BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS NO. 311 ISSUED SIX TIMES A MONTH I • EXTENSION SERIES NO. 41 JANUARY.22', 1914 Physical Training and Athletics Care of the Body, Playground Games and Equipment, Athletic Contests, Organization of Meets, Leagues, etc. BY A. J. ROBINSON, Director of Interscholastic Athletics PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AUSTIN, TEXAS Entered as second class mail matter at the postoffice at Austin, Texas 351-1113-3m-4409 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS NO. 311 ISSUED SIX TIMES A MONTH EXTENSION SERIES NO. 41 JANUARY 22, 1914 Physical Training and Athletics Care of the Body, Playground Games and Equipment, Athletic Contests, Organization of Meets, Leagues, etc. SY A. J. ROBINSON, Director of Interscholastic Athletics PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AUSTIN, TEXAS Entered as second class mail matter at the postoffice at Austin. Texas CONTENTS Page. Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 To the Teacher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Organizing for Interscholastic Contests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 How Teachers ·lan Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Training for a Track "Team . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Care of the Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Running . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Jumping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Pole Vault . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 The Shot Put. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 The Hammer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 The Discus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 'fhe Baseball Throw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 The Three-Legged Race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Potato Race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Single Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Shuttle Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Potato Shuttle Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 All-up Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Pass Ball Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 'rug-of-War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Chinning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 'rhe 'l'raining of Young Athletes, by F. W. ("Tex") Ramsdell. 24 Competitive Games . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Volley Ball . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 End Ball . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Captain Ball . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Basket Ball . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Boundary Ball . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Corner Ball . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Pass and Goal Ball................................ 36 Football . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Baseball . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Tennis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Athletics for Girls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Contents Page. Group-Average Contests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Boys' Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Girls' Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Athletic Badge Test for Boys ........................... . 47 Athletic Badge Test for Girls .............. .. ........... . 48 A Few Athletic Terms Defined .......................... . 49 Laying Off An Athletic Field .......................... . 50 Equipment for Athletic Meets ...... .................... . 52 Conduct of An Athletic Meet .......... ................ . 54 For a County League .............................. . 54 Model Constitution for a School Athleti<.:' Association...... . 58 Playground Equipment ............................... . 61 6" 'J References .... . ............ ... .................... . .. . PREFACE This Bulletin is primarily for assisting members of the Uni­versity Interscholastic League in the organization and conduct of athletic contests, in training for the same, and in matters of phys­ical education and playground activities generally. The Consti­tution of the League provides for county and district contests and a final meet in athletics, as well as contests in debate and decla­mation. Many teachers, especially in rural schools, have had no training in organized play and athletics, and consequently hesi­tate to enter their schools in the contests. This Bulletin is de­.signed to aid such teachers, as well as the pupils. The detailed rules governing regular track athletics are given in the Bulletin containing the Constitution of the League, hence they are not repeated here. The annual membership fee for each school in the League is $1.00. This fee should be sent to E. D. Shurter, Chairman, or to· A. J. Robinson, Treasurer, University Station, Austin, Texas. Payment of the fee entitles a school to enter both the public speaking and the athletic contests, and to receive loan libraries and the special bulletins prepared for the assistance of schools in training for the contests. Besides this Bulletin, each member of the League will receive free four copies of Bulletin 291 on Compulsory Education and also one or more copies of Bulletin 292, on Literary Societies, Debating, etc. A copy of Bulletin 274, containing the Consti­tution of the League, will be sent on request to any person in the State. IMPORTANCE OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION To the Teacher: You are acquainted, doubtless, with the present-day crusade in behalf of physfo·al education. It is not a fad, but a serious-minded etl'ort on the part of educators and leaders the country over to stave off what ex-President Chas. W. Eliot of Harvard University says is the gravest danger whit:h threatens us as a nation-the dissipation of our physical energies. Educators are agreed that the nation of the future will be the one which takes the most in­ telligent care of the body. The more complex our civilization be­ comes, the greater the nervous strain under which people have to live; hence the more urgent it is that we do something to make the nervous organism more capable of enduring the strain. Physi­ cians are stressing the point that the best way to check tubercu­ losis, typhoid, and similar diseases, is to build up the lungs, heart, and genel'al vitality while young. Any scheme of educa­ tion, therefore, or any school, which negleds the bodies of its pupils, fails in the most important matter of all. The aim of education, nowadays, is to make men and women efficient; to make them capable of doing useful work well and to take pleasure in so doing. 'fhey will :find this impossible, in the long r\ut, however·well trained they may be in other respects, unless they are efficient physically. This aside from the equally vital consid­ eration that the physical capital o.f the e:hildren of today must be conserved if the children of the next generation, or the next, are · not to be physically bankrupt. Physical education has many phases, but most of them are sub­ served by intelligent use of play and athletics. In fad, these are the two chief directions which the growing movement for more careful physical training has taken . .A.THLETrcs .A.ND EDUCATION Of course, there are many abuses, or h.ave been, connected with athletics; but that is all the more reason why teachers should unite in efforts to direct and control athletics, to the end that these abuses may be reduced to a minimum. Rightly conducted, the various events can be made wnducive to health in many ways. Not only does the athlete profit by the exercise he gets and by the power of endurance which he develops while in training, but he profits also by the habits of cleanliness, of regular sleep, and of care in eating and drinking, which he finds he must cultivate in order to win in the various events. One caution I wish to make right here, and that is, that you do not over-emphasize the im­ Bulletin of the University of Texas portance of winning. Seek rather to get the boys to take part in the contests for the fun there is in them; and seek also to e:riliSt all the pupils in your school in some form of outdoor athletics. To this end, make use of the contests described in this Bulletin for the highest class-average standing, the all-round athletic badge contests, and miscellaneous games and playground activi­ties. Correspondence is invited upon any phase of playground activities, or playground direction and equipment. When possi'­ble, the University director of interscholastic athletics will on re­quest visit a school and help to get things started. Books from the Loan Library on Physical Training may be had on request by members of the Lea,,,aue. NECESSITY FOR DIRECTED PLAY This matter of play for all the children of a school has other important aspects besides that of physical education. It has been said that if a child is not given the opportunity to play, it cannot grow up into a man or woman at all. Certain it is that if the child does not get to play under desirable <:0nditions the chances are it will find a place in undesirable environment-in the back alley, the back yard of a pool hall, or somewhere or other with harmful rathe:r than help:tul results. Especially in the rural com­nfmiities is this important, for out!'.'ide of their school life the children there do not get much chance to be together in play. Boys on the farm do not need as much attention to their physical training as city boys need; but they need, more than do city boys, the stimulus of games to arouse their ambition and to reveal to them their powers. They need also, very much, the lessons of team work, of leadership, and other sol:ial virtues, which other­wise they have so little opportunity to develop. ORGANIZING FOR INTERSCHOLASTIC CONTESTS If, in addition to the inter-class games and individual contests among the pupils, you have also interscholastic contests, whether it is baseball, track athletics, or any other sport, the first thing to do is to organize by drawing up a set of rules to govern, a.nd have these rules made known not only to the pupils but to the parents and to the school with whom you intend to have athletic relations. Some things to bear in mind are: (a) Draw up strict eligibility rules, requiring a minimum attendance and scholarship record of all boys on the team. (b) Decide in advance as to the number of games, together with dates where possible. As a rule, it is not best to play many games during a season. ( c) Have a card for each pupil, something like the following: Physical Training and Athletics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Publi<: S·chool Registration Card for Athletics and Games. Name ......................... ..... ..... .................. . Birth.......... (Day) . .. ..... (Month) . . . . . ... (Year) ...... . My son or daughter (mark out one) has my permission to take part in the following athletic ev€nts, under the supervision of the school: (Write yes or no after each.) Running.... .... .Jumping ... .........Putting Shot......... . 'Baseball....................Hammer, etc ................... . Football............Basket Ball ............Tennis.......... . End Ball ......... . Captain Ball ... .......Goal Ball ......... . (Signed) ........................... . (Parent or Guardian.) (Reverse side of card.) Number................ .. ....Date ........................ . Name......................................Sex.......... . Grade . ...................... Scholarship standing .... ...... . Events prohibited ................ . ....................... . Competed .. .... ; ......................................... . Age..........Weight .... ........Height................... . Any physical defects tending to make participation in athletics harmful ....................... . ......................... . Permission to enter given by Principal .................... ... . ( e) Appoint capable students as your assistants to look after various ends of the management, but hold them strictly responsi­ble, and have each to make out a written report at the end of the season. One student may be your clerk, one the ground­keeper, one the press agent, one the enterfainment manager to help you look after certain supplementary features connected with a <:ontest, especially the entertainment of visiting teams. This last feature should never be neglected. (f) Have a definite plan as to time and place of practising, and see to it that practite is regular, that it is not too long, a:s.d that it does not interfere with the other school work. Emphasize the importance of this point, and after insisting on the business­like conduct of practice, give credit to pupils who do this work satisfactorily, just as you would give credit for any other school work. If it is worth the teacher's time and that of the pupils to practice regularly ana systematically for athletic events, then pupils deserve credit for it just as much as for satisfactory work in arithmetic or geography. Bulletin of the University of Texas HOW TEACHERS QAN IIELP How can teachers help jn developillg play and athletics along right lines? They can help, first, by giving some attention to the study of the subject, by reading one or two good books, such as Sargent's Physical Education, until they have an adequate con­ception of the various problems jnvolved. They can help, secondly, by learning a number of games and teaching them to the children; by trying to become, to the best of their ability, the real play-leader of all the children. They can also learn, very easily, a few elementary points on track ath­letics or other competitive contests, and encourage the contestants to train properly. They can help, thirdly, by enlisting the active assistance of some individual in the C;ommunity who has had experience in athletics, and especially by enlisting the co-operation of parents. Wdth full understanding of each other's aims and viewpoints, parent., and teachers may do away with most of the evils attend­ing athletic contests. They can help, finally, by insisting upon gentlemanly conduct on the part of players, and helping the players to take a proper view of honor ill· athletics. They can get in touch with other teachers, and co-operate .with them ill promoting friendly rela­tions between contesting teams. They can thus do much to tea"h their pupils to take defeat -manfull}, to play the game fairly, and to treat officials with proper respect. There seems to be a general looseness among the schools, in this particular, and it is a point which needs very great attention. If our athletic contests pro­mote hostility rather than friendliness between the contesting teams, it is perhaps better not to have them. There is no good reason, however, why this should be the case. With united effort on the part of teachers, where the spirit of true sportsmanship prevails among them, it will not be the case. But it is impossible to cultivate true sportsmanship among the pupils, if teachers them­selves do not possess it. Every effort should be made to treat visiting teams as real guests, and to make the conditions of the contests just as favorable for them as for the home team. On the other hand, a visiting team should be en1;ouraged to accept what they get without complaint, and not to be too ready to suspect officials or others of unfairness. It is only by co-operation among teachers and other officials along these lines that many of the worst evils now attending interscholastic contests will ever be destroyed. TRAINING FOR A TRACK TEAM DANGER OF OVER-EXERTION AND EARLY SPECIALIZING In the first place, boys under fourteen or fifteen should not enter for long runs or weight events. If they do, the strain and over-exertion are likely to cause permanent injury. Specializing too early is baund to have a bad effect on the body. The body is no stronger than its weakest pal't, and if blood and nutriment which should belong to one part of the body is repeatedly taken by another part on which a special strain is laid, that part which .was robbed of its share is bound to become weakened in the long run, and Urns produce disease or disability. ETen the older class of high school boys. sometimes over-train or over-exert themselves in these severe tests. The great athle1e whose advice on training is given elsewhere in this Bulletin never did any special training until he was grown. But he laid the foundation for later per­formances by building up a strong body. If, while a boy, he had taken up one vicious habit, such as smoking two or three cigarettes daily, he would never have become a famous sprinter and football star. CARE OF THE BODY The caxe of the body is the all-important thing. To win con­tests, the body must be kept in condition. That means attention to the following essentials of health : (a) Food and Drink.-In matters of food, every one must be his own physician, to a certain extent. What is good for one may not be good for another. You should find out what agrees with you and what does not, and eat accordingly. Do not be afraid to eat plenty of good food, although you may fi~d that a little dieting will do you good, especially before a contest. If you are troubled with indigestion, dieting will aid nature, but dieting will not remove fat, as some people suppose. It takes exercise to do that. To promote good digestion, avoid an undue amount of pastry and sweets. Avoid also an excessive meat diet. Be agreeable at the table. Avoid any unpleasantness anywhere, but especially at the table. Do not eat when tired, and avoid any hard work, either mental or physical, directly after eating. Do ru:>t eat hastily, nor at all times of the day or night. Be regular, and take your time. If you are troubled with biliousness, it is probably due to over­eating, or the consumption of animal fats that are difficult to digest. A good remedy is to change your diet, and not eat so much. Leam from the text-book on physiology and hygiene the various food values of different articles of diet, such as brain food, Bulletin of the Unwersity of Texas heat-producing food, and muscle-producing food, and then try to suit your diet to include the better classes of each kind of foo~ including more of the kind which you seem to stand most in need of. As to drinking, it is unnecessary to say anything about intoxi­cants, when every child knows their injurious effects. Generally speaking, coffee and tea would better be left alone, if one wishes to make a strong, healthy, long-lived man or woman~ But some people do not seem to have any trouble from these stimulants, when taken moderately. It is safe to say, however, that for a growing boy or girl coffee and tea will do no good and will be likely to do much harm, espe0ially if one engages in athletic con­tests where strong hearts and steady nerves are required. Most of the drinks sold at soda fountains are not injuriom1 in them­selve!:!, but they are very injurious when taken to. excess, as is too often the case. A glass of water before breakfast will oe found a fine thing for the digestion. As to drinking cold water, milk, etc., opinions differ, but the majority are against drinks that are more than moderately cold. A cold drink may not harm a · stom~ch of strong vitality but may do much harm to one of low vitality. Contestants often drink too much cold water during a contest. 'I'his is very bad, not only for its permanent effect, but it renders the contestant incapable of putting forth his best effort at the time. A word should be said about tobaccol especially cigarettes. You have read in the text-book and you have ·qeard people preach to you about the harm of cigarettes, but did it ever come home to you? You are now thin king of trying for the track team. You know, and everybody knows, that cigarettes weaken the heart. You know, also, that to win where there is much competition, you must have a strong heart. What will you do? Continue to use cigarettes, or be sensible, self-respecting and manly, and "cut them out"? It is up to you. (b) Exercise, and Rest.-Most boys in our State outside of the larger e:ities, get enough exercise in a general way. But quan­tity alone will never accomplish the best results. Suppose you have a hard day's physical labor before you. You have had such tasks before, and you were tired, worn-out, when you were through. Now try it this way: Start in a little slowly, in a playful spirit. 'l'hen ginger up, and work with n will, harder and harder, but still in a playful spirit. After some time at this rate, stop. Thro'1(" yourself on the ground, with something over you if bandy, and relax for five minutes. Then go at it again, harder than ever, :for an hour, then rest again. Just before dinner, go through a five-minutes' exercise of swinging the arms, bending over, and other gymnastics, and repeat this just before going to work after dinner. At the end o:f the day, sprint for a hundred yards. You Physi,ca) Training and .Athletics wm :find that you have done more work, and are feeling better, than when you pegged ·away without interruption all day long at an ordinary clip. This applies to athletic exercise also. Take it easy at first. Then put life into your efforts, and will. Then stop, and rest, or do something different. Put the play spirit into your work and the wor.li spirit into your play. Exercise with a will. Stop short of fatigue. Vary exercise frequently, and see that each part of the body gets its share. . ( c) Bathing.-Always follow vigorous exercise with a sponge bath, in cold. water if you are of high vitality and in lukewarm water if your vitality is low. Another time for a cold bath is immediately on rising in the morning. Always follow a cold bath with a brisk rub down, especially i.1 you are going out in the open air. Do not take a hot bath too often, but a good hot bath once a week, taken just before retiring, is necessary to cleanse the skin thoroughly. ( d) Olothing.-Dress, as far as you ca11, a(;cording to the weather and what you are doing. While practising or competing in athletics, always put on a sweater or coat the moment you cease perspiring. This will keep your muscles from getting chilled and keep them in good condition. Sore arms and legs are caused many times from failure to observe this simple rule. Especially in the winter months, take care not to get unduly exposed to cold winds after a work-out. RUNNING A sprint is a race at full speed from start to finish. All races up to the quarter, and in most cases it too, are now run as sprints. In sprinting,. we must pay 11ttention to (a) the start, (b) getting into the strid~, ( c) a(;quiring staying power. THE ST.A.RT IN SPRINTING When a sprint race is called, dig two holes for your feet, one about six inches back of the starting line, the other about eighteen inches back> and a little to one side. 'l'he latter hole should be deeper-, and steep so as to give a good brace for the ball of the foot. At the command of the starter, " On your marks," place your feet in the holes, with your fingers on the line. One knee should be about opposite the instep of the other foot. At the command, "Get set," place yourself in a springing position, with hips raised, arms straight, head up and body lEtaning forward. Distribute your weight evenly on both feet, with a little-on the :fingers. Weight should be on balls of feet. Take a deep breath. Con­ centrate all your attention on your spring. At the crack of the pistol, spring forward with all the force on both feet. Do not Bulletin of the University of TeX(M straighten up at once, but do so gradually, within three or four paces. Get into your stride as quitkly as possible,. always looking straight ahead. Take only one or two breaths in a short print. One breath should cany you from thirty to fifty yards. Do not let up at the tape, but dash into it, hands up, at top speed as if you had ten yards more to go. Incline your body slightly forward, but not too much. Keep your head up, chin somewhat forward. Do not raise heels too high, but the instant feet are up, bring them forward, legs always in a straight line. Raise your knees well. in front, but not too soon, as this will shorten your stride. Point your toes straight ahead, and hit the ground hard at each bound. Do not force your stride longer than it is naturally. If you keep good form, it will lengthen itself. In the 220 yards dash, you may hold back just a little for the :final effort, if you don't get too far behind. Never run a race without dancing around and warming up. Take several deep breaths just before going to your marks. In practice, never run the full distance at top speed at :first. The following is a good plan to follow in practice for the shorter dashes: Jfonday.-.-Practise the start :five times. Do not run 11t full speed more than 20 yards. Take a short rest after each start. Take an easy jog for 50 or 60 yard;;, and finish the 100 yards fast. Tuesday.-'l'ake 300 or 400 yards at an easy jog. Wednesday.-Practise tb.e start three times. Rest, then run 50 yards full speed. Rest, and run 60 yards full speed. Thursday.-Practise starting six or eight times. Take 300 yards at an .easy jog. Friday.-Go 80 yards at full speed. Rest, then go 50 yards at speed. Jog 100 yards. Saturda,y.-Practise the start twice. Run 100 yards at speed. Rest, then jog 200 yards. For the quarter mile run, use the crouching start as iii the shorter sprints. In the half-mile and mile runs, start from an upright position.· Points. in the rules for runners to remember are: (a) As soon as you go to the track, get a program, and get your number and pin it on you. (b) At starting, if any part of your body touches the ground in front of the line before the signal is given, it is a foul and the offender is punished by being set back a yard or more for each offense. ( c) The :finis'1 of a race is the whitewash line on the ground, and not the tape stretched abo>e it. A race is not :finished till the Physical Trainmg and Athletics runner reaches this line. To avoid striking the tape with your hands or arms, throw them up as you finish. ( d) In races on a straight track, each runner has his own lane, and he must not cross into another:s lane or interfere with him in any way. To do so is a foul. ( e) In races on a circular track, you must not cross in front of another runner till you are at least two strides ahead of him. '110 do so is a foul. You must not run into or otherw.ise interfere with another runner. RELAY RACES 'l'he relay races ordinarily run by select teams of school boys are the mile and the half-mile relays, with four boys on each team, each boy in the mile relay running a quarter mile and each boy in the half-mile relay running 220 yards. But a relay race may he run with any number of boys competing provided the same number is on each team, and the distance for each runner may vary from 30 yards to a quarter mile. Suppose it is a half-mile relay, with four on each team, and suppose there a.re four teams. The teams draw for places. The other runners of a team must keep the same positions at the start that the :first runner had. The first runner on each team carries a stick or :flag, which he must hand to the set:ond runner at his finish line. The second runner must wait at the finish of the first 220 yards to receive the stick; he cannot run back to meet the first runner. He in turn must hand it to the third runner at the finish of the ne1t 220 yards, and so on. 'l'he team whose last runner first reaches the finish line with the stick is the winner. This race can be easily run with a very large number of boys on each team, and it is always very interesting to the spec­tators. If there is to be a handicap for any team, the whole dis­tance allowed is allowed at the start of the race. HURDLE UACES 'fhe hurdle race commonly run by S(;hool boys is the 120 yards low hurdles. The hurdles, ten in number, are 30 inches high, and are placed 10 yards apart, the first and last ones being 15 yards from the start and the finish, respectively. Hurdle racing requires a great de.al of speed as well as jumping ability and endurance. It is one of the most trying of all athletic events, and for that reason should not be run except by robust boys. The easiest, but not the fastest way to clear the hurdle is to swing the left foot inward nearly parallel with the hurdle. I:f your legs. are long enough, quicker time can be made by keeping the leg straight. Practise with one hurdle until you can clear it in proper form without slacking your speed. Face the hurdle squarely, and take it at top speed. As you go over, throw your Bulletin of the University of Texas. weight forward, pointing the front leg out and down, and keep your foot pointed straight ahead as you alight. Learn to hit your stride instantly on reae:hing ground, making the first step short. Keep your body well balanced over the leg as you descend. When you have learned one hurdle well, and not before, try two, then three, then all of them. The right form is of the greatest im­portance, and unless you are willing to take the patienc~ to prac­tice faithfully, you will never be a good hurdler. Remember the three main points: (1) to take each hurdle at top speed, and facing it, ( 2) to throw the body forward and point the front leg romewhat out in front as you go over, and ( 3) to hit the ground with the weight well on the first foot so that the second foot can instantly take a short step and you can hit your full speed at once. A hurdler needs an especially strong body, besides speed. The muscles of the neck, abdomen, and hips and legs should be strong, and also the ar:rps. These may be strengthened by speeial gym­nastic exercise!:'. The hurdler must remember, ( 1) not to knotk the hurdles over, (2) not to step on top of them. RUNNING HIGH JUMP In this event it is very important to practise the run until you know just the right_ distance to get the take-off. You must not rise too near the bar, for that will throw you into it, and if you rise too far back you will not go over it at your greatest height. fl.peed is not necessary, nor is a long run. It is best to approach the bar straight in front and to inake the last step short and quick, as in the running broad jump. As you rise, say on the left foot, throw the r~ght leg up in front parallel with the bar znd close to the body, swinging the arms up and out. As you go over the bar, the body should be in a aorizontal position, the left leg being brought up and over the bar with a twist of the body and an upward swing of the left arm. STANDING HIGH JUMP The feet mm:t not leave the ground but once in an attempt. If so, it counts as a trial without result. Throw the body up side­wise to the bar, and throw-the right leg over the bar first. Then as the body goes over, swing the left leg up and over. As in the running high jump, do not keep the body in an upright position, for that would require strength to be used that would otherwise help in lifting the rest of the body over the bar. As the body goes over, it should be in a horizontal position. Physical Training and Athletics RUNNING BROAD JUMP 'fhere should be a take-off boa!'d, 2 inches by 4 inches by 2 feet, flush with the ground, and the earth should be dug out 3 inches deep for 2 sqna:re feet in front. The jump is measured from the take-off, and not from where the jumper rose. Hence you must practise until you rise easily from the take-off. If you step over it, it is a trial without result, and if you rise back of it, you lose that much distance. The jump is measured to the nearest mark made by any part of the jumper's body. This re­quires you to keep your balance and not fall or jump backward, on alighting. Do not run too far; about fifteen paces is far enough. Practise till you have the strides down so that you will rise at the take-off. To get momentum, speed is very important, and should be great­est about nine or ten paces from the take-off. Just before reach­ing the take-off, you should slacken your speed so as to throw your effort into your spring. The last step should not be long, but should be short and quick. 'l'hrow the body up and forward, 1'winging the arms up and forward also. Bring the knees well up, and do not let the feet down too soon, but throw them for­ward. The momentum of the body will carry it on so that you will not fall back. STANDING BROAD JUMP The same rules as to take-off board, measuring, etc., apply in this jump as in the running broad jump. The feet must not leave the ground but orn.:e in an attempt. One common fault with untrained jumpers is not to get the body high enough in the air. You shouM give a strong spring upward as well as forward, and bring the knees well up in front, throwing the feet forward as you land. HOP, STEP, AND JUMP The same rules as to take-off board, measuring, etc., apply in this event as in the broad jumps. The jumper must spring from one foot, for otherwise it. is not a hop. He must first hop, then step, then jump, and there must be no stop between any two of these. THE POLE VAULT 'l'he pole should be 14 or 16 feet long, and the best material is spruce. A better grip is had if you wind the pole with electric tape. Grasp the pole, thumb up. You can tell by practise the best place for each hand. One should be a little below the cross bar and the other about twice as far above it. If you rise from the left foot, e:arry the pole on the right side of the body, and swing the body to the right of the pole as you rise, keeping close Bulletin of the University of Texas to it. Begin the run about thirty paces from the bar, and be at top speed about fifteen paces away. The last step should be short so you can throw momentum into the spring. Practise the run until you can place the point of the pole in the hole in front of the take-off accurately without having to give it attention. Just as the pole is settled, leap forward ~md up with all your strength, throwing the legs upward and giving a strong pull with the arms, at the same time making a half turn with the body so that it faces the bar. As you leap into the air with legs uppermost, slip the lower hand up to the other one. It must not be placed above the other one, nor can you raise the upper hand. As your feet and body dear the bar, throw your legs downward, at the same time giving the pole a push as you let it go, throwing the arms up. '.l.'his brings them clear of the bar. PUTTING THE SHOT While weight and strength are very important in this event, yet a great deal depends on form. In getting form, learn :first the "reverse," then the glide, and :finally practise making the con­nection between the glide and the "reverse." In practising the "reverse," stand with left side to the front. Hold the shot in the palm of the hand, grasping it with the fingers and letting it rest_ a little on the base of fingers. Keep arm close to the body, holding shot well up by the shoulder. The other arm should be stretched out and up, and the body bent back and down. But do not stoop too low in making the put. Now quickly reverse this position, pushing the right arm out and up, taking one step forward with right leg, and drawing left arm and leg back. Get all the fone and speed possible in this move­ment. Be sure to keep the shot up and arm close to shoulder. Bring the body around before shooting the arm out. The glide is made by taking two steps forward from rear of circle, keeping left leg in :front. After learning the reverse and glide, it is very important to make the reverse a:fter the glide without any stop whatever. The glide is to put momentum into the reverse, and if any hesitation occurs whatever, this momentum is lost. THROWING THE HAMMER Face opposite to the direction of the throw, reaching around with hammer as far as you can. Swing it around the head t~ree t~mes, then make the first turn of the body, covering very little distance. The next turn and the next are made at increas­ing speed. At the end of the third turn you should be against the stop board of the circle. Keep the body ahead of the hammer, and stand on the toes when throwing. You will have to practise Physical Training and Athletics ca.refully to control the direction of the throw and to stay in the circJe. THE DISCUS 'l'he throw of the discus iil made in somewhat similar manner to that of the hammer, but weight and strength are not so im­portant as skill. The same attention must be given to getting the glide and the reverse easily and smoothly, and to putting ever increasing speed into the turns. You must be careful here, aiso, to stay in the circle, for otherwise it is a foul. A good d'eal of attention will have to be given to getting the proper hold on · the discus. Let it lie :flat against the palm of the hand, spread­ing the fingers out so that they grasp the outer edge. Try the stationary throw until you get that down, before trying the turn. BASEBALL THROW A baseball throw for distance is ordinarily made after a short run, but it was thought best to require that this event in meets uncler the direction of the Interscholastic League, should be made from a seven-foot circle as in the hammer, discus, and shof events, as this will call for more skill, and greater <.:0ntrol of the body. You should practise to get the right elevation. It is not a good idea to throw too high; about forty-five degrees is best. It is a well known fad that many of the speediest baseball pitchers cannot throw the ball as far as some :fielders who have not so much speed when pitching. This shows the importance of practice. No matter how strong you are, you can throw much further after practising faithfully. The baseball throw for accuracy is another good event. Fix a catcher's mitt or a pad of some kind, about four feet from the ground and 50 or 65 feet away. Allow three trials, as in other . field events, counting the best one. For touC;hing the mitt but glancing off, allow one point. For hitting the mitt squarely, allow five points. If there is a tie between teams, move the line back five yards and have them throw again. If there is still a tie, allow one point more to the team hitting the mark squarely the greatest. number of times. THREE-LEGGED RACE Besides being very interesting to spectators, ihis event calls for a great deal of skill and speed. Fasten a strap to the inside ankles of two runners, and join these by a loop strap three inches loug. Fasten a similar strap above the knees, with a connecting loot> two inches long. It is well to have one runner tallei· than the ether, so that he can get a good hold over his partner's shoulcler around his waist. Practise the start faithfully, and run Bulletin of the University of Texas just as if you were running the race alone. This event rt!quir~s a great deal of practie:e, but the improvement that will result IS well worth it. POTATO R4CE 'l'his is another verv interesting event, but very trying, and hence should not be :inade long. Place four potatoes two feet 0 0 Figure No. 1. Potato Race. apart, the first one five yards from the starting line. Tuch run­nel' must get one potato at a time and put it in the basket behind the starting line, touching the line each time. A large number of contestants can take part at a time, but of course each must 11ave a separate line of potatoes. There should be lanes two feet wide between one contestant's line and another's, and it is a foul for a contestant to step into one of these lanes. The lanes Physical Trai111ing and Athletics should be three feet apart. Where there are only a few con­testants, it is not necessary to have these dividing lanes. SINGLE RELAY 'l'his race is suitable to teams having large numbers. Like any oi.her relay race, there must be the same number in each team, and each contestant runs only once. Each team is in single file behind the starting line. The first runner dashes forward, touches a line fifteen yards in front, returns, and touches off the next runner, who runs as the first one did, and so on. The team whose last runner first crosses the finish line wins. SHUTTLE RELAY Divide each team into two equal numbers, fadng each other 15 yards apart. The first runner of one division runs across and touches off the first one in the second division, who runs back and touches off N-0. 2 in the first division, and so on. The team whose last runner first crosses the finish line wins. POTATO SHUTTLE RELAY Line up as in shuttle relay, on lines 18 yards apart. On a line straight from the center of each team and five yards from the line, place a basket containing four potatoes. The first run­ner must take these potatoes, one a:t a time, and place the first one two yards beyond the basket, the next two yards beyond that, and so on. He then runs on and touches off the first runner in the second division, who must replace the potatoes, one at a time, in the basket, and touch off No. 2 in the first division, who dis­tributes the potatoes again, and so on. 'I'he last runner, after re­placing the potatoes in the basket, finishes in a dash across the line baf.;k of the basket. This requires that the number on a team be even, and not odd. AU.-UP RELAY Line up as in single relay. Fifteen yards in front of each line are two 3-foot circles touching each other and parallel with the starting line. In one circle are three Indian clubs or similar ob­jects, standing upright. The first runner of a team runs for­ward, moves the clubs from one circle to the other, using only one hand, and returns, touching off runner No. 2, who runs and moves the clubs back to the first circle, and so on. The dubs must be left upright each time. Otherwise, the runner must re­turn and place them upright before touching off another runner. The last runrrer to move the clubs finishes in a dash over the line, and the one who finishes first, wins. Bulletin of the University of T exas ~'2 j:1· ;.: J .··-·-:>. ...-·- Qi "' ~ Q) ~ .., a.£·°'\<.. .E t&·oit. 00 -·-.... --.-~· ..,0 ..,"' 0 p., a'g·01£ ~ Y~·<>-JQ • •• -.. • 0 -.. z Q) .. ::l bO ii: ~t ....... ···-~. ~ < .._ • -.;, ~ ~ ~ Physical Training a.nd Athletics PASS BALL RELAY Teams line up in single file parallel with each other. The one in front, at the signal passes a basket ball over his head to the one behind, who passes it overhead to the next one, and so on. The last one in the line, on receiving the ball, runs around a fixed point in front and hands the ball to the one in the front of the line, and then takes position in front. The ball is passed back as before. When the one who was in front at first is in front again, the race is over. TUG-OF-WAR There may be a very large number on a side, but it is usually best to limit the number to not more than twelve on a side. The rope should be either four-and-a-half or five inches in circum­ference and made of manilla. There should be a clamp fixed at the middle, and the nearest contestant on either side should not be nearer than three feet of this clamp. There should be another clamp at the 3-foot mark on either side of the middle, to indicate this point. but it must be in front of the front contestant's hand. There must be no knots or other obstructions on the rope, and contestants must not wrap the rope around their arms, legs, or bodies, nor may they wear gloves 01 · shields on the hands. They may use adhesive substances on the: hands. No weights shall be worn except where teams are limited as to weight. If the re­quired distance is not made by either side after five minutes, a rest of two minutes shall be allowed, and if after another five­minu~' pull the distance has not been made, the award shall be made to the team having made the farthest pull. CHINNING In chinning the bar, use the reverse grasp, with back of hands away from the body. Do not jerk, or swing, but pull straight up. You must also let down complpetely after each pull up. 'l'he bar must be high enough for you to let down full length without touching the ground. In practising this event, take espedal care not to try more than one or two times at first, but after the first two or three days, practise several times daily. Never raise the body your greatest number of times more than onee a week, and be careful against over-exertion. ·THE TRAINING OF YOUNG ATHLETES F. L. ("TEXAS") RAMSDELL, MARSHALL TRAINING SCHOOL, SAN ANTONIO (Captain University of Texas Track Team, 1907; Intercollegiate Cha.m· pion of America in 100 yards dash, 1910; Champion of Great Britain in 100 yards and 200 yards run, 1910 and 1911; Half-back, University or Pennsylvania Football Te.am, 1909, 1910; Director of Outdoor Athletics, Carnegie Technical Schools, Pittsburg, Pa., 1911-1912.) BEGIN TRAINING EARLY It is desirable to begin training for track athletics early in the winter ot even in the fall, for in most parts of this branch of sport it takes time and patience to acquire the "form" that is necessary for success. In Texas, moreover, it is generally possi­ble to train out doors all the winter. In this respect Texas boys have a great advantage over those in the North, for outdoor train­ing, except in bad weather, is far more beneficial than that in a gymnasium. One of the most essential things for this winter training is to keep colds from settling in the muscles of the young athletes, especially the runners. The best way to do this is to have each runner wear a heavy pair of long underdra.wers while he is out on the track. These should be worn until spring, when all chance for cold is gone. If a cold once gets into a runner's muscles, it will give trouble for a long time and may cause a soreness that will last all season. During the time the boys are wearing these drawers, never let them pull them off to take starts or trials. 'l'hey should do their work with them on. THE TRACK WORK Care at the First of the Season The trainer cannot be too careful at the first of the season, especially with beginners or even with boys who have previously done track work. On the first day out they will want to run races among themselves and to put in every particle of energy they have. As a result they frequently become sore and stiff and then get discouraged because they fall into worse physical c:ondi­tion than before they began training. Then, too, they find them­selves incapable of doing as well as they expected and soon con­vince themselves that they can never become track athletes. At first, do not let them work hard or long at a time. It is neces­ Physical Training and Athfotics sary only for them to get the desired muscular action, to acquire better muscular coordination. If the training is begun in the spring, it is even more necessary not to let them work too hard at first. Let the runners go only at about three-fourth speed, and when the work begins to punish them let them slow down to a jog and after getting rested go again. Be careful not to give them too long a "work-out." The point is never to let them work down c.:ompletely in practice, but to see that they reserve their strength for later effort, and in the meantime acquire good mus­cular coordination. If this sort of practise is given regularly you will soon find them able to go a little further each day. "Warming Up" In all cases a runner should spend a great deal of time in warming up before a race or hard practise; and under no con­sideration should be exert himself greatly unless his muscles are properly warmed and loosened up. ·otherwise, he is likely to ''pull" a tendon.; and when once this has happened, that tendon can never be depended upon again. Ninety-nine out of every hundred troubles of this sort are caused by not warming up prop­erly. The best way to warm up is to take easy swings up and down the track, gradually letting the muscles warm by this light use, and then dance up and down on the toes, bringing the knees up to the chest. The first should be practised by distanc.:e men, while both should be used by sprinters. Sprinters should take especial care to get properly warmed up, because the sudden and strenuous exertion required of them is the most likely to cause trouble. On the day of the race have the runner go out half an hour before the race-especially if it is a cool day-and spend some ten or fifteen minutes warming up; then have him come in and have his muscles well rubbed, and keep him covered up warm until his race. Then, before he goes to his marks, have him spend a little time dancing about on his toes to get his muscles properly loosened. When wa.iting at the marks before a race, never keep still, keep dancing. If one stands still for a moment, the muscles will become set and will not respond nearly as well as they should. Training the Runners Trainers often make the mistake of spending too much time in coaching the sprinters to get a quic:k start, saying that the sprint is won or lost there. That would be true only when the runners are of equal speed and strength, and it may hold for a very short sprint like the 50-yard dash; but it is a mistake for the standard distance&. A quick start is very important, but it is not nearly as important as a strong finish. Generally, the man who wins Bulletin of the University of Texas races is not the one who is first awav from his holes, bnt the firt/t tnto his running, provided he has any "running," and then -has the strength to finish hard. Have the sprinter spend most of his time in swinging along at about three-fourths speed-a good fa.st swing. He should just let his legs carry him along, running smoothly, with a good stride. Have him swing anywhere from 100 to 250 yards, :five or six times, after he once gets warmed up, until it begins to "pull"; then stop, dance around a bit, and go again. But all the time he 8ftould keep moving while in his running clothes. Have him work out of his holes only enough to keep familiar with them, and enough to connect his start quickly with his running stride. By the swings he increases his speed, endurance, atld stride; while the thing to work for in the starts, about one afternoon a week, is to get the connection between the start a.nd the runni11{f stride as soon as possible. In the start, the main thing is the concentration of mind upon the exertion of ail the muscular ~mer­gies the instant the gun is :fired. For the longer runs, I have found it best in general to work a man beyond the required distance at a slightly reduced speed to develop strength and endurance, and under the required dis­stance at a slightly greater speed to develop speed and staying ability. In the :first I should sav about one and one-half times the distance, while in the latter, about three-fourths the distance. (But in no case let your rm;mer run until he is exhausted.) This will apply generally from the quarter mile. up. However, I have found better results by sticking mostly to the under distance in the quarter, though that depends on the style of race he is to run. The style I like best in this race is to run from the shot of the gun all the way-that is, do not save back for a sprint at the finish. The quarter is, in fact, the hardest raee on the pro­ gram. My method for it is to start training the sprinter at the gait you expet:t him to have to run it-say, 52 seconds--and tell him to keep that gait until he begins to tire, then to slow down to a jog. He should do this each day, after he has properly warmed up. You will find that he will be able to get a little farther every day, until he gets around 350 or 400 yards. Then the excitement of the race will easily carry him the remaining distance. Remember never to let a boy run himself out completely exeept in. a race. In a race he is out to win, but in practice he is pre­ paring himself for the race and should, therefore, build up and conserve his physital energy in order to accumulate a large store for the great event It is obvious that if he is allowed to run his strength out each day in practice he will not have the extra amount needed on the day of the race. Often you hear of a sprinter running a wonderful trial race a day or two before a Physical Training and Athletics meet and then not being able to repeat it on the day when he needs -to. This is because he had exhausted his strength in the trial race and did not have sufficient time to restore it for the :final race. The same is true of all athletes, the jumpers, vaulters and even the weight men. Never let your man try his best for the full distance oftener than once in each week. Don't let the nmner carry a stop-watch, nor let him see you holding a watch on him, except now and then when estimating his pace. When constantly used, it does more harm than good. THE FIELD EVENTS Form is required more in the field events than in the track events, for, while many good runners have different styles of run­ning, in the field events the regulation form is very essential. Therefore, in these it is especially necessary to begin work early in the year. In these, too, one should warm up gradually before trying hard, and in the jumps and pole vaults the warming up is just as essential as in the sprints and practi(;ally of the same nature. O'. 01iJ1~um()f/tl#l/ln of 1J1.)cv.s Figure No. 3. The Discus.-Rl and Ll indicate first position of feet; lines show movement to final position. Drawing of lines is not exact. The hammer depends on the number of turns taken. Of course, the form is the same, only, the more turns taken the less care can be taken for each turn. The turns are made as shown in diagram No. 4. The le£t foot is kept on the ground and is slid back even just as essential as in the sprints and of practically the same nature. The hammer and discus are worked on the same principle, that is, the turn is. One of the most essential things in the throwing of these is to keep on the ground. Do not jump up in the air when turning. If so, you lose your purchase and the ground and you have no power back of your heave. Bulletin of the University of Texas With the discus it is simply two quick swinging steps with the power of legs, body, and arm back of the throw when turned loose. with the right after each turn. On the beginning of the turns the hammer is ahead of the man pulling him around, but in mak­ing the swing around the man gets ahead of the hammer, and it again passes him about the time he .ilides the left foot back. So the hammer and man pass each other twice in making .each turn. The best way to get both the hammer and discus is to study it out for yourself. l t will soon become clear to you. In turning the hammer loose always throw it over your shoulder and nev-er under, as the required elevation cannot be got from below your shoulders. An elevation of about 45 degrees is what you should 1rnrk for in all the weight events. The essen­tial thing in the shot put is the simultaneous drive from leg, body, and arms. In the pole vault it is to get the slide; in the high jump, the kick and turn as the jumper rises above the bar. Figure No. 4. The Hammer Throw.-Rl and Ll show first position of right foot and left foot. Lines show­ing motion of right foot should swing wider. Jn starting off with a beginner it is a good thing to put a short handle on the hammer until he.gets the required form, then grad­ually extend it to the proper length. Dont let a boy become dis­couraged because he does not do well at first. It usually takes a long time for a man to become a good vaulter or hammer thrower. "CONDITIONING" One of the most necessary things for the trainer to do is fo make a study of the habits and disposition of each individual he is trying to train. You rarely find two persons of exactly the same temperament, and, therefore, the work that suits one may not suit the other at all. A nervous, high strung boy should never be made to do the same amount of work as a slow, phleg­matic one. Sometimes you will see a trainer trying to make a whole squad of young fellows do the same kind and amount of Phy&cal Training and Athletics work and wondering why some of them progress and others be­ come stale. Always watch the men {;arefully and give them the work they seem to require. Always fit the work to suit the in­ dividual and never, under any cirrnmstances, try to make the in­ dividual fit the work. The central dominating purpose in the training is to work to get the athlete into the best physical condi­ tion possible at the time of the contest-not a week before or a week after, but on the d(l.y. It takes an experienced man to do that, ~nd often he goes wrong. Ali will agree that for an athlete to put forth his best efforts, he must be in his best condition. It is in bringing about this condition that the trainers differ. The hardest problem that confronts the trainer is to keep his men in condition after he on(;e gets them there. It is impossi­ble for a man to keep on a keen edge for a race any great length of time, therefore most trainers like to have a particular contest before them to work towards, and then try to bring the men into condition -gradually so that they will be in the best of condi­tion on the day of the meet. This is where the trainer must use judgment and common sense and exercise restraint. Often a man runs a good race in a preliminary meet a few weeks before the big event and then "goes back'' before the real race comes off. That means that he has become stale. He did too much work and trained himself to too fine a point. It is better, when the great event of the season is at the close, to lose the early meets · than to over-train your men for them and run the risk of having them stale at the time of the great contest. As to dieting, a subject that seems to trouble a great many, the best general rule is for each young athlete to study his own e:ondition and find out what agrees with him and what does not. 'l.'hen he should eat what agrees with him and let the other things alone. No one can be at his best unless be has his stomach in good condition. He can eat almost any good wholesome food dur­ ing the greater part of the reason, but should be very ·careful what he eats for a few days before the race. I have known train­ ers who would not let their men eat the ordinary meal before the race. That, I think, is a mistaken idea. I have always eaten before my own races; but I was very careful what I ate, and always ate it at least two or three hours before the race. Never let the athlete use stimulants of any kind nor eat pies or any kind of pastry, coffee, greasy meats, biscuits or hot cakes while training. Everybody knows the harmful effects of stimu­ lants. The other things are hard to digest, and, by, ri;maining as a load in the stomach, tend to reduce the strength of the athlete, keeping him out of "condition." A great maJJ.y boys think that they should be in condition after training for two or three weeks. At the best this is impossible, for it takes more time than that to bring about the proper mus­ Bulletin of the Umversity of Texas cular development; and when boys have been going along fer forty-nine or :fifty weeks in a year, smoking and otherwise violat­ing training rules, it is absolutely absurd to think they can get the effects all out of their system and be strong in a couple of weeks. To be an athlete one should take the best care of him.self all of the time. The better care he takes during the winter, the better and quicker he will find his fonn in the spring. You sometimes hear doctors condemn athletics as injurious, -say­ing that it causes the heart to become enlarged, and, in after years, fat and flabby. This is true in lots of cases, but it is not the athletics that hurts, it is the sudden change from training to "breaking training." The man who lives a good, moderate and dean life the vear round is not hurt bv athletics. The man who has the fat aiid enlarged heart is the one who breaks training after football and track season by getting on a spree for a few days. It has been clearly pro>en that a properly trained and dean-living athlete will not be bothered with an enlarged heart. So if you lead a clean, consistent life, don't be afraid; athletics won't bother your heart, but will strengthen it. COMPETITIVE GA'.MES Only a few of the many good games can be mentioned here. Do not try too many, but concentrate upon several live teams in one game. Emphasize as much a!? possible those games that call ·fur large numbers of players. It is better to teach one game well, and get it well rooted at a school, than to make spasmodic at­ tempts at half a dozen. VOLLEY BALL This game is becoming very popular, and rightly so. It is the best of exercise for students who have spent hours seated at desks with shoulders bent, or for other classes of people who get little exercise of the arms, chest, and back. • It may be played on eourts of every size, and by any number on a side. The standard court is 25 feet by 50 feet, with a net 27 feet long and 7 feet 6 inches high at the middle, stretched across the middle of the court parallel with the ends, and .attached to posts 1 foot from the sides. Enlarge the court to suit large numbers of players. The ball is of rubber, from 25 inches·to 27 inches in circumference, and from 9 to 12 ounces in weight. It costs from $2.50 to $4.00. The server stands with one foot on the baek line. He bats the ball with open hand over the net into any part of the other court. A server may have two trials if the ball hits the net and rolls ov-er into the court. If it does not go into the other e:ourt he loses his serve. A. server continues to serve until he is retired by his fail­ ur~ to serYe properly or the failure of his side to return properly. If the other side fails to return properly, it counts one point for the server's side. 'l'wenty-one points make a game. A serviC;e that would strike the net may be hit by another of the server's side and if it falls over the net in the other court it is a good Elervice. 'ro be returned, a ball must be hit by a player's hand or hands before touching the ground, and knocked over the net with or without touching it, into the other court. You must not allow -the ball to touch your body, and you must not touch the net with your arms or body. You must not hit the ball twice before an­ other of your side has hit it, but after the ball has been hit by another of your side, you may hit it and knock it over. Players on a side take their turns in serving. A good player wil eover a certain part of his court, and work with his team-mates. He will strike the ball with both hands, and pass to his team-mate at proper times. He will watch for lmcovered spots in the other court, and try to put the ball there. Bulletin of the University of Tezas • • - iii j:Q ~ s::: fo;l .0 c:i z f ::s ~ PhyP'i,caJ Training and Athletics END B.A.LL This is a fine game for large numbers as a preparation for captain ball or basketball. It is especially good for girls. Use a basketball. The court is 30 feet square, but may be larger to suit the number of players. Divide court into two equal parts, and draw a line parallel with center line, and 3 feet from each end line. In this end space put one-third of a team, and the other two-thirds on opposite side of center line. The ball is tossed up by official hetween two "guards" at the center. The -0ne touching it first gets a free throw. The object is to throw the ball over the heads of opponents to one's end players in the end space. Every time a ball is caught by an end player, it tounts one point. A game lasts twenty minutes, divided into two ten-minuw halves, with a three-or five-minute rest between. It is a foul to allow a ball to roll into opponent's territory, to push, pull, or otherwise play roughly. On a foul, the opposing team gets a free throw, and when -tall rolls into opponent's ter­ritory, it counts one point for opponents. If ball goes out of bounds, the player on whose side it went out may return it to a team-mate on opposite side of court. CAPTAIN B.A.LL This game is played with a basketball, and there may be from ten to sixteen players on a side. Have a 3-foot strip dividing ~ 0 0 0 0 0 0 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • t> 0 Figure No. 7. Corner Ball. Bulletin of the University of Twas goals 4 feet square. Players stand at even dis~ces over field, one team one each side of center line, except that a goal In8.1l iii in each goal at rear of opponent's :field. The ball is started as in end ball, by a player at center. Each side t:i:ies to throw hall over opponents to the goal men. Each time such a ball is caught by a goal man, it is 1 point, and a game equals 21 points. When he catches the ball the goal man tries to throw it back .to hjs side for another attempt, and the other side tries to interrupt the throw. It is a foul to step outside of one's goal or for another player to step into his opponent's goal. On a foul, the ball goes to the other side for a throw from the center. You must not run with the ball. Have team work. Do not throw too far, but pass to team-mates. Do not bunch up. Make your throws high and well aimed. PASS AND GOAL BALL This is a most excellent game, combining as it does the three features of speed, accuracy, and interest. Another advantage is that a large number may take part. Each team has a basketball and basketball goal. Each team. lines up in single file back of its goal, with nearest man 6 feet from the goal, and the players at equal distances apart~ '11he ball is pas8ed from the player farthest from the goal to the next man, and so on until it teaches the one nearest the goal, who tries to throw the ball in the basket, and keeps trying till he slft!ceeds. He then runs to the rear of the line, and passes the ball to the next man, who passes it to the next, and so on, each man having moved up one pla(;e. When the last player has made the goal and raced back to the rear of the line, the game is over, and the side which :finished first, wins. FOOTBALL It is unnecessary in this Bulletin to discuss the rules of football, or to give hints on the game, as it cannot be learned except under a coach who already knows the game well. It is a game full of good features, and one also attended with grave dangers when not handled properly. One great objection to football as a school game comes from the keen rivalry and the anxiety to win, whlch is liable to lead teachers as well as students to give too much time to it, to re8ort to questionable means in order to win, and to harbor suspicions and ill-feeling against opposing teams. There is really no necessity for such a state of affairs, and tea~hers and 8tudents alike are appealed to, to unite in an effort to raise thls fine g:ime above the reproaches to which it is sometimes subjected because of the over-zealous efforts to win. Let us keep always Physical Training and Athletics uppermost in our minds the determination to play £airly and to have respect for officials. Always have a thorough understanding with opposing teams as to terms and rules before the game, and then when it is over abide by the result. Always let the visiting team be treated as guests, both before and after the game. See tbat every precaution is taken to keep the field clear of spectators, and let coaches impress upon their players the principles of clean playing. Whenever it is necessary to go outside of the school faculty to get a t;Oach, let him and the principal have a thorough understanding as to the conduct of players, time of practice, eligi­bflity list, and schedule. Let the arrangement with other teams always be between faculty managers and not students, and let these arrangements be made as far ahead as possible. Do not schedule more than six or eight games with other schools during a season. Encourage class games. In the cities there could be a series of games among the ward schools. Extra precaution must be taken against over-exertion, especiallly t.y younger boys and by those who have been injured.. No boy should be allowed in a football game who is not of high vitality and free from constitutional weakness, and in every case a player who has been injured should be compelled to leave the game. Strict insistence should .be made upon scholastic standards on the part of high school players. Not only will this help the school studies, but it will help to keep down professionalism. Much will be accomplished for the game of football as a school sport, when schools throughout the State observe uniform and strict eligibility rules. To stimulate interest in the matter, teams were invited to compete for a :final championship game in 1913, played at the University of Texas. At the &tate Teachers' Association in Dallas, on November 29, 1913, an Athletic Council was t;reated to draw up a detailed plan for football, baseball, and other conte~ts not provided for in the Constitution and Rules of the University Interscholastic Lea~. This council is composed of :five repre­sentatives of high schools, and the University director of inter­scholastic athletics. Since the council has not yet taken action, its recommendations can not be incJuded in this Bulletin. BASEBALL This most popular of all games requires, as does football, the very closest supervision. It is not so strenuous as football, but the love of it is likely to lead to neglect of study or home work, and the eagerness to win too often overcomes the sense of fair play and the spirit of good will towards opponents. To remedy this, try to make interclass games popular, and do not give all the time to training a single winning team. Bulletin of the University of Texas TENNIS This is deservedly a most popular game, with old and young alike. It affords plenty of eJCercise without being too strenuous. It is a scientific game, and requires constant practise to make per­fed. A successful tennis player must have speed, accuracy, and must be able to act and to think quickly. In doubles, he must also be able to play with his partner; i. e., he must develop team · work. The greatest difficulty with tennis as a school game is, that only a very few can play at a time. The tennis rules are found in No. 4, Spalding's Athletic Library. ATHLE1'1CS FOR GffiLS Until recently, little attention was given to athletics for girls. :But we recognize now the truth that girls' athletics are equally important with athletics for boys, although for somewhat differ­ent reasons. A boy's athletics afford an outlet for his inhented fighting instinct, and must be more or less violent and the rivalry keen. But for girls it is not the case. Great harm has been done to girls' athletics by making them merely an imitation of boys' athletics. For girls, no events should be included that call for violent effort or great enduran(;e. Interclass contests are prefer­able to inter-school contests. Team games are better than indi­vidual rivalry, and games in which large numbers can take parij are most to be enc_ouraged. Aside from the folk dances and sing­ing games which should occupy a prominent part on the progtam, the following is suggested as a suitable list of events for a girls' athletic meet : Fifth and Sixth Grades Thirty-yard and fifty-yard dru;h. Walking with hands suspended from honizontal ladder. Relay race (each girl running 30 yards). Shuttle relay. Potato relay. Seventh Grade Fifty-yard and sixty-yard dash. V clley ball. Potato race. Basketball throw. -walking with hands suspended from horizontal ladder. Relay race (each running 30 yards) . Ra~ketball. Bean bag target toss. Potato shuttle relay. Eighth and Ninth Grades 11;nd ball. Volley ball. }>ass ball relay. J>ass an,d goal ball . ..Baeketball throw. :Bal'ketball. Tennis. Bulletin of the University of Texas Tenth and Eleventh Grades Volley ball. Pass ball relay. All-up relay. Shuttle relay. EaEketbii.11 throw. Corner ball or end ball. Pass and goal ball. c~ptain ball. 'Tennis. GROUP-AVERAGE CONTESTS These contests are for the purpose of getting the entire body of students to take part in games and athletics. Since they reaC;h those students who need attention most, such contests should re­ceive every encouragement from the teacher. The groups may be on basis of school, grade, age, weight, or height. Where there is competition among several schools for the highest school average, it may not be necessary to make any di­vision as to weight, class, etc., if the schools are anything like the same size and kind. At least 80 per cent of a group should be required to take part in each event selected. The average is found by adding the total number of points made in each event, dividing this by the number faking part or by 80 per cent of the group where less than 80 per C;'ent take part, and then dividing the sum of averages in the vari­ous events by the number of events. The result would be the all­round class or school average. There may be competition between classes in a school, or be­tween different schools as to highest average made by any one class. For instance, there may be a contest between the sixth and seventh grades in a school for the highest average, giving a slight handicap in favor of the sixth grade, or in favor of all in either grade who are below a certain weight or height. There may be contests between all the high school grades on the same basis. Several schools may compete for the highest average made by some particular grade, or by a particular weight or height class. A plan for a county-wide contest in this most desirable form of athletics was first worked out by Mr. E. L. Allen and adopted by the schools of Westchester county, N. Y., in 1910. So successful did it prove and so obvious were its good points that county schools in various parts of the country have recently adopted it. A description of the plan mentioned may-be had from the Y. M. C. A. Press, at 124 East Twenty-eigth Street New York, for 10 cents. The plan mentioned above is for boys only. Below is given a modified form of the plan, made 6impler by reducing the five weight classes to three and containing a Girls' Division. A num­ber of schools in Van Zandt county, Texas, ancl in various other parts of the State, have organized for these contests during 1913-4. CI.ASS ATHLRT!CS }.'OR HIGHEST AVERAGE STANDING IN A COUNTY General Rules 1. Eligibility.-Every boy weighing 60 pounds and every girl 9 years old or over are eligible, unless pronounced by teacher or Bulletin of the University of Texas physician to be physically unfit, or unless written .objection is made by the parent. 2. Every eligible pupil competes in each event. 3. The record in eat:h event is found ~y dividing the total number of points made by all pupils in a class by the number tak­ing part or by the number of eligibles. If the number of eligibles is less than 80 per cent of the class, divide by the number repre­senting 80 per cent of the class. 4. The records for all events, for a class, is found by dividing the sum of records in the various events, by the number of events, or by four for boys and three for girls. The school record for Boys' or Girls' Division, is found by dividing the sum of the records of the three classes of a division bv three. The All-Round School Record is found by averaging the reeords of Boys' and Girls' Divisions. 5. For boys, there are three weight classes, as follows: 100-lb. class, or all weighing 60 lbs. and not over 100 lbs. 125-lb. class, or all weighing over 100 lbs. and not over 125 lbs. Unlimited class, or all weighing over 125 lbs. 6. For girls, there are three clas::>es according to age, ~ fol­lows: 12-year class, or all 9 year~ old and not 13. 14-year class, or all 13 years old and not 15. Unlimited class, or all 15 and over. 7. A boy is weighed on the day o:f the first event. He must be weighed by the teacher, and must. be in his shirt sleeves and with shoes on. A girl's class is determined by her age on the day of the first event. 8. There are four events for boys and three for girls. The first event in each division must be held by January 24, and the last event. by March 22. No two events for one division must be held nearer together than two weeks. 9. After each event is held, the teacher must send promptly to the office of the Director a complete record of the event, according to forms furnished bv him. 10. Each contest~nt scoring 50 points in each event will be placed in the Honor List as being up to the average all-round athlete standard, and each boy or girl who scores 100 points in each event will be plat;ed in the 100-Point Class and presented with i,tn appropriate badge for the actual cost of the badge, which will not be more than 15 cents. 11. A complete record of each contestant will be preserved, and his or her ranking with all the contestants of the county will be made. 12. Ohampionships.-(l) The weight-or age-cl8\Ss having highest ranking in a school is Weight-or Age-Class Champion of the School. (2) The weight-or age-class having highest ranking of all Physical Training and Athletics schools in the same weight-or age-class will be Weight-or Age­Olass Champion of the County for that weight-or age class. (3) The weight-or age-~lass having highest ranking of all weight-or age-dasses of all schools will be All-Round-Weight-or Age Class Champion of the County. ( 4) The school having highest ranking in Boys' or Girls' Di­vision, of all schools in the county, will be School Champion of the Countv in that division. (5) The school having highest average ranking in both di­visions will be All-Round School Champion of the County. (6) 'rhe indiviauaI having highest standing in the school in his or her division will be Individual Champion of the School for that division. (7) The individual having highest standing in his class in the county will be individual champion of the county for that class. (8) The individual having highest standing in the county for all classes will be All-Round Individual Champion of the County. BOYS' DIVISION Events and basis of scoring are given below: 100-lb. Class-Honor Points. Standard. 100 Points. Standing broad j,ump 3 ft. 11 in. 6 ft. 8 ft. 1 in. 80-yd. dash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 sec. 12 sec. 10 sec. Chinning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 times 7 tinftls 11 times Baseball throw ............100 ft. 150 ft. 200 ft. 125 lb. Class- Standing broad jump ...... . 4 ft. 8 in. 6 ft. 6 in. 8 ft. 10 in. 100-yd. dash ............. . 15i sec. 13! sec. 11! sec. Chinning ..... . ... : ...... . 4 times 8 times 12 times Running broad jump ... . .. . 8 ft. 6 in. 12 ft. 8 in. 16 ft. 10 in. Unlimited Class-E!tanding broad jump .... . . . 5 ft. 5 in. 7 ft. 6 in. 9 ft. 7 in. 100-yd. dash ........ . .... . 14 sec. 12 sec. 10 sec. Running high jump .. . .... . 3 ft. 3-! in. 4 ft. 4 in. 5 ft. 4! in. Putting 8-lb. shot. ........ . 22 ft. 6in. 35 ft. 47 ft. 6 in. Points shall be scored as follows : Dashes, for each -! sec. better than minimum ............ 5 pts. Standing broad jump, for each ! in. better than minimum .. 1 pt. Chinning, for each time better than minimum ..........121 pts. Running broad jµmp, for each inch better than minimum ...1 pt. Running high jump, for each i in. better than minimum ...1 pt. Putting 8.lb. shot, for each 3 inches better than minimum ..1 pt. Baseball throw, fo;r each foot better than minimum ........1 pt. Bulletin of the University of Texas RULES GOVER....,..ING THE EVENTS '1,he regular rules in .the Constitution and Rules of the Univer­sity Interscholastic; League will govern the events in this contest, except as modified by the following: ( 1) A stop-watch must be used in the running events. Where only one stop-watch is used, each contestant must run alone. (2) In the running high jump, a string or rope must not be med in place of a cross bar. (3) Baseball 'l'hrow.-Two lines are made, a throwing line and another 15 feet back. A boy may start at the back line and run to the throwing line. He must not step over the line in throwing. Only a Spalding or Reach regulation ball is allowed. GIRLS' DIVISION The events with basis of scoring are as follows: 12-Y r. Class-Honor Points. Standard. 100 Points. Basketball throw 12 ft. 22 ft. 32 ft. Potato race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 sec. 43 see;. 41 sec. Standing broad jump. . . . . . . 3 ft. 8 in. 5 ft. 9 in. 7 ft. 10 in. 14-Yr Class- Basketball throw . . . . . . . . . . 18 ft. 28 ft. 38 ft. Potato race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 sec. 40 sec. 38 sec. All-up Indian club race ..... 32 sec. 30 sec. 28 sec. Unlimited Class- Basketball throw . . . . . . . . . . 24 ft. 34 ft. 44 ft. All-up Indian club race. . . . . 30! sec. 28! sec. 26! sec. Bean bag target toss ....... 30 points in 65 points 100 points in 1! minutes. in same time. same time. Points shall be scored as follows: Basketball throw, for each foot better than minimum ......5 pts. Potato race, for each -} sec. better than minimum ..........5 pts. All-up Indian club race, for each -} sec. better than minimum. 5 pts. Standing broad jump, for each ! in. better than minimum .. 1 pt. Bean bag target toss, for each toss give points as per description given below. Give no points for a sC;Ore of not over 30 in the time limit of ll minutes. RULES GOVERNI'.NG THE EVENTS 1. Baseket ball Throw.-A girl must stand back of the throw­ing line and throw with one hand. She must not run before the Physi,cal Training and Athletics throw. She must not step over the line in throwing; to do so is a trial without result. Three trials are allowed. (2) Potato Race.-At one end of a line 20 yards long, place a b~ket containing three potatoes. Draw three 2-foot circles at intervals of 5 yards along this line, the nearest one being 5 yards from the basket. At the opposite end of the line from the basket is the starting line. The circle nearest to starting line is No. 1, · the next No. 2, and the next No. 3. A girl starts at the starting line, runs to the basket, gets one potato and places it in circle Figure No. 8. Potato Race. Ni). 1. She then gets another and places it in circle No. 2, and then places the third potato in circle No. 3, passing between basket and starting line each time. She then runs to starting line, and returns and repla(;es potato No. 1 in the basket, then 1'.'o. 2, then No. 3, passing around the basket each time. She then finishes in a dash across the starting line. Only one trial allowed. 3. All-up Indian Oluh Race.-Two tangent circles, each 3 feet in diameter, are 30 feet in front of starting line. In one circle are three 1-lb. model B~ Indian clubs, upright. A girl rum; from starting line, and transfers clubs to the other circle, using only one hand. She returns to the starting line, then makes bo more trips, transferring clubs each time. The clubs must be left up­right each time. She then finishes in a dash across the starting line. One trial allowed. 4. Bean Bag Target Toss.-Draw on the ground three conten­tric ciroles, with diameters of 2 feet, 4 feet, and 6 feet, respec­tively. A girl stands bac;k of a line 10 feet from outer circle, and tosses a bean bag 6 inches square and containing 1-lb. of beans. If the bag falls within the inner circle, it counts 15 points.: if between the inner and middle circle, it counts 10 points, and if between middle and outer circle it (;Ounts 5 points. Only 1! minutes are allowed each contestant. After each throw a girl must run and pick up her bag and return to throwing line. Two trials are allowed. HOW TO PROCEED 1. After enrolling your school for the contest, provide the necessary things, such as stop-watch, measuring tape, jumping pit, basketball, shot, etc. 2. Make a short talk to the pupils, explaining the contests. 3. Get prizes offered for the winning classes and individuals. Bulletin of the University of Texas 4. Weigh the boys so as to give them an idea of what class they will be in. Classify the girls by age. 5. Appoint leaders of the various classes. 6. Hold preliminary contests to let the pupils know what they can do. 7. Provide the following blanks, either from the (;Qunty di­rector, or the State director: (a) Individual Record Cards. (b) &hool Report. ( c) Detailed School Record. 8. On the day of the contest, weigh each boy and assign to proper class. 9. Give list of eligibles in each class and list of those ex­cused. 10. In holding the test, be very careful to be as accurate as possible. Record eaC;h pupil's effort. 11. Make out complete 'I"eport of the test as per forms sup­plied, and send to the Secretary or Director promptly. OTHEa EVENTS FOR CLASS-AVERAGE CONTESTS Where there are several grades or classes in the same school, or several wards in a city or town, competitive games may be used for class-average contests. Some such games, in which large num­bers may take part, are: End ball, corner ball, all-up relay, pass ball relay, shuttle relay, potato shuttle relay, single relay, volley ball, tug-of-war, pass and goal ball. Sometimes, in order to stimulnte interest, it is desirable to have a somewhat different method of finding the class standing than that described above, where competitive games are used. For instance, in such contests as the relays mentioned above, it may be desirable to allow 10 points to the winning class in a dual contest, and require three games to be played by each class. If a dass wins three games, its average standing is 30. If a class does not win a game, its class standing is zero. This method is simpler than others, but not quite as satisfactory in determining the real amount of proficiency shown by each class. In volley ball, large classes may be divided and opposing sec­ tions i·n two classes paired off by lot, each side being entitled to all the points it makes, and the winner being given five additional points. Basketball may be used in the same way, as also end ball, corner ball, and captain ball. ATHLETIC BADGE TEST FOR BOYS To encourage the boys of ordinary or undeveloped physical powers to practise to attain greater all-round efficiency, tlie Play­ground Association of America recently adopted a standard for three different stages of development, and offered a suitable badge to every boy in the United States who would qualify in one of these three classes. Below is given a similar plan, and any boy or girl in any school that is a member of the University Inter­scholastic League may obtain one or more of the three badges upon qualifying for the same. Ol0.$S A Chinning, 4 times. Stal}ding broad jump, 5 feet 9 inches. Sixty-yard dash, 9 seconds. Glass B Chinning, 6 times. Standing broad jump, 6 feet 6 inches. One-hundred-yard dash, 14 seconds. Glass 0 Chinning, 9 times. Runing high jump, 4 feet 4 inches. Two-hundred-twenty-yard run, 28 seconds. Provisions as to the Badge Tests.-(1) To secure one of the badges, a boy must be in regular attendance at a school in the University Interscholastic League. (2) He must qualify in all three events in a class. (3) The tests must be made under the -direction of the teacher. ( 4) !I'he teacher must certify to the University Director of Interscholastic Athletics that the boy has qualified for the badge applied for according to the requirements. (5) For chinning, the rules governing that event found elsewhere in this Bulletin must be observed; so also in the broad and high jumps. Only one trial shall be allowed in chinning, one in the running events, and three in the jumps. (6) In the running events, a stop-watch must be used. (7) Only one badge may be -oHained by the same boy in any one year. The Badges.-On qualifying in any one of the three classes, a boy may secure from the Executive Committee of the University Interscholastic League a bronze badge with suitable inscription, by payment of 15 cents to cover the actual cost of making it. All the badges are of bronze, but of different design. They are Bulletin of the University of Texas inexpensive, but neat, and represent physical attainment, and not money value. Each school in which pupils win these badges will receive a certificate of the same, containing the names of such pupils, and this can be hung upon the school wall. ATHLETIC BADGE TEST FOR GIRLS 'fhe Executive Committee of the Interscholastic League also offers similar bronze badges to every girl in a school in the League, under the same general provisions stated for the Boys' Athletic Badge Test, except that the events, with the standard in each, are as follows : Glass A Potato race, 42 seconds. All-up Indian club race, 30 seconds. Bean bag target toss, 100 points in 2 minutes. Class B Potato race, 39 seconds. Basketball throw, 36 feet. Balancing, with bean bag on head, 24 feet. Class C All-up Indian club race, 26 seconds. Bean bag target toss, 150 points, 2 minutes. Basketball throw, 42 feet. Special rules for the Girls' Athletic Badge Test are: (1) The rules governing the potato race, basketball throw, all-up Indian club race and bean bag target toss that are given under Class Athletics, Girls' DiYision, pp. 44-45 of this Bulletin, shall also govern in this Badge Test. (2) A beam or piece of timber 2 feet wide and 12 feet long is used. A girl must, with bean bag on her head, start at the center, walk forward to the end, then without turning she must walk backward to the center; then she must turn and walk for­ward to the end, then turn and walk t-0 the center. Onlv two t!"ials are allowed. 'l'he bag must not be touched by the hand. A FEW DEFINITIONS (1) Amateur and Professional.-Briefiy, an amateur is one who takes part in athletic contests for the love of them, or for the benefit, physically, or otherwise, to be derived. A professional is one who competes in athletics for a living. In order to protect and encourage amateur sport, the Amateur Athletic Union and similar organizations have drawn very strict lines between an amateur and a professional, and as a rule those who enter c-ontests under the direction of amateur organizations arc forbidden to compete with professionals. An amateur becomes a professional when he competes for money or for a prize of more than $35.00 in value, when he becomes connected with a pro­fessional club, or when he competes with or against professionals. 'l'he detailed rules on this point are found on pages 98 and 99 of No. 12.A: of the Spalding Athletic Library. (2) Novice.-A novice is one who has never won a prize of any kind in an athletic contest. (3) Handicap and Scratch.-A scrakh race or contest is one in which all contestants have the same chance. In a scratch race, ;all start from the same line and at the same time. A handicap is an allowance in time or distance in favor of one or more of the contestants. Very often it is desirable to have handicap events. A meet among the students of the same school or town where there is great difference as to ability may be made extremely at­tractive and interesting by having handi(;ap events. For instance, suppose in a 100-yard dash there are five boys, and at the time the winner crosses the line No. 2 is two yards behind him, Nos. 3 and 4 are each 1 yard behind No. 2, and No. 5 is six yards be­hind Nos. 3 and 4. Then handicap them as follows: Set No. 5 on the line. Set Nos. 3 and 4 six yards back, No. 2 seven yards back, and No. 1 nine yards back. That gives all an equal chance tc finish first. LAYING OFF AN ATHLETIC FIELD (a) The Track.-If you have the room, a quarter-mile track is the most desirable length. But a great many fields are too small for a quarter-mile track. Probably the one most commonly practicable is tlie track with six laps to the mile. To lay off such a track, proceed as follows : On a line 322 feet 2 ine;hes long, mark off A and B, 98 feet 6 inches from each end. With these points as centers descn"be l!emicircles facing each other, with radius of 98 feet 6 inches. Draw tangents to these semicirdes parallel with the original line. '.l.'hese tangents, with the semicircumferenc'es, form the track, but it is measured on a line 1 foot 6 inches outward from the cir­cumferences and tangents. A straightaway 100-yard tr3.Lk can be laid off diagonally across the field, and there will be room for jumping pits, pole vault, 7 foot circle for shot put, hammer, etc., inside the track. A baseball field can be laid off by starting at one end of the longest line across the field, for the home base. Also, a football field can be laid off lengthwise the field. The best track is a mixture of good loam with cinders and a little clay. An all-cinder path is not good, as it gets too hard. The ideal path is one that does not get hard and dusty when dry, nor too soft when wet. (b) Ju1nping Pit.-The take-off board should be a joist 8 inches wide :fiush with the ground, and the. earth should be dug out 3 inches deep for 2 square feet in front of the take-off. The earth ahould also be loosened in front of the take-off to a distance of 24 feet. . The run-way for the running jumps should not be t.oo hard, but the earth should be firm enough to gh-e speed. The run-way should be level. ( c) Seven-foot Gircle.-This should be not far from one e;or­uer of the field, and the ground in the direction of the throws should be level, and should be away from the jumping, pole vault­ing, etc., so as not to endanger contestants or officials in those events. ( d) Baseball Field.-If the same ground is used for a base­ball -field that is used for track, let the line of home and second base be on the line running through center of field parallel with the tangents as described above. Place the home base 34 feet 10 and ~ inches ini>ide the fieid on this line. At the point where track begins to curve, draw a perpendicular to the straight part of track, and 34 feet 10 and i inches inside track on this line, place first base. On the same line, 34 feet 10 and ! ine;hes from opposite side, place third base. From first and third bases draw Physical Training aind Athletics l>;J ~· (I) z ? ~ > ~ c+ r;· l>;J [ p.. - ~ "t Bulletin of the University of Texas perpendiculars to the lines going from those bases to home base. 'fhese will meet at second base. ( e) Football Field.-'rhe same ground may be used for foot­ball that is used for other events. It may be laid off somewhat diagonally across the track, so as to get the longest distance. After drawing the longest diagonal of the track, measure off on it 360 feet. Draw a parallel to this line on each side 80 feet from it. The resulting rectangle is the field of play. Thirty feet inside each end line, draw a parallel with it. These are the goal lines. The goal posts are on the goal lines, 18 feet 6 inches apart. (f) Basketball, Volley Ball, Etc.--These may be laid off in the opposite corner of the field from the jumping pit, etc., as stated above. The dimensions of a basketball court may vary a little, but are usually 50 by 70 feet. A court should not exceed 4000 square feet. Volley ball c-<>urts vary in size to suit the num­ber of players, but the standard court is 25 by 50 feet. The de­tails about dimensions, etc., may be found in the 10-cent volumes on the varioui:: games, published by the American Sports Publish­ing Company, New York. EQUIPMENT FOR ATHLETIC MEETS (1) General.-To conduct an athletic meet properly, you should have, besides a well laid off ground, the following: Sev­eral steel measuring tapes, plenty of lime for marking, stakes, hammer, saw, etc., one or more balls of twine, stop-watches, starter's pistol, entry blanks, score cards, programs, flags, relay sticks, competitors' numbers, and megaphone. (2) Running.-All straightaway races should be run in lanes, one for each runner, the lanes being marked off with lime or whitewash or with stakes. For the hurdle races, use ten hurdles for each runner, each being 30 inches high. The hurdles can be very easily made by the students, out of light strips of pine, using two short strips at the bottom of the frame for it to rest on. (3) Jumping.-iFor the broad jump, have a board 8 inches wide and 3 feet long sunk flush with the earth for the take-off board. Fasten the board in the ground with bolts at least 2 feet long. In the high jump, make two uprights as follows: Two spruce or pine poles 2 inches by 2 inches by 8 feet long. Use for base of each upright two strips 22 inches by 4 inches by 2 inches. Use ordinary shelf brackets to brace the uprights on the bases. Bore holes through the uprights 1 inch apart, beginning 18 inches ab!)Ve the ground. About 4 feet from ground the holes should be every quarter inch. Run a fish cord through the holes, and attach two shot bags for weights. Be sure that cord does not sag in the middle. It is always best at important meets to use a stick for cross-bar instead of a cord, and the stick should always be re­ Physical Training and Athletics placed with the same side up. If stick is used, let it rest on small pegs, which should point in the direction of the jump, and reach not over 3 inches from the uprights. (4) Pole Vault.-Uprights for vaulting may be made similar to those for jumping. In fact, the same ones may be used, pro­vided they are high enough. The pole should be 12 or 14 feet long, and the best material is spruce. Each contestant ought to have his own pole. (5) Weight Events.-A 7-foot circle may be made from old wagon tires. The toe board is easily made, and consists of a piece of wood four feet long and curving with the circle, and 4 inches high. As in the case of take-off board, it should be firmly fastened to the ground with long rods driven down at least 2 feet A shot, hammer, discus, etc., should be furnished by the man­agement of the meet. But a contestant may use his own ma­terials if they are correct in weight, size, etc. CONDUCT OF AN ATHLETIC MEET Any athleti(; meet, whether large or small, should be conducted in an orderly manner. Otherwise, little will be accomplished, and pupils will fail to get the lesson of discipline which is by no m~ans the least lesson to be learned. from athletic training. (1) Organization.-The following committees for anything like a large meet will be found helpful : (a) Games Oom1nittce.-The central committee, to look after the meet generally, secure officials, and hear reports from the other committees. (b) Publicity Oommittee.-'l'o give announcements to the press, get out circulars, and keep the meet before the -public in various ways. 1'his committee may also act as an Invitation Com­mittee. ( c) Finance Oommittee.-To sell .tickets, keep the gate, take charge of money, and settle bills. (d) Ground Oommittee.-To see tbat the ground is properly laid off, and that the necessary equipment is provided. (2) Officials.-The necessary officials, together with their duties, are given in U,niversity Bulletin 274 containing the Con­stitution and Rules of the Interscholastic League. As any one desiring this bulletin may have it on request, the matter of officials .will not be repeated here. (3) Entries, Programs, Etc.-The. various committees must £>('(! that entry blanks are filled out, programs published, and con­tf:stants properly numbered. A COUNTY MEET (1) Let the county director call a meeting of the executive committee early in the schoo} yeal', so that place and time of meet may he set, and steps taken to enlist a large number of sr_,hools in the meet. (2) Send to the schools of the county an announcement of the meet, with list of events, prizes, etc., and canvass the schools for entries. (3) Require every school to send to tbe Director two weeks before the meet a list of contestants, with their eligibility certi­fied to by the principal. ( 4 J Require every school to send to the Director one week be­fore the meet an entry blank showing the name of each contestant and the events for which he enters. A suitable entry blank is given below: Physical Training and Athletics ENTRY LIST Of.................... .....School for the ...................... . ........County Annual Athletic Meet of the UNIVERSI'l'Y INTERSCHOLASTIC LEAGUE to be held at Ho_gan, Texas, March 6, 1914 JUNIOR DIVISION To.................... ., County Director. DEAR Srn: 'fhe following pupils, whose names appear on the eligibility list sent to you from this school, desire to enter for the events indicated: (1) (4) 50-yard dash. Running broad jump. 1. 1. ...................... . .2. 'l ·'-'• 3. 3. 4. 4. (2) (5) Pole vault. Chinning bar. . 1. 1. . ..................... . .2. 2.. 3. 3. 4. ."· ................... . 4. (3) (6) 100-yard dash. 220-yard run. 1. 1. ...................... . 3. 3. 4. 4. Bulletin of tke University of Texas (7) (10) Running high jump. Baseball throw. 1. 1. 2. 2. 3. 4. (8) (11) Staniling hop, f;tep and jump. Tug-of-war. 1. .............-.......... . 1. ..................... . 2. . ....................... . 2. 3. 3. 4. 4. (9) (12) 440-yard run. Half-mile relay race. 1. 1. . .................... . 2. 2. 3. 3. 4. 4. ...........................' Principal. (5) As the time approaches for the meet, the various com­n:ii.tees must set lo work to see that the meet is well advertised, officiali:i secured, grounds prepared, etc. If it is necessary to run off preliminaries, these may be set in the morning, or possibly in the afternoon two hours before the finals. If the meet is large, and there are many contestants in public speaking, it would be desirabk to give two days to the meet, devoting the first day to preliminaries. 'l'he progl"am, which must not be changed after it is published, should give the names of contestants in each event, with their number and s<:hool. Below is a model program: Physical Training and Athletics PROGRAM Boys' Junior Division (FINALS) . .... . ..........Co. Annual Athletic mee~, .............., Texas, March 6, 1914. MODEL CONSTITUTION FOR A SCHOOL ATHLETIC ASSOCIATION ARTICLE I. N.A.ME SECTION 1. The name of this organization shall be the ARTICLE II. OBJECT SECTION 1. The objed of this organization shall be to promote and control athletic exercises among the students of this school. ARTICLE III. MEMBERSHIP SECTION 1. Any student, teacher, or trustee of this school may become a member of this organization by the payment of an annual membership fee of ....... . SEC. 2. Any former student, teacher, or trustee of this school, or ether citizen of thiti community may become an honorary mem­ber of this school by a two-thirds vote at a regular meeting. SEC. 3. Any member may be expelled from this organization by a two-thirds vote. AR'.CICLE IV. RIGHTS AND PRIVILEGES OF MEMBERS SECTION 1. Every member of this organization may use, the grounds, apparatus, etc., in the possession or control of the club, under the -rules governing the same that may be made. SEC. 2. Every member in good standing may vote or hold ofike. SEC. 3. No member not in good standing shall vote or hold t>ffice. ARTICLE v. MEETINGS SECTION 1. The regular meetings of this club shall be SEC. 2. At the request of ... ... . members, the President shall call a meeting. SEC. 3. A quorum shall consist of ........members in good standing. ARTICLE VI. OFFICERS SECTION 1. The officers shall be a President, Vice-President, SEcretary, Treasurer, Sergeant-at-Arms, and Games Committee. SEC. 2. The Games Committee shall consist of the President and four ( 4) other members. Physical Training and Athletics ARTICLE VII. ELECTIONS SECTION 1. Officers shall be elected every three months dur­ing the sesi;ion of school. SEC. 2. Should any officer be absent without a reasonable ex­cuse from tw-0 consecutive regular meetings, his office shall be declared. vacant. SEC. 3. An officer shall hold offi<.;e till his successor has been elected. ARTICLE Vlll. DUTIES OF OFFICERS 8'ECTION 1. The Piresident (here insert the customary duties of such officer) . SEC. 2. 'fhe Vice-President (here insert the customary duties of such officer) . 8-Ec. 3. The Secretary (here insert ±he customary duties of such officer) . • SEc. 4. The Treasurer (here insert the customary duties of su<:'h officer). SEC. 5. The Games Committee shall act as advisory council to the President and managers of various athletic sports. It shall act as the assistant to the President in the execution of his duties, and shall have power to control and conduct such athletic contests as this organization may see fit to authorize. This com­mittee may approve or reject the schedule proposed by the man­ager of any sport. SEC. 6. The manager of each sport or team shall be the imme­diate executive officer of su<.;h sport or team, and shall pedorm the customary duties of such officer. ARTICLE VIII This Constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote of those present and voting, provided the amendment was .read at a pre­ceding regular meeting. BY-LAWS ARTICLE I. DUES SECTION 1. The regular dues shall be .... . ... ... .. . SEC. 2. Any member in arrears to the amount of. ........ . ehall be notified and unless giving satisfactory reasons for same shall be dtopt from a.ctive membership. ARTICLE II. CONTESTS AUTHORIZED SECTION 1. This organization authorizes the following inter­school games and contests: Football, baseball, basketball (girls' and boys'), tennis, volley ball, tra<.;k meets. Bulletin <>f the University of Texas ARTICLE III. ELIGIBILITY TO CONT:ESTS 8-ECTION 1. No one shall take part in any game or contest who is not an undergraduate student at this school, under 21 years of age, and who is passing in three full courses. SEC. 2. No one shall take part in any game or contest who has not attended this school at least one-half of the time since the beginning of the term or one-half of the past two months: SEC. 3. No one shall take part in any game or ~ontest who has ever wmpeted for money, or for a °prize of more than $35.00 in value, or who has ever taught or assisted in teaching athletic exercises for money. PLAYGROUND EQUIPMENT A bulletin dealing exclusively with playgrounds and playground games will be published by the University Extension Department in the near future, hence only a few general points will be given here. Playground equipment and playground apparatus are not the same. Equipment includes the idea of efficiency, while apparatus includes merely the mechanical appliances. The first essential in playground equipment, granted that we have already a play leader, is the proper division of the ground. There should be at least three separate divisions: (1) for the children, both boys and girls, ( 2) for the larger girls, and ( 3) for the larger boys. Where possible, another division should be made for the intermediate boys, those between the age of (;hildhood and the age of youth. Boys of this period are likely not to care for the strenuous contests of the older boys, neither for the simpler plays of the little fellows. For this class it is well to have a separate place, containing jumping pit, see-saws, swinging rings, and hori­zontal ba.r and horizontal ladder. The children's side should have at least two sand boxes, built around a tree or near to the house so shade can be had. The box should have neither top nor bottom. Make a frame out of four planks 1 foot by 8 feet by 1 inch, place frame on the ground, and fill with good clean sand. The sand should not be dirt; it should be the kind used by builders. Children should not be allowed to eat lunches in the box, and it must be kept free from scraps, paper, etc. It is best to leave the box open at all times if it can be kept clean; otherwise, have a lid to close it when school is not in session. Sman wooden spades or shovels can be easily ·made by the older pupils for use in the sand box. Another important piece of apparatus for the children's side i1:1 the see-saw. These should not be higher than four feet. Sev­eral can be supported by one large pole resting on large posts with iron clamps holding the pole to posts. Each see-saw can be fixed underneath the pole by means of an iron clamp around the see­saw and another around the pole, with the two clamps united by an iron link. Swings and traveling rings are other important pieces of ap­paratus for the older children. A number of rings and swings, and also two or three teeter ladders and one horizontal bar can all be arranged on one large wooden frame. The posts should be placed deep in the ground, and it is always best to place them Bulletin of the University of Texas in concrete. It pays in the long run, probably, to have steel ap­paratus, but well-built wooden apparatus will last a long time. A merry-go-round, slide, or giant's stride, will add immensely to the popularity of the children's side of a playground. The Slide. This is deservedly one piece of apparatus that will be in continuous use. An objection sometimes made to the slide is that it is dangerous. This need not be, if two precautions are taken : (1) See that the incline is made of good, smooth timber, preferably maple; ( 2) have a railing to keep children from falling off. Another objection to the slide is that it soil~ clothes. This objection, too, may be removed by having a good maple incline, d.Ild by having mats to sit on after a rain. For the larger girls, there should be swings, traveling rings, tennis, basket ball, and volley ball courts. Construction of Apparatus. The high cost of most pieces of playground apparatus places it beyond the reach of many sf TeX4S Hofer : Folk Games and Dances. The Dale Association, Bos­ton, 75 cents. Arnold: Gymnastic Games Classified, ibid., $1.00. Duryea: Dance Songs 0£ the Nations, ibid., $2.00. (2) Miscellaneous Games Bancroft: Games for the School, Rome, and Gymnasium. Macmillan Co., New York, $1:50. (A most excellent book.) Johnson: Education by Plays and Games. Ginn & Co., New York, 50 cents. Johnson: What to Do at Re<-ess. -Ginn & Co., New York, 25 cents. Bulleti:Q on Play and Athletics. Published by State Depart­ment 0£ Education 0£ Virginia. Richmond. Stecher: Handbooks 0£ Lessons in Plhysical Training and Games, three parts. McVey Publishing Co., 1229 Archer Street, Philadelphia, 35, 35, and 50 cents each. Kingsland: Book 0£ Indoor and Outdoor Games. Doubleday, Page & Co., New York, $1.50. Burchenal: Folk Dances and Singing Games. G. Schirmer, Publisher, X ew York, $1.50. (3) Playgrounds The Playground, a monthly magazine. Published by the Play­ ground Association 0£ America, No. 1 Madison Avenue, New York. $1.00 a vear. Mero : ·American Playgrounds. The Dale Association, Boston, $1.50. (Invaluable.) Pamphlets published by the Playground Association 0£ America, 1 Madison Avenue, New York, 5 and 10 cents ea(;h. The following manufacturers 0£ playground apparatus will be glad to submii plans and prices for apparatus. A. G. Spalding, Chicopee, Mass. (4) Physical E ducati<>n Sargent: Physical Education. Ginn & Co., $1.50. American Physical Education Review, a monthly magazine. Published by the Physical Euucation Association 0£ America, Springfield, l\fass., $3.00 a year. Gulick: Physical Education by Muscular Exercise. P. Blakis­ ton & Sons, 1012 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, 75 (;ents. No. 290. S·palding Athletic Library, Get Well, Keep Well, 10 cents. No. 149. Spalding Athletic Library, Care of the body, 10 cents. Phymcal Training and Athletics No. 7R. Spalding Athletic Library, Physical Training Simplified. No. 208. Spalding Athletic Library, Physical Education and Hygiene. 'l'yler: Growth and Education. The Dale Associ11tion, Boston, $1.50.