Nuevo No. 2, and one from Cueva del Coral (1 km N Conrado Castillo, near summit of Cerro Zapatero). The available material indicates no geneflow between febriculosus and jamesoni. If jamesoni were a geographic race of febriculosus, then one would expect to find a race of mackenziei in the Sotano de las Calenturas, but such is not the case. a Certainly both jamesoni and febriculosus share relatively recent common ancestry, but the evidence indicates that they are distinct, allopatric species.In the Rancho Nuevo and Conrado Castillo areas M. jamesoni is readily distinguished from the much more abundant M. mackenziei by smaller size, con­vex eye rudiment, slightly produced anterior pro­notum angles, more prominent (much less oblique)humeri, and closer spacing of the humeral set of umbilicate punctures (distance between punctures 3 and 4 not greater than distance between punctures 1 and 3). Mexaphaenops sulcifrons, which occurs in some of the same caves, has the sides of the head sub-parallel, eye rudiments flat, and very deep, sulciform frontal grooves which end blindly on the vertex instead of continuing around the sides of the head;it is smaller and has a small aedeagus without an apical sensorial organ. It is a pleasure to name this species for Mr. RoyJameson, who together with David McKenzie col­lected the first trechine beetles from the caves of the Rio Purificacion region. fishi group Mexaphaenops fishi Barr Barr, 1967a: 162, fig. 3. Type-locality, Valle de los Fantasmas (unnamed small cave), San Luis Potosi, Mexico; type deposited in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. Description.—Length 4.8-5.5 mm. Form slender,elongate, convex; elytral microsculpture coarsely transverse in basal half but not forming meshes. Head subparallel, 1.4 times longer than wide; menturn free,6 prebasilars; antenna 5/6 body length. Pronotum 1.2 times longer than wide; marginal setae absent; hind angles acute and produced backward, base emargi­nate. Elytra 1.6-1.7 times longer than wide, very con­vex, humeri effaced, widest behind middle; striae obsolescent; no discal punctures; 4th umbilicate puncture rather widely removed from humeral set;apical triangle reduced to lateral puncture only.Aedeagus about 0.6 mm long, moderately arcuate, sensorial organ conspicuous and rounded. Discussion.—ln the original description of this species it was stated that the long setae (whips) in umbilicate punctures 2, 6, and 8 were absent. The type-series included 4 specimens from a little cave in the Valle de los Fantasmas, 40 km E San Luis Potosi,2800 m. A series of 7 specimens was collected 17 March 1972 by W. Elliott, R. Mitchell, et al. in the Sotano de la Golondrina, Puerta Altamira, 45 km E San Luis Potosi, 3000 m. In all of these specimens, 5 of which were tenerals, long whips were present in the normal place in the umbilicate punctures. Ap­parently these delicate setae had broken off in all of the specimens in the type-series. Mexaphaenops fishi is rather aberrant both mor­phologically and geographically, occupying caves in a high desert 2800-3000 m above sea level, about 150 km NW of Pinal de Amoles (M. elegans locali­ties), and 175 km SW of the Gomez Farias area (M.intermedins localities). The species has more chaeto­ taxial anomalies than any other species inMexaphae­nops, yet the menturn is free, and there is a well-developed, rounded sensorial organ at the apex of the aedeagus. Elytral striation is nearly obsolete, and the microsculpture of the elytra is a little transverse, at leastin thebasalhalf. prietoi group Mexaphaenops intermedius Barr Barr, 1971:113, figs. 1, 2. Type-locality, Cueva de la Capilla, Tamaulipas, Mexico; type deposited in American Museum of Natural History.Vigna Taglianti, 1972:119. Description.—Length 5.0-5.4 mm. Form more elongate than that ofM. prietoi, elytra more slender and less convex; elytral microsculpture quite shal­lowly isodiametric, polished. Head with subparallel sides, 1.4 times longer than wide; menturn fused to submentum, 6 prebasilar setae; antenna 0.8 body length. Pronotum slightly longer than wide, similar to that of M. prietoi, two pairs of marginal setae, hind angles acute. Elytra 1.6 times longer than wide, moderately convex; striae feebly and irregularlyimpressed, intervals weakly convex basally and anas­tomosing or constricted near discal punctures; an­terior discal on 3rd stria, posterior discal on 4th interval: umbilicate humeral series not unevenlyspaced; anterior apical puncture absent from apical triangle. Aedeagus nearly 0.7 mm long, weakly arcu­ate, apical sensorial organ small but distinct; para­meres with 3 apical setae. Discussion.—This species is known from La Cueva de la Capilla and La Cueva de la Mina, both northwest of Gomez Farias (Barr, 1971;Vigna Taglianti, 1972).It is newly recorded from La Cueva de las Perlas, in the Gomez Farias region (J. R. Reddell) and the Sotano de la Joya de Salas, near Encino (Jean Jance­wicz). .Amongotherknown speciesofMexaphaenops, M. intermedins is probably most closely related to M. prietoi, and perhaps more remotely to M. sulcifrons. Mexaphaenops prietoi Bolivar Bolivar, 1942:353, figs. 1-6. Type-locality, Gruta del Palmito, Bustamante, Nuevo Leon; type depositedin Bolivar coll., Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, Mexico. Description.—Length 5.0-6.2 mm. Form unusuallyrobust and convex; elytral microsculpture finely iso­diametric, dull shining. Head with sides subparallel, 1.4 times longer than wide; menturn and submentum fused, 6 prebasilar setae. Pronotum a little more than 0.9longerthanwide,sidesrounded, widestatmiddle,hind angles small, acute; margin rather strongly re­flexed; two pairs of marginal setae. Elytra less than 1.4 times as long as wide, strongly convex; one (anterior) discal puncture on sth stria; humeral set of umbilicate punctures rather closely spaced; apicaltriangle reduced to one puncture (lateral); striae quiteregular and well impressed, intervals subconvex near base but becoming flat by apical third. Aedeagusabout 0.6 mm long, weakly arcuate, apical sensorial organ greatly reduced; parameres with 3 apical setae. This species is known only from the type-locality, a large and well-known cavern in the Sierra de Gomas near the village of Bustamante in northwestern Nuevo Leon. The cave is the northernmost locality forMex­aphaenops and is also inhabited hy Mexisphodrusboneti palmitensis Barr and Rhadine araizai (Bolivar),two cave-associated anchomenine carabids. Mexaphaenops sulcifrons, new species Figs. 41, 44 Description.—A small species resembling M. prie­toi and M. intermedins in subparallel head, narrow pronotum, and convex elytra, differing in sulciform frontal grooves, free mentum, and chaetotaxial fea­ = tures. Length 4.2-4.7, mean 4.4 ± SD 0.1 mm (n 9).Head 1.5 times longer than wide, sides subparallel;frontal grooves deep, antennal ridge pronounced and doubled, grooves extended onto vertex, where each is delimited laterally by a low but sharp ridge; eyerudiment small, rounded, pale, circular; mentum free, 6 prebasilar setae; antenna 2/3 body length.Pronotum as long as wide, widest in apical third near anterior marginal setae, convergent behind,shallowly sinuate just before small, more or less right, blunt hind angles; both pairs of marginal setae present. Elytra very convex, 1.5 times longer than wide, with 5-6 rather deep longitudinal striae, inter­vals subconvex; chaetotaxy normal for Paratrechus series except for anterior discal puncture, which is on 4th stria, posterior discal on sth stria or sth interval; apical triangle complete; discal microsculpture rather strongly isodiametric. Aedeagus 0.60 mm long in holotype, basal bulb bent at right angle to median lobe, apex simply and finely attenuate in lateral view, without apical sensorial organ; parameres with 3 apical setae. Type-series.— Holotype male (American Museum of Natural History), one male and two female para­types, Cueva de Rancho Revilla, Tamaulipas, Mexico,22 August 1973,D. McKenzieand R. Jameson. Measurements (mm).—Holotype, total length 4.72,head 0.90 long X 0.56 wide, pronotum 0.82 long X 0.82 wide, elytra 2.61 long X 1.70 wide, antenna 3.16 long, aedeagus 0.60 long. Discussion.—This small species occurs in the Aserradero Revilla area, Conrado Castillo area, and Dulces Nombres area in the upper Rio Purificacion drainage basin in western Tamaulipas and eastern Nuevo Leon. A total of 9 specimens was examined: 4 from the type-locality, one from Cueva del Brinco section of the Sistema Purificacion, 3 from Cueva X near Conrado Castillo, and one damaged male from Pozo de los Penuelos, near Dulces Nombres, Nuevo Leon. It has not been taken in the Rancho Nuevo area or the Yerbabuena area. In the Conrado Castillo area it is sympatric but apparently not syntopic with Mexaphaenops m. gracilis and M. jamesoni (see the discussion under M. jamesoni for notes on differen­tiating these three taxa), and in the Pozo de los Pehuelos it coexists withM. m. dulcinominis. The unusually deep frontal grooves, extended onto the vertex and laterally bounded by a sharp ridge, provide the most conspicuous diagnostic character in this smallest of all Mexaphaenops species. In M. sulcifrons the mentum is free, and the elytral and pronotal chaetotaxy is complete (unlike prietoiand intermedins); the absence of the apical sensorial organ at the tip of the aedeagus recalls the aedeagusofprietoi. Mexitrechus Mateu Mateu, 1974:207. No type-species designated, Tre­chus coarctatus Bates here proposed. Description.—Species of medium-large size, ante­rior tibia grooved and pubescent on outer face, men-tum free, 6 prebasilar setae, anterior discal seta situa­ted on sth stria, apical recurrent groove directed toward sth stria. Head rounded, frontal grooves verydeep and extended around sides of head; two supra-orbital setae; labrum singly emarginate; clypeus with 2 or 4 setae; mentum tooth prominent, grooved;mentum separated from submentum by distinct suture, at least in middle; submentum with row of 6 prebasilar setae; eyes large and convex, about 1.5 times longer than length of temples behind. Pro­notum strongly and transversely cordiform, convex,hind angles small and not explanate, epipleura visible from above near hind angles; one or two pairs of marginal setae, posterior pair absent in certain spe­cies. Elytra with anterior discal puncture on sth stria,posterior discal on 3rd stria or absent; longitudinalstriae reduced, 1-3 inner striae feebly impressed,outer striae obsolete; apical triangle complete; elytralmicrosculpture extremely fine and dense, evanes­cently transverse, slightly iridescent. Appendages longand slender. Aedeagus without apical sensorial organ,median lobe either simple and bluntly rounded at apex or greatly produced and dorsoventrally flat­tened; two subequal copulatory sclerites present,anisotopically arrranged in internal sac. Type-species:7rechus coarctatus Bates, here subsequently desig­ nated. Discussion.—Mateu (1974) quite correctly stressed the distinctiveness of this group of species in the Paratrechus series by proposing the genus Mexi­trechus for coarctatus, michoacanus, and occiden­talis. However, Paratrechus tepoztlanensis and P. quirogai undoubtedly belong here, too; they have the same habitus and exhibit the characters listed in the generic description above. Unlike the first three canica Transversal west from Mexico City. Elsewhere species mentioned, P. tepoztlanensis and P. quirogai in this paper the possibility that the Guatemalan cave have 4 clypeal setae, lack a posterior marginal seta isolate Mayaphaenops shares a common ancestry with on the pronotum, lack posterior discal punctures on Mexitrechus is considered. If the hypothesis is accep­the 3rd elytral stria, have somewhat more intense, ted that the Paratrechus series originated in northern satiny, elytral microsculpture, and possess a simpler South America, the Mexitrechus branch probablyaedeagus without the bizarrely produced and flat-originated in an early northward dispersal throughtened median lobe of the first three species; the Central America into the Oaxacan Sierra, spreadingnotch in the apical margin of the last abdominal into the Sierra Volcanica Transversal and ultimatelysternite of males is not present in tepoztlanensis and the Sierra Madre Occidental. In this interpretationquirogai.Paratrechus itself arrived later in southern Mexico, The species of Mexitrechus are distributed in the spreading northward through the Sierra Volcanica Sierra Madre Occidental of Durango, the Oaxacan Transversal and northeastward into the Sierra Madre Sierra, the Sierra Madre del Sur, and the Sierra Vol-Oriental, eventually retreating from the latter area, Key to Species ofMexitrechus Mateu Form more slender, pronotum hind angles blunt and slightly obtuse; aedeagus 1. Clypeus with 2 setae each side; pronotum withoutsetae in hind angles; posteriordiscal seta of elytron absent; elytral microsculpture more intense, satiny, with finely transverse meshworks; male withoutnotch in apical margin of last abdominal sternite; aedeagus with simple, arcuate median lobe, apex bluntlyrounded 2 Clypeus with one seta each side; pronotum with marginal setae in apical third and also in hind angles; elytra with anterior discal seta on sth stria and posteriordiscal seta on 3rd stria; elytral microsculpture extremely fine, obsolete,polished; male with deep, triangular notch in apical margin of last abdominal stemite; aedeagus with median lobe greatly produced and dorsoventrallyflattened 4 2(1). Form less slender, pronotum hind angles sharp, right or acute; aedeagus with apexslightly produced and narrowed, feebly reflexed; Guerrero, Morelos, Edo. de Mexico 3 withapexbluntlyrounded,apexnotproduced;MilCumbres,Michoacan quirogai(Bolivar) 3(2). Hindanglesofpronotum moderatelyreflexed;colordarkcastaneous, appendagespaler; aedeagus larger, more than 1 mm long, apex rather blunt; Morelos,Guerrero, Mexico tepoztlanensis (Bolivar) Hindanglesofpronotumsharplyreflexedandacute;head,pronotum disc,and segments2-4ofantennadarkpiceous, elytraldiscpiceous;appendages,scape,outerantennal segments, and elytral margin testaceous; aedeagus smaller, less than 1 mm long, apex narrower and sharper; Guerrero (Grutas del Mogote) mogotensis, n. sp. 4(2). Elytra 1.5 times longer than wide, apical groove wide and short, recurrent portionnot attaining level of anterior apical puncture; apical triangle strongly oblique,anterior apical puncture closer to suture than posterior apical puncture Elytra narrower, 1.6 times longer than wide, apical groove narrow and long,recurrent portion attaining level of anterior apical puncture; apical triangle not oblique, posterior apical puncture directly behind anterior apical; head wider than long (L/W 0.85), pronotum narrow at base (apex/base 1.2);aedeagus with produced portion of median lobe sharply reflexed; states of Mexico, Guerrero, Michoacan michoacanus (Bolivar) 5(4). Headaslongaswide;pronotumnarroweratbase(apex/base 1.1);producedportion ofaedeagal median lobe straight; Oaxaca coarctatus (Bates) Head wider than long (L/W 0.9); pronotum base wider than apex (apex/base0.95); produced portion of aedeagus median lobe sharply reflexed (as in michoacanus)\ vicinity of La Ciudad, Durango occidentalis Mateu where it has left troglobitic representatives, as the area became warmer and semiarid. coarctatus group Mexitrechus coarctatus (Bates) Figs. 45, 48 Trechus coarctatus Bates, 1881:136, pi. 6, fig. 3. Type-locality, Oaxaca, Mexico; type in British MuseumofNatural History. Mexitrechus coarctatus: Mateu, 1974:209. Description.—Length 5.3-6.6, mean 6.1 ± SD = 0.3 mm (n 31). Piceous black, satiny-shining; form elongate and subconvex. Head as long as wide, eyes convex, 1.5 times longer than temples behind; labrum singly and rather deeply emarginate; frontal groovesdeep; only 2 clypeal setae present; mentum usuallyincompletely fused to submentum, suture closed only at sides in most specimens examined but completely open in a few specimens. Pronotum strongly and transversely cordiform, 0.8 as long as wide, greatestwidth in apical third, width at apex 1.1 times width at base and 0.6 greatest width; sides strongly arcuate in apical 6/7, subparallel in basal seventh; hind anglesabout right and rather sharp; two pairs of marginal setae present. Elytra 1.5 times longer than wide,elongate, rather wide and subparallel, subconvex overall and depressed on central disc in basal half;anterior discal puncture on sth stria, posterior discal on 3rd stria; apical triangle complete, puncturesforming an oblique isosceles triangle, anterior apicalnearest suture and 1.5 times farther from lateral and posterior punctures as the latter are from each other; apical groove wide, short, directed toward apex of sth (?) stria; with one or two finely im­pressed inner striae, outer striae obsolete, sometimes represented by evanescent traces. Male with deep,triangular notch in apical margin of last abdominal sternite. Aedeagus very elongate, apex produced,apical margin finely umbonate in dorsal view, two copulatory sclerites present. Discussion.—Mateu (1974) selected a lectotypefrom the Bates material in the Oberthiir collection,Paris, presumably collected by Hoge somewhere in the state of Oaxaca. Additional specimens from the type-series are preserved in the British Museum of Natural History, including a specimen labeled “type,”which I have seen. All of the specimens which I have seen (38) are from 9 rather widely separated localities in Oaxaca: 1) Route 190, 55 km NW Oaxaca, oak forest; 2) Microondas Station, 0.8 km E Jet. Routes 190 and 125, elevation approximately 2530 m;3) 147 km S Valle Nacional (Route 175), 2400 m; 4) 36.3 km N Juchatengo, 2160 m, 5) 15.7 km S Route 190, road to Ojo de Agua, oak-pine zone,Alnus, near stream in litter, 2320 m; 6) 2 km W Capulalpam, oak-pine-forest (dry), in litter, 2010 m;7) west of Santa Maria Nizavaguita, 16°04’ N X 95 50’ W, oak-pine forest (dry), creek with Alnus,1670 m; 8) 1.3 km N San Pedro y San Pablo Ayutla,Route 179, creek margin, 1960 m; 9) 14.3 km E Ixtlan de Juarez, oak-pine forest (dry), 2030 m. This material was collected by G. E. Ball and his associ­ates. At locality 1) Ball (in litt.) reports: “North­facing slope, cut by narrow, deep gullies which are wet in their upper reaches—seeps, not abundant flow­ing water. Forest predominantly oak-pine-madrono,with ferns near gullies. Tree cover open, understoryrather rich; litter rather deep (several inches) to about a foot in gullies; specimens. . .found only in litter in gullies, and in very wet places.” This species is clearly related to M. michoacanus and M. occidentalis by the form of the aedeagus, the presence of 2 clypeal setae, complete sets of pro­notum marginal and elytral discal setae, and the notch in the last abdominal sternite of the male. The greatly produced and flattened aedeagal apex is highly diagnostic. Mexitrechus michoacanus (Bolivar) Fig. 49 Paratrechus michoacanus Bolivar, 1941:190. Type-locality, Zitacuaro, Michoacan, Mexico; type in Bolivar coll., Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Bio­logicas, Mexico. Mexitrechus michoacanus: Mateu, 1974:208. ± Description.—Length 5.1-6.3, mean 6.0 SD = 0.3 mm (n 13). Microsculpture extremely fine,obsolete, as in M. coarctatus. Head 0.85 as long as wide, one pair of clypeal setae. Pronotum 0.8 as long as wide, apex width 1.2 times greater than base width and 0.6 maximum width; hind angles blunt and more or less right; two pairs ofmarginal setae. Elytra 1.6 times longer than wide, discal setae on sth (anterior)and 3rd (posterior) striae, apical groove long and narrow, recurrent portion directed toward sth stria and terminating at level of anterior apical puncture;anterior and posterior apicals equidistant from suture. Male with notch in last abdominal sternite. Aedeaguswith posterior half of median lobe sharply reflexed, dorsoventrally flattened, apex umbonate in dorsal view, parameres with 3 apical setae. Discussion.— This species is close to coarctatus but is readily differentiatedby characters given in the keyand the abbreviated description above. I have seen 13 specimens; 1) 23.2 km W Chilpancingo, 1920 m, Figs. 45-51.—Mexitrechus: 45, M. coarctatus, Oaxaca; 46, M. tepoztlanensis, pronotum of paratype, Tepoztlan; 47, M. mogotensis, n. sp., pronotum of holotype, Grutas del Mogote; 48, M. coarctatus, aedeagus, Oaxaca, length 1.50 mm.; 49, M. michoacanus, aedeagus, Zitacuaro, same scale as Fig. 48; 50, M. tepoztlanensis, aedeagus, Omiltemi, length 1.01 mm (twicescale of Fig. 48); 51,M. mogotensis, aedeagus ofholotype, same scale as Fig. 50. Guerrero; 2) Rio de Molino, near Valle de Bravo, 1980 m, Edo. de Mexico; 3) Omiltemi, 2225 m, Guerrero. All of these specimens were collected by G. E. Ball: the Omiltemi specimen was taken alongwith 15 specimens ofM. tepoztlanensis. Ball (in litt.)described the site near Chilpancingo, where 8 speci­mens were collected, as follows: “Canyon, with rather steep slopes; palm-oak-pine association. Soil clay with little or no humus in canyon bottom; more humus on slopes. Soil generally dry, but damparound ponds in canyon bottom. Specimens collected in leaf litter near ponds, and in dry places on slopes.’ Mexitrechus occidentalis Mateu Mateu, 1974:208. Type-locality, “8 km antes de lle­ gar a La Ciudad,” Durango; type deposited in Mateu collection, Paris. This species is remarkably close to M. michoaca­nus, differing principally in the relatively shorter ely­tra, slightly more rounded humeri, broader and shorter apical groove, and very oblique apical triangle.The aedeagus of the only known male (figured byMateu, 1974;fig. 22, p. 223) shows the same pattern as that of M. michoacanus, but the ventral margin of the median lobe is not deeply scalloped out before the flexure of the long, reflexed, produced apex. Although Mateu states that the posterior pronotalmarginal seta is missing in the holotype, it is present in two females which I have seen; 1) 40 km W La Ciudad, H. F. Howden, in Canadian National Collec­tion; and 2) 68 km SW La Ciudad, S. B. Peck, in T. Barr collection. tepoztlanensis group Mexitrechus tepoztlanensis (Bolivar) new combination Figs. 46, 50 Paratrechus tepoztlanensis Bolivar, 1941a: 193. Type-locality, Tepoztlan, Morelos, Mexico; type in Boli­var coll., Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas,Mexico. Bolivar, 1943a: 168. Mateu, 1974:200. Vigna Taglianti, 1972:119. ± Description.—Length 5.2-6.0, mean 5.6 SD = 0.2 mm (n 18). Dark piceous, appendages paler.Head a little longer than wide, two pairs of clypeal setae. Pronotum 0.8 as long as wide, width at apex 0.6 maximum width and 1.05 base width; hind anglesabout right, produced slightly to the sides and usuallysharp; pronotum with anterior marginal setae only,posterior setae absent. Elytra 1.5 times longer than wide, anterior discal puncture on sth stria, posteriordiscal absent, 2-3 longitudinal striae present; apical groove wide and rather long, recurrent portion end­ing at level of anterior apical puncture; apical triangleoblique, anterior apical much closer to suture than posterior apical; microsculpture more intense than in M. coarctatus, fine transverse meshworks discerni­ble, surface of disc satiny-iridescent. Aedeagus simple, arcuate, apex finely produced, quite bluntly rounded,and slightly reflexed; parameres typically with 5 long setae. Discussion.—l have seen 18 specimens of this spe­cies, including a female paratype given me by Dr. Bolivar and two topotypes (R. T. Bell) from Tepozt­lan, and 15 specimens from Omiltemi, 2225 m,Guerrero (G. E. Ball). Vigna Taglianti (1972) re­corded M. tepoztlanensis from the Cueva de Coate­pec, Mexico, and illustrated male and female genitalia. The habitat at Omiltemi was described by Ball (inlitt.): “A wet canyon; soil loam, clay, and gravel.Vegetation oak-pine to cloud forest, the latter veryrich in species, including large trees, Spanish moss and otherbromeliads.Littervaryingfrom deeptoshallow (eight inches to thin layer). Exposed gravel alongroad, which is much like a stream bed. Specimens in wet places, under stones at edge of road.” Further information on this locality was provided by Ball and Whitehead (1967). Neither M. tepoztlanensis nor M. michoacanus seems deterred by the lowland valley of the Rio Balsas, which separates the localities from which the two species have been collected in the Sierra Volcanica Transversal and the Sierra Madre del Sur,respectively. However, Bolivar (1943) discussed the variability of wings in these two species, noting that macropterous, brachypterous, and micropterous indi­viduals occur. These more extensive geographic ranges(as well as that of M. coarctatus) contrast with the much more limited ranges of the predominantlymicropterous species ofParatrechus. Mexitrechus mogotensis, new species Figs. 47, 51 Description.—Length 5.6-5.8 mm. Closely similar to M. tepoztlanensis, differing in wider head (L/W0.9), proportionately greater width of pronotum apex(apex width/base width 1.12, apex width/max. width 0.66), and paler coloration: head, pronotum disc, and antennal segments 2-4 infuscated, elytral disc palepiceous; appendages, scape, outer antennal segments,and elytral margins testaceous; hind angles of pro­notum laterally more strongly produced and acute, antebasal sinuation, in basal sixth, deeper. Aedeagusof holotype 0.88 mm long, shorter and more arcuate than in tepoztlanensis, apex narrower and sharper at tip; parameres with 4 apical setae. Type-series.—Holotype male (American Museum of Natural History), Grutas del Mogote, Guerrero,Mexico, 25 August 1965, J. R. Reddell; one female paratype, same cave, 22 December 1966, T. Raines. Measurements(mm).—Holotype, total length, 5.84,head 0.98 long X 1.13 wide, pronotum 1.13 long X 1.39 wide, elytra 3.35 long X 2.26 wide, antenna 3.78 long, aedeagus 0.88 long. Discussion.—The wider head, wider pronotum apex, and laterally explanate, very sharp hind anglesof the pronotum are probably better diagnosticcharacters than the color, which may possibly be phenotypic. The aedeagus is quite different. The geographic position of the Grutas del Mogote, well within the known range of M. tepoztlanensis, makes it most unlikely that this taxon is a geographically Fig. 52.—Distribution of troglobitic species of the Paratrechus series: 1, Gruta del Palmito (Mexaphaenopsprietoi); 2, Rio Purification area (M. mackenziei, M. jamesoni, M. febriculosus, M. sulcifrons); 3, Sotano de Riachuelo (Paratrechus laticeps);4, Gomez Farias area and Sotano de la Joya de Salas (M. intermedius); 5, Valle de los Fantasmas and Sotano de la Golondrina (M. fishi); 6, Final de Amoles area (M. elegans, P. pallescens); 7, El Doctor platform (P. contrarius); 8, Cueva del Volcancillo (P.reddelli);9,SanCristobalarea(Chiapadytesbolivari); 10,ResumideroChico(Mayaphaenopssbordonii). peripheral subspecies. In any case the degree of difference between tepoztlanensis/mogotensis ap­proaches that of tepoztlanensisIquirogai and michoa­canus/occidentalis. In no way does M. mogotensis appear to be an obligate cave form, however, and epigean specimens should be looked for in the vici­nity of the type cave. Mexitrechus quirogai (Bolivar), new combination Paratrechus (s. str.) quirogai Bolivar, 1943:171. Type- locality, Mil Cumbres, Michoacan, Mexico; type in Bolivar coll., Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biolo­ gicas, Mexico. Length 5.3 mm. Resembling M. tepoztlanensis, but pronotum hind angles not explanate and obtuse rather than acute; aedeagus with apex less attenuate than in tepoztlanensis. This species is known only from two males taken at Puerto del Presidente Ortiz Rubio, Mil Cumbres,Michoacan. Both M. michoacanus and Paratrechus bolivari have been collected in the vicinity of Mil Cumbres. But M. quirogai clearly is closely related to tepoztlanensis and mogotensis and certainly belongsin Mexitrechus. I have not seen the type or paratypebut have checked the characters given in the key with the lateDr. Bolivar (Bolivar, in litt.). Mayaphaenops Vigna Taglianti Vigna Taglianti, 1977:334, figs. 3, 4; type-locality, Resumidero Chico, Huehuetenango, Guatemala; type deposited in Vigna Taglianti collection, Rome. This genus is known only from the unique male holotype of M. shordonii, which I have not seen. However, the excellent and detailed description sug­gests that it may be related to Mexitrechus. Maya­phaenops sbordonii is a species of small size (4.4 mm),completely lacking an eye rudiment, with stronglycordiform pronotum in which epipleura are visible from above, nearly complete elytral chaetotaxy(lacking only the apical puncture of the apical tri­angle), the apex of the aedeagus briefly produced(lateral view) and bluntly rounded. The anterior dis-cal puncture is situated on the 3rd stria. The form of the pronotum, strongly cordiform with small, non-explanate hind angles and epipleuravisible from above, is identical to that observed in Mexitrechus. Other similarities are a) mentum free,with 6 prebasilar setae; b) reduced elytral striation; c) fine, dense, and evanescently transverse elytralmicrosculpture; d) aedeagus with apex bluntlyrounded, without a sensorial organ, resembling that of M. tepoztlanensis, M. quirogai, and M. mogoten­sis); and e) the presence of a distinct transfer appara­tus (though apparently of a single lamella instead of two anisotopic pieces). There are almost certainly many epigean and cavernicolous trechines in Mexico and Central Amer­ica which have not yet been discovered. The com­paratively inaccessible and scarcely collected Cor­dillera in northwestern South America could ulti­mately yield many more undiscovered species which will fill in many gaps in phylogenetic series. For the moment we can indulge in phylogenetic speculationin the hope and realization that future discoveries will improve and correct our tentative theories. In this context the hypothesis that Mayaphaenops is derived from the same stock as Mexitrechus is both morphologically and geographically viable. LITERATURE CITED Ball, G. E., and D. R. Whitehead. 1967. Localities for col­lecting in Mexico. Coleopt. Bull., 21:122-138. Barr, T. C., Jr. 1967a. Three new cave trechines from Mexico (Coleopt., Carab.). Ciencia, Mexico, 25:161-166. Barr, T. C., Jr, 1967b. Observations on the ecology of caves. American Nat., 101:475-492. Barr, T. C., Jr. 1968. Cave ecology and the evolution of troglobites. Evol. Biol., 2:45-102. Barr, T. C., Jr. 1971. A new species of Mexaphaenops from Tamaulipas, Mexico (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Assoc. Mexican Cave Stud. Bull., 4; 113-116. Bates, H. W7 . 1881-1884. Biologia Centrali-Americana, Insec­ta, Coleoptera I, 316 pp., 13 plates. London. Bolivar y Pieltain, C. 1940. Description de un Trechinae silvicola del Mexico central. An. Esc. Nac. Cienc. Biol.,2:111-118. Bolivar y Pieltain, C. 1941a. Description de dos Paratrechus nuevos de Morelos y Michoacan (Mexico) (Col. Carab.).Rev. Soc. Mexicana Hist. Nat., 2:187-195. Bolivar y Pieltain, C. 1941b. Estudio de la larva del Para trechus (Hygroduvalius) sylvaticus C. Bob (Col. Carab.).Ciencia, Mexico, 2:208-209. Bolivar y Pieltain, C. 1943a. Nuevos datos sobre Paratrechus mexicanos y acerca de la variabilidad alar de algunasespecies. An. Esc. Nac. Cienc. Biol., 3:163-178. Bolivar y Pieltain, C. 1943b. Estudio del primer Trechinae ciego hallado en cavernas de Mexico (Col. Carab.). Cien­cia, Mexico, 3:349-354. Darlington, P. J., Jr. 1943. Carabidae of mountains and islands: data on the evolution of isolated faunas and on atrophy of wings. Ecol. Monogr., 13:37-61. Howarth, F. G. 1980. The zoogeography of specialized cave animals: a bioclimatic model. Evolution, 34:394-406. Jeannel,R. 1920.Surquelques Trechinae du British Museum. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9, 5:98-112. Jeannel, R. 1928. Monographic des Trechinae. 3e livraison. L’Abeille, 35:1-808. Jeannel, R. 1931. Revision des Trechinae de PAmerique du Nord. Arch. zool. exp. et gen., 71:403-499. Jeannel, R. 1943. Les fossiles vivants des cavernes. Paris;Gallimard. 321 pp. Jeannel, R. 1962. Les trechides de la Paleantarctide Occi­dentale. Biologic de I’Amerique Australe, vol, 1, Etudes Sur la Faune du Sol, pp. 527-655. Mateu, J. 1974*. Sobre algunos linajes de carabidos boreo­montanos de Mexico y sus relaciones con el poblamientoentomologico del Sistema Volcanico Transversal. Rev. Soc. Mexicana Hist. Nat., 35:181-224. Putzeys, J. 1870. Trechorum oculatorum monographia. Ent. Zeit. zu Stettin, 31:7-48. Ueno, S.-I. 1968. Occurrence of two new Paratrechus in Ecuador.Bull. Nat. Sci. Mus., Tokyo, 2(4):341-349. Valentine, J. M. 1952. New genera of anophthalmid beetles from Cumberland caves (Carabidae, Trechinae). Geol. Surv. Alabama, Mus. Pap., no. 34:1-41. Vigna Taglianti. A. 1972. The Trechinae of the Italian zoolo­gical expedition to Mexico, 1969 (Coleoptera, Carabidae).Quad. Accad. Naz. Lincei, Probl. Att. Sci. Cult., 171(1): 117-128. Vigna Taglianti. A. 1977. Due nuovi Trechini troglobi del Messico meridionale e del Guatemala(Coleoptera, Carabi­dae). Quad. Accad. Naz. Lincei, Probl. Att. Sci. Cult., 171(3):325-339. * Actual date of publication was 26 August 1977. Assoc. Mexican Cave Stud. Bull., 8:237-243/Texas Mem. Mus. Bull., 28:237-243. REGRESSIVE EVOLUTION AND PHYLOGENETIC AGE: THE HISTORY OF COLONIZATION OF FRESHWATERS OF YUCATAN BY FISH AND CRUSTACEA 1 Horst Wilkens Zoologisches Institut und Zoologisches Museum der Universitat Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3 D-2000 Hamburg 13, West Germany ABSTRACT Distribution and composition of the limnic fauna of northern Yucatan are strongly influenced by the karstic character of the peninsula. In the inner parts epigean fish can only be found in the so-called cenotes. With the exception of two species all are secondary freshwater fish, which can be derived from the species-spectrum of the coastal lagoons.They remained behind when the sea retreated from parts of Yucatan in Pleistocene times. In the vast subterranean cave system of Yucatan live a series of eye-and pigment-reduced fish and crustaceans of marine as well as limnic descent. They all originally started troglobitic evolution in caves of the former Pliocene shore­lines, after having been isolated by the Pleistocene marine regression. Whereas the distribution of the cave fish still shows relations to the ancient Pliocene shoreline, the crusta­ceans have secondarily spread all over northern Yucatan. The limnic cave species show a comparatively lesser degree of eye-and pigment-reduction than the marine deriva­tives. This is attributed to a more recent beginning of regres­sive evolution in these forms. No characteristics of regressive evolution are shown bythe widely distributed catfish Rhamdia guatemalensis (Pime­lodidae) as well as by the characid Astyanax fasciatus, both of which have developed typical cavernicolous populationsin other parts of Mexico. This is possibly caused by an insu­lar character of northern Yucatan during Pleistocene, bywhich the two salt-sensitive primary freshwater fish species were hindered from invading the peninsulauntil more or less recently. By this the distributional pattern of Astyanaxfasciatus, which is restricted to a narrow coastal area in northern Yucatan, could be explained, too. 1 This article is a revised translation of; H. Wilkens, 1979,Reduktionsgrad und phylogenetisches Alter: Ein Beitrag zur Besiedlungsgeschichte der Limnofauna Yukatans. Z. Zool. Syst. Evolut.-forsch., 17:262-272. INTRODUCTION The northern part of the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico is a flat karst plain without major differences of elevation. It is characterized by a vast subterranean freshwater system that reaches from the interior to the coastal area. Stagnant epigean fresh waters are found almost exclusively in numerous sinkholes, the so-called cenotes (for further details see Reddell,1977). Surface rivers are absent north of the Rio Champoton.Cenotes usually have a more-or-less circular form of about a hundred or more meters in diameter. Depending on the surrounding elevation, the water surface lies almost at an equal level to the surround­ings or considerably below this. Accordingly, narrow reed banks may develop, if vertical limestone walls do not border the water body.The coasts of Yucatan are characterized by the existence of lagoons. They contain water of varyingdegrees hypo-or hyper-salinity and are subjected to tidal movements of greater or lesser intensity. Especi­ally in the eastern coast region of Yucatan, several former lagoons have developed into freshwater lakes by being separated from the sea. This is true, for example, of the Laguna de Chichancanab, which is situated in interior Yucatan. The paleogeographic development of Yucatan is characterized by the fact that as early as Pliocene, a central part of the peninsula lay above sea level. On the other hand, a broad surrounding coastal marginemerged as late as the Pleistocene. This part was probably again submitted to marine transgressions of an unknown extent during the interglacial periods(Weyl, 1970a, 1970b; Wilhelm and Ewing, 1972;Ramos, 1976). The karst character of the peninsula is responsiblefor the existence ofa relatively large number of cave-dwelling animals, which belong mainly to the teleos­tean fish and Crustacea (Hubbs, 1936; Cardenas Figueroa, 1950; Solorzano, 1953; Hobbs and Hobbs,1976; Holthuis, 1977; Reddell, 1977). During re­search projects on the tempo of regressive evolutio­nary processes it was necessary to study the historyof colonization of epigean and hypogean freshwaters of Yucatan on a larger scale (Wilkens, 1973, 1979). THE EPIGEAN ICHTHYOFAUNA The ichthyofauna of the freshwaters of northern Yucatan is characterized by the occurrence of a low number of species. In the cenotes of the interior onlythe fish Gambusiapuncticulata yucatana Regan, 1914 (Poeciliidae, Fink, 1971), Cichlasoma urophthalmus(Gunther, 1862) (Cichlidae) and Rhamdia guatema­lensis Gunther, 1864 (Pimelodidae) are to be found. The isolated character of many of the localities causes a relatively high variability of meristic features and is the reason for the taxonomic description of several subspecies of these forms. It is only close to the coastlines that the number of species living in cenotes becomes larger. Here Astyanax fasciatus (Cuvier, 1819) [=A mexicanus (Filippi, 1853)](Miller, 1976) (Characidae), Belonesox belizanus Kner, 1860, Poecilia sphenops Cuvier and Valenci­ennes, 1864, or P. velifer (Regan, 1914)(Poeciliidae) may also be found (Fig. 1). The ichthyofauna of the brackish, in part even hypersaline, lagoons distributed along the coast of Yucatan is relatively rich in species. Besides marine elements, mainly species of the families Cyprino­dontidae (5) and Poeciliidae (5) are present (Hubbs, 1936). With the exception of Astyanax fasciatus and Rhamdia guaternalensis all forms typical of the ceno­tes can be found as well. The composition and distribution pattern of the epigean freshwater fish fauna of northern Yucatan is strongly influenced by hydrological factors. On account of the lack of surface rivers not only does a series of ecotypes not even exist, but the spread of most species is made more difficult. However, the effects of this have probably been partly compen­sated by the fluctuations of marine interglacial trans-and regressions. In the course of these processes,species living in coastal lagoons invaded inland waters and were isolated there. For this reason the ichthyo­fauna of the cenotes has to be regarded as derived from the species spectrum of the lagoons; only the number of species is reduced. The occurrence of only a low number of specieshas several reasons. The most important reason is that the cenotes are biotopes characterized by veryfew habitats. The lowest number of species therefore live in the deep-lying cenotes of interior Yucatan. As derivatives of the lagoon fauna, only the most eury­eceous forms (Cichlasoma urophthalmus and Gam­busia puncticulata yucatana) could persist. Contrary to this, the cenotes situated nearer to the coast are richer in species. In addition to C. urophthalmus and G. puncticulata yucatana, several live-bearing tooth carps can be found here (Belonesox belizanus, Poe-cilia sphenops, P. velifera). The fish fauna of the lake-like Laguna de Chichan­canab, which is represented by Cyprinodon beltrani and Gambusia puncticulata yucatana, must also be regarded as derived from that of the lagoons. C. bel­trani is closely related to C. variegatus, a form which inhabits the coastal lagoons. C. variegatus as well as G. puncticulata yucatana are extremely resistant to high values of temperature and salinity as well as to low oxygen content. Both can be found under ex­tremely hypersaline conditions and where tempera­tures are more than 30° C in lagoons. This shows that they are very tolerant to processes of evaporation and salt concentration that probably occurred when the Laguna de Chichancanab was separated from the sea. Unlike the above-mentioned species, two fish, the pimelodid Rhamdia guaternalensis and the characin Astyanax fasciatus, cannot be regarded as lagoonderivatives. These are primary freshwater fish, which areaccordingtoMyers(1966) saltsensitive. The wide distributional range of Rhamdia guate­malensis in northern Yucatan can be explained bythe fact that this night-active catfish colonized this region by way of the subterranean freshwater system,whereas Astyanax fasciatus obviously did not succeed in doing so. The latter species is restricted relativelyclosely to the coast. On account of this distribution pattern of Astyanax fasciatus, it must be concluded that this species was not able to colonize Yucatan by use of the underground water system. As will be shown later, Astyanax fasciatus took advantage of slightly brackish coastal water systems. THE SUBTERRANEAN FISH AND CRUSTACEAN FAUNA The fauna of the subterranean freshwater systemof Yucatan is mainly composed of crustaceans and teleostean fish. With regard to the number of species,the number of individuals, and the distrubiton range,the crustaceans play the dominant part. They are Fig. 1.—Distribution of epigean freshwater fish in northern Yucatan. (1) Cenote Sabacah, NE Sacalum; (2) Cenote Nohchen in Sacalum; (3) Cenote near Mukuyche; (4) Cenote Xtojil, Libre Union; (5) Cenote in Dzibilchaltun; (6) Cenote Media Luna,Dzibilchaltun;(7)CuevaSantaElena,4km STelchacPuerto;(8)CenoteZaci,Valladolid;(9)CenotenearLaSierra;(10)Cave nearLaSierra;(11)CenoteNkm 36Tizimin-LaSierra;(12)CenoteChichium,Valladolid;(13)CenoteXkekennearValladolid; (14)Cenotekm 170Merida-Muna;(15)CuevaLuchil,HaciendaTixcacalnearMerida;(16)CenoteHolca;(17)Cenotekm267 Valladolid-Puerto Juarez; (18) Cave, Tulum, 3.7%°; (19) Cenote km 8 Tulum-Coba; (20) Lakes at Coha; (21) Cenote near Pamul;(22)Denote 2kmNTulum,5.7%°;(24)DuevaDoop,Pamul;(25)DuevaAjin,Pamul;(26)DuevaHoctun;(27)Dueva Balaamcanche;(28)Cueva delPochote;(30)LagunadeChichancanab(deSantaRosa);(31)LagoonsnearTelchacPuerto. (Sup­ plementary localities: Hubbs, 1936;geology; Ramos, 1976). represented by four species of shrimps, Creaseria morleyi (Greaser, 1936) (Palaemonidae), Typhlatyacampecheae Hobbs and Hobbs, 1976, T. pearseiGreaser, 1936, and T. mitchelli Hobbs and Hobbs,1976 (Atyidae); by isopods [Creaseriella anops(Greaser, 1936)]; mysids (Antromysis cenotensis Greaser, 1936); and ampbipods (Mayaweckeliaspecs.). With the exception of Typhlatya campecheaeand an amphipod (Mayaweckelia yucatanensis Hol­singer, 1977), which have only been found at few localities until now, the other species are spread all over northern Yucatan (Fig. 2). In the subterranean cave systems of the peninsula,three species of fish can be found. They are Typhlia­sina pearsei (Hubbs, 1936) (Ophidiidae) (=Ogilbiapearsei according to Cohen and Nielsen, 1978),Ophisternon infernale (Hubbs, 1936) (Synbranchi­dae), and the pimelodid Rhamdia guatemalensis, which has already been mentioned. Whereas Rhamdia guatemalensis, like most of the crustaceans, is distri­buted almost all over northern Yucatan, the occur­ rence of Ophisternon infernale and Typhliasinapearsei is limited to a few localities. Furthermore, it can be observed that both forms are usually associ­ated with each other. It is remarkable that so far Rhamdia guatemalensis has been found additionallyonly in a single cave. ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF THE CAVERNICOLOUS FAUNA OF YUCATAN The crustaceans as well as the fish living in the sub­terranean water systems are limnic, as well as marine, derivatives. The fish Typhliasina pearsei, the shrimp Creaseria morleyi, and the isopod Creaseriella anops Fig.2.—DistributionoftroglobiticfishandCrustaceainnorthernYucatan.(Supplementarylocalities: Greaser,1936;Reddell, 1977;legendFig. 1). are derived from marine forms. The ancestor of Typh­liasina pearsei is Ogilbia cayorum Everman and Ken­dall, 1879, which can be found even today in littoral biotopes of adjacent regions (Steven-Suarez, 1975). Contrary to this, the fish Ophisternon infernale and the amphipods are related to freshwater species(Greenwood and Rosen, 1976;Holsinger, 1977).The probableancestorofOphisternoninfernaleis0. enig­maticum (Greenwood and Rosen, 1976), a secondaryfreshwater fish living in Mexico and even in Cuba. The origin of the shrimp genus Typhlatya is un­certain. A brackish ancestry can be supposed (Peck, 1974;Hobbs et al., 1977). The transition of marine species to limnic cave forms is dependent on the existence of coastal caves. In these special biotopes, pre-adapted marine forms develop independent populations. One of the more essential prerequisites is viviparousness or a compa­rable way of hatching. Regressive evolutionary pro­cesses will only start when cave systems inhabited bysuch populations are isolated from the sea. At that moment the gene flow is interrupted (Riedl, 1966;Wilkens and Parzefall, 1974). In the case of the marine cave derivatives of Yuca­tan, it is supposed that they started cavernicolous evolution in coastal caves of the Pliocene shoreline. Because the Pleistocene coasts were probably fluctu­ating, it is possible that populations did not have enough time for an evolutionary change from marine to limnic physiology. Furthermore, these populations were probably eliminated by the interglacial marine transgressions. The supposed beginning of the cavernicolous evo­lution of cave animals along the Pliocene coast mightalso be verified by the position of the localities where the cave fish Typhliasina pearsei and Ophisternoninfernale are found. Except for one, all of them show a relatively close position to the ancient Pliocene coast. The great distance of thesecaves from one another supports the assumption that at least some popula­tions have even a polytopic origin. As has been shown for a number of cave forms of Astyanax fasciatus in central Mexico and for many other troglobitic species, eyes and pigment can be reduced convergently in different populations of one species. The simultaneous beginning of the cavernicolous evolution of the marine derivatives is further sup­ported by the fact that the degree of eye and pigmentreduction in all populations seems not to diverge.There is no difference between the eye rudiments of two 100 km distant populations of Typhliasina pearsei The same is true for the widespread shrimpCreaseria morleyi (Wilkens, 1973). The cavernicolous evolution of the cave forms of freshwater descent had obviously started simultane­ ously, too. This is demonstratedby the fish Ophister­ non infernale in at least two populations (Parzefall and Wilkens, 1972). It seems to be characteristic for Yucatan that the limnic cave derivatives started their cavernicolous evolution in caves of the Pliocene coast, also. This assumption is supported by the position of the locali­ties in which the fish Ophisternon infernale is found today. Furthermore, the identical degree of eyereduction in the shrimps Typhlatya pearsei and T. mitchelli can hardly be explained, assuming that they started the process at different times. Only secondarily do marine as well as limnic cave crustaceans seem to have spread over northern Yuca­tan by way of the subterranean water system. How­ever, according to our present knowledge, the teleos­teans Typhliasina pearsei and Ophisternon infernale did not do so. As indicated above, the localities theyinhabit are, except for one in which Ophisternoninfernale is found, still concentrated at the old Plio­cene shoreline. It is a remarkable observation that with one excep­tion the two extremely reduced cave fish, as pointedout above, have not been found together with the widely distributed pimelodid Rhamdia guatemalensisat the same locality. The reasons for this latter fact and the restriction of Typhliasina pearsei and Ophi­sternon infernale to few' caves located at the Pliocene shoreline are uncertain. It may be explained by ecolo­gical competition. Another explanation might be the isolation of the caves inhabited by them from the rest of the subterraneanwatersystem. THE AGE OF THE AQUATIC FAUNA OF NORTHERN YUCATAN As can be concluded from the paleographicaldevelopment, the recent epigean freshwater ichthyo­fauna was only able to colonize the major part of northern Yucatan at the earliest from the beginningof Pleistocene times. Possibly this happened even later, because the cenotes as sinkholes and the sub­terranean system of caverns had to have developedbefore this. This must have happened during the time of a marine regression. Only after another trans­gression could fish populations then become isolated in waters remaining on the former sea bottom. The extent of the different marine transgressionsduring Pleistocene can only be estimated approxi­mately. Probably not all of them reached the former Pliocene shoreline. This is verified by the distribu­tional pattern of the fish Astyanax fasciatus. As has been shown before, this species is distributed within a relatively narrow coastal border and not in the in­terior of Yucatan. This can only be explained by a low range of submersion during the last interglacialtransgression, because this fish only colonized Yuca­tan by use of epigean waters. In this connection it can be expected that the extent of the transgressionsdecreased because a simultaneous elevation processoccurred (Weyl, 1970a, 1970b). The way in which the cavernicolous evolution of marine cave derivatives develops in general is respon­sible for the beginning of this process in Typhliasinapearsei, Creaseria morleyi, and Creaseriella anops at early Pleistocene times. Only following the first marine regression could populations of these forms become separated in former coastal caves. The study of Ophisternon infernale has revealed that its eye rudiments are less reduced than those of Typhliasina pearsei and Creaseria morleyi (Fig. 3).This is explained as being due to a later beginning of regressive evolution. Probably this form could onlycolonize the former coastal caves after they had become at least brackish. Whereas most of the above-mentioned speciescolonized northern Yucatan at the beginning of, or early in the Pleistocene, two of them, Rhamdia guatemalensis and Astyanax fasciatus, seem to divergefrom this principle. As neotropic primary freshwater fish, both forms could only move northward after a land bridge was established in Middle America duringthe Pliocene. Since then, Rhamdia guatemalensis has reached the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (southernMexico); Astyanax fasciatus has meanwhile invaded the Rio Grande (Texas). This difference in success is due to the higher salt tolerance of Astyanax fasciatus,which is thus able to use slightly brackish waters for much quicker dispersal (Miller, 1966; Darnell, 1962). Furthermore both species have developed troglo­bitic forms in continental Mexico. These are the ” “Anoptichthys populations of Astyanax fasciatus in the Sierra de El Abra (San Luis Potosi) (Mitchellet ah, 1977) and those of Rhamdia guatemalensis in Oaxaca (Reddell, by letter) and Belize (Greenfield,by letter). They have not succeeded in developingpopulations of this kind in northern Yucatan yet.This discrepancy can be explained by the fact that Lucatan has been colonized by these two speciesonly in very7 recent times. This interpretation is veri­fied by the distributional pattern of Astyanax fasci­atus, which only exists within that narrow coastal area which was probably submerged during the last Fig, 3.—The eye rudiments of Ophisternon infernale(Synbranchidae)(a) and Typhliasinapearsei (Ophidiidae)(b):(1-2) cornea; (3) sclera; (4)eye chamber;(5)lens;(6) vitreous body; (9) ganglionic layer; (10) inner plexiform layer;(11) innernuclear layer;(l2)pigmentaryepithelium;(l3)chorioid. interglacial or even in Holocene times. It is supposedthat northern Yucatan was cut off from the conti­nent by a channel during the larger part of the Pleistocene. This barrier could not be crossed bythese two primary freshwater fish. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS These studies were made possible by DFG grantWi 302/6 and Pa 148/4. I greatly appreciate the helpof Sr. Biol. A. Solorzano Preciado (Subsecretan'a de Pesca, Mexico, D. F.) and Sr. Biol. Solis Ramirez (Jefatura de Pesca del Estado, Merida, Yucatan). LITERATURE CITED Cardenas Figueroa, M. 1950. Los recursos naturales de Yuca­tan, Bob Soc. Mexicana Geogr. Estad., 69:137-159. Cohen, D. M., and J. G. Nielsen. 1978. Guideto the identifi­ cation of the genera of the fish order Ophidiiformeswith a tentative classification of the order. United States Dept.Commerce,NOAATech. Rept.,NMFSCirc.,417. Cole, L. J. 1910. The caverns and people of northern Yuca­tan. Bull. American Geogr. Soc., 42:321-336. Greaser, E. P. 1936. Crustaceans from Yucatan. Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ., 457:117-132. Greaser, E. P. 1938. Larger cave Crustacea of the Yucatan Peninsula. Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ., 491:159-164. Darnell, R. M. 1962. Fishes of the Rio Tamesi and related coastal lagoons in east-central Mexico. Publ. Inst. Mar. Sci. Univ. Texas, 8:299-365. Fink, W. L. 1971. A revision of the Gambusia puncticulatacomplex (Pisces: Poeciliidae). Publ. Gulf Coast Res. Lab. Mus., 2:11-46. Greenwood, P. H., and D. E. Rosen. 1976. A fourth neo­tropical species of synbranchid eel and the phylogeny and systematics of synbranchiform fishes. Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., 157:5-69. Hall, F. G. 1936. Physical and chemical survey of cenotes of Yucatan. Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ., 457:5-16. Hobbs, H. H., HI, and H. H. Hobbs, Jr. 1976. On the troglo­ bitic shrimps of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico (Deca­poda: Atyidae and Palaemonidae). Smithsonian Contr. Zool., 240. 23 pp. Hobbs, H. H., Jr., H. H. Hobbs HI, and M. A. Daniel. 1977. A review of the troglobitic decapod crustaceans of the Americas. Smithsonian Contr. Zool., 244. 183 pp. Holsinger, J. R. 1977. A new genus and two new species of subterranean amphipod crustaceans (Gammaridae s. lat.)from the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico. Assoc. Mexican Cave Stud. Bull., 6:15-25. Holthuis, L. B. 1977. Cave shrimps (Crustacea Decapoda,Natantia) from Mexico. Quad. Accad. Naz. Lincei, Probl. Att. Sci. Cult., 171(3):173-195. Hubbs, C. L. 1936.Fishes of the Yucatan Peninsula. CarnegieInst. Washington Publ., 457:157-287. Hubbs, C. L. 1938. Fishes from the caves of Yucatan. Carne­gie Inst. Washington Publ., 491:261-295. Miller, R. R. 1966. Geographical distribution of Central American freshwater fishes. Copeia, 1966:773-802. Miller, R. R. 1976. An evaluation of Seth E. Meek’s contri­butions to Mexican ichthyology. Fieldiana, Zool., 69:1-31. Mitchell, R. W., W. H. Russell, and W. R. Elliott. 1977. Mexi­can eyeless characin fishes, genusAstyanax:Environment,distribution, and evolution. Spec. Publ. Mus. Texas Tech Univ., 12. 89 pp. Myers, G. S. 1966.Derivation of the freshwater fish fauna of Central America. Copeia, 1966:766-772. Parzefall, J., and H. Wilkens. 1972. Artbildung bei Hohlen­fischen. Untersuchungen an zwei amerikanischen Syn­branchiden. Z. Morph. Tiere, 73:63-79. Peck, S. B. 1974. The invertebrate fauna of tropical Ameri­can caves. Part II; Puerto Rico, an ecological and zoogeo­graphic analysis. Biotropica, 6:14-31. Ramos, E. L. 1976. Carta geologica de la peninsula de Yuca­tan (1:500,000). Inst. Geol. Univ. Nac. Aut. Mexico, Dept. Cartogr. Dibujo. (l.Ausgabe). Reddell, J. R. 1977. A preliminary survey of the caves of the Yucatan Peninsula. Assoc. Mexican Cave Stud. Bull.,6:215-296. Riedl, R. 1966. Biologic der Meereshohlen. Hamburg und Berlin: Paul Parey.Solorzano, A. 1953. Nota ictiologica. Variacion de Typhlia­sina pearsei (Hubbs). Ciencia, Mexico, 12:286. Steven-Suarez, S. 1975. The reproductive biology of Ogilbia cayorum, a viviparous brotulid fish. Bull. Mar. Sci., 25: 143-173. Weyl, R, 1970a. Mittelamerika. Zbl. Geol. Palaont., 7/8:243­ 291. Weyl, R. 1970b. Mittelamerika. Umschau, 10:295-299. Wilhelm, 0., and M. Ewing. 1972. Geology and history of the Gulf of Mexico. Geol. Soc. America Bull., 83:575-600. Wilkens, H. 1971. Genetic interpretation of regressive evolu­tionary processes; Studies on hybrid eyes of two Astya nax cave populations (Characidae, Pisces). Evolution,25:530-544. Wilkens, H. 1973. Über das phylogenetische Alter von Hohlentieren. Untersuchungen über die cavernicole Siiss­wasserfauna Yukatans. Z. Zool. Syst. Evolut.-forsch.,11:49-60. Wilkens, H. (in press). Über das Tempo regressiver Evolu­tionsprozesse. Wilkens, H., and J. Parzefall. 1974. Die Okologie der Jameos del Agua (Lanzarote). Zur Entwicklung limnischer Hohlen­tiere aus marinen Vorfahren. Ann. Speleol., 29:419-434. Assoc. Mexican Cave Stud. Bull., 8:245-248/Texas Mem. Mus. Bull., 28:245-248. RABIA EN MURCIELAGOS DE LA CUEVA DEL GUANO, SANTA CATARINA, NUEVO LEON, MEXICO Biol. M. A. Arturo Jimenez Guzman Esc. de Graduados, F.C.8., U.A.N.L. Institute de Inv. Agropecuarias, U.A.N.L. RESUMEN Se reportan casos de rabia ch'nica en murcielagos (Tadarida b. mexicana y Mormoops megalophylla) encontrados en la Cueva del Guano (Tio Bartolo), a 15 Km. SE de Santa Catarina, Nuevo Leon. Desde 1959 a 1976, se ban realizado estudios en esa cueva, encontrando un pen'odo ciclico quelleva a una conclusion de virosis en murcielagos y otras especies troglofilas que visitan a esa cueva. ABSTRACT Bats, Tadarida b. mexicana and Mormoops megalophylla,collectedinCuevadelGuano(TioBartolo), 15kmSESanta Catarina, Nuevo Leon, Mexico, showed clinical rabies. The cave has been the subject of research (observations) con­ tinuously from 1959-1976. This research shows an apparentcyclical appearance of rabies in bats and other troglophilousspecies from that cave. RESULTADOS La Cueva delGuano(TioBartolo,VillayJimenez,1961:501) se localiza a 15 Km. al SE de Santa Cata­rina, Nuevo Leon, por el Canon de la Huasteca, en la Canada del Jabali, es una de tantas que se encuentran por esas areas. La Cueva del Guano, enclavada en el Canon del Jabali, en el Municipio de Santa Catarina, Nuevo Leon, ha sido visitada desde el 29 de Diciembre de 1959 a 1976. Se ban realizado observaciones de las poblacionesde murcielagos tales como: Tadarida brasiliensis mexicanayMormoops megalophylla. De acuerdo a las observaciones de campo, Mor­moops megalophylla se ha considerado como una especie casi estacionaria, aunque nunca se ban obser­vado ejemplares jovenes. Las poblaciones ban sido muy variables, estimando 500 u 800 en Diciembre de 1959, de los cuales se colectaron 16 ejemplares; uno de ellos resulto positive a la rabia (Villa y Jimenez,1961). Posteriormente, Villa (1955:457-552) reporta una extrana mortandad de Mormoops, de la Cueva del Diablo, cerca de Sabinas Hidalgo y en la Mina “Jesus Maria en Vallecillo, Nuevo Leon, ambas a 115 Kms. al NO de la Cueva del Guano y lo relaciona con lo acontecido en lascavernas de Carlsbad, Nuevo Mexico. Entre los meses de Agosto y Septiembre de ese ano, una gran cantidad de murcielagos murieron (Villa, 1966:77) aunque nada mas en Nuevo Mexico hicieron las pruebas virologicas en murcielagos,resultando mas del 50% con anticuerpos contra la rabia (Villa, 1966). Este hecho se ha venido repitiendo en la Cueva del Guano, y que el 8 de Abril de 1967, se efectuo una excursion. En esa epoca, encontramos una reducida colonia (2,000 ejemplares) de Tadarida b. mexicana. Esta especie es muy numerosa de Diciembre a Febrero. Para Abril solo queda “colo­nia residual ’, en ocasiones formada por machos y escasas hembras. Llamo la atencion el no encontrar ningun ejem­ plar vivo de Mormoops megalophylla. Revisando las paredes de la cueva se localize un ejemplar muerto, sostenido de una pata, seco, con el hocico y las fosas nasales cubiertas de una secrecion sanguinolenta(Foto 1). En la sala izquierda de la entrada principal, sobre un monticulo de guano, se encontraron muchos ejemplares de Mormoops muertos, de los cuales se colectaron 30. Junto a ellos se colecto un zorrillo Foto 1.—Observese en el rostro la secrecion humoral seca (saliva y sangre) en Mormoops megalo­phylla. Foto; Carlos H. Briceno,8 Abril 1967. Foto 2.—Ejemplares de Mor moops megalophylla y un zorrillo (Mephitis mephitis) encontrados en la Cueva del Guano, Santa Catarina, Nuevo Leon. Foto; Carlos H. Briceno, 8 Abril 1967. Foto 3.—Colonia deMormoopsmegalophylla en la Cueva del Guano. Foto: Carlos H. Trevino,8 Enero 1976. Foto 4.—Mormoops megalophylla, pendiente de la Foto 5.—Murcielago guanero (Tadarida b. mexicana)pared de la Cueva del Guano. Notese el dorso hendido por vivo, sujeto con los pulgares en el techo de una de las salas la deshidratacion del cuerpo. Foto: Carlos H. Trevino, de la Cueva del Guano. Foto: Carlos H. Trevino, 8 Enero 8 Enero 1976. 1976. Foto 6.—Parte de la colonia de Tadarida b. mexicana, la poblacion se estimo en 10,000 en la Cueva del Guano. Foto: Carlos H. Trevino, 8 Enero 1976. (Mephitis mephitis) muerto, semiseco, con los miem­bros posteriores rectos. Este hecho, en parte, lo con­firma una publicacion previa (Jimenez. 1961:10),donde se muestra la secuencia de la transmision de la rabia entre murcielagos y mamiferos predatorestroglofilos, que son mordidos al ir en busca de ali­ mento. Se realizaron salidas posteriores durante varios anos y no fue, sino, hasta Enero de 1976, cuando se localizo una colonia de Mormoops estimada de 400 a 600 ejemplares (Foto 3). Llamo la atencion porque se encontraron varios ejemplares muertos, uno de ellos (Foto 4) pendientede la pared, semejante al encontrado once anos antes. En el lado izquierdo de la cueva, a 30 metros de la entrada, habia una colonia de cerca de diez mil ejemplares de Tadarida b. mexicana. En la pared, cerca de la colonia principal (Foto 6) se colecto con vida un ejemplar que pendia de los pulgares (Foto 5). Se colectaron 19 Mormoops megalophylla (11machos y 8 hembras). Se les tomaron muestras de pulmon, sembradas en cultivo de Micosel (Sabou­roud) e incubacion por 24 boras a 37°C., con resul­tados negativos a histoplasmosis. Este estudio se realize con el objeto de detectar la histoplasmosis, ya que en la cueva del Guano se ban registrado muertes humanas (Aguirre, 1959a:245 y1959b). No se realizaron pruebas diagnosticas para la determinacion de la rabia en los ejemplares que se colectaron vivos. CONCLUSIONES Los hallazgos reportados en Nuevo Leon por Villa en 1955, son confirmados a los encontrados en la Cueva del Guano en los anos 1959, 1967 y 1976. Los diferentes hallazgos muestran una secuencia ciclica de 8 a 12 anos. Las caracteristicas clinicas que presentaron los ejemplares, tales como la rigidez del cuerpo, la secre­cion sanguinolenta en el rostro, la paralizacion, conducen a pensar que la muerte de los murcielagosTadarida b. mexicana y Mormoops megalophylla yelZorrilloMephitismephitis, seadebidaarabia. AGRADECIMIENTOS Deseo expresar mi gratitud a las siguientes perso­nas: A los Biologos Carlos H. Trevino S. y Carlos H. Briseno, autores de las fotografias que ilustran este escrito. A los Doctores Roberto Moreira y Luis Rene Garza, en cuyo laboratorio se practicaron los analisis microbiologicos. A los Biologos Juan Homero Lopez yArmandoContreras, quemeacompanaronadiferen­tes excursiones. LITERATURA CITADA Aguirre Pequeno, E. 1959a. Aislamiento de Histophsmacapsulatum del guano de murcielagos en cuevas del nor­este de Mexico. Gac. Med. Mexico. 89:243-253. Aguirre Pequeno, E. 1959b. Histoplasmosis. Rev. Med. Nuevo Leon, 1:109-135. Jimenez Guzman. A. 1961. Contribution al conocimiento de la rabia en los murcielagos de Mexico. Tesis profesional. Inedita. Villa R., B. 1955. Una extrana y severa mortandad de mur­cielagos Mormoops megalophylla en el norte de Mexico. An. Inst. Biol., Mexico, 26:547-552. Villa R., B. 1966. Los murcielagos de Mexico, su impor­tancia en la economia y la salubridad. Su clasificacion sistematica. Inst. Biol., Univ. Nal. Auton. Mexico, xvi + 491 pp.. 171 figs., 96 mapas. Villa R., 8., y A. Jimenez G. 1961. Acerca de la posiciontaxonomies de Mormoops megalophylla senicula Rehn y la presencia de virus rabico en estos murcielagos insec­ti'voros. An. Inst. Biol., Mexico, 31:501-509. Assoc.Mexican CaveStud.Bull., 8:249-283/TexasMem. Mus.Bull.,28:249-283. A CHECKLIST OF THE CAVE FAUNA OF MEXICO. VII. NORTHERN MEXICO James R. Reddell Texas Memorial Museum The University ofTexas atAustin Austin, Texas 78705 ABSTRACT A total of 175 species, of which 32 are troglobites, are reported from 87 subterranean localities in the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, and Nuevo Leon. The area covered includes the Cross Ranges and Northern Sierra subdivisions of the Sierra Madre Oriental, the Basins and Ranges Province, and the Sierra Madre Occidental north of Parral, Chihuahua. The troglobites are distributed amongthe following groups: Hydrobiidae (Gastropoda. Meso­gastropoda); Cirolanidae, Stenasellidae, and Trichoniscidae (Crustacea. Isopoda); Hadziidae (Crustacea. Amphipoda);Hyidae(Arachnida. Pseudoscorpionida);Schizomidae (Arach­nida, Schizomida); Agelenidae, Leptonetidae, and Pholcidae (Arachnida, Araneae): Phalangodidae(Arachnida, Opilionida);Ricinoididae (Arachnida. Ricinuleida); Lithobiidae (Chilo­poda, Lithobiomorpha): Polydesmidae and Rhachodesmidae (Diplopoda, Polydesmida); Cambalidae (Diplopoda, Spiro­streptida); Campodeidae (Insecta, Diplura); Entomobryidaeand Sminthuridae (Insecta, Collembola); Carabidae (Insecta.Coleoptera); and Ictaluridae (Teleostomi. Cypriniformes). All collecting localities are briefly described. A checklist with complete records and selected bibliographic citations includesallspeciesknownfrom theregion. INTRODUCTION This is the seventh in a series of reports on the cave fauna of Mexico. The earlier papers dealt with the cave fauna of the Sierra de Guatemala. Tamauli­pas (Reddell and Mitchell, 1971b; Reddell and Elliott, 1973b), the Sierra de El Abra, San Luis Potosi and Tamaulipas (Reddell and Mitchell. 1971a; Reddell and Elliott, 1973a), the Valle de los Fan­tasmas region, San Luis Potosi (Elliott and Reddell. 1973), and southern Mexico (Reddell. 1971a). Red-dell (1981) summarized the cavernicole fauna of all of Mexico. The present paper includes all publishedand unpublished records for the cave fauna of north­ern Mexico. This area includes parts of the states of Coahuila. Nuevo Leon, Chihuahua, and Durango. Members of the .Association for Mexican Cave Studies have biologically investigated 46 caves and mines in this area. An additional 31 caves, springs, and wells have been visited by other biologists. Con­sidering the extent of northern Mexico this must be considered a preliminary survey. Although about 175 species have been collected from subterranean localities in this region, it remains largely unstudied. Access is difficult in many areas and the caves are frequently located far from roads and high on the sides of mountains. Nevertheless, the collections that have been made give an adequatepicture of the nature of the cavernicole fauna and allow some speculations on its relationships with the faunaofotherparts ofMexico. The area covered by this report is bounded roughlyby Ciudad Acuna, Monterrey, Torreon, Parral, Creel,and Ciudad Juarez. Physiographically it includes the Basins and Ranges Province, part of the Sierra Madre Occidental, and the Cross Ranges and Northern Sierra subdivisions of the Sierra Madre Oriental. Reddell (1981) gives a brief description of the cave regionsand physiographic provinces covered by this report. The cavernicole fauna of northern Mexico is a mixture of temperate and tropical elements, but tropical elements predominate. Of 10 aquatic and 22 terrestrial troglobites known from this region, all but six are most closely allied with tropical species. The troglophile fauna includes more temperate repre­sentatives, but it still is mostly tropical in its affini­ties. Of particular interest are several species represen­tative of groups not known from the surface in north­ern Mexico, especially the two ricinuleids from caves in Durango. This primarily tropical group is heavilydependent on high humidities, and its existence in the desert regions of northern Mexico is a result of its ability to survive in caves. Similar examples include the highly cave-adapted diplurans, the trechine beetle Mexaphaenops prietoi Bolivar, and the rhachodesrnid milliped Ceuthauxus palmitonus Chamberlin. The only species clearly allied with temperatefaunal elements are the spiders Leptoneta limpidaGertsch and Cicurina coahuila Gertsch, the millipedsCambala speobia (Chamberlin) and Speodesmus n. sp., the snail Coahuilix hubbsi Taylor, and the fish Prietellaphreatophila Carranza. Of the aquatic fauna the snail and the fish are of probable freshwater origin. The cirolanid and sten­asellid isopods and amphipods belong to groupswhich are predominantly marine. The troglobites known from northern Mexico are: Snails Coahuilix hubbsi Taylor IsopodsConilera stygia Packard Speocirolana thermydronis Cole and MinckleySphaerolana affinis Cole and MinckleySphaerolana interstitialis Cole and MinckleyMexistenasellus coahuila Cole and MinckleyBrackenridgiapalmitensis (Mulaik)Cylindroniscus cavicolus (Mulaik) Amphipods Mexiweckelia colei Holsinger and Minckley Mexiweckelia mitchelli Holsinger Mexiweckelia particeps Holsinger PseudoscorpionsLeucohya heteropoda Chamberlin Leucohya magnifica Muchmore Schizomids Schizomus n. sp. SpidersCicurina (Cicurella) coahuila Gertsch Leptoneta isolata Gertsch Leptoneta limpida Gertsch Anopsicus exiguus (Gertsch)Psilochorus delicatus Gertsch Psilochorus diablo Gertsch OpilionidsHoplobunus osorioi (Goodnight and Goodnight)Ricinuleids Pseudocellus reddelli (Gertsch) Centipedes Garcibius osorioi Chamberlin MillipedsSpeodesmus n. sp.Ceuthauxus palmitonus Chamberlin Cambala speobia (Chamberlin)Diplurans Paratachycampa boneti Wygodzinsky Podocampa cavernicola (Wygodzinsky)Collembolans Oncopodura prietoi Bonet Pararrhopalites anops Bonet and Tellez Beetles Mexaphaenops prietoi Bolivar Fish Prietellaphreatophila Carranza Most of the caves discussed in this report require no expertise in vertical techniques and will presentfew problems to a well-equipped biologist or ex­plorer. The danger of contracting histoplasmosis in any cave in northern Mexico is high. This debilitatinglung disease is caused by the fungus Histoplasma cap­sulatum Darling. Epidemics following guano miningattempts have been reported for Cueva del Diablo and Cueva del Rincon de la Virgen, Nuevo Leon, and Cueva de la Espana and Cueva del Guano, Durango(Aguirre Pequeno, 1959; Gonzalez Ochoa, 1957,1959, 1961, 1964; Jackson, 1961; Bustamante,1964).Agroupofcave explorersfromTheUniversityof Texas at Austin contracted histoplasmosis follow­ing a visit to Cueva del Diablo, Nuevo Leon (Hersh­berger, 1967). Rabies is another potential danger for those entering caves in northern Mexico. Mysterious die-offs of bats in Cueva del Diablo, Nuevo Leon, and Sotano de Sauz, Chihuahua, may be a result of rabies epidemics in these populations. Care should be exer­cised in entering bat caves, particularly by anyonenot having received immunization shots againstrabies. Exploration of Sotano de Sauz requires specialcaution. Air temperatures in this cave may exceed 4r C. Even in a dry cave such as this it is not pos­ sible to dispose of body heat efficiently, and the danger of heat exhaustion is great. Special precau­tions should be taken in the exploration of this cave (see Sprouse, 1977). History The first collection of a cavernicole in northern Mexico was made by the distinguished Mexican zoologist D. A. L. Herrera. In about 1894 he col­lected a troglobitic cirolanid isopod from a well in Monterrey. This species was described by Packard (1900a) as Conilera stygia. In June 1940 Harry Hoogstraal visited Cueva del Diablo, Nuevo Leon, and collected a new species of spider. The first significant contribution to our know­ledge of the fauna of this area was not made until 1942 when C. Bolivar y Pieltain, F. Bonet, B. F. Osorio Tafall, D. Pelaez, and other members of the Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas de Mexico visited Grutas de Villa de Garcia, Cueva del Carrizal,and Grutas del Pahnito, Nuevo Leon. Their collec­tions included many species, the most notable of which were new species of troglobitic diplurans,collembolans, opilionids, pseudoscorpions, and cara­bid beetles. During the course of the David Rockefeller Mexi­can Expedition of the American Museum of Natural History in the summer of 1947, Willis J. Gertsch visited Cueva del Diablo, Chihuahua. His collections included a new species of troglobitic Psdochorus. This cave was revisited in July 1956 by Gertsch and Vincent Roth. The first blind fish from northern Mexico was dis­ covered by C. Bolivar y Pieltain and J. Carranza in August 1954. In a well near Musquiz, Coahuila, they collected specimens of a new species of catfish de­ scribed byCarranza(1954) asPrietellaphreatophilcu Important studies of the bat fauna of northern Mexico were made during the 1950s by several re­searchers from Mexico and the United States. In the years 1950-1955 Rollin H. Baker investigated numer­ous caves during a survey of the mammalian fauna of Coahuila. Bat banding operations were conducted byBernardo Villa R., Denny G. Constantine, Bryan P. Glass, and E. Lendell Cockrum in many areas of northern Mexico and the southern United States. An extensive study was made of the migration of Tada­rida brasiliensis mexicana (Saussure). In November 1955 Villa R. visited Cueva del Diablo, Nuevo Leon, and discovered a massive die-off of bats in the cave (Villa R., 1956a). In 1961 Carl L. Hubbs visited the marshes and springs in the vicinity of Cuatro Cienegas de Carranza,Coahuila. Among collections made in the Pozos de la Becerra were specimens of the troglobitic snail Coa­huilix huhbsi described by Taylor in 1966. The un­usual nature of the fauna of this area led to an extensive study by G. A. Cole, W. L. Minckley, D. W. Taylor, and others. Between 1966 and 1968 their collections produced a new genus and two new spe­cies of amphipod, a new genus and species of sten­asellid isopod, and a new genus and three new speciesof cirolanid isopod. With the organization in 1962 of the Association for Mexican Cave Studies (AMCS) a new era in the study of the cavernicole fauna of Mexico began. An extensive program of collecting in caves throughout Mexico was initiated and continues to the present.Northern Mexico has received considerable attention, and most of our information on this area is the result of the work of the AMCS. The first caves in northern Mexico to be visited bythe AMCS were Cueva del Carrizal and Grutas del Palmito. During 1963 and 1964 many trips to these caves by William Russell, James Reddell, David McKenzie, and others resulted in the rediscovery of most of the previously recorded species as well as many undescribed forms. Study in these caves is con­tinuing. A visit by William Russell to Cueva de los Riscos,Durango, in August 1964 led to the discovery of seve­ral new troglobitic spiders and the most highly cave-adapted ricinuleid known. The ricinuleid was de­scribed by Gertsch (1971b) as Cryptocellus reddelli. During July 1965 John Fish, Terry Raines, and James Reddell conducted a reconnaissance trip to desert regions in Coahuila, Chihuahua, and Durango,visiting caves near Cuatro Cienegas de Carranza,Torreon, Parral, and Mapimi. The richness of the fauna inspired a trip to the area in February 1966 byWilliam Bell and James Reddell. They also visited caves in the Sierra Madre Occidental near Santo Tomas. The latter trip resulted in the discovery of a second species of relict ricinuleid. This species, found in Cueva del Guano, Durango, was described byGertsch (1971b) as Cryptocellus mitchelli. In December 1967 James Reddell, William Russell,and William Calvert visited Cueva delLeon northwest of Musquiz and several caves in the Canon del Pedre­goso south of Cuatro Cienegas de Carranza. Althoughdry, the caves nevertheless produced several unde­scribed species of interest. In June 1972 Edward Alexander, William Elliott,Carl Kunath, Angie McLaughlin, and James Reddell visited caves in Chihuahua and Durango. Among the more significant discoveries were additional speci­mens of both relict ricinuleids from Durango, a new species of troglobitic leptonetid spider, and a new species of troglobitic amphipod. Four of the larger caves in this area were mapped. In November 1975 Peter Sprouse and other cavers from The University of Texas at Austin located and explored Sotano de Sauz, Chihuahua. This 220-meter­deep cave was biologically unproductive, but their trip is of note in recording a massive die-off of Mor­moops megalophylla megalophylla Peters. David McKenzie, James Reddell. and Mark Shu-mate visited caves in the Sierra San Lorenzo, Coa­huila; Torreon and Mapimi areas, Durango; and Jimenez, Santo Tomas, Creel, and Coyame areas. Chihuahua, in June 1980. Most of the caves proved to be dry, but spiders, millipeds, and carahid beetles of particular interest were collected. Three of the larger caves were mapped. Cave Descriptions Brief descriptions of the caves that have been biologically studied are included below. Numbers in parentheses following the cave name correspond to those in Fig. 1. Caves with no number were not visited by members of the Association for Mexican Cave Studies and are not located on the map. Chihuahua Grutas de Coyame (1). This cave is located about 6 km S of Coyame and about 100 m up the side of Cerro de la Cueva. The entrance is 1 m in diameter and drops about 10 m to a sloping floor. A poor but usable ladder allows access without equipment. At the bottom of the slope the cave opens into an elon­gate room about 40 m wide and more than 200 m long. The cave was once commercialized and must have been quite beautiful, but all but the largestspeleothems are destroyed and graffiti covers the walls. The floor, which is of mud and flowstone,is littered with trash. Alcoves along the sides and a narrow passage at the back still retain many speleo­thems, some quite delicate. A description is in Red-dell (1980). Cueva del Diablo (5). This cave is located about 4 km W of Salaices and a few hundred meters north of the highway to Parral. The cave entrance is a sink­hole 30 m in diameter on the side of a low hill. A slope along the southwest edge of the entrance leads down to the bottom of the sink. The main part of the cave is reached through a low passage along the vertical back wall of the sink. After about 100 m. a largely artificial pit 15 m deep is crossed by a ladder. At the base of the ladder is a passage 3 m wide by2 to 5 m high developed in white limestone. This main passage extends past several major passages to the right before ending at a 5 m high steel ladder leading up into a complex maze of passages which remains largely unexplored. At the base of the ladder a passage to the left leads into a maze of fissure-like passages connecting back into the main passage. This area contains several hundred meters of passages. From the lower parts of many of the fissures, low crawls lead down into small crystal-lined rooms, some of which have seasonal pools. The cave is poorly explored but probably contains more than one kilometer of passage. An incomplete map of the cave is in Reddell (1977). Socavon de las Fisuras (3). This cave is located immediately to the north of Socavon de las Moscas in the same limestone outcrop. It was erroneously reported as Socavon de Santo Tomas by Reddell (1977). The cave receives some floodwater which enters an area of crevices at the end of a shallow arroyo. A narrow crevice leads down to a succession of narrow fissures, small dusty rooms, blocked domes, and dead-end passages. The cave appears to end at a depth of about 50 m. Socavon de las Moscas (3). This cave is located in a small isolated outcrop of limestone about 8 km NNW of Santo Tomas. The cave has been previouslyreferred to as Sotano Segundo de Santo Tomas. Some floodwater enters the large, complex sinkhole ent­rance through several small openings. These lead down into a series of fissure-like passages, which dropsteadily to a depth of about 50 m. The cave is gene­rally dry and contains much organic debris. Cueva de los Muchachos (6). This cave is located on the slopes ofa small hill about 2 km N of Salaices. A sink 1 m in diameter drops about 23 m to a hori­zontal fissure which ends abruptly after about 70 m (Fish, 1965). Cueva de los Murcielagos (4). This cave is located about 1 km from the lumber camp of Chomachi about 35 km E of Creel and across the canyon from the famed Grutas de Chomachi. The entrance is about 20 m wide and 10 m high and extends over break­down into a couple of rooms about 10 m in diameter and inhabited by a large colony of bats. A dug pit at the back leads down to a small passage which in turn leads to a second small entrance to the right of the main entrance. The cave is formed in ash-flow tuff. Socavon del Pino (3). This cave is located about 2 km west of Socavon de Santo Tomas in the same limestone outcrop. A small arroyo empties into a sinkhole entrance about 8 m long, 4 m wide, and 5 m deep. From this a fissure passage extends down 5 and i m drops. From this point digging was neces­sary7 to reach a 5 m drop into a small room which was not entered but appeared to be the end of the cave. Cueva del Salitre (7). This cave is located 13 km W of Villa Matamoros and is formed in ignimbrite.The entrance is 12 m high and 10 m wide and the floor slopes up for 33 m to meet the ceiling. The cave is inhabited by a colony ofcave swallows. Socavon de Santo Tomas (3). This cave is located about 0.5 km W of Socavon de las Moscas and is the largest cave in the area. Two long arroyos extend from the base of the igneous hills to the south and then intersect the limestone, where they join and shortly afterwards empty into the cave by way of several large vertical entrances. The most accessible entrance is a large climbahle sinkhole about 10 m deep. Along one side of this an unclimbable 11m drop leads into a fissure passage. Upstream this passage extends beneath four entrances for about 75 m before ending in breakdown. Downstream a short drop leads into a passage about 15 m long that terminates in a 15 m unclimbable drop. A 5 m hand-line drop from the bottom of the 15 m pit leads directly to the top of a 65 m deep pit. The cave ends in a muddy room with a large pool in the center. Air temperature in the cave was 12° C. A map of the cave is in Reddell (1980). The cavesreferred to inReddell (1977) as “Los Socavones de Santo Tomas” did not include the Socavon de Santo Tomas, but instead were Socavon de las Moscas and Socavon de las Fisuras. Sotano Suciedad de Santo Tomas (3). This small sinkhole was located near Socavon de las Moscas and was formed by the recent collapse of soil into an underlying, unenterable fissure. An entrance 1 m in diameter led into a pit about 6 m deep and formed entirely in silt. An attempt to relocate the cave in June 1980 was unsuccessful, and the cave has prob­ably filled. Sotano de Sauz (2). This cave is located 30 km NW of the Ejido M. Benavides and 20 km S of Lajitas.A large arroyo enters a vertical entrance sink about 50 m deep. From the bottom a high guano-and cobble-floored passage extends for 130 m to a sharpbend to the left. Here the cave begins to descend more rapidly until an 18 m drop is encountered. At a depth of 130 m below the entrance the passagewidens into a room 12 m wide and 15 m high. A 3 m drop at the end of this room leads to a cobble-floored crawlway. Beyond this crawlway the passageexpands to a chamber 30 m in diameter and about 700 m long. The cave ends abruptly in a level area floored with mud and sedimented guano. The cave is 1226 m long and 220 m deep. A map of the cave is in Sprouse (1977). When the cave was explored in 1975 the floor was littered with the bodies of thou­sands of bats, and thousands of additional dead bats still clung to the cave walls. The air temperature in the cave rose gradually to 41 Cin the terminal room. Cave (Carimechi). This was reported only as a cave near Carimechi by Anderson (1972). No information is avilable on the cave. Cavern (Carimechi). Anderson (1972) reportedthis as being a cavern in a canyon near Carimechi but gives no additional information on it. Cave (Fern Canyon). Judd(1967) reports that this cave is located in Fern Canyon about ‘"l3 miles northwest of the Village of Santa Elena.” He reportsthat it has a ceiling height of about 7 m at a point10 m from the entrance. The extent of the cave is not known. Cave (Maguarichic). This cave was reported byKnobloch (1942) as being located at “Mojarachic.”This has since been identified as the village ofMagua­ ” richic. The cave is described only as being “shallow. Cave (Santa Elena). This cave was reported byVilla R. (1967) as being located on the south side of Canon de Santa Elena. No information is avilable on the cave. Coahuila Sumidero de Alicantre (18). This cave is located about 16 km W of Cuatro Cienegas de Carranza. It is reported to be accessible through a sinkhole entrance which receives considerable floodwater. A slopingdrop leads to a deep pool of water. Cueva de Allende. This cave is located near the town of Allende (Villa R., 1967). No description is available. Cueva de las Animas (21). This cave is located 21 km WNW of Candela at an elevation of 760 m. The natural entrance to the cave is a vertical sinkhole about 10 m high and 5 m wide that slopes down for about 10 m. At this point it drops vertically for about 13 m into a breakdown-and guano-floored chamber 50 m in diameter and 20 to 30 m high. Along the sides of the room, small dead-end passages slope upinto domes with active formations and moist silt, but the main room is dry and dusty. A sloping passage to the left of the entrance room leads into a second room about 30 m in diameter and 15 m high. The cave has been mined for guano for many years and an adit has been dug through the limestone to intersect the entrance room near the floor. A partial map of the cave is in Rodriguez Cabo (1953) and a descrip­ tion in Reddell (1966b). Cueva de la Bandurria. This cave is reported byVilla R. (1967) to be located 1.5 km N of Km. 612 on the highway from Saltillo to Torreon at an eleva­tion of 1200 m. No description of the cave is avail­ able. Bozo Barbado. This natural well is located 9.4 km S and 7.9 km W of Cuatro Cienegas de Carranza (Cole and MineIdey, 1972). Wo description is avail­able. Bozos de la Becerra. This complex of natural wells is located 13.7 km SSV of Cuatro Cienegas de Carranza (Cole and Minckley, 1966) at an elevation of 790 m. The springs feeding this area originally formed a lagoon between 25 and 150 m wide and 2 km long with water depths to more than 10 m. Subsequent canalization and utilization of the area has drastically lowered the water level in the lagoon so that it no longer appears to be a suitable habitat for the subterranean crustaceans originally collected from it. Pozos Bonitos. This well is located at Churince, 14.73 km S and 7.05 km W of Cuatro Cienegas de Carranza (Holsinger and Minckley, 1971), at an ele­vation of 780 m. No description is available. Cueva de Buen Abrigo. This cave is reported by Villa R. (1967) to be located at “Noria cinco, 8 km Estacion Coyote.” This is near the village of Buen Abrigo about 19 km N of Matamoros. No descriptionis available. The cave may be the same as Cueva del Guano. Bocas del Carmen (20). This cave is located in a pass about 40km WofMonclovaonthesouth sideof the highway to Cuatro Cienegas de Carranza. Largeconspicuous openings on the cliffs overlooking the highway lead into a series of dry rooms and passages. Laguna Churince. This is located at Churince, 14.73 km S and 7.05 km W of Cuatro Cienegas de Carranza (Holsinger and Minckley, 1971), at an eleva­tion of 780 m. No description is available. Cueva de Don Jesus. This cave, also known as Cueva de San Jesus, is reported by Baker (1956) as being “57 mi. N and 27 mi. W Saltillo.” No descrip­tion of the cave is available. Cueva de Empalme (24). This cave is located at the base of the Sierra de Mayran south of the high­way from Torreon to Saltillo and about 1.6 km E of Empalme (=La Cuchilla) at an elevation of about 1100 m. A sloping, breakdown-floored entrance leads into a complex of small fissure passages. The cave is dry and floored with fine silt. Cueva de los Escarabajos (24). This cave is located at the base of the Sierra de Mayran near Cueva de Empalme. It consists of a sloping, silt-flooredpassageabout 3 m wide, 3 m high, and 30 m long. Laguna Escobeda. This spring-fed lagoon is located 9.8 km S and 2.3 km W of Cuatro Cienegas de Carran­za (Cole and Minckley, 1972). The subterranean iso­pods reported from it were collected about 3 m below the water surface and from travertine at the bottom of a detritus-choked spring opening. Cueva del Granjeno (23). This cave is located on Cerro Buen Abrigo in the Sierra San Lorenzo about 5 km E of Buen Abrigo at an elevation of 1170 m. The entrance is a steeply sloping sinkhole which receives some floodwater. At the bottom of the entrance slope a narrow winding passage about 1.5 m wide and up to 3 m high extends for about 100 m before washed-in silt makes it necessary to dig to continue. The cave is formed in gypsum.Cueva de los Grilles (24). This cave is also located at the base of the Sierra de Mayran near Cueva de Empalme. It consists of a single small room floored with dry silt. Cueva del Guano (23). This cave, once called Cueva del Agua because of a stream that has since dried up, is located near Cueva del Granjeno at an elevation of 1150 m. A rubble-floored sinkhole be­tween two limestone ridges leads down a slope into a large breakdown-floored room. A mine shaft intersects the cave after about 75 m. Beyond the shaft the cave changes character and becomes a steeply sloping passage. The bottom side of this slope soon ends in breakdown, hut it is possible to walk along the upper part of the passage for several hun­dred meters to a point at which a narrow passageleads into an extension of the main passage for about 100 m. The cave is generally floored with guano, and when it was visited in June 1980 the floor was lit­tered with dead bats. No live bats were seen. Cueva de la Herradura (17). This cave is located at the base of a 30 m high rock mound about 10km E of Hermanas. An entrance 3 m wide by 2 m highleads to two rooms connected by a short passage.A passage from the end of the second room is about 30 m long. A second passage from the first room leads to a second entrance. This 130 m long cave was inhabited by a large colony of bats and was floored with dry, dusty guano. Cueva Hundido (23). This cave is located about 8 km ESE of Buen Abrigo at an elevation of 1180 m. Reddell (1971b) erroneously identified this cave as Cueva de la Candelaria. Numerous mummies were removed from Cueva Hundido in the late 19th cen­tury. The cave entrance was visited in June 1980 but no attempt to explore the cave was made at that time. The entrance is an unclimbable sinkhole about 15 m in diameter and 10 m deep which drops into a large breakdown-floored room; it is not known if passages extend from this room. Laguna Juan Santos. This spring-fed lagoon is located 8.5 km S and 8.0 km W of Cuatro Cienegasde Carranza (Cole and Minckley, 1972). It is more than 100 m wide and is fed by thermal springs alongthe margins and from at least two 5-meter-deepdepressions near the center. Cueva de los Lagos (13). This cave is located about 24 km W of Ciudad Acuna and 3.5 km S of the Rio Grande and has been flooded by Amistad Reservoir. Before it was inundated a small arroyo led into a vertical entrance 3 m in diameter. A 10 m drop led into a steeply sloping fissure passage which termi­nated in two small pools about 50 m below the sur­face. One major side passage extended to the east from the 10-meter-level for about 100 m before ending. Cueva de Laguna Seca. This cave is located 8 km NW of Nazareno (Constantine, 1967). No descrip­tion of this cave is available, but it is reported to have containedabout atonoffresh guanoin 1957. Cueva del Leon (15). This cave is located in the Sierra de Santa Rosa about 52 km WNW of Melchor Musquiz. The cave is entered through a horizontal opening 8 m high by 5 m wide. It extends with about the same dimensions for 200 m before endingabruptly. The floor is covered with guano through­out. A detailed location is provided by RodriguezCabo(1953). West Laguna of Mojarral. This marshy area is located 11km SWofCuatroCienegas deCarranza.It is a large, clear pool about 25 m wide, 100 m long,and up to 5 m deep. It is fed by large springs, and the water exits by a subsurface channel and by small surface outflows (Minckley and Cole, 1968). Cueva del Pedregoso (22). This well-known cave is located about 32 km SE of Cuatro Cienegas de Carranza in the Canon del Pedregoso. A washed-out road leads up the canyon to the cave entrance. A horizontal opening about 20 m above the floor of the canyon leads into a passage about 15 m high and 10 m wide. After some 350 m, a drop of 7 m leads into a large domed room with a naximum height of 25 m. The cave ends after an additional 50 m (Anon­ymous, 1968). The cave is dry except for the termi­nal room, which is slightly moist. It has been exten­sively mined for guano, and numerous holes up to several meters deep are in the cave floor. Pedregoso Circle Cave (22). This cave is located in the Canon del Pedregoso about 2 km downstream from Cueva del Pedregoso. A 10 m high, 5 m wide entrance at the base of a cliff leads into a spiraling passage. After about 60 m the passage narrows to 3 rn wide and 1 m high. After 15 m it enlarges to 5 m high and 7 m wide. A small moist slope up to the right apparently leads to a filled entrance. Be­yond this, a passage slopes up to the left and con­tinues to a point about 160 m from the cave ent­rance. A low crawlway extends 17 m to open into a few small rooms and finally emerges as a hole 1 m in diameter, 7 m above the floor, and 10 m inside the cave entrance. Bats inhabit the large entrance passage. Pedregoso Hidden Cave (22). This cave is located near Pedregoso Circle Cave. An entrance about 3 m high and 1.2 m wide leads down a slope into a fissure passage measuring 8 m high by 5 m wide. After about 10 m, a side passage to the left extends 25 m to an entrance 1 m in diameter. Beyond the side passagethe cave extends 60 m, lowers to a crawlway, and ends after an additional 8 m. The cave is dry exceptin the terminal crawlway. Pedregoso Pipe Cave (22). This cave is located near the entrance to Canon del Pedregoso and is reached by a steep climb up the side ofa talus slope.A walk-in entrance opens immediately into a room about 5 m high and 30 m in diameter. A low passageextends 30 m from this room. The cave has been mined for nitrates, and a pipe used in transportingthe nitrates to the canyon floor leads from the cave entrance. Pozo El Potrero (16). This natural well is located 8.5 km SSE of Melchor Musquiz at an elevation of 600 m. It is an artesian spring at the base of the Sierra de Santa Rosa. The main well is a crevice in the limestone at the base of a hillside of steeply dip­ping limestone. A square concrete platform with a gate to cover the well opens into an artificially modi­fied chamber about 5 m deep and 3 m in diameter. Water supplying the well rises from a deep natural fissure in the limestone. The well is a major source of water for the town of Nueva Rosita. A second,somewhat deeper well located about 40 m away was not investigated. Cueva de San Vicente (19). This cave is located about 6.5 km S of Boquilla and about 16 km SE of Cuatro Cienegas de Carranza. The cave entrance is located about 70 m above the base of the cliff, which is itself about 300 m above the floor of the canyon.Access to the cave is by way of a mine tunnel 3 m in diameter and 100 m long from which a series of ladders extends upward to emerge from the floor of the cave. The cave consists of a single chamber 20 m wide and 120 m long. It has been extensively mined for nitrates, and the floor is covered by dry guano-covered breakdown. Cueva del Vapor (23). This cave is located about 5 km E of Buen Abrigo at an elevation of 1150 m. The 10 m wide, 5 m high entrance leads into a breakdown-flooredpassage about50 mlong thatends in collapse. To the left of the main passage, a low crawlway extends down a short slope before it drops3 m into a high 200 m long walking passage. The cave is formed by the solution of a gypsum bed in the limestone. A map is in Reddell (1980). Cueva de Yeso (24). This cave is located about 0.5 km from Cueva de los Grillos at the base of the Sierra de Mayran. It consists of a single small passageformed largely by solution of a layer of gypsum in the limestone. Cave (El Chiflon). This cave is reported by Baker (1956) as being located at El Chiflon, “21.7 mi. west of Saltillo.” No desciption is available. Cave (Cuatro Cienegas de Carranza). This cave is reported as being located 5.3 km W of Cuatro Ciene­gas de Carranza (Williams, 1968). No description is available, other than that it is at least 20 m long. Cave (Hacienda Las Pilas) (14). This cave is located on the Hacienda Las Pilas about 100 km SE of Boquillas del Carmen in the Serrania del Burro. The entrance is a large shelter 25 m wide, 1 to 3 m high,and 15 m deep. A 1 m high opening in the southeast comer of the shelter leads into a passage 2 to 3 m high. This passage extends for about 50 m, then turns and extends for an additional 40 to 60 m. Guano covers much of the floor of this passge. Near the end of the main passage two pits in the floor drop at least 5 m. These were not entered. A more detailed description is in Mollhagen (1977). Cave (Hermanas). This cave is reported by Baker (1956) as being located about 10 km E of Hermanas at an elevation of 360 m. No description is available,butit isreported ashaving ahighceiling. Cave (Puerto de Santa Ana). This cave is reported to be located on the north side of Puerto de Santa Ana, 7 km S of Nacimiento de los Indios at an eleva­tion of 850 m. Baker (1956) describes it as having “a narrow entrance opening into a large room, the ceil­ing of which was estimated to be 75 feet above the guano-covered floor.” Cave (San Buenaventura). This cave is reported byBaker (1956) as being located “9 mi. W and 4 mi. S of San Buenaventura " at an elevation of 1800 ft. No description of the cave is available, although bats were reported to have been taken from “different quarters in darkened recesses of the cave.” Cave (San Pedro de las Colonias). This cave is reported by Baker (1956) as being located “26 mi. SW of San Pedro de las Colonias’" at an elevation of 1100 m. It is described as being a “small, shallow cave.” Cave (Torreon). The only information on this cave is that of Baker (1956) who reports that “in 1952 an extensive guano mining operation was re­portedinprogress in acave southeastofTorreon.” Small (unnamed) seep near Pozo Barbado. No information is available on this locality reported byCole and Minckley (1972). Unnamed seep. This site is located 7.45 km S and 5.50 km W of Cuatro Cienegas de Carranza (Holsinger and Minckley, 1971). No information is available on the locality. Small (unnamed) spring (A). This spring is located in a raised marsh at the northern tip of the Sierra de San Marcos, 7.45 km S and 5.42 km W of Cuatro Cienegas de Carranza (Holsinger and Minckley, 19* 1).No information is available on the locality. Small (unnamed) spring (B). This spring is located 8.2km Sand 8.4kmW7ofCuatroCienegasdeCarran­za (Cole and Minckley, 1972). No information is available on the locality. Small (unnamed) spring (C). This spring is loca­ted 8.8 km S and 4.0 km W' of Cuatro Cienegas de Carranza (Cole and Minckley, 1972). No information is avilable on this locality. Unnamedspring(D). Thisspringislocated8.15km S and 2.29 km W of Cuatro Cienegas de Carranza (Holsinger and Minckley, 1971). No information is available on this locality. Spring-pool. This spring-pool is located 8.84 km S and 3.96 km W of Cuatro Cienegas de Carranza, about 150 m W of the talus slope from the Sierra de San Marcos (Holsinger and Minckley, 1971). No information is available on the locality. 7 Small laguna. This lagoon is located 7.92 km W and 9.42 km S ofCuatro Cienegas de Carranza (Hol­singer and Minckley, 1971). No information is avail­able on the locality. Pozo (A). This natural well is located 8.2 km S and 4.7 km W of Cuatro Cienegas de Carranza (Coleand Minckley. 1970). No information is available on this locality. Pozo (B). This natural well is located 20.3 km S and 5.5 km E of Cuatro Cienegas de Carranza (Coleand Minckley, 1970). No description of this localityis available. Pozo(C).This naturalwellislocatedabout 12km SW of Cuatro Cienegas de Carranza (Minckley and Cole, 1968) and is reported to be a spring tributary of the West Laguna of Mojarral. Its dimensions are 10 m by 12 m, by about 2 m deep. W7ater depth in the pit was 0.85 m. Durango Cueva de la Cucaracha (10). This cave is located across the canyon from Cueva de los Riscos and at about the same level. It consists of a single dr)' room about 15 m in diameter. Cueva de la Espaha. This cave is reported as being“2 km S, 11 km W7 Nazareno, 400 ft.” (Smith, 1972).No information on the cave is available, but it is probably identical to Cueva del Guano in the Sierra de la Espaha. Cueva del Guano (12). This cave is probably iden­tical to Cueva de la Espaha. It is located in the Sierra de la Espaha northwest of Picardias and about 20 km S of Ciudad Lerdo. The entrance is an impressive horizontal opening 8 m high and 25 m wide. A pass­age averaging 10 m wide by 5 m high extends for 100 m before narrowing to a width of 5 m and extending an additional 30 m to a major intersection. This entrance passage is floored with guano-coveredbreakdown and is inhabited by a large bat colony. To the right at the intersection a steep slope leads down into a chamber 60 m long, 7 to 10 m high, and up to 20 m wide. It slopes steadily down over small break­down before terminating abruptly. Two passages lead from this room. One to the right extends about 30 m to a Y-intersection. The passage to the right ends after about 10 m, while that to the left descends verysteeply and ends after about 20 m. The other passagefrom the large room is a steep slope which leads upand intersects the entrance passage after about 20 m. This intersection constitutes a five-way junction.Besides the passage back to the entrance and that into the large room, one to the right extends about 30 m before ending in a small room. Two parallel passagesconstitute the other passages. One is about 6 m wide and 4 m high and ends after 35 m. The other opensinto a room 35 m long, 15 m wide, and 7 to 8 m high.The cave has a total sun eyed passage length of 549 m and the depth below the entrance is 59 m. .Air tem­perature in the bat chamber was recorded as 26.5° C,while that in the large inner room was 24.5° C. A guano-mining operation in the cave terminated with the serious illness and death of several miners due to histoplasmosis. A map is in Reddell (1977). Cueva de los Indios. This cave, for which no de­scription is available, is located 11 km N of CompanaBalcones at an elevation of 1140 m (Baker and Greer, 1962). Grutas de Mapimi (11). This cave is located in the Sierra del Rosario about 18km SW ofMapimi. The cave is gated and locked. An entrance on the side of the hill opens immediately onto an 8 m drop into a small room from which a steep muddy slope leads into an enormous, well-decorated room several hundred meters long and up to 50 m wide. Slopeslead down in several places into large alcoves alongthe walls. The floor is largely of breakdown and flowstone and there is an abundance of large speleo­thems throughout the cave. There is a brief descrip­tion of the cave in Reddell (1980). Cueva de los Riscos (10). This cave is located about 330 m up on the side of the Sierra de la India about 7 km S of Mapimi. It has been heavily pros­pected for nitrates but apparently was never activelymined. The entrance is a small opening about 2.5 m wide and 1.5 m high. This abruptly opens into a large, heavily decorated chamber more than 20 m wide, 8 to 10 m high, and 120 m long. The floor is very irregular with large breakdown boulders, numerous, largely unexplored pits up to 15 in deep,and great masses of flowstone. At the end of the main chamber a slope leads up to a continuation of the room. This extends over massive breakdown boulders for about 30 m before terminating in a steep slope of loose rubble. A test pit about 8 m deep has been excavated at the base of the slope. A second passage, reached by way of a steep flowstone slope, is also located at the end of the main entrance chamber. This slope leads into a series of small rooms at different levels. Exploration has ended at the topof a 5 m deep unclimbable pit. A lower level continu­ation of the cave with large pools was reported by a local guide but has not been visited. With the excep­tion of the small rooms at the back of the cave, which are somewhat moist, the cave is dry throughout. A map is in Reddell (1977). Cueva de la Siguerita (8). This cave is located in the Cerro Siguerita near Rancho Descubridora about 40 km WNW of Mapimi at an elevation of 1600 m. The cave has been listed incorrectly as Cueva de la Siquita. It has been extensively mined for phosphates,and a metal platform has been constructed at the entrance. The entrance is a 7 m wide, 5 m highopening which leads directly into a passage 8 to 12 m wide, descending at an angle of about 55 to a depthof 64 m. Although part of this drop is climbable and some still usable ladders remain in place, a rope is required for part of the descent. To the left at the bottom of the entrance drop, the passage continues as a high fissure with up to 10 m of fill having been removed from the floor. A continuation of the main passage can be seen high above the floor but has not been reached. A steep slope leads down to a pool1 m deep, inhabited by troglobitic amphipods. To the right from the entrance drop a passage about 15 m wide and high continues as a fissure for about 40 m before turning sharply to the left. It narrows to 10 m and continues over large breakdown blocks to open into a chamber 10 to 15 m high, 20 m wide, and 15 m long. A passage at the back of this room extends an additional 20 m before ending. The largeinner room is inhabited by a large bat colony and the floor is covered with guano. The water temperature was 25.5° C and the air temperature was 23.3° C. A map is in Reddell (1977). Cave (Ciudad Lerdo). This cave is reported to be 16 km W of Ciudad Lerdo at an elevation of 1500 m (Villa R., 1967). No description is available. Lower mine (Grutas de Mapimi) (11). This is a largely unexplored mine with at least several hundred meters of passage located below the entrance to Grutas de Mapimi. It contains several entrances and is intersected at several points by pits. Mine (Puente de Ojuela) (9). This very large mine, now abandoned, is located immediately across the Puente de Ojuela about 7 km SE of Mapimi. The mine was only briefly visited but doubtless includes many kilometers ofpassage on several levels. Nuevo Leon Cueva del Carrizal (25). This cave is located about 10 km SE of La Candela at the base of Pico de Carri­zal. The cave has developed on two levels, an uppercomplex of dry passages and a lower stream passage.The dry upper levels are entered by a shelter-like opening about 40 m above and to the south of the spring entrance. A 2 to 3 m high passage extends about 65 m, turns sharply right, and extends an additional 120 m before ending abruptly. A passageto the right near the entrance and one near the end of the upper level make connections with a largeirregular chamber about 80 m long and up to 25 m wide. Steep slopes lead down to the stream passage.It is necessary to wade through 1 m deep water to enter the spring entrance. About 25 m inside the cave the stream divides. Water temperature in the left-hand stream is 31° C, while that in the right-hand stream is 23 C. The left-hand stream passage extends across the floor of the large chamber, enters a smaller passage and terminates in a siphon pool, known as the Bano Caliente, after about 80 m. Divers have entered this siphon and explored an extensive dry passage beyond. The main stream passage is 5 to 15 m wide and 5 to 12 m high except near the end where it gradually lowers to between 1 and 3 m in height.1his passage ends in a siphon about 550 m from the entrance. Air temperature in the dry upper levels was 25 C, while temperatures in the main stream passageranged from 22.5° C near the entrance to 26.5° C at the siphon. A discussion of the geology of the cave and a map are in Russell and Raines (1967). Cueva de Constantin (29). Cueva de Constantin is located in the Sierra de Garia 8 km S of Espinazo in the Municipio de Mina. A small entrance opens into a large single chamber developed along the beddingplane of steeply dipping strata. The cave is about 330 m long and ranges in width from about 20 to 50 m and in height up to 10 m. It is heavily decorated with flowstone and other speleothems. A map of the cave is in Bittinger (1972). Cueva del Diablo (27). This cave, also identified as “a bat cave at Sabinas Hidalgo,” is located in the Sierra de Iguana about 7 km W of Sabinas Hidalgo.The entrance is about 160 m above the floor of the canyon and is an opening 8 m high and 10 m wide. Immediately inside the entrance there is a small joint-controlled fissure to the right which extends about 30 m. The main part of the cave is formed along a joint containing three sub-parallel passages on different levels. The main level extends about 80 m before ending. The cave is known to harbor Histo­plasrna capsulatum Darling, and several people inves­tigating the cave have contracted histoplasmosis. The floor is largely covered with guano. Villa R. (1956a)reported a bat die-off in the cave. A sketch map and description are in Hershberger(1967). Cueva de las Fisuras (28). This cave is located justabove and south of the highway to Bustamante and about 16 km W of Sabinas Hidalgo in the Sierra de Santa Clara. The cave, dry throughout, consists of several interconnected fissures opening at the base of a cliff about 30 m above the road. The fissures rangefrom 1 to 3 m in height and are usually less than 1 m in width. The cave is described by Russell and Raines (1967). Grutas del Palmito (26). Grutas del Palrnito is loca­ted about 7 km SSW of Bustamante in the Sierra de Gomas. The entrance is a small opening located on the south side of a canyon, about 330 m above the canyon floor and about 500 m above the valley in which the town of Bustamante is located. A talus slope from the entrance leads down into a room about 100 m wide, 200 m long, and 20 m high. A small passage to the left near the top of the entrance talus slope parallels the entrance room and termi­nates after about 100 m. This passage contains some organic debris and is the most biologically productivepart of the cave. The entrance room contains com­paratively little breakdown, and the floor is com­posed mostly of thin deposits ofclay and secondarycalcite deposits on bedrock. Several large travertine dams contain water during the entire year and are seasonally fed by a small spring along the left wall. Air temperature in the entrance room has been recorded as 20° C. A 15 m wide fissure has formed along the west wall of the inner part of the entrance room. It continues south beyond the end of the entrance room to the main part of the cave, forming a passage about 70 m long, 70 m high, and 15 m wide. A trail, called the Paso de Muerte, leads alongthe left side of this fissure. From the end of the Paso de Muerte a breakdown slope descends 80 m to a level, clay-floored area. This is the entrance into a chamber about 570 m long, 100 m wide, and more than 30 rn high. Along the right side of this chamber a trail leads through massive formations that have enclosed parts of the main chamber to form small rooms, such as the Cathedral Room. At the end of the main room, holes in flowstone lead down into an area of descending flowstone slopes, short drops, and small rooms, where the cave ends. Air temperature in the main part of the cave is 19.5°C. The cave has been heavily vandalized and areas are polluted with trash and human feces. The cave has been partiallydeveloped commercially and a gate placed over the entrance.Amap isin Russelland Raines(1967). Cueva del Precipicio (26). This cave is located in the Sierra de Gomas about 2 km SW of Grutas del Palmito. The large horizontal entrance is located on a cliff-face about 600 m above the canyon floor. A passage 6 m in diameter extends 450 m to a 45 m drop into a large canyon passage 15 to 20 m wide and up to 30 m high. This passage extends for 300 m to a 12 m drop into a room 60 m long, 40 m wide,and up to 70 m high. A steep breakdown slope leads up into a large room. This chamber is 170 m long,45 m wide, and up to 30 m high and contains enor­mous speleothems up to 30 m high and 10 m in diameter. A slope down from this room is blocked by breakdown. The cave is about 700 m long and more than 150 m deep. A more detailed descriptionis in Walsh (1973). Cueva del Rincon de la Virgen. This cave is located in the west end of the Sierra del Fraile, 6.8 km N of Villa de Garcia at an elevation of 1200 m. It is re­ported to be a medium-sized bat cave (Russell and Raines, 1967). Constantine (1967) reported that 10,000 Mexican free-tailed bats, Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana (Saussure), were found in the cave in November 1955. Grutas de Villa de Garcia (30). This world-famous commercial cave is located in the Sierra del Fraile,7 km NW of Villa de Garcia at an elevation of 1060 m. A cable car leads up a steep talus slope for about 300 m to the commercial cave entrance. This ent­rance leads into the principal chamber of the cave, a heavily decorated room 330 m long, up to 100 rn wide, and from 10 to 60 m high. Near the end of the chamber a skylight entrance 100 m high illuminates part of the interior of the cave. A third entrance is located to the left of the room near the commer­cial entrance. A narrow passage extends to a 20 m wide opening, below which is a vertical drop on the cliff-face. Near the end of the main room a smaller room extends to the south. This room is about 50 m wide, 40 m high, and 165 m long. The cave contains several deep pools of water, but there is compara­tively little input of organic matter. The area below the skylight has been paved and is cleaned regularly.Recent attempts to collect many of the speciesfound by C. Bolivar y Pieltain, F. Bonet, and others have been largely unsuccessful. A map of the cave is in Russell and Raines (1967). Unnamed cave (Bustamante) (26). This small cave was reported to be located approximately 7 km SSW of Bustamante in the Sierra de Bustamante. It is entered by a 1.2 m high entrance which leads into a room 12 m in diameter and 3 rn in height (Fromen,1974). Unnamed pit (Bustamante) (26). This pit is loca­ted in the Sierra de Gomas about 7 km SSW of Bustamante. It is a vertical shaft about 60 m deep(Fromen, 1974). Well (Monterrey). No information is available on this locality. It was reported by Packard (1900a),and it is not known whether the well is natural or artificial. CHECKLIST OF SPECIES The following list includes all available records for species known from northern Mexico. The biblio­graphic citations generally include only those refer­ring to the occurrence of the species within this area. The following symbols precede species for which an ecological status has been determined: + trogloxene(a species that makes use of caves for shelter or to complete part of its life cycle, but which is depen­dent on the epigeum for survival); * troglophile (aspecies that can complete its life cycle in the cave habitat but that shows no adaptations for a cave existence and may also occur outside of caves); and ** troglobite (a species thatis dependent on the cave environment and that shows particular adaptationsfor the cave habitat, such as reduction or loss of eyes,elongation of appendages, and reduction of pigmen­tation). A question mark preceding a record indicates that the specimens obtained were inadequate to determinepositively theidentityofthespecies. PHYLUM ANNELIDA CLASS CLITELLATA Order Oligochaeta Unidentified microdrile earthworms (det. G.E. Gates) Records.—Durango: Cueva de la Siguerita. Comment.—The lower pools in this cave were in­ habited by a large population of a transparent microdrile earthworm and by the troglobitic amphipod Mexiweckelia mitchelli Holsinger. This probable troglobite was too poorly pre­ served to allow identification. PHYLUM MOLLUSCA CLASS GASTROPODA Order BasommatophoraFamily Physidae*Physa sp. (det. L. Hubricht)Records.—Coahuila: Cueva de los Lagos. Fig.I.—MapshowinglocationofcavesandminesvisitedbymembersoftheAssociationforMexicanCaveStudies. 1,Grutas de Coyame; 2, Sotano de Sauz; 3, Socavon de las Fisuras, Socavon de las Moscas, Socavon de Santo Tomas, and Sotano Sucie­dad de Santo Tomas; 4, Cueva de los Murcielagos; 5, Cueva del Diablo; 6, Cueva de los Muchachos; 7, Cueva del Salitre; 8, Cueva de la Siguerita; 9, Mine (Puente de Ojuela); 10, Cueva de la Cucaracha and Cueva de los Riscos; 11, Grutas de Mapimi and Lower Mine (Grutas de Mapimi); 12, Cueva del Guano; 13, Cueva de los Lagos; 14, Cave (Hacienda Las Pilas); 15, Cueva del Leon;16, Pozo El Potrero; 17, Cueva de la Herradura; 18, Sumidero de Alicantre; 19, Cueva de San Vicente; 20, Bocas del Carmen;21, Cueva de las Animas; 22, Cueva del Pedregoso, Pedregoso Circle Cave, Pedregoso Hidden Cave, and Pedregoso Pipe Cave;23, Cueva del Granjeno, Cueva del Guano, Cueva Hundido, and Cueva del Vapor; 24, Cueva de Empalme, Cueva de los Escara­ bajos, Cueva de los Grilles, and Cueva de Yeso; 25, Cueva del Carrizal; 26, Grutas del Palmito, Unnamed cave (Bustamante),and Unnamed pit (Bustamante); 27, Cueva del Diablo; 28, Cueva de las Fisuras; 29, Cueva de Constantin; 30, Grutas de Villa de Garcia. Comment.—A large population of snails of this genus inhabited the deep pools at the lowest level of this cave. OrderMesogastropoda Family Hydrobiidae**Coahuilix hubbsi TaylorRecords.—Coahuila: Pozos de la Becerra. Bibliography.—Minekley, 1969;Reddell. 1971b,1981;Taylor, 1966. Comment.—This monotypic genus is most closely related to Horatio (Hauffenia), an important element of the cave fauna of the Mediterranean region. The latter genus is also represented by two species in Texas caves. This species is known only by shells,presumably washed from subterranean pass­ages. Order Stylommatophora Family HelminthoglyptidaeHumboldtiana n. sp. (det. F. G. Thompson)Records.—Chihuahua: Cueva del Diablo. Comment.—Juvenile specimens belonging to this genus and apparently representative of an undescribed species were taken from within the entrance area of this cave. Other species of this genus have been taken from archeological excavations in caves in Coa­huila (Drake, 1951a). Family UrocoptidaeCoelostemma greggi Drake Records.— Chihuahua: Cueva del Diablo. Bibliography.—Drake, 1951b. Comment.—Only shells of this species were collected. This genus is relatively common in caves and the species may well live in the cave. Coelostemma marrsi Drake Records.—Chihuahua: Cueva del Diablo. Bibliography.—Drake, 1951b. Comment.—Live specimens of this snail were collected in the entrance area of the cave. PHYLUM ARTHROPODA CLASS CRUSTACEA Order Isopoda Suborder Flabellifera Family Cirolanidae **Undetermined genus and speciesRecords.—Chihuahua: Cueva del Diablo. Comment.—Dead specimens of this family were observed in a lower-level pool of this cave, obviously fed by artesian flooding. The spe­cies remains to be rediscovered despite re­peated searching at the site of the originalfind. **Conilera stygia Packard Records.—Nuevo Leon: Well (Monterrey)Bibliography.—Banta, 1907; Birstein, 1964 [Conilera]; Bolivar y Pieltain, 1950; Bow­man, 1964, 1975;Chappuis, 1927;Cole and Minckley, 1966,1972;Jeannel, 1943;Nicho­las, 1962; Packard, 1894, 1900a, 1900b;Reddell. 1967a, 1971b, 1981; Richardson,1904, 1905; Rioja, 1953a, 1953b, 1957,1962; Straskraba, 1969; Vandel, 1964,1965a; Van Name, 1936. Comment.—This species was too poorly de­scribed to allow correct generic placement.The genus Conilera as currently understood is entirely marine. **Speocirolana thermydronis Cole and MinckleyRecords.—Coahuila: Pozo (C), West Laguna of Mojarral, and Pozos de la Becerra. Bibliography.—Argano, 1972 [Speocirolana(part)]; Bowman, 1975 [Speocirolana(part)], 1981a; Cole and Minckley, 1966,1970, 1972; Contreras-Balderas and Purata-Velarde, 1981; Holsinger and Minckley,1971; Minckley, 1969; Minckley and Cole,1968; Reddell, 1971b, 1981; Straskraba, 1969 [Speocirolana (part)]; Taylor and Minckley, 1966 [Speocirolana],Comment.—This species has been taken from the surface of flocculent sediment and from the interstices of porous travertine blocks about the edges of pools. **Sphaerolanaaffinis Cole and MinckleyRecords,—Coahuila: Pozo (B) and other springsand wells near the type-locality.Bibliography.—Cole and Minckley, 1970, 1972 [Sphaerolana spp. (part)]; Holsinger and Minckley, 1971; Minckley, 1969 [aberrantform of cirolanid]; Peck. 1977; Reddell,1971b, 1981. Comment.—This species has been collected at night as it roamed about plant roots in the bottom of the wells. The genus Sphaerolanais known only from the two species recorded here. This species has also been collected from a flooded mine adit about 30 m below the entrance of Cueva de la Boca, Nuevo Leon (Peck, 1977). **Sphaerolana interstitialis Cole and MinckleyRecords.—Coahuila: Pozo (A) and small springswithin a kilometer west of the type-locality. Bibliography.—Brown, 1974; Cole and Minck­ley, 1970, 1972 [Sphaerolana spp. (part)];Holsinger and Minckley; Minckley, 1969 [aberrant form of cirolanid]; Reddell,1971b, 1981. Comment.—This species is sympatric with S. affinis. One specimen was taken from the stomach contents of the aquatic box turtle Terrapene coahuila Schmidt and Owens. Suborder Asellota Family Stenasellidae **Mexistenasellus coahuila Cole and Minckley Records.—Coahuila: Pozo Barbado, LagunaEscobeda, Laguna Juan Santos, small (un­named) spring (B), small (unnamed) spring (C), and small (unnamed) seep near Pozo Barbado. Bibliography.—Argano, 1974, 1977; Bowman,1976 [Mexistenasellus (part)], 1981b; Cole and Minckley, 1970 [Stenasellinae], 1972;Holsinger, 1973; Holsinger and Minckley,1971 [Stenasellinae undescribed genus];Husson et al., 1974 [Mexistenasellus (part)];Magniez, 1972, 1973a, 1973b, 1974, 1977,1979; Minckley, 1969 [Stenasellinae, new genus]; Reddell, 1981. Comment.—The genus Mexistenasellus is other­wise represented by two species in San Luis Potosi and one each in Nuevo Leon, Tamau­lipas, and Veracruz. Suborder Oniscoidea Family Armadillidae *Venezillo osorioi (Mulaik)Records.—Nuevo Leon: Grutas del Palmito. Bibliography.—Mulaik, I960; Nicholas, 1962;Reddell, 1971b, 1981. Comment.—The genus Venezillo is representedin Mexican caves by eight species, none of which shows signs of adaptation for a cave existence. * Venezillo tanneri(Mulaik and Mulaik)Records.—NuevoLeon: Grutas del Palmito. Bibliography.—Reddell, 1965b, 1971b, 1981; Schultz, 1965. Comment.—Five specimens were collected from silt and rotting paper in darkness in the ent­rance room. Described from an epigean lo­cality in Hidalgo County, Texas, the species is also known from caves in Val Verde County, Texas. Family Porcellionidae +Porcellio gertschi Van Name Records.—Coahuila:Cueva delosLagos.Bibliography.—Reddell, 1971b, 1981; Schultz, 1965. Comment.—This species was previously known only from El Banito, Ciudad Valles, San Luis Potosi. The ecological status of the species is not known, but it is presumably a troglo­ xene. Family Trichoniscidae **Brackenridgia palmitensis (Mulaik)Records.—Nuevo Leon: Grutas del Palmito. Bibliography.—Bowman, 1965 [Protrichoniscus palmitensis ]; Mulaik, 1960 [P. palmitensis]',Nicholas, 1962 [P. palmitensis ]; Reddell,1967 a [P. palmitensis ], 1971b, 1981; Vandel, 1965b [P. palmitensis ]. Comment.—This species is known only from a single specimen. The description by Mulaik is unsatisfactory, and the relationship of this species to others in the genus is not known. Eight species in this genus have been described, seven of which are troglohites.The eighth is known from mountains in the vicinity of San Francisco, California. The troglobitic species range south from Texas to Chiapas. **Cylindroniscus cavicolus (Mulaik)Records.—Nuevo Leon: Grutas del Palmito. Bibliography.—Mulaik, 1960 [Antroniscus cavi­ cola]; Nicholas, 1962 [A. cavicola]; Reddell,1971b, 1981;Schultz, 1970. Comment.—This poorly described species is known only from a single specimen. The genus Cylindroniscus includes additional troglobitic species in San Luis Potosi and Yucatan and epigean species in Cuba and Yucatan. Order Amphipoda Family Hadziidae **Mexiweckelia colei Holsinger and MinckleyRecords.—Coahuila: Pozos Bonitos (LagunaChurince), unnamed seep, small (unnamed)spring(A), unnamedspring(D),spring-pool,and small laguna.Bibliography.—Bousfield, 1977;ColeandMinck­ley, 1970 [undetermined gammarid amphi­pod]; Holsinger, 1973, 1977a, 1977b [Mexi­weckelia (part)]; Holsinger and Longley, 1980 [Mexiweckelia (part)]; Holsinger and Minckley, 1971; Minckley, 1969 [eyeless,depigmented amphipod]; Reddell, 1971b,1973 a [Mexiweckelia (part)], 1981; Stock,1977. Comment-The genus Mexiweckelia presentlyincludes onlythethreespecieslistedhere. **Mexiweckelia mitchelli HolsingerRecords.—Durango: Cueva de la Siguerita.Bibliography.— Holsinger, 1973, 1977a, 1977b [Mexiweckelia (part)]; Holsinger and Long­ley, 1980 [Mexiweckelia (part)]; Reddell,1973a [Mexiweckelia (part)], 1973b [Mexi­weckelia], 1977, 1981;Reddell andKunath,1972[Mexiweckelia] ; Stock, 1977. Comment.—This species was abundant in two pools at the lowest level of the cave. **Mexiweckeliaparticeps HolsingerRecords.—Coahuila: Small (unnamed) spring(A). Bibliography.—Bousfield, 1977; Holsinger,1973, 1977a, 1977b [Mexiweckelia (part)];Holsinger and Longley, 1980; Holsinger and Minckley, 1971; Reddell, 1971b, 1973a [Mexiweckelia (part)];Stock, 1977. Comment.—This large, rare species is now con­sidered by Holsinger (pers. comm.) to repre­sent an undescribed genus. Family HyalellidaeHyalella azteca (Saussure)Records.— Coahuila: Springs and wells near Cuatro Cienegas de Carranza. Bibliography.—Coleand Minckley, 1970. Comment.—This übiquitous species ranges through much of the United States south to Peru. It has been collected in caves in Texas and many parts of Mexico. CLASS ARACHNIDA OrderScorpionida Family VaejovidaeVaejovis sp. (det. W. J. Gertsch)Records.—Durango: Cueva de los Riscos. Comment.—Many immature specimens of this genus were collected from beneath rocks in the entrance room of this cave. Vaejovis minckleyi Williams Records.—Coahuila: Cave (Cuatro Cienegas de Carranza).Bibliography.—Williams, 1968. Comment.—This species was described from a specimen taken 20 m inside the entrance to this cave. It is also known from a surface locality in the same area. Order Pseudoscorpionida SuborderDiplosphyronida Family Hyidae **Leucohya heteropoda Chamberlin Records.—Nuevo Leon: Grutas del Palmito. Bibliography.—Anonymous, 1942 [pseudoscor­ pion troglobio]; Bolivar y Pieltain, 1944 [pseudoscorpiones nueva subfamilia]; Cham­berlin, 1946; Chamberlin and Malcolm,1960; Muchmore, 1969, 1972, 1973; Red-dell, 1967 a [Leucohya heterodonta], 1971b,1981. Comment.—This extremely attenuate specieshas been collected from the underside of small rocks in the entrance room. The genus is known only from the two species listed here. **Leucohya magnifica Muchmore Records.—Nuevo Leon: Cueva del Carrizal. Bibliography.—Muchmore, 1972, 1973; Red- dell, 1967 a [undescribed genus and speciesof pseudoscorpion], 1971b [Hyidae, unde­scribed genus and species], 1973a, 1981. Suborder Monosphyronida Family Chernetidae Undetermined genus and species (det. W. B. Much-More)Records.—Chihuahua: Cueva del Diablo, Cueva del Salitre; Nuevo Leon: Grutas del Palmito. Comment.—The state of the systematics of the family Chernetidae is presently too confused to allow further identification of these speci­mens at this time. *Neoallochernessp. (det. W. B. Muchmore) - Records.—Coahuila: Cueva de las Animas,Cueva del Leon; Durango: Cueva de los Ris­cos, Cueva de la Siguerita; Nuevo Leon: Cueva del Carrizal. Comment.—The genusNeoallochernes is a com mon inhabitant of bat caves in Mexico and the southwestern United States. All of the above specimens were taken from bat guano. OrderSchizomida Family Schizomidae **Schizomus n. sp. (det. J. R. Reddell)Records.—Nuevo Leon: Cueva del Carrizal. Comment.—This is the most northern cave population of Schizomus in Mexico. It is closely related to S. mexicanus Rowland and its relatives from more southern Mexico. Order Amblypygida Family Phrynidae*Paraphrynus sp. (det. J. R. Reddell)Records.—Nuevo Leon: Cueva del Carrizal. Bibliography.—Reddell. 1967a[Tarantula], 1971b[Tarantula sp.].Comment-Amblypygids are abundant in the cave, where they roam across the cave floors and walls. The specific identity of this largespecies must away further study.*Phrynus sp. (det. J. R. Reddell)Records.—Coahuila: Cueva del Guano, Pedre­goso Circle Cave. Comment.—The genus Phrynus is presentlybeing revised by Diomedes Quintero. The determination of this material must await completion of his study. Order Araneae Infraorder Araneomorphae Family AgelenidaeUndeterminedgenusandspecies(det.W.J. Gertsch)Records.—Chihuahua: Socavon del Pino. Comment.—lmmature specimens belonging to this family were collected in this cave. *Cicurina sp. (det. W. J. Gertsch)Records Chihuahua: Grutas de Coyame.Comment.—lmmature specimens assignable to this genus were collected under rocks in this cave. **Cicurina (Cicurella) coahuila Gertsch Records.—Coahuila: Cueva de los Lagos.Bibliography.— Brignoli, 1972; Gertsch, 1971a; Hoffmann, 1976;Reddell, 1973a, 1981. Comment.—This eyeless spider is a member of a largely undescribed complex of troglobiticspecies distributed widely in Texas caves. Family Araneidae Araneus sp. (det. W. J. Gertsch)Records.—Chihuahua: Socavon de las Moscas,Socavon deSanto Tomas. Comment.—Only immature specimens of this genus were collected in these two caves. Metellina sp. (det. W. J. Gertsch)Records.—Chihuahua: Socavon de las Moscas,Socavon de Santo Tomas. Comment.—Only immature specimens of this genus were collected in these two caves. Family Clubionidae Strotarchus sp. (det. W. J. Gertsch)Records.—Coahuila: Pedregoso Pipe Cave. Comment.—A singleimmaturespecimen belong­ ing to this genus was collected in this cave. It is probably an accidental. Syspira sp. (det. W. J. Gertsch)Records.—Chihuahua: Cueva del Diablo. Comment.—An immature specimen was taken from the entrance area. Family Ctenidae *Ctenus sp. (det. W. J. Gertsch)Records.—Nuevo Leon: Grutas del Palmito. Bibliography.—Reddell, 1967a, 1971b. Comment.—These large spiders frequent caves from southern Texas into Mexico. Speci­mens were taken from the wall of the ent­rance room in Grutas del Palmito. Family Filistatidae Filistata arizonica (Chamberlin and Ivie) (det. W. J. Gertsch)Records,—Coahuila: Cueva de lasAnimas. Comment.—This species was taken below the entrance and may be an accidental. Filistatinella sp. (det. W. J. Gertsch)Records.—Chihuahua: Cueva del Salitre. Comment.—An immature specimen of this genus was taken in the entrance area; it is certainly an accidental. *Filistotoides n. sp. (det. W. J. Gertsch) Records.—Coahuila: Cueva de las Animas,Cueva de Empalme, Cueva del Granjeno,Cueva de los Grilles, Cueva del Guano,Cueva de la Herradura, Cueva de Pedregoso,Pedregoso Circle Cave, Pedregoso Hidden Cave, Cueva del Vapor, Cueva de Yeso;Nuevo Leon: Cueva de Carrizal. Comment.—This spider is abundant in caves throughout the desert regions of northern Mexico. It is usually found hanging from webs on thecave walls and ceiling. Family GnaphosidaeZelotes rusticus (L. Koch) (det. W. J. Gertsch)Records.—Coahuila: Cueva del Leon. Comment.—This spider was taken from the entrance area; it is certainly an accidental. Family Leptonetidae**Leptoneta isolata Gertsch Records.—Nuevo Leon: Grutas de Villa de Gar­cia. Bibliography.—Brignoli, 1972 [Neoleptonetaisolata]. 1977 [N. isolata]; Gertsch, 1971a,1974; Hoffmann, 1976; Reddell, 1967a [Leptoneta], 1973 a [N. isolata], 1981. Comment.—This essentially eyeless species is closely related to the Mexican troglophile L. pecki Gertsch. **Leptoneta limpida Gertsch Records.—Durango: Cueva de los Riscos. Bibliography.—Brignoli, 1977 [Neoleptonetalimpida], 1979 [N. limpida]; Gertsch,1974; Hoffmann, 1976; Reddell, 1977,1981. Comment.—This species is more closely allied to cavernicole species of Leptoneta in Cen­tral Texas than to the other Mexican speciesof the genus. It was taken from near the end of the cave. Family LinyphiidaeMeioneta sp. (det. W. J. Gertsch)Records,—Chihuahua: Socavon de las Fisuras. Comment.—Only immature specimens of this genus were collected. Scylaceus n. sp. (det. W. J. Gertsch)Records.—Chihuahua: Cueva del Diablo. Comment.—The ecological status of this unde­scribed species is unknown. Family Lycosidae Pardosa fallax Barnes (det. W. J. Gertsch)Records.—Chihuahua: Cueva del Diablo. Comment.—This spider was taken from the main entrance sink and is an accidental. Pardosa vadosa Barnes (det. W. J. Gertsch)Records.—Chihuahua: Socavon de las Moscas,Socavon del Pino. Comment.—These spiders were collected from the bottom of the entrance drops and are certainly accidentals. Family Mysmenidae*Maymena chica Gertsch Records.—Nuevo Leon: Grutas del Palmito. Bibliography.— Gertsch, 1960, 1971a. 1973;Hoffmann, 1976;Reddell. 1971b. 1981. Comment.—This species is also known from caves in San Luis Potosi and Tamaulipas. Family Nesticidae *Eidmannellapallida (Emerton) (det. W. J. Gertsch)Records.—Chihuahua: Cueva del Diablo; Coa­huila: Sumidero de Alicantre, Cueva del Granjeno.Bibliography.—Gertsch, 1971a; Reddell, 1971b;Spieth, 1950. Comment.—This is among the more common troglophile spiders in North America. It has been collected from numerous caves through­out Mexico. *Gaucelmus augustinus KeyserlingRecords.—Nuevo Leon: Grutas del Palmito. Bibliography.—Gertsch, 1971a. Comment.—This spider is a common troglophilein the caves of Texas and Mexico. It is usu­ally found hanging from webs along the cave walls. Family Pholcidae **Anopsicus exiguus (Gertsch)Records.—Durango: Cueva de los Riscos. Bibliography.— Gertsch, 1971 a [Pholcophoraerigua], 1981; Hoffmann. 1976 [P. exigua]',Reddell. 1973 a [P. exigua]. 1977 [P. exi­gua]. 1981 [P. exigua ]. Comment.—This species is known only from the above cave. It was taken from the most remote part of the cave. Metagonia sp. (det W. J. Gertsch)Records.—Coahuila:Pozo deElPotrero. Comment.—lmmature specimens of this genus were found hanging in webs along the sides of this natural well. *Metagonia candela Gertsch Records.—Nuevo Leon: Unnamed cave (Busta­mante), Cueva del Carrizal. Bibliography.—Gertsch, 1971a, 1973b: Hoff­mann, 1976; Reddell, 1967 a [Metagonia,undescribed species (part)], 1971b [Meta­ gonia sp. (part)], 1973a. 1981. Comment.—Although this species is known only from the above caves, it has large eyesand is presumably a troglophile. serena Gertsch Records,—Nuevo Leon: Grutas de Villa de Gar­ cia. Bibliography.—Gertsch, 1971a; Hoffmann,1976; Reddell, 1967 a [Metagonia, unde­scribed species (part)], 1971b [Metagonia sp. (part)], 1973a. 1981. Comment.—This large-eyed species is known only from the above cave. Modisimus sp. (det. W. J. Gertsch)Records.—Durango: Cueva de los Riscos. Comment.—Only immature specimens of this genus were collected. *Modisimus pusillus Gertsch Records.—Nuevo Leon: Grutas de Villa de Gar­cia. Bibliography.—Brignoli, 1974a: Gertsch, 1971a,1973; Hoffmann, 1976; Reddell, 1967a [Modisimus sp. (part)], 1971b [Modisimus sp. (part)], 1981. Comment.—This eyed species is also known from a small cave near Galeana, Nuevo Leon. Physocyclus sp. (det. W. J. Gertsch) Records.—Coahuila: Cueva de los Grillos;Durango: Mine (Puente de Ojuela), Cueva del Guano, Cueva de los Riscos, Cueva de la Siguerita. Comment.—Only immature specimens of this genus were taken in these caves. *Physocyclus enaulus Crosby (Det. W. J. Gertsch) Records.—Chihuahua: Cueva del Diablo, Cueva de los Muchachos; Coahuila: Cueva de los Lagos, Cueva del Leon. Bibliography.—Gertsch, 1971a; Hoffmann,1976; Reddell, 1981. Comment.—This species is a common inhabi­tant of the entrance area of caves in the southwestern United States. It will probably prove to be more abundant in northern Mexico than these records indicate. *Physocyclus hoogstraali Gertsch and Davis Records.—Coahuila: Cueva de las Animas,Cueva de la Herradura; Nuevo Leon: Cueva del Diablo, Grutas de Villa de Garcia. Bibliography.— Gertsch, 1971a; Gertsch and Davis, 1942; Hoffmann, 1976; Nicholas,1962; Reddell, 1967a, 1970a, 1971b, 1981. Comment.—Nicholas (1962) listed this species as a troglobite, but it is probably a troglo­phile. It is usually found hanging in webs near the cave entrance. *Physocyclus pedregosus Gertsch Records.—Coahuila: Pedregoso Circle Cave. Bibliography.—Gertsch, 1971a; Hoffmann, 1976;Reddell, 1973a, 1981. Comment.—This species is known only from this cave. Psilochorus sp. (det. W. J. Gertsch)Records.—Chihuahua: Sotano de Sauz; Coa­huila: Cueva de la Herradura. Comment—Only immature specimens were collected in these caves. *Psilochorus n. sp. 1 (det. W. J. Gertsch)Records .—Chihuahua: Grutas de Coyame.Comment.—This undescribed species was col­ lected in the main entrance room to the cave. *Psilochorus n. sp. 2 (det. W. J. Gertsch)Records.—Chihuahua: Socavon de lasMoscas. Comment—This undescribed species was col­ lectedfrom thelowerlevelsofthecave. *Psilochorus n. sp. 3 (det. W. J. Gertsch)Records.—Coahuila: CuevadelVapor.Comment.—This undescribed species was col­ lected from the main passage of the cave. **Psilochorus delicatus Gertsch Records.—Durango: Cueva de los Riscos. Bibliography.—Gertsch, 1971a; Hoffmann, 1976; Reddell, 1977, 1981. Comment.—This species was collected from webs in the more remote areas of the cave. **Psilochorus diablo Gertsch Records.—Chihuahua: Cueva delDiablo. Bibliography.—Gertsch, 1971a; Hoffmann, 1976; Reddell, 1971 a [Psilochorus sp.(part)], 1973a, 1977, 1981; Spieth, 1950 [Psilochorus new species]. Comment.—This species was found in the moister areas near the cave entrance, where it was hanging from webs. *Psilochorus russelli Gertsch Records.—Coahuila: Cueva del Pedregoso, Ped­regoso Circle Cave, Pedregoso Pipe Cave. Bibliography.—Gertsch, 1971a; Hoffmann, 1976;Reddell, 1973a, 1981. Comment.—Although this species is known only from the above cave, it is eyed and pre­sumably a troglophile. Family Salticidae Undeterminedgenusandspecies(det. W.J.Gertsch)Records.—Chihuahua: Socavon de las Moscas. Comment.—This spider wascollectedbelowthe entrance in leaf litter; it is an accidental. Family Scytodidae*Loxosceles aurea Gertsch Records.—Durango: Cueva del Guano. Bibliography.—Brignoli, 1976; Gertsch, 1973; Hoffmann, 1976;Reddell, 1981. Comment.—This species is known only from this cave and an epigean locality in south­western Coahuila. It was collected from webs on guano-covered breakdown in Cueva del Guano. *Loxosceles belli Gertsch Records.—Coahuila: Cueva de las Animas,Cueva de los Lagos.Bibliography.—Brignoli, 1976; Gertsch, 1973; Hoffmann, 1976; Reddell, 1981. Comment—This species is known only from hat guano in these two caves. *Loxosceles bolivari Gertsch Records.—Nuevo Leon: Cueva del Carrizal,Grutas de Villa de Garcia. Bibliography.—Brignoli, 1976; Gertsch, 1958,1973; Hoffmann, 1976; Reddell, 1971b,1981; Vogel, 1967. Comment.—This species is known only from these two caves. It was collected from the dry upper-level parts of Cueva del Carrizal. Family Selenopidae Selenops mexicanus Keyserling (det. W.J. Gertsch)Records.—Nuevo Leon: Grutas del Palmito. Comment—This species was collected from palm fronds along the entrance slope. It is presumably an accidental. Family Theridiidae *Achaearanea sp. (det. W. J. Gertsch)Records.—Coahuila: Cueva de los Lagos.Comment.—These immature specimens prob­ ably belong to the species A. porteri Banks, a common troglophile in Central Texas. Achaearanea canionis Chamberlin and Gertsch (det. W. J. Gertsch)Records.—Chihuahua:Socavon de lasMoscas. Comment.—These specimens were collected from webs near the cave entrance. The spe­ cies has also been collected from caves in Nuevo Leon and San Luis Potosi. Its eco­logical status is uncertain. Latrodectus hesperus Chamberlin and Ivie (det. W. J. Gertsch)Records.—Coahuila: Cueva del Vapor.Comment.—This black-widow spider was taken from a web in the entrance area. Latrodectus mactans Fabricius (det. W. J. Gertsch)Records.—Coahuila: CuevadelosLagos.Comment.—This species of black-widow spider is occasionally found hanging in webs near cave entrances in Texas. Steatoda apacheana Gertsch (det. W. J. Gertsch)Records.—Chihuahua: Cueva delosMurcielagos.Comment.—This specimen was taken from bat guano in darkness in this cave. Family Uloboridae Philoponella oweni Chamberlin (det. W.J. Gertsch)Records.—Chihuahua:Socavon delPino. Comment.—This species was collected from the entrance passage of the cave. It is probably an accidental. Family Zoropsidae Zorocrates sp. (det. W. J. Gertsch)Records.—Chihuahua: Socavon del Pino. Comment.—Only immature specimens of this species were collected from near the cave entrance; itis presumably an accidental. Order Opilionida Suborder Laniatores Family Phalangodidae**Hoplobunas osorioi (Goodnight and Goodnight)Records.—Nuevo Leon: Cueva del Carrizal,Grutas del Palmito, Grutas de Villa de Gar­ cia. Bibliography.—Bolivar y Pieltain, 1944 [Chin­quipellobunus osorioi]; Bonet, 1946 [Chip­inquelobunus (sic) osorioi]; Goodnight and Goodnight, 1944 [C. osorioi], 1945 [C. oso­ rioi]; Reddell, 1967 a [C. osorioi], 1971b,1981. Comment.—This species with reduced eyes is abundant along the stream passage in Cueva del Carrizal. It is known only from these three caves. *Pellobunus mexicanus Goodnight and Goodnight(det. C. J. Goodnight)Records.—Nuevo Leon: Cueva del Carrizal,Grutas del Palmito. Bibliography.— Goodnightand Goodnight, 1971; Reddell, 1973 a [Pellobusum (sic) mexica­nus], 1981. Comment.—This species with slightly reduced eyes has also been reported from caves in Queretaro. Suborder Palpatores Family PhalangiidaeUndetermined genus and speciesComment.—Phalangiids, probably all belonging to the genus Leiobunum, are abundant in the entrance area of many caves in northern Mexico. The taxonomy of this group is verydifficult and only additional study will pro­vide correct names for most of the speci­mens. Leiobunum townsendi Weed is an abundant species in the caves of Central Texas and doubtless occurs in caves m north­ern Mexico. OrderRicinulei Family Ricinoididae *Pseudocellus mitchelli(Gertsch)Records.—Durango: Cueva del Guano. Bibliography.—Brignoli, 1974h [Cryptocellusmitchelli]; Cooke, 1972 [C. mitchelli]; Cooke and Shadah, 1973 [C. mitchelli]; Dumitresco and Juvara-Bals, 1973 [C.mitchelli]; Gertsch, 1971h [C. mitchelli]; Marquez Mayaudon and Elorduy de Con­coni, 1974 [C. mitchelli]; Platnick, 1980;Reddell, 1971b [Cryptocellus sp. (part)], 1973 a [C. mitchelli], 1977 [C. mitchelli],1981 [ C. mitchelli]; Reddell and Kunath,1972 [ricinuleids]. Comment—This relict ricinuleid was com­paratively abundant on small patches of guano in the hot, moist inner rooms of this cave. Although it may be ecologically iso­lated by the desert surrounding the cave, the species shows no particular troglobitic adap­tations. **Pseudocellus reddeUi (Gertsch)Records.—Durango: Cueva de los Riscos. Bibliography.—Brignoli. 1974b [Cryptocellusreddelli ]: Cooke and Shadab. 1973 [C. red­deUi]', Dumitresco and Juvara-Bals, 1976 [C.reddelli] : Gertsch. 1971b [C reddelli] ; Mar­quez Mayaudon and Elorduy de Conconi,1974 [C reddelli ]; Platnick, 1980; Red-dell, 1967b [Cryptocellus new species],1971b [Cryptocellus sp. (part)], 1973a [C. reddelli], 1973b [C. reddelli], 1977[C.reddelli], 1981 [C reddelli ]: Reddell and Kunath, 1972 [C. reddelli]. Comment.—This isthemosthighlycave-adaptedricinuleid known. It is a rare species col­lected only from clay banks and among rocks in the small inner rooms at the end of Cueva de los Riscos. OrderAcarina Suborder Metastigmata Family Argasidae*Antricola mexicanus Hoffmann (det. J. E. Keirans)Records.—Chihuahua: Sotano de Sauz. Comment.—More than 300 dead ticks belonging tothisspecieswere collectedfrom dry guanoand among the mummified remains of thousands of bats, Morinoops megalophyllamegalophylla Peters. Arg'as coolevi Kohls and Hoogstraal (det. G. M. Kohls)Records.—Chihuahua: Cueva del Salitre. Comment.—This species was collected from cave swallow guano in the entrance room of this cave. Ornithodoros sp.Records.—A uevo Leon: Cueva del Carrizal. Bibliography.—Anonymous, 1942; Reddell, 1971b. Comment.—This unidentified tick was taken from bat guano.Ornithodoros (Alectorobius) dyeri Cooley and Kohls Records.—A uevo Leon: Cueva del Diablo. Bibliography.—Kohls et al., 1965; Reddell, 1971b. Comment.—This tick was taken from the guanoofMormoops megalophylla megalophylla. Suborder Prostigmata Family Pterygosomidae Hirstiella trombidiformes (Berlese)Records.—A'uero Leon: Cueva del Carrizal. Bibliography.—Cunliffe, 1952;Hoffmann, 1969. Comment.—The genus Hirstiella is usually a parasite of lizards. Its host in this cave is un­known. Family RhagidiidaeUndetermined genus and species (det. R. W, Strandtmann)Records.—Nuevo Leon: Grutas del Palmito,Grutas de \ilia de Garcia. Comment.—Single specimens of mite of this family were collected in each of the above caves. Two species of Rhagidia are possiblytroglobitic in Sotano de la Tinaja, San Luis Potosi. Family Smaridiidae Fessonia sp. (det. C. E. 4 unker)Records.—Chihuahua: Cueva del Salitre. Comment.—Mites of this genus were taken from swallow guano. The larvae of this family are parasitic on insects, while the adults are pre­daceous. Family Trombiculidae Undetermined genus and species (det. R.L. Smiley)Records,—Coahuila: Pedregoso Circle Cave. Comment.—A single, unidentifiable, adult be­longing to this family was collected in the above cave. Adult trombiculids are fre­quently abundant in bat caves in Mexico. The larvae are parasitic on mammals. Suborder Astigmata Family Acaridae *Caloglyphus longipilus Nesbitt Records.—Nuevo Leon: Cueva del Carrizal. Bibliography.—Nesbitt. 1949;Reddell. 1971b. Comment.—This species was taken from bat guano. It has also been reported from Grutas de Juxtlahuaca. Guerrero. *Caloglyphus paranomalus Nesbitt Records.—Nuevo Leon: Cueva del Carrizal. Bibliography.-Nesbitt, 1949;Reddell. 1971b. Comment.—This guanophile is also known from caves in Michoacan and Veracruz. Family GlycyphagidaeGlycyphagus domesticus DeGeer) (det. R. L. Smiley)Records.—Coahuila: Cueva del Pedregoso.Comment.—This widespread species was taken from bat guano. It has also been reportedfrom caves in Chiapas and Guerrero. CLASS CHILOPODA Order Lithobiomorpha Family Lithobiidae **Garcibius osorioiChamberlin Records.—Nuevo Leon: Grutas de Villa de Gar­cia. Bibliography.—Bonet, 1946;Chamberlin, 1942,1943a; Nicholas, 1962; Reddell, 1967a,1971b, 1981. Comment.—This pale, elongate centipede is un­questionably a troglobite. Its affinities, how­ever, are not known. Order Scolopendromorpha Family Scolopendridae *Newportia (Scolopendrides)pelaezi Chamberlin Records.—Nuevo Leon: Grutas del Palmito. Bibliography.—Bolivar y Pieltain. 1944; Bonet, 1946; Bucherl, 1959; Chamberlin, 1942,1943a; Nicholas, 1962; Reddell. 1971b,1981. Comment.—Although Nicholas (1962) listed this species as a troglobite, it does not appear to exhibit modifications for a cave existence. Other species of this genus are troglobites in caves in Tamaulipas and San Luis Potosi. Order Scutigeromorpha Family Scutigeridae *Scutigera carrizala Chamberlin Records.—Nuevo Leon: Cueva del Carrizal. Bibliography.—Chamberlin. 1942, 1943 a [Scu­ tigera carrizola (sic)]: Nicholas, 1962; Red- dell, 1971b, 1981. Comment.—Nicholas (1962) listed this species as a troglobite, hut it shows no adaptationsfor a troglohitic existence and is presumably a troglophile. CLASS DIPLOPODA Order Polydesmida Family Polydesmidae **Speodesmus n. sp. (det. N. B. Causey)Records.—Nuevo Leon: Grutas del Palmito. Comment.—A single specimen belonging to this genus was collected from beneath a rock in the entrance room. The genus Speodesmusis known by several described and unde­scribed species in the caves of Central Texas,but the genus is otherwise not known from Mexico. Family Rhachodesmidae Undetermined genus and species (det. N. B. Causey) Records.—Nuevo Leon: Cueva del Carrizal. Comment.—This milliped was collected near the entrance to the cave and may represent an undescribed genus and species. This is the northern limit of the family Rhachodesmi­dae, and it may be a relict species survivingin the moist cave environment. It does not, however, appear to have undergone troglo­bitic modifications. **Ceuthauxuspalmitonus Chamberlin Records.—Nuevo Leon: Grutas del Palmito. Bibliography.—Bolivar y Pieltain, 1944 [Ceu­ thauxius (sic) palmitonus ]; Bonet, 1946; Causey, 1973; Chamberlin, 1942, 1943b; Loomis, 1968 [Strongylodesmus palmito­nus]; Nicholas, 1962; Reddell, 1967 a [Ceu­thauxus palmitensis (sic)], 1971b [Strongy­lodesmuspalmitonus], 1981. Comment.—This large, white milliped is also a relict population restricted to the cave en­vironment by the surrounding desert. Nu­merous specimens have been collected from silt, rotten wood, and an oatmeal trail in the cave. Family SphaeriodesmidaeUndetermined genus and species (det. N. B. Causey)Records.—Nuevo Leon: Grutas del Palmito. Comment.—Sphaeriodesmid millipeds were col­lected from the entrance area; their ecologi­cal status is unknown. Family XystodesmidaeRhysodesmus sp. (det. N. B. Causey)Records.—Nuevo Leon: Cueva del Carrizal. Comment.—This is certainly an accidental. No species of xystodesmid is known to have successfully invaded the cave habitat. Order Spirostreptida Family Cambalidae **Cambala speobia (Chamberlin)Records.—Coahuila: Cueva de los Lagos.Bibliography.—Causey, 1965 [Cambala speobiasubspecies], 1968 [Cambala], 1971a; Loo­mis, 1968 [C, speobia new subspecies];Mitchell and Reddell, 1971 [C. speobiasubspecies]; Reddell. 1965b [C. speobia new subspecies], 1971b [C. speobia subsp.];1981; Shear, 1974; Shelley, 1979. Comment.—This species is widespread in the caves of Central Texas. This is the onlyMexican record for the species. CLASS INSECTA Order Thysanura Family LepismatidaeAllacrotelsa spinulata (Packard) (det. P. Wygod­zinsky)Records.—Chihuahua: Cueva del Salitre. Comment.—This widespread species was taken from cave swallow guano in the entrance area of the cave; it is doubtless an accidental. Ctenolepisma ciliata (Dufour)Records.—Chihuahua: Cueva del Diablo. Bibliography.—Wygodzinsky, 1972. Comment.—This silverfish was collected from the entrance sink. OrderDiplura Family Campodeidae**Paratachycampa bonetiWygodzinskyRecords.—Nuevo Leon: Grutas de Villa de Gar­cia. Bibliography.—Bonet, 1946a; Conde, 1955,1975; Delamare Deboutteville, 1971 [Para­tachycampa]; Nicholas, 1962; Pack, 1957 [Plusiocampa (Stygiocampa) boneti]; Red-dell, 1967a, 1971b, 1981; Vandel, 1964 [Paratachycampa], 1965 a [Paratachy­campa]; Wygodzinsky, 1944. Comment.—This distinctive troglobite isknown only from the above cave. **Podocampa cavernicola (Wygodzinsky)Records.—Nuevo Leon: Grutas de Villa de Gar­cia. Bibliography.—Bonet, 1946 [Parallocampa cav­ernicola]; Conde, 1955 [Parallocampa cav­ernicola]. 1975; Delamare Deboutteville,1971 [Parallocampa] ; Nicholas, 1962 [Paral­locampa cavernicola]; Pack, 1957 [Meio­campa (Remycampa) cavernicola ]; Reddell,1967a, [Parallocampa cavernicola], 1971b [Parallocampa cavernicola], 1981; Vandel,1964 [Parallocampa], 1965a [Parallo­campa]; Wygodzinsky, 1944 [Parallocampacavernicola].Comment.—This highly evolved troglobite is known only from the type-specimen. Order Collembola Family Entomobryidae**Oncopoduraprietoi Bonet Records.—Nuevo Leon: Grutas del Palmito. Bibliography.—Anonymous, 1942 [Onchopo­dura(sic)] ;Bolivar y Pieltain, 1944;Bonet,1943, 1946; Christiansen and Bellinger, 1980; Gueorgiev, 1974 [Oncopodura prie­tori (sic)]; Nicholas, 1962; Reddell, 1971b, 1981;Salmon, 1964. Comment.—This species is also known from caves in Tamaulipas and other parts of Nuevo Leon. *Pseudosinella violenta (Folsom) (det. K. Christian­sen) Records.—Chihuahua: Caves; Coahuila: Cueva de los Lagos; Durango: Cueva del Guano,Cueva de la Siguerita. Bibliography.—Christiansen, 1973; Reddell,1981. Comment.—This is the common troglophilecollembolan in the caves of Central Texas. Family Hypogastruridae * Acheron tiella (Acherontiella) sabina Bonet (det. K. Christiansen)Records.—Nuevo Leon: Grutas del Palmito. Comment.—This species is known also from caves in Oaxaca, San Luis Potosi, Tamauli­pas, andotherpartsofNuevoLeon. Family Isotomidae Cryptopygus sp. (det. K. Christiansen)Records.—Durango: Cueva de la Siguerita.Comment.—This genus is not otherwise rep­resented in Mexican caves. Family Neelidae Megalothorax minimus Willem Records.—Nuevo Leon: Grutas del Palmito. Bibliography.—Bonet, 1947;Reddell, 1971b. Comment.—This species has also been reported from caves in Yucatan; its ecological status is unknown. Family Sminthuridae **Pararrhopalites anops Bonet and Tellez Records.—Nuevo Leon: Grutas del Palmito. Bibliography.—Bonet and Tellez, 1947; Cassag­nau and Delamare Deboutteville, 1953;Nicholas, 1962; Reddell, 1967a, 1971b,1981;Salmon, 1964;Stach, 1956. Comment.—The genus Pararrhopalites is other­wise known only by an epigean species in Guerrero. Order Blattaria Family Polyphagidae+Arenivaga sp. (det. A.B. Gurney)Records.—Coahuila: Cueva de las Animas;Durango: Cueva de la Cucaracha, Cueva de los Riscos. Comment.—Nymphs of this genus were col­lected from dry dusty entrance areas in each of the above caves. Order Saltatoria Family Gryllidae*Paracophus sanctorum Hubbell (det. T. H. Hub-bell)Records.—Nuevo Leon: Cueva del Carrizal. Comment—This species is otherwise known from caves in Tamaulipas.*Paracophus subapterus ChopardRecords.—Coahuila: Cueva de las Animas; Nuevo Leon: Unnamed pit (Bustamante),Cueva del Carrizal, Grutas del Palmito. Bibliography.—Barrera, 1968; Chopard, 1947,1968;Hubbell, 1972;Leroy, 1967;Reddell,1967 a [Paracophus apterus (error for sub­apterus)], 1971b, 1973a[Paracophus(part)], 1981. Comment.—The genus Paracophus includes troglophile and troglobite species from the above caves south to Hidalgo. In most caves specimens were collected from beneath rocks. Family Rhaphidophoridae + Undescribed genus no. 1, new species (det. T. H. Hubbell)Records.—Nuevo Leon: Cueva de las Fisuras, Grutas del Palmito. Bibliography.—Reddell, 1967a, 1971b. Comment.—This unusual cricket is now under study by T. H. Hubbell. +Undescribed genus no. 2, new species (det. T. H. Hubbell)Records.—Durango: Cueva de los Riscos. Comment.—This new genus and species is known only from this cave and is repre­sented by only a few specimens.+Undescribed genus no. 3, new species (det. T. H. Hubbell)Records.—Coahuila: Cueva de los Grillos. Comment.—This species was abundant on the ceiling near the cave entrance. + ?Undescribed genus nr. Anargyrtes, new species(det. T. H. Hubbell)Records.—Durango: Lower Mine (Grutas de Mapimi); Grutas de Mapirni. Comment.—This possible new genus was col­lected from the ceiling and among break­down blocks. +?Undescribed genus nr. Pristoceuthophilus, new species (det. T. H. Hubbell)Records.—Coahuila: Sumidero deAlicantre. Comment.—A hind femur collected in this cave possibly belongs to an apparent new genus also known from southern Mexico. +Ceuthophilus sp. (det. T. H. Hubbell)Records.—Chihuahua: Cueva del Diablo, Soca­von del Pino, Socavon de Santo Tomas. Comment.—Juveniles of what is apparently the same species were collected in each of the above caves. +Ceuthophilus (Ceuthophilus) n. sp. (secretus group)(det. T. H. Hubbell)Records.—Chihuahua: ?Cueva del Diablo; Coa­huila: Cueva de los Lagos. Comment.—Material from Cueva del Diablo was too immature to verify its identity conclu­sively with material from Cueva de los Lagos. +Ceuthophilus (Ceuthophilus) n. sp. (spinosusgroup) (det. T. H. Hubbell)Records.—Nuevo Leon: Grutas del Palmito. Bibliography.— Reddell, 1967a, 1971b. Comment.—This species is seasonally abundant intheentranceroom ofthe cave. +Ceuthophilus (Ceuthophilus) n. sp. (?utahensis series) (det. T. H. Hubbell)Records .—Chihuahua: Cueva de los Muchachos. Comment.—This species was abundant in the entrance area of this cave. +Ceuthophilus (Ceuthophilus) sp. prob. conicaudus Hubbell (det. T. H. Hubbell)Records.—Chihuahua: Grutas de Coyame; Coa­huila: Bocas del Carmen; Durango: Cueva de los Riscos. Comment.—Only juveniles were collected in these caves, and their identity is uncertain. +Ceuthophilus (Ceuthophilus) variegatus Scudder (det. T. H. Hubbell)Records.—Chihuahua: Cueva del Diablo; Coa­huila: Cueva Hundido, Cueva de Empalme,Cueva de los Grillos, Cueva de la Herradura. Bibliography.—Hubbell, 1936, 1972; Reddell,1966a, 1971b; Rehn and Hebard, 1912 [Ceuthophilus mexicanus]\ Scudder, 1894 [C. mexicanus]. Comment.—This large cricket is frequentlyfound in small numbers in caves in Texas and northern Mexico. Cueva Hundido (mis­takenly identified with Cueva de la Cande­laria in Reddell, 1971b) is almost certainlythe type-locality identified as “cave with mummies” by Scudder (1894). +Ceuthophilus (Geotettix) cunicularis Hubbell (det. T. H. Hubbell)Records.—Coahuila: Cueva de los LagosComment.—This species is abundant in the caves ofCentral Texas. Order Psocoptera Family Psvllipsocidae*Psyllipsocus sp. (det. E. L. Mockford)Records.—A uevo Leon: Cueva del Carrizal. Comment.—Only nymphs were collected in the above cave: this is probably P. ramburii Selys-Longchamps.*Psyllipsocus ramburii Selys-Longchamps (det. E. L. Mockford) Records.—Chihuahua: Cueva del Diablo. Soca­von del Pino; Durango: Cueva del Guano,Cueva de los Riscos. Comment—This species is known from caves in many parts of the world. In Mexico it is known also from caves in Chiapas. Coahuila, Nuevo Leon. Puebla. San Luis Potosi. Vera­cruz, Tamaulipas. and Vucatan. In Cueva del Diablo it was abundant on small piecesofpaperthroughout thecave. Family Ptiloneuridae Undetermined genus and species (det. E. L. Mock- ford)Records.—Chihuahua: ?Socav6n de las Moscas. Comment—Nymphs tentatively assigned to the family Ptiloneuridae were collected near the cave entrance. Order Hemiptera Family LygaeidaeLigyrocoris litigiosus Stal (det. R. C. Froeschner)Records.—Chihuahua:Socavon deSanto Tomas. Comment.—This species was collected below the entrance drop; it is doubtless an acci­dental. Family PyrrhocoridaeLargus convivus Stal (det. R. C. Froeschner)Records.—Chihuahua: Sotano Suciedad de Santo Tomas. Connnent.—This species was collected below the entrance drop.Family Reduviidae Undetermined genus and species (det. R. C. Froeschner)Records.—Coahuila: Cueva de la Herradura;Durango: Cueva del Guano. Connnent.—Only nymphs of this family were taken in the above caves. Reduviinae genus and species (det. R. C. Froesch­ ner)Records.—A uevoLeon: Cueva deConstantin. Comment.—Nymphs of an unidentifiable genus of the subfamily Reduviinae were collected in this cave. Reduvius sp. (det. R. E. Ryckman and R. C. Froeschner)Records.—Durango: Cueva del Guano; Nuevo Leon: Cueva del Carrizal. Comment.—Specimens of this genus were taken from dry entrance areas in each cave. Order Coleoptera Family Alleculidae *Hymenorus sp. (det. T. J. Spilman)Records.—Coahuila: Cueva de los Lagos.Comment.—The genus Hymenorus is repre­sented in the caves of Texas by two appa­rently troglophilic species. Family Carabidae **MexaphaenopsprietoiBolivar y Pieltain Records.—Vuet'oLeon: Grutas del Palmito. Bibliography.—Barr. 1966 [Mexaphaenops ], 1967a. 1967b. 1968. 1971, 1981b: Barrera, 1968:Bolivar y Pieltain, 1942, 1944;Erwin et al.. 1977;Laneyrie, 1971;Reddell, 1967a,1971b, 1981; Thines and Tercafs, 1972 [Mexaphaenops] ; andel, 1964 [Mexaphae­ \ nops]. 1965 a [Mexaphaenops ]; V igna Tagli­ anti, 1972, 1977. Comment.—This is the most northern localityfor the genusMexaphaenops which is other­wise known from caves in San Luis Potosi,Queretaro, Tamaulipas, and other parts of Nuevo Leon. *Mexisphodrus boneti palmitensis Barr Records.—AueroLeon: GrutasdelPalmito. Bibliography.—Barr. 1981a; Reddell. 1966a [Lndescribed genus and species of familyCarabidae], 1967 a [Undescribed genus of carabid]. Connnent.—This subspecies is known only from the above cave. Other subspecies occur in Cueva de la Boca, caves on Cuesta de Cbi­pinque, and Cueva de Chorros de Agua, all in Nuevo Leon. *Platynuspelaezi (BolivaryPieltain andHendrichs)Records.—Nuevo Leon: Grutas de Villa de Gar­cia. Bibliography.—.Anonymous, 1942 [Rhadine(part)]; Barr. 1966 [Rhadine (part)], 1974 [Rhadine pelaezi ], 1981a; Barrera [R. pelae­zi]; Bolivar y Pieltain and Hendrichs, 1964 [R. pelaezi ]: Erwin et al.. 1977; Halffter. 1950 [Rhadine (part)]; Hendrichs and Boli­var y Pieltain. 1973 [R. pelaezi]: Reddell,1967 a [R. pelaezi ]; 1971b [R. pelaezi ],1981:W hitehead. 1973. Comment.—This species is known only from the above cave. *Rhadine araizai (Bolivar y Pieltain) Records.—Coahuila: Cueva de los Lagos; Nuevo Leon: Grutas del Palmito, Cueva del Precipi­cio. Bibliography.—Anonymous, 1942 [Comstock­ia]; Barr, 1960 [Spelaeorhadine araizai ],1966 [Rhadine (part)], 1968, 1974 [S. arai­zai], 1981a; Barr and Lawrence, 1960 [S,araizai];Barrera, 1968[Spaeleorhadine(sic)araizai]; Bolivar y Pieltain, 1942[Rhadine],1944 [S. araizai ]; Bolivar y Pieltain and Hendrichs, 1964; Erwin et al., 1977 [Platy­nus araizi (sic)]; Hendrichs and Bolivar yPieltain, 1973; Jeannel, 1949 [S. araizai ], 1965 [Spelaeorhadine]; Mitchell and Red-dell, 1971; Nicholas, 1962 [S. araizai ]; Reddell. 1965a, 1966a, 1967a, 1971b [R.araizai araizai ], 1981; Vandel, 1964 [S.araizai], 1965a[S. araizai]; Whitehead,1973 [P. araizai]. Comment.—The genus Rhadine ranges from Canada south into San Luis Potosi. This species has been collected from the wall of Grutas del Palmito in a small side pass­age near the entrance. *Rhadine bolivari Barr Records.—Coahuila: Cueva del Pedregoso.Bibliography.— Barr, 1981a. Comment.—A single specimen of this species was collected from the terminal room of the cave. *Rhadine perlevis CaseyRecords.—Chihuahua: Grutas de Coyame.Bibliography.—Barr, 1981a; Reddell, 1980 [Rhadine ]. Comment.—Several specimens of this species were collected as they crawled on moist flowstone and from under rocks in the ent­ rance room of the cave. This species is not otherwise known from Mexican caves; it ranges north into Arizona. *RhadinerotgeriBolivary Pieltainand Hendrichs Records.—Durango: Grutas de Mapimi.Bibliography.—Barr, 1981a; Reddell, 1980 [Rhadine ]. Comment.—This species, otherwise known only from Gruta de Cuevacillas, Coahuila, was taken from under rocks and on moist flowstone near the cave entrance. *Tachys (Tachys) proximus SayRecords.—Coahuila: Cueva de los Lagos.Bibliography.—Barr and Reddell, 1967; Red- dell, 1966a, 1971b, 1981. Comment.—This small troglophile is also known from several caves in Central Texas. Family Cleridae Undetermined genusand species (det. T. C. Barr)Records.—NuevoLeon: Grutas del Palmito. Comment.—This obvious accidental was taken near the cave entrance. Family Dermestidae *Dermestes carnivorus Fabricius (det. J. M. King-solver)Records.—Coahuila: Cueva de la Herradura,Cueva del Leon; Durango: Cueva del Guano. Comment.—This common species was taken from guano in each of the above caves. It is also known from many bat caves in the southwestern Flnited States and other partsof Mexico. Family Histeridae Undetermined genus, nr. Bacanius, undetermined species (det. R. Wenzel)Records.—NuevoLeon: Grutas delPalmito. Comment.—This species is probably a troglo­phile. Its exact determination must await further study. Family Leiodidae *Ptomaphagus (Adelops) cavernicola cavernicola Schwarz Records.—NuevoLeon: GrutasdelPalmito. Bibliography.—Peck, 1966, 1968, 1971, 1973a, 1973b, 1977; Reddell, 1967a, 1967b, 1971b,1981. Comment.—This species of dung beetle is ex­tremely abundant in this cave, particularlyin areas where human feces have accumu­lated. It ranges throughout a wide area of the United States, but this is the only record for Mexico. Family MelyridaeUndetermined genus and species (det. D. M. Anderson)Records.—Durango: Cueva de la Siguerita.Comment.—A larva of this family was collected from the above cave. It is presumably an accidental. Anthocomus sp. (det. J. M. Kingsolver)Records.—Durango:Cueva de laSiguerita.Comment.—This is presumably an accidental. Family Ptinidae *Niptus abstrusus Spilman (det. T. J. Spilman)Records.—Coahuila: Pedregoso Circle Cave,Pedregoso Pipe Cave, Cueva de San Vicente;Durango: Cueva del Guano. Bibliography .—Ashworth, 1973 [Niptus abstru­ses (sic)]; Mitchell and Reddell, 1971; Red-dell, 1973 a [N. abstrasus (sic)], 1977, 1981; Reddell and Kunath, 1972 [spider beetles]. Comment.—This species was described from Fern Cave, Val Verde County, Texas. It has also been reported as a fossil from a fossil wood rat midden in a cave in Maravillas Can­yon, Brewster County, Texas. In Cueva del Guauoitwas abundant in bat guano deposits.A second species of this genus, N. abscondi­tus Spilman, is considered to be a possibletroglobite in Grutas del Xoxafi, Hidalgo. Family StaphylinidaeUndetermined genus and species (det. L. H. Her­ man)Records.—Coahuila: Cueva de los Lagos.Comment—A larva belonging to this family was collected in the above cave. Aleocharinae genus and species (det. L. H. Herman)Records,—Durango: Cueva de los Riscos. Comment.—Specimens belonging to this sub­ family cannot presently be placed in a genusdue to the taxonomic difficulties of the group.*Belonuchus sp. nr. moquinus Casey (det. L. H. Her­ man)Records.—Nuevo Leon: Grutas del Palmito. Bibliography.— Reddell, 1967a, 1971b, 1981. Comment.—This or closely allied species is abundant in the caves ofTexas and Mexico. Neobisnius sp. nr. sobrinus Erichson (det. L. H. Herman)Records.—NuevoLeon: Cueva del Carrizal. Comment.—The ecological status of this species is unknown. Family Tenebrionidae +Alphitobius laevigatas (Fabricius) (det. T. J. Spil­man)Records,—Coahuila: Cueva de la Herradura. Comment.—This species was taken from bat guano. +Centrioptera infausta (LeConte) (det. T. J. Spilman)Records.—Coahuila: Cueva de las Animas,Cueva de los Grilles. Comment—This species was collected from the dusty floor of Cueva de los Grillos and from bat guano in Cueva de las Animas. +Cryptoglossa mexicana mexicana Champion (det. T. J. Spilman) Records.—Chihuahua: Cueva del Diablo; Coa­huila: Cueva de las Animas, Cueva de los Escarabajos, Cueva de los Grillos, Cueva de la Herradura, Cueva del Leon, Cueva de Yeso; Durango: Cueva del Guano, Cueva de la Siguerita;NuevoLeon: Cueva delCarrizal, Grutas de Villa de Garcia. Bibliography .—Reddell, 1970b, 1971b. Comment.—This common species is also known from caves in Central Texas. It is frequentlyfound on bat guano and in dry dusty ent­rance areas of caves. +Eleodes sp. (det. T. J. Spilman) Records.—Coahuila: Cueva de Empalme, Cueva de los Grilles, Pedregoso Circle Cave, Pedre­goso Hidden Cave, Cueva de San Vicente; Durango: CuevadelaSiguerita;NuevoLeon: Grutas del Palmito, Grutas de Villa de Gar­cia. Comment.—Although specimens from Cueva de San Vicente and Cueva de la Siguerita were taken from dry bat guano, this genus is usu­ally taken from the dry area near cave ent­ rances. +Eleodes hispilabris (Say) (det. T. J. Spilman)Records.—Coahuila: Cueva de los Lagos.Bibliography .—Reddell, 1966, 1971b. Comment.—This species is also known from caves in western Texas. Family TrogidaeOmorgus carinatus (Loomis) (det. 0.L. Cartwright)Records.—Durango: Cueva de la Siguerita.Comment.—This species was taken from the entrance slope. Order Diptera Family Cecidomyiidae Clinodiplosis araneosa Felt (det. R. J. Gagne)Records.—Durango: Cueva delos Riscos. Comment.—This fly was collected in the ent­ rance room. Its ecological status is un­known. Family RhagionidaeChrysopilus sp. (det. W. W. Wirth)Records.—Durango: Cueva del Guano, Cueva de la Siguerita. Comment.—3hese snipe flies were taken from bat guano. Their ecological status is un­certain, but they may be troglophiles. Family Sciaridae *Bradysia sp. (det. R. J. Gagne)Records.—Durango: Cueva de la Siguerita;Nuevo Leon: Grutas del Palmito. Comment.—Flies of this genus are common inhabitants of caves throughout Mexico. Family Streblidae Trichobius major CoquillettRecords.—Nuevo Leon: Cueva del Carrizal. Bibliography.—Hoffmann, 1944, 1953; Red-dell, 1971b. Comment.—The host for this species of bat parasite in Cueva del Carrizal is unknown. Family TipulidaeUndetermined genus and species (det.W. W. Wirth)Records.—NuevoLeon: Cueva de Constantin. Comment.—A larva belonging to this family was collected in this cave. Order Hymenoptera Family Formicidae Camponotus sp. (det. R. Snelling)Records.—Chihuahua: Socavon de las Moscas,Socavon del Pino. Comment.—Ants belonging to this genus were collected in the entrance areas of these two caves. Liometopum apiculatum Mayr (det. A. C. Cole)Records.—Chihuahua: Cueva delSalitre. Comment.—This species was collected from cave swallow guano in the above cave. Paratrechina melanderi(Wheeler) (det. A. C. Cole)Records.—Coahuila: Cueva de Empalrne.Comment.—This species was collected from the entrance area of the cave. Sysphincta sp. (det. A. C. Cole)Records.—Coahuila: Cueva de los Lagos.Comment.—Ants belonging to this genus were collected near the cave entrance. PHYLUM CHORDATA CLASS TELEOSTOMI Order Cypriniformes Family Characidae Astyanax mexicanus (Phillipi) (det. C. Hubbs)Records,— Nuevo Leon: Cueva del Carrizal. Comment.—An eyed population of this speciesinhabits the spring area of the mouth of this cave and for some distance back into the cave itself. The troglobitic characin A. jor­dani (Hubbs and Innes) is known from many caves in San Luis Potosi and Tamauli­pas. Family Ictaluridae **PrieteVaphreatophila Carranza Records.—Coahuila: Pozo El Potrero. Bibliography.—Alvarez del Villar, 1970;Benja­min, 1970; Bolivar y Pieltain and Carranza,1954 [Ameiuridae, ciego y depigmentado];Carranza, 1954; Cole and Minckley, 1966 fPriatella (sic) phreatophila]\ Contreras-Balderas, 1969; Hubbs, 1971; Husmann, 1967; Juberthie, 1974 |Prietella]] Longleyand Karnei, 1979a, 1979b; Moore and Nicholas, 1978; Nicholas, 1962; Reddell, 1971b, 1981; Reddell and Mitchell, 1971c; Smith, 1956; Sutlkus, 1961; Taylor, 1969; Thines, 1969; Thines and Durand, 1973; Thines and Tercafs, 1972; United States Office of Endangered Species and Inter­national Activities, 1974; Vandel, 1964 \Prietella phreaticola (sic)], 1965a. Comment.—This is one of only threee troglo­bitic catfishes described from North Amer­ica. The other two species are Satan eury­stomus Hubbs and Bailey and Trogloglanispattersoni Eigenrnanni, both known onlyfrom deep artesian wells near San Antonio,Bexar County, Texas. The caretaker at Pozo El Potrero reported that following heavyrains, water gushes out from the well bring­ing numerous blind fish with it. The well is frequently cleaned with algaecides, and fish may be found only sporadically in the well. This species has been placed on the United StatesListofEndangered Foreign Species. Order Perciformes Family Cichlidae Cichlasoma cyanoguttatum (Baird and Girard)(det. M. Tandy)Records.—Nuevo Leon: Cueva del Carrizal. Comment.—This cichlid was found near the entrance in the stream emerging from the cave. * CLASS AMPHIBIA Order Anura Family Leptodactylidae+Syrrhophus sp. (det. W. E. Duellman)Records.—Chihuahua: Grutas de Coyame; Du­rango: Grutas deMapimi. Comment.—Frogs of this genus were collected near the entrance to each of these caves. Their specific determination must await additional specimens or further study. +Syrrhophus cystignathoides (Cope) (det. J. D. Lynch)Records.—Nuevo Leon: Grutas del Palrnito. Comment.—This frog was collected in the ent­ rance room of the cave. It has also been found in caves in San Luis Potosi and Tamaulipas. +Syrrhophus longipes (Baird) (det. J. D. Lynch) Records.—Nuevo Leon: Grutas del Palmito. Comment.—This species was collected near the cave entrance. It has also been found in caves in Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, and Tamaulipas. CLASS REPTILIA Order Squamata Family Crotalidae Crotalus atrox Baird and Girard Comment.—No records of this species in the caves of northern Mexico are available. The species, however, is abundant in the caves of western Texas and doubtless occurs in caves in northern Mexico. Family IguanidaeSceloporus jarrovii jarrovii Cope (det. D. A. Ross-man)Records.—Chihuahua: Cueva del Salitre. Comment.—This lizard was taken from the wall of the cave in thevicinity of the entrance. CLASS AVES Order Passeriformes Family Hirundinidae +Petrochelidonfulvapallida Nelson Records.—Chihuahua: Cueva del Salitre. Comment.—Cave swallows inhabit the entrance room of this cave. CLASS MAMMALIA Order Chiroptera Family Molossidae +Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana (Saussure)Records.—Chihuahua: Caves of northern Chi­huahua: Coahuila: Cueva deAllende, ?Cueva de Don Jesus, Cueva de Laguna Seca, TCueva del Leon, Cave (El Chiflon), Cave (SanBuenaventura), Cave (Torreon); Durango:Cueva de la Espana, Cueva del Guano; Nuevo Leon: Cueva del Rincon de la Virgen.Bibliography.—Baker, 1956; Brand, 1937;Con­stantine, 1967;Glass, 1959;Malaga Alba and Villa R., 1957; Reddell, 1971b; Villa R.,1956b, 1967; Villa R. and Cockrum, 1962; Villa R. and Jimenez G., 1961. Comment.—The Mexican free-tailed bat is fre­quently present in caves in northern Mexico in vast numbers. The records listed above preceded by a question mark are reported byBaker (1956) to possess large deposits of guano believed to have been deposited bythis species. Family Mormoopidae+Mormoops megalophylla megalophylla Peters Records.—Chihuahua: Cave (Carimechi), S6­tano de Sauz; Coahuila: Cueva del Buen Abrigo, Cave (Hermanas), Cueva de la Herradura, Cave (Puerto de Santa Ana); Durango: Cueva de la la Espana, Cueva del Guano;NuevoLeon: Cueva delDiablo. Bibliography.—Anderson, 1972; Baker, 1956; Burt and Hooper, 1941; Davis and Carter,1962; Raines, 1968; Reddell, 1971b, 1977; Smith, 1972; Sprouse, 1977; Villa R., 1956a,1967;Villa R. and Jimenez G., 1961. Comment.—The old man bat is frequently pres­entincavesincomparatively largenumbers.A mass die-off of this species was reported by Villa R. (1956a) for the population in Cueva del Diablo. No live bats were observed in S6­tano deSauz, but many thousandsofdeadbats were present throughout the cave. All were mummifiedandmany werestillhangingfrom the cave walls. There was no indication of a natural disaster, although the air temperature inthebackofthecavewasrecordedas41 C. +Pteronotusparnellii mexicanus(Miller)Records.—Chihuahua: Cave (Carimechi).Bibliography.—Burt and Hooper, 1941; Hall and Kelson, 1959;Villa R., 1967[Pterono­tusrubiginosa mexicana]. Comment.—This species is among the more abundantcavemicole bats inMexico. Family Phyllostomatidae+Choeronycteris mexicana Tschudi Records.—Coahuila: Cueva de Don Jesus,Cueva de la Herradura, Cave (El Chiflon),Cave (San Buenaventura), Cave (San Pedro de las Colonias). Bibliography.—Axtell, 1962; Baker, 1956;Red­dell, 1971b. Comment.—This species is usually present in caves in only small numbers. +Leptonycteris sanborni Hoffmeister Records.—Chihuahua: Cavern (Carimechi).Bibliography.—Anderson, 1972. Comment.—Twenty-five specimens of this nec­ tarivous bat were collected in January.Family Vespertilionidae+Antrozous pallidus pallidus (LeConte) Records.—Chihuahua: Caves of northern Chi­huahua; Durango: Cueva de los Indies, Cave (Ciudad Lerdo). Bibliography. —Baker and Greer, 1962; Brand,1937; Hutchinson, 1950; Reddell, 1971b;Villa R., 1967. Comment.—This species is not a frequent cave inhabitantin Mexico. +Eptesicus fuscuspallidas YoungRecords.—Coahuila: Cave (San Buenaventura).Bibliography.—Baker, 1956; Reddell, 1971b. Comment.—Twenty-one individuals of this spe­ cies were collected from the above cave. +Myotis subulatus melanorhinus (Merriam)Records.—Chihuahua: Cave (Santa Elena). Bibliography.—Villa R., 1967. Comment.—This is the only record for this spe­ cies in Mexican caves. +Myotis thysanodes thysanodes Miller Records.—Chihuahua: Cave(FernCanyon).Bibliography.—Judd, 1967;Reddell, 1971b. Comment.— This species is a comparatively common inhabitant of caves in western Texas. It is usually present in small numbers. +Myotis velifer incautus J. A. Allen Records Coahuila: Cueva de Allende, Cueva de la Bandurria, Cueva de Don Jesus, Cave (Hacienda Las Pilas), Cave (San Buena­ventura); Nuevo Leon: Cueva del Carrizal,Cueva de las Fisuras. Bibliography.—Baker, 1956; Malaga Alba and Villa R., 1957; Mollhagen, 1977; Reddell,1971b; Villa R„ 1967. Comment.—The little brown bat is among the more common cave inhabitants of Texas and northern Mexico. It is usually presentin populations numbering in the hundreds but may also be found hanging in clusters of less than 100. +Plecotus mexicanus (G. M. Allen)Records.—Chihuahua: Cave (Maguarichic).Bibliography.—Handley, 1959;Knobloch, 1942; Reddell, 1971b. Comment.—This species is known from caves throughout much of Mexico. +Plecotus townsendii australis HandleyRecords. —Chihuahua: Cueva del Diablo; Coa­ huila: Cave (Hacienda Las Pilas), Cave (SanBuenaventura); Durango: Cueva de los Indi­es;NuevoLeon:Cuevade lasFisuras. Bibliography.—Anderson, 1972; Baker, 1956;Baker and Greer, 1962; Handley, 1959;Reddell, 1971b. Comment.—Townsends big-eared bat is usually found hanging in small groups. It is not as common a cave inhabitant in Mexico as in the UnitedStates. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am particularly grateful to Dr. Willis J. Gertsch,Dr. Theodore H. Hubbell, Dr. Robert W. Mitchell, and the late Dr. Nell B. Causey for their constant sup­port of the study of the cave fauna of Mexico. In addition Dr. Gertsch and Dr. Hubbell provided essen­tial financial assistance for much of the work in northern Mexico. 1 also thank Dr. William R. Elliott,Dr. Oscar Francke, Mr. A. Richard Smith, Ms. Jane Sullivan, and Mr. Fred Wagner for critically readingthe manuscript. The map was prepared by Mr. Hal Story of the Texas Memorial Museum. I thank the following for their assistance in the field or for donating collections for use in this study:Edward Alexander, William Bell, William Calvert, Paul Duncan, William Elliott, John Fish, Robert Hemperly, John Holsinger, David Honea, Orion Knox, Jr., Carl Kunath, Tommy McGerrigle, David McKenzie, Benny Martin, Russell Norton, John Porter, Terry Raines, Eric Remington, William Russell, Fred Sawin, Mark Shumate, A. Richard Smith, Richard M. Smith, Peter Sprouse, Mills Tandy,Cindy Tracy, Merydith Turner, Nancy Weaver, and Dan Witter. The following specialists provided identifications of material included in this report; D. M. Anderson,melyrid beetles; R. J. Baker, bats; T. C. Barr, Jr.,carabid and clerid beetles; T. E. Bowman, cirolanid isopods; 0. L. Cartwright, trogid beetles; N. B. Causey, millipeds; K. Christiansen, collembolans; A. C. Cole, ants; W. E. Duellman, frogs; R. C. Froeschner,hemipterans; R. J. Gagne, cecidomyid and sciarid flies; G. E. Gates, earthworms; W. J. Gertsch, scorpi­ons, amblypygids, spiders, and ricinuleids; C. J. and M. L. Goodnight, opilionids; A. B. Gurney, roaches; L. H. Herman, staphylinid beetles; J. R. Hoslinger,amphipods; T. H. Hubbell, crickets; C. Hubbs, fish; L. Hubricht, physid snails; J. E. Keirans, ticks; J. M. Kingsolver, dermestid and melyrid beetles; G. M. Kohls, ticks; J. D. Lynch, frogs; E. L. Mockford, pso­cids; W. B. Muchmore, pseudoscorpions; S. B. Peck,leiodid beetles; D. A. Rossman, lizards; R. E. Ryck­man, reduviid hemipterans; G. A. Schultz, oniscoid isopods; R. L. Smiley, trombiculid and glycyphagidmites; R. Snelling, ants; T. J. Spilman, alleculid, pti­nid, and tenebrionid beetles; R. W. Strandtmann,rhagidiid mites; M. Tandy, fish; F. G. Thompson,helminthoglyptid and urocoptid snails; R. Wenzel,histerid beetles; W. W. Wirth, rhagionid and tipulidflies; P. Wygodzinsky, thysanurans; and C. E. Yun­ker, smaridiid mites. LITERATURE CITED Anonymous. 1942. Exploraciones biospeologicas en Nuevo Leon(Mexico). 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Novitates, 2481. 26 pp. INDEX OF NEW TAXA CRUSTACEA ISOPODA Cirolanidae Speocirolana guerrai Contreras-Balderas and Purata-Velarde, n. sp 2 Speocirolanapubens Bowman, n. sp 13 Speocirolana endeca Bowman, n. sp 18 Stenasellidae Mexistenasellus colei Bowman, n. sp 25 Mexistenasellus nulemex Bowman, n. sp 31 Etlastenasellusconfinis Bowman, n. sp 31 DECAPODA Cambaridae Procambarus (Villalobosus) cuetzalanae Hobbs, n. sp 39 Procambarus (Scapulicambarus) xilitlae Hobbs and Grubbs, n. sp 45 ARACHNIDA SCORPIONES Chactidae Alacran Francke, n. gen 51 Alacran tartarus Francke, n. sp 53 Superstitionini Francke, new tribe 61 PSEUDOSCORPIONIDA Chthoniidae Aphrastochthonius patei Muchmore, n. sp 63 Vachoniidae Vachonium chukum Muchmore, n. sp 64 Vachonium robustum Muchmore, n. sp 66 Vachonium loltun Muchmore, n. sp 67 Paravachonium delanoi Muchmore, n. sp 68 Paravachonium insolitum Muchmore, n. sp 70 Ideoroncidae Typhloroncus troglobius Muchmore, n. sp 71 Typhloroncus diabolus Muchmore, n. sp 73 Typhloroncus attenuates Muchmore, n. sp 73 Albiorix mirabilis Muchmore, n. sp 75 Albiorix reddelli Muchmore, n. sp 77 ARANEAE Dipluridae Masteria pecki Gertsch, n. sp 80 Euagrus troglodyta Gertsch, n. sp 83 Ctenizidae Spelocteniza Gertsch, n. gen 84 Spelocteniza ashmolei Gertsch, n. sp 85 Theraphosidae Spelopelma Gertsch, n. gen 87 Spelopelma mitchelli Gertsch, n. sp 89 Spelopelmapuebla Gertsch, n. sp 91 Spelopelma grieta Gertsch, n. sp 93 Spelopelma nahuanum Gertsch, n. sp 93 Pholcidae Pholcophora mexcala Gertsch, n. sp 99 Pholcophora levii Gertsch, n. sp 99 Pholcophora haja Gertsch, n. sp 102 Pholcophora hesperia Gertsch, n. sp 102 Pholcophora jalisco Gertsch, n. sp 102 Pholcophora munda Gertsch, n. sp 104 Pholcophora bahama Gertsch, n. sp 104 Anopsicus modicus Gertsch, n. sp 112 Anopsicus alteriae Gertsch, n. sp 114 Anopsicus wileyae Gertsch, n. sp 114 Anopsicus reddelli Gertsch, n. sp 114 Anopsicus chiapa Gertsch, n. sp 114 Anopsicus potrero Gertsch, n. sp 117 Anopsicus covadonga Gertsch, n. sp 117 Anopsicus ocote Gertsch, n. sp 117 Anopsicus iviei Gertsch, n. sp 118 Anopsicus puebla Gertsch, n. sp 118 Anopsicus mckenziei Gertsch, n. sp 120 Anopsicus lucidus Gertsch, n. sp 120 Anopsicus niveus Gertsch, n. sp 120 Anopsicus vinnulus Gertsch, n. sp 120 Anopsicus soileauae Gertsch, n. sp 121 Anopsicus grubbsi Gertsch, n. sp 121 Anopsicus mirabilis Gertsch, n. sp 121 Anopsicus tehuanus Gertsch, n. sp 123 Anopsicus beatus Gertsch, n. sp 123 Anopsicus malkini Gertsch, n. sp 124 Anopsicus boneti Gertsch, n. sp 124 Anopsicus silvanus Gertsch, n. sp 126 Anopsicus ceibaGertsch, n. sp 129 Anopsicus joyoa Gertsch, n. sp 129 Anopsicus definitus Gertsch, n. sp 131 Anopsicus concinnus Gertsch, n. sp 131 Anopsicus facetus Gertsch, n. sp 131 Anopsicus turrialba Gertsch, n. sp 131 Anopsicus chiriqui Gertsch, n. sp 133 Anopsicus chickeringi Gertsch, n. sp 133 Anopsicus panama Gertsch, n. sp 133 Anopsicus quatoculus Gertsch, n. sp 134 Anopsicus nebulosus Gertsch, n. sp 137 Anopsicus jarmila Gertsch, n. sp 137 Anopsicus limpidus Gertsch, n. sp 137 Anopsicus clams Gertsch, n. sp 139 Anopsicus nortoni Gertsch, n. sp 139 Anopsicus zimmermani Gertsch, n. sp 139 Anopsicus pecki Gertsch, n. sp 141 Anopsicus lewisi Gertsch, n. sp 141 Anopsicus bryantae Gertsch, n. sp 141 Anopsicus silvai Gertsch, n. sp 143 Anopsicus cubanus Gertsch, n. sp 143 Anopsicus arima Gertsch, n. sp 143 DIPLOPODA GLOMERIDA Glomeridae Glomeroidespatei Shear, n. sp 147 Glomeroidesgrubbsi Shear, n. sp 147 CHORDEUMATIDA Cleidogonidae Cleidogona eulalia Shear, n. sp 149 Cleidogona treacyae Shear, n. sp 151 Cleidogona yerbabuena Shear, n. sp 151 Cleidogona chiapas Shear, n. sp 151 Cleidogona jamesoni Shear, n. sp 153 Trichopetalidae Mexiterpes calenturas Shear, n. sp 153 Mexiterpes nogal Shear, n. sp 153 POLYDESMIDA Fuhrmannodesmidae Sumidero Shear, n. gen 155 Sumidero sumidero Shear, n. sp 155 Sumidero sprousei Shear, n. sp 157 Tylogoneus oyamel Shear, n. sp 157 Caramba embecausius Shear, n. sp 157 Salvadoria beliza Shear, n. sp 159 Salvadoria mexicana Shear, n. sp 159 Sphaeriodesmidae 160Bonetesmus soileauae Shear, n. sp INSECTA COLEOPTERA Carabidae Mexisphodrus zoquitlan Barr, n. sp 167 Mexisphodrus cuetzalan Barr, n. sp 169 Mexisphodrus cancuc Barr, n. sp 170 Mexisphodrus gertschi ahuacatlan Barr, n. subsp 173 Mexisphodrus gertschi sprousei Barr, n. subsp 173 Mexisphodrus gertschi camposantus Barr, n. subsp 173 Mexisphodrus purgatus Barr, n. sp 173 Mexisphodrus spiritus Barr, n. sp 174 Mexisphodrus boneti nortoni Barr, n. subsp 177 Mexisphodrus boneti monterreyensis Barr, n. subsp 177 Mexisphodrus bonetipalmitensis Barr, n. subsp 177 Mexisphodrus valverdensis Barr, n. sp 177 Rhadine hendrichsi Barr, n. sp 180 Rhadine reddelli Barr, n. sp 180 Rhadine bolivari Barr, n. sp 184 Rhadine chipinque Barr, n. sp 185 Rhadine elliottiBarr, n. sp 186 Miquihuana Barr, n. gen 186 Miquihuana rhadiniformis Barr, n. sp 188 Paratrechus contrarius Barr, n. sp 203 Paratrechus tacana Barr, n. sp 205 Paratrechus putzeysi Barr, n. sp 207 Paratrechus cataractae Barr, n. sp 207 Paratrechus balli Barr, n. sp 208 Paratrechus totontepec Barr, n. sp 208 Paratrechus propior Barr, n. sp 209 Paratrechus laticeps Barr, n. sp 211 Paratrechus reddelli Barr, n. sp 213 Paratrechus oaxaquensis Barr, n. sp 213 Paratrechus jeanneli Barr, n. sp 214 Paratrechus chiriquensis Barr, n. sp 215 Paratrechus franiai Barr, n. sp 219 Paratrechus erwini Barr, n. sp 219 Paratrechus pecki Barr, n. sp 220 Mexaphaenops mackenziei mackenziei Barr, n. sp. and n. subsp 223 Mexaphaenops mackenziei gracilis Barr, n. subsp 225 Mexaphaenops mackenziei dulcinominis Barr, n. subsp 225 Mexaphaenops febriculosus Barr, n. sp 225 Mexaphaenops jamesoni Barr, n. sp 227 Mexaphaenops sulcifrons Barr, n. sp 229 Mexitrechus mogotensis Barr, n. sp 233