BULLETIN 

OF 

THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS 

NO. 189 Four Times a Month. SCIENTIFIC SERIES NO. 19. 
JULY 1, 1911 
Bureau of Economic Geology and Technology 
The Composition of 1exas G..,oals 
and Lignites 
and 
The Use of Producer Gas in 1exas 


PUBLISHED BY 
THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS 
AUSTIN, TEXAS 
E'1t.tered tJI 1ec<>nd-c'lass mail matter at -the postoffice at 
Austin, .}.'exas 

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242-711-2500-4,40 

BULLETIN 

OF 

THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS 

NO. 189 
Four Times a Month. 
SCIENTIFIC SERIES NO. 19. JULY 1, 1911 

The Composition of Texas G"oa/s and Lignites 
and 

The Use of Producer Gas tn Texas 
BY 
WM. B. PHILLIPS 
Director of the Bureau of Economic Geology and Technology 

S. H. WORRELL 
Chief of the Testing Laboratory 
DRURY McN. PHILLIPS 


• PUBLISHED BY 
THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS 
AUSTIN, TEXAS 

Entered as second-class mail matter at the postojfice at 
Austin, Texas 

TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

PAGE. INTRODUCTION .............. ... . . .... .. .. .. . . .. .. ...... 3-4 
CHAPTER I...... ... . . ...... .. .... .. . . .. . .. .. ... .. .. .... 5 Ooal.-Demand far Information-Coal Fields-Railroad Facilities-Production of Coal and Lignite-Tables of Analyses-Discussion-Value of Products from Gas-works in the United States-Fuel and Illuminating Gas-Heat­ing power of Texas Coals-Analyses of Coals Not Now Used. 
CHAPTER II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Lignite.-Extent of Fields-Geological Formations­Flora and Fauna of Coal Beds in General-Tables of Analyses-Discussion-Analyses of Lignites Not Now Used. 
CHAPTER III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 The Use of Producer Gas in Texas.-Installations of Producers-Lignite Fields in United States-Tests o.f Texas Lignite in Fuel Testing Plant, St. Louis-Estab­lishments in Texas-Producers and Gas Engines Used in Texas-Tables of Producer Operations-Analyses of Pro­ducer Gas-Heat Units in Producer Gas-Gas Engine and Producer Considered as a Compact System-Economy from Use of Producer Gas-Cost of Fuel per Horse-power Hour-Producer Gas from Lignite to be Chief Source of Power. 


'·"'ft.

MAR 11 19\4 
INTRODUCTION 
This Bulletin on The Composition of Texas Coals and Lig­nites and the Use of Producer Gas in Texas has been prepared for the purpose of supplying the numerous requests for in­formation respecting the character of our fuels. 
There has been no geological survey in Texas since 1892, and nearly all of the publications of that survey, 1888-1892, are now out of print, as are also the publications of the Uni­versity Mineral Survey, 1901-1905. There have been three special publications on the subject of Texas Coals and Lignites. The first of these was a pamphlet entitled "Preliminary Re­port on the Utilization of Lignite," by E. T. Dumble, State Geologist, November 18, 1891. This was followed, in 1892, by his comprehensive ''Report OR the Brown Coal and Lignite of Texas,'' in which he discussed the character, formation, oc­currence, and fuel uses of our lignites. Of this excellent re­port there are still some copies on hand for distribution, price, 20 cents for unbound and 25 cents for bound copies. 
The Texas Geological Survey was discontinued in 1892, and there were no further publications until the establishment of the University Mineral Survey in 1901. This survey was dis­continued in 1905. 
In May, 1902, it issued Bulletin No. 3, entitled ''Coal, Lig­nite and Asphalt Rocks;" in which were given sections of coal and lignite seams and many detailed analyses. The edition of this Bulletin has long since been exhausted, and there is not a single copy that can be sent out. In the meantime there has been a considerable development of coal and lignite mining in Texas, the combined production having increased from 1,104,­953 tons, valued at $1,907,024, in 1901. to 2,108,179 tons, val­ued at $3,771,089, in 1910. During this period the production of lignite alone has increased from 303,155 tons, valued at $251,288, to 979,232 tons, valued at $941,700. During the last few years there has been a marked increase in the use of lig­nite in gas-producers, the gas thus made going to gas engines for the generation of power. Lignite is also used in gas-pro­ducers for fuel to be employed in the burning of lime, etc. 
Bulletin of the University of Texas 
In the chapter on ''The Use of I~ignite in Gas Producers,'' pre­pared by Mr. Drury McN. Phillips, at his own expense, this matter is discussed. 
Considering the great extent of the lignite fields in Texas, probably in excess of 60,000 square miles, an area larger than the entire State of Georgia, and the fact that every variety of this fuel is to be found here, and further, that it affords the cheapest and best fuel in the State, with the possible ex­ception of natural gas in certain favored localities, for many commercial purposes, it is well within reason to believe that this fuel will be our chief industrial reliance for power. 
Since 1895 the production of lignite has increased from 124,343 tons, valued at $111,908, to 979,232 tons. valued at $941,700. During this period of 16 years the production of coal has increased about 200 per cent, while that of lignite has increased about 700 per cent. 
The investigations on coal an<l lignite, begun by this Bu­reau, were planned to cover, as far as possible, two subjects, the detailed analyses and the gas-producing qualities, this lat­ter to cover also the production of tar and ammoniacal liquor. The first part has now been completed, and work on the second part has begun. The analyses herewith submitted represent producing mines only, except when it is expressly stated to the contrary. 
WM. B. PHILLIPS, 
Director: 
S. H. WORRELL, Chief of Testing Laboratory; DRURY McN. PHILLIPS, Special Agent; 
Bureau 	of Economic Geology and Technology, University of Texas. Austin, Texas, July, 1911. 
THf COMPOSITION Of TfXAS COALS AND LIGNIT~S 

BY 
WM. 8. PHILUPS AND S. H. WORRELL 
AND 
USf Of PRODUCfRGAS IN TfXAS 
BY 
DRURY McN. PHILLIPS 
CHAPTER I. 
CO.AL. 
In Bulletin No. 3 of the University Mineral Survey, May, 1902, there were given detailed analyses of the coals and lig­nites then mined in Texas. The samples were taken in person, at the mines, by an agent of the Survey and represented the freshly mined material. The complete exhaustion of the edi­tion of that Bulletin and the constant requests for information respecting the composition of our coals and lignites has led to the preparation of this publication. It was planned to extend the inquiry to cover the gas-producing power of these fuels, the determination of the amount and quality of the gas to be obtained, the amount and quality of the tar, ammoniacal liquor, etc. But as this latter inquiry requires a great deal of time and the requests for information as to the composition 0£ our coals and lignites have become so numerous and so pressing, it has been thought best to issue thi::i Bulletin now, and to supplement it later by the results of further research. 
It is not our purpose, at this time, to enter into a detailed description of the coal and lignite fields of Texas, or to discuss their geology. It will suffice to say that there are three well­recognized coal fields in Texas, two on the Rio Grande and one in north central Texas, west of Fort Worth. 
The two on the Rio Grande are in Ma.verick County, with Eagle Pass as the chief town, and Webb County, with Laredo as the chief town. This field extends also into the counties of 
Bulletin of the University of Texas 
Dimmit and Zavala. It is entered by the following railroads: Southern Pacific; International & Great Northern; Rio Grande & El Paso; Uvalde & Crystal Falls; Asherton & Gulf; and Texas Mexican. 
The coal is probably of Tertiary age. 
The North Central Coal Field lies in the counties of Brown, Coleman, Comanche, Erath, Eastland, Jack, McCulloch, Mon­tague, Palo Pinto, Parker, San Saba, Shackelford, Stephens, Wise, and Young. It comes south of the Colorado river in McCulloch and San Saba counties. Its coal is of Carboniferous age. 
The North Central Coal Fieid is entered by the following railroads : Texas & Pacific; Texas Central; Chicago, Rock Island & Gulf; Fort Worth & Denver; Fort Worth & Rio Grande (Frisco) ; Gulf, Colorado & Santa Fe; Wichita Falls & Southern; Mineral Wells & Northwestern; Stephenville, North & South Texas; Gulf, Texas &Western. 
The total workable coal area may be taken at 8,200 square miles, with an additional area of 5,300 square miles, that may contain workable beds, as estimated by Mr. M. R. Campbell, of the United States Geological Survey. The original supply of coal in Texas is thought by Mr. Campbell to have been 8,000,000,000 tons. The total loss of coal, due to production and waste, certainly has not exceeded 15,000,QOO tons, so that we have still 99 per cent of the original supply left. This sup­ply is sufficient to provide for a mining loss of 10,000,000 tons a year for 800 years. 
No extended mention is here made of the coal area in El Paso and Presidio counties, because no coal of commercial importance has been mined there for many years. 
At one time, 1893-1895, it was hopen by the parties at in­terest that the San Carlos Coal Field, in Presidio county, 20 to 25 miles south of the Southern Pacific Railway, at Chispa, could be developed. A railroad was built to it, and a great deal of expensive work was done. But the enterprise has long since been abandoned, although there appears to be rea­son for thinking that the best coal there was not opened at all. It is possible that a coking coal of fair quality exists in that field, in addition to natural gas. (See this Bulletin, p. 34.) The production of coal, as distinct from lignite, can not be 
Texr,as Goals and Lignites 
given with accuracy prior to the year 1895. Up to that time, beginning with the year 1884, the total production of coal and lignite was 1,943,500 short tons, or an average for the eleven years of 176,681 tons a year. Beginning, however, with the year 1895 we have coal and lignite as separate items. 
The following table gives the production and value of the coal and lignite from 1895 to 1910, inclusive. The statistics are those of the United States Geological Survey, except for 1909 and 1910. These were collected by the Bureau: 
PRODUOTION AND VALUE OF COAL AND LIGNITE, 1895-191~SHORT TONS. 
Year. Coal-Tons. Value. Lignite-tons. Value. 
1895  -----------------­ 800,616 $  801,280  124,343 $  111,0Cil  
1696  --------------­ 376,076  747,b72  167,939  148,37\l  
1897  -----------------­ 422,727  792,838  216,614  179,~  
1898  -------------·­ 490,315  968,871  196,419  170,892  
1899  -----------------­ 687,411  1,188,177  100,421  146,718  
lg()O 1901  ---------­________________..,_  715,461 804,798  1,350,607 1,655,736  252,912 803,155  231,307 251,288  
1902  ------------------­ 696,005  1,326,155  205,907  151,090  
1900  ------------------­ 659,154  1,289,110  267,605  216,273  
1904  ---------------­ 774,315  1,652,992  421,629  330,644  
1SXJ5  -------------------­ 809,151  1,684,527  391,533  284,031  
1906 1907  -----------------­________..________  P.39,985 940,337  1,779,890 2,062,918  472,888 707,732  399,011 715,893  
1908  -----------------­ 1,047,407  2,580,991  847,970  838,490  
1909  ----------·---­ 1,144,108  2,714,680  715,151  592,421  
1910  ------------­ 1,128,947  2,829,389  979,232  941,700  

Total ---------------ll,896,813j $25,425,933 6,467,4501$ 5,709,630 
Since 1895 the production of coal has increased by more than 200 per cent. During the same period the production of lignite has increased by nearly 700 per cent. For each ton of coal mined in 1895 there are now mined more than three tons. For each ton of lignite mined in 1895 there are now minetl nearly eight tons. 
The average value of the coal in 1910 was $2.51 a ton, at the mines, while that of lignite was 96 cents. 
In Texas there are no very large coal mines, the largest pro­ducer turning out about 600,000 tons a year. The smallest out­put in 1910 was something over 10,000 tons. 
There is one coal washing establishment in Texas, that of the Olmos Coal Company, at Eagle Pass, Maverick county. The production of the Rio Grande Coal Field, comprising the counties of Maveriek and Webb, in 1909, was 183,447 tons, val­ued at $536,001; in 1910 it was 215,328 tons, valued at $503,375. 
Bulletin of the UniverS'ity of Texas 
The production of the North Central Coal Field, compr1smg the counties of Erath, Jack, Parker, Wise and Young, in 1909 was 960,661 tons, valued at $2,044,990; in 1910 it was 913,619 tons, valued at $2,326,014. 
For the further development of the coal fields of Texas four railroads are possible. In the North Central Field the exten­sion of the Chicago, Rock Island & Gulf from Graham to Stam­ford would give a western outlet for the coal along the Clear Fork of the Brazos. In the same field the extension of the Gulf, Texas & Western from Jacksboro to Seymour opens the undeveloped coal north of the Brazos river. The extension of the Wichita Falls & Southern from Newcastle to Brownwood, by way of Cisco, would afford another southern outlet for the coal in the counties of Young, Stephens, Eastland and Brown. In the Rio Grande Coal Field the extension of the Uvalde & Crystal Falls Railway to Laredo would open the undeveloped coal in the counties of Zavala and Dimmit. 
The coal-producing counties are: Erath, Jack, Palo Pinto, Parker, Wise and Young, in the North Central Field (Carbon­iferous) and Maverick and Webb in the Rio Grande Field (Ter­tiary). 
COMPOSITION OF TEXAS COALS. 
In 1901-1902 an agent of the University Mineral Survey was sent to all of the coal mines for the purpose of securing fair samples of the coal as mined. These samples were placed in sealed cans and sent to the laboratory of the survey. Detailed analyses were made, with particular attention to the percentage of moisture in the coal as mined. 
The samples came from the following properties : 
No. 1518.  Rio Grande Coal Co., Minera. Webb county.  
No. 1519.  Cannel Coal Co., Darwin, Webb county.  
No. 1520.  Maverick County Coal Co., Eagle Pass, Maverick  
county.  
No. 1521.  Rio Bravo Coal Co., Eagle Pass, Maverick county.  
No. 1522.  Wise County Coal Co., Bridgeport, Wise county.  

Nos. 1523-1524. Bridgeport Coal Co., Bridgeport, Wise county. Nos. 1525-1526-1527. Texas Coal & Fuel Co., Rock Creek, Parker county. 
Te,xas Coals and Lignites 
No.1528. Young Mine, Keeler, Palo Pinto county. 
Nos. 1529-1530-1531-1532. Texas & Pacific Coal Co., Thur­ber, Erath county. 
No. 1533. Strawn Coal Mining Co., Strawn, Palo Pinto county. 
No. 1534. Smith-Lee Mine, Cisco, Eastland county. 
The analyses of these coals, made by 0. W. Palm and S. H. Worrell, were given in Bulletin No. 3, University Mineral Sur­vey, May, 1902, as follows: 
()()M!'OSI'l'IO]'( OP TEXAS OOA.LS-SAMI"LED AT JlfINE9 BT UNIVER!'!ITY MINEitAL SURVEY, 1901-1000. I-' 
0 
;I-_______Pr_o_x_1m_a_te_An._a_Iy_s_ls_.________ ______m_t_1m_a_t_e_A_n_a_1y_s_1s_._____j Heat Value. I / I 
Natural Condltlon. On Dry Basis. 1 Natural Condition. Dry Basis. British / I 1-------------1----------1--------------------Thermal Units. 
D I § ., .; ! I ----~ ~~ i 
j ..,;a .c "':O _g ' I Nat-" ,. § o 
"' il:;:; I :0 il:;:; " I • · ural Dry CS :S.~ Z 
., ~ ~B~ o ~ ~Et c'5 : ..; .; ~ • g .; ~ . ~ Oondl-Basis. "' • ..,J ~ .!l 
:; ::i ·-13..., .,, .<:l ·-s~ .,, I ::i 0 o !il ~ 0 o !il ~ tlon. «lg .<:l 0~ /:!. 
" ~ ~8~ I -~ .d p. ~8~ -~ I f,i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ -------~I ~~I GI 
---~-·--~1_>__1~ ~ ~ _..'.:__!~__::__~____::__~~ f"1 ~~~~B.T.U.B.T.U. ~-~_!_ 
1518 -----------4.09 47.95138.89 9.07 2.45 50.001 40.55 9.45 2.00 66.70 5.35 10.851 1.47 69.!\5 5.58i 11.32 1.54 11,052 12,!i66 1.29 80.6 1518 1519 --------..--3.46 48.84 36.61 11.09 2.09 60.70; 37.93111.37 2.17 66.651 5.65 7.46 3.62 69.04 5.94; 7.731 3.75 12,036 12,4701 1.321 82.51. 1519 1520 -----------9.40 33.08: 40.09 17.43 1.28 36.521 44.26 19.22 1.42 62.551 4.14 8.07 1.63 64.06 4.57'1 8.921 1.81 11,149; 12,3171 1.41 87.1 1520 1521 ----------6.01 38.16i 36.82 18.11 1.96 41.00 89.56 19.44 1.28 58.85 4.63 9.60, 0.78 63.22 4.87 10.32 0.87 11,472' 12,324, 1.62[ 101.2, 152~ 152"2 -----------12.60 31.721 42.98 12.80 1.84 86.26 49.12 14.62 2.11 56.87 3.891 11.14, 1.07 64.88 4.45 12.71 1.23 10,656 12,190 l.48: 92.5 152_ 1523 -----------12.21 31.93 41.12 14.74 1.73 87.52 46.83 15.65 1.08 59.40 3.37 8.o5: J.58 67.07 3.73 0.17 1.80 10,575 12,017 I.441 oo.ol 1s2~ 1524 -----------12.56 34.13 41.99 11.82 1.63 89.04 48.03 12.00 1.87 58.331 8.'/5 11.171 1.22 66.72 4.30 12.78' l .40 10,873 11,81H 1.621101.2[ 1!\24 1525 -----------8.12 29.62 46.84 15.42 1.56 82.24 49.90 17.86 1.70 fi0.191 8.64 8.31 1.72 65.521 S.99i 9.05 1.88 11,515 12,53~ 1.24 77.G, 1525 1526 -----------5.95 33.08 44.79 16.18 2.00 S5.18 47.63 17.19 2.13 57.85 3.93 12.90J 1.14 61.521 4.18' 13.72 1.22 11,450 12,175 1.46 91.21 1526 1527 -----------6.84 29.17 42.48 21.51 2.82 31.32 45.60 22.08 3.03 57.86 3.99 5.231 2.70 62.08[ 4.29 5.62 2.90 11,493 12,338 1.36 85.0 1527 1528 -----------5.31 31.24 38.69 24.76 4.76 33.00 40.86 26.14 5.03 57.13 3.80 2.34 1.69 60.34 4.12 2.58 1.79 11,171 11,797 1.42 88.7 1528 1529 -----------5.36 81.91 43.03 19.70 2.04 33.72 45.47 20.81 2.16 59.27, 3.96 8.35 1.49 62.43 4.19 8.83 1.58 11,450 12,099 1.10 68.71 1529 1530 -----------5.46 35.66 49.17 9.71 1.61 87.72 52.01 10.27 1.71 70.48 4.95 6.60 1.16 74.56 5.24 6.99 1,23 12,0031 13,755 1.36 85.0 1530 1631 -----------5.83 33.20 48.15 17.82 1.51 35.26 4!J.83 18.91 2.77 60.90 4.00 6.26 2.58 64.68 4.25 6.66 2.74 11,448; 12,157 1.27 79.4 1631 1532 -----------4.31 35.61 44.55 15.63 3.00 37.22 .f6.56 16.22 3.H 58.27 4.88 6.74 1.82 66.57 5.11 7.05 1.91 12,264! 12,817 1.40 87.5 1632 1533 -----------4.00 31.78 42.04 22.18 2 .89 33.11 43 .80 23.09 S.49 58.01 4.06 6.62 2.74 60.43 4.231 6.90 2.86 11,524: 12,005 1.44 90.0 1533 1534 -----------13.44 84.86 36.87 15.3~ 2.54 40.28 42.0'2 17.70 2.94 50.94 4.41 11.86 1.46 58.86 5.10113.71 1.69 9,609'1 11,101 1.60 100.0 1634 
Average ____ 7.40 84.82 41.74 10.04 -2.19 37.65 45.06 17.29 2.38 60.01f 4.25 8.aaj 1.76 64.79 4.59 9.00 1.90 11,245 12,oafi 1.40 87.5Ave. 

Tea;as Coals and Lignites 
The Tertiary Coals here represented are Nos. 1518, 1519, 1520 and 1521, the two former from Webb county, Laredo district, and the two latter from Maverick county, Eagle Pass district. The Webb county coals are higher in volatile and combustible matter and sulphur, and lower in ash and moisture than the Maverick county coals, the fixed carbon being about the same. The Ter­tiary coals from these counties show a considerable difference in the composition of the ash, as will appear further along. The Carboniferous coals, Nos. 1522 to 1534, inclusive, show a marked range in composition. On the average they contain more moist­ure, fixed carbon, ash and sulphur, with less volatile and com­bustible matter than the Tertiary coals. 
From the composition of the ash of the Texas coals it may be concluded that while the coal was forming there were con­siderable variations in the character of the vegetation and in the character and amount of the sediments washed in. If we allow that the rate of accumulation of vegetable matter is 100 tons per acre per century and allow, also, for the differences in density and composition, it is likely that the rate of the formation of coal will not exceed one foot in 10,000 years. During such a period there would probably be many opportunities for climatic changes affecting the character of the vegetation, and for changes in the nature of the sediments mixed with the coal while >.t was form­ing. 
In these coals, as mined, the following variations in composi­
tion were observed:  
From  To  Average  
Moisture  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3.46  1344  7.40  
Volatile and Combustible Matter.  29.17  48.84  34.82  
Fixed Carbon  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  36.37  49.17  41.74  
Ash  ...........................  9.07  24.76  16.04  
Sulphur  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  1.28  4.76  2.19  
Carbon  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  50.94  70.48  60.01  
Hydrogen  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3.37  5.65  4.25  
Oxygen  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  2.34  12.90  8.33  
Nitrogen  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  0.78  3.62  1.76  
British Thermal Units .......... ..  9,609  12,264  11,245  
On dry basis these become :  
Volatile and Combustible Matter.  31.32  50.70  37.65  
Fixed Carbon  ................ .  37.93  52.01  45.06  
A.sh  ... . ...................... .  9.45  26.14  17.29  

Bulletin of the University of Texas 
From To Average Sulphur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.28 5.03 2.38 Carbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.86 74.56 64.79 Hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.73 5.94 4.59 Oxygen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.58 13.72 9.00 Nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.87 '3.75 1.90 British Thermal Units. . . . . . . . . . 11,101 13,755 12,035 
Without considering, for the present, the things that ultimately comprise coal and lignite, such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, etc., we may regard such fuel as made up, essentially, of five things, viz., moisture (ordinary water), volatile and com­bustible matter, fixed carbon, ash and sulphur. As to moisture, but little need be said. It is water which exists as such in the coal as it exists in a great many things in nature, in wood, in earth, in many rocks, etc. It is given off from coal at all ordinary temperatures, and is completely driven off at or a little above the boiling point of water, 212 degrees Fahren­heit. It is of no value in the coal, and, in fact, is an objec­tion, for it detracts from the heating power. An amount of coal equivalent to the amount of water present must be used to evaporate the water before any appreciable heat is derived from the burning of the coal. 
On the average, Texas coals, as mined, contain nearly 7% pounds of water in each one hundred pounds, or nearly 150 pounds in a ton of 2000 pounds (short ton) . If we allow that, on the average, it requires one pound of these coals to evaporate 10 pounds of water from and at 212 degrees Fah­renheit we would have to use 15 pounds of coal from every ton, or 450 pounds from each 30-ton car, to drive the moisture out. This amount of coal, 450 pounds per carload, is to be subtracted from the coal which is used for heating, as it is employed merely in driving the water out of the coal. We do not know what is the average amount of water in our coals as they are received and used. It is sometimes a question of the weather, whether the coal has been rained on or not while it was in transit, and whether the coal is stored under shelter or not, after being received. But the storing of coal brings up other questions which are not pertinent at this time. The loss of heating power in certain coals that are stored for some time enters in here, but this loss may be, in part, counter­
Tea:as Coals and Lignites 
balanced by the increased dryness of the coal. The danger of spontaneous combustion in stored coal has also to be con­sidered. 
In the purchase of coal on analysis it is customary to specify that the moisture shall not exceed such and such a percentage, the amount so allowed varying according to circumstances. In comparing one coal with another it is best to reduce the analyses to the same basis, and the most convenient one is the dry, or water-free, basis. For practical purposes it is necessary to consider the relative amounts of water which these coals would contain, as received, but on this subject we have very little data. It is seldom, or never, the case that coal as received contains the same amount of water as it did when it was mined. Unless it is exposed to wet weather, be­tween the shipping and the delivery points, coal will lose water and decrease in weight. But this decrease in weight does not necessarily imply a loss in efficiency, looking at the matter from the standpoint of loss of moisture only. If, at the same time, there should be a loss of volatile and combustible matter, which could be used as a source of heat, the questions raised are of a different sort. 
The next thing that coal contains is volatile and comhustible matter which can be used as a source of heat. Water is volatile matter, but it can not be used for heating. The volatile matter that coal contains is also combustible matter, so we use the term ''volatile and combustible.'' 
As has been already remarked, Texas coals, as mined, con­tain from 29.17 to 48.84 per cent. of volatile and combustible matter, the average being 34.82 per cent. In other words, our coals contain a little more than one-third of their weight of volatile and combustible matter. 
What is this substance 1 
To answer this question in detail would take us into highly technical discussions, with which this publication has but little to do. The expression "volatile and combustible matter" is taken to include those substances, simple or complex, which are given off from coal at temperatures a little above that of boil­ing water to full red heat, with excl1ision of air. The air must be excluded or the solid matter of the coal will begin to burn. If we take a finely ground sample of coal and heat it at the 
Bulletin of the University of Texas 
temperature of boiling water, or a little above, it will lose weight, and this loss is water. If we take this same sample and heat it in a crucible with a closely-fitting cover up to full red heat (about 1000 degrees Fahrenheit) we get an additional loss of weight, .and this loss is volatile and combustible matter. There will be left in the crucible :fixed carbon and ash, which will be considered later. This volatile and combustible matter is not a simple substance, like water, but is composed of gases and smoke. The gases vary a good deal in composition, and so, also, does the smoke, although not to so great an extent. 
The amount and nature, and, consequently, the value of this volatile and combustible matter, depends on a number of things, among them being the nature of the coal itself, the size of the coal treated, the rapidity in the increase of temperature, the final temperature, the temperature of the space into which the products evolved are carried, the mass of the coal, the time factor, etc. Most of the gases thus obtained are combustible, but at times and under certain conditions we have, also, water and carbonic acid, which are not combustible at all. 
The term volatile and combustible matter does not, there­fore, always mean that all of the material can be burned, and thus afford heat. At times there are certain gases evolved which can not be burned again, e. g., water and carbonic acid. If the coal be thoroughly dried and water is afterwards found as a part of the volatile and combustible matter it has doubt­less been produced during the operation, and is not an essential part of the coal. 
Disregarding the water and the carbonic acid (although, at times, they are important factors), the constituents of the vola­tile and combustible matter that claim our attention especially are the gases that can be burned and which, thus, are a source of heat. These are carbon monoxide, marsh gas (which com­poses 95 per cent of the best Texas natural gas), ethane, a group of gases known as "illuminants," and hydrogen. Oxy­gen and nitrogen are also present, the latter in considerable amounts if there is much air present. 
It is perfectly true that "any statement as to the character of the gases or volatile products evolved from coal at specified temperatures has little value unless it is accompanied by a clear description of the conditions prevailing, and particularly of the 
Te'X<Ls Coals and Lignites 
points at which temperatures were taken and of the mass of coal which was heated.' '1 
At the same time the term "volatile and combustible matter" is used by chemists and by practical coal men to designate those matters that are driven off from coal between the temperahll'P,S of boiling water, 212 degrees Fahrenheit, ana full red heat. 1000 degrees Fahrenheit, without considering their composi­tion. The more strictly scientific aspects of the case are, to some extent, subordinated to the necessity of having some term, in common use, for the substances in coal which are neither water, fixed carbon nor ash. We know that these substances vary a good deal in amount and nature, but there has not yet been found a more convenient or a more expressive nomencla­ture than the one here adopted. 
We use it with the understanding that it includes some gases that are not combustible, but for the most part are so. 
There is, as yet, but little information as to the amount and nature of the gases to be obtained from Texas coals under speci­fied conditions. This is an investigation which this Bureau has planned, but which it has not yet been able to carry out. The plan outlined is to study these coals under conditions closely approximating those that maintain in the manufacture of ordi­nary illuminating and heating gas and producer-gas. It does not so much involve an inquiry into what these gases and other products would be under varying conditions as an inquiry into what they would be under specified conditions, approximating those in current practice. It would include the determination of the amount and nature of the gas, with respect to its illumi­nating and heating power, and the amount and nature of the tar, ammoniacal liquor and coke. 
It is expected that this work will begin during the coming summer and be prosecuted vigorously, the results being given in another Bulletin. There is practically no information on these points, and that in spite of the fact that since 1895 we have produced nearly 12,000,000 tons of coal, valued at more than $25,000,000. 
The third item to be considered is fixed carbon. This is the substance, less the ash, which is left after the moisture and thr 
1Horace K. Porter and F. K. Ovitz, in Bull. No. 1, Bureau of Mines, Department of the Interior, 1910, p. 55. 
Bullet?:n of the University of Texas 
volatile and combustible matter have been removed from coal 
It is the solid matter in coal, less the ash, and for our pur­poses may be considered as carbon. There is other carbon in coal, but this has gone off as gas and smoke, and what is left is not volatile. 
In Texas coals, as mined, the fixed carbon varies from 36.37 to 49.17 per cent.. the average being 41.74 per cent. In com­parison with many other bituminous (soft) coals this am01mt is low, Alabama, P ennsylvania and Oklahoma coals carrying from 55 to 60 per cent. and New Mexico coal from 50 to 55 per cent. One reason why Texas coals do not make good coke is because the amount of fixed carbon is so low. The yieid of coke from coal is very close to the amount of fixed carbon in the coal. When we connect this fact with the further fact that our coals carry almost twice as much ash and sulphur as good coking coal should carry, we may begin to understand why aur coals are not used for making coke. Our coals carry about the same amount of volatile and combustible matter as do the coking coals of Alabama, Pennsylvania, Oklahoma and New Mexico, and there is, perhaps, not a marked difference in the nature of this matter, but those coals make good coke, while Texas coals do not, under ordinary bee-hive conditions. It is possible that a better coke could be made in by-product, or re­covery, ovens, where the coking conditions are markedly differ­
ent from those in bee-hive ovens, but we have no information on 
this subject with respect to Texas coals. Attempts to lower the 
amount of ash and sulphur by washing the coal, preparatory to 
coking, have not been successful here. There was a very consid­
erable loss of coal, due to insufficient differences in specific 
gravity, without a counterbalancing improvement in the coke. 
The washing of coal is carried on in this State at one establish­
ment, that of the Olmos Coal Company, at Eagle Pass, and 
three grades of washed coal are prepared, egg, nut and pea, 
but the coal is not used for coking. 
So far as now known, there is no good coking coal in Texas, 
although it is reported that one of the c;;eams in the San Carlos 
Coal Field, Presidio county, gives a fair coking coal. There 
are no developments in this field at present, nor has any work 
been done there since 1895. (See this Bulletin, p. 34.) 
When the fixed carbon in coal is burned there is left ash, or 
Tea;as Coals and Lignites 
the mineral constituents of the coal. In Texas coals, as mined, the ash varies from 9.07 to 24.76 per cent., the average being 
16.04 per cent. In 1902 the University Mineral Survey made detailed analyses of the ash of Texas coals, and it has not been thought necessary to repeat this work. The following table gives the results of these analyses : 
COMPOSITION OF THE ASH OF TEXAS COALS 
Anal. No. 1518 ----­1519 ----­1520 ----­1521 -----­1522 --­1623 --­1624 ---­1525 -----­1626 ----­1527 -----­1628 ---­1529 ----­1530 -----­1531 1632 ---­1633 ----­163~ ----­Average-·  Silica. --­42.08 44.48 C5 .34 62.72 84.16 34.32 34.46 50.50 62.88 47.20 S'l.50 52 .06 48.04 48.20 49.12 54.M 29.14 --­45.00'  Alumina. --­24.79 35.62 30.04 24 .56 24.7(3 14.62 14.10 24.46 32.20 17.SS 32.40 41.12 43.92 26 .20 25.71 13.1!> 15.56 --­25.94  Oxide of Iron. --­23.03 14.74 3.38 9.84 13.56 22.94 13.26 15.40 13.56 28.02 20.64 4 .00 3.68 22.02 24.37 28.02 13.42 --­16.ll  Lime. --­4.69 2.56 0.91 0.64 16.08 14.85 22.08 4.21 1.16 1.35 6.68 1.08 2.16 0.81 trace 1.56 20.73 --­5.00'  Mae-Oxide of Su!Dhurlc nesla. Mangan-Acid. ese. --­--­--­none l.75 4.57 trace 3.52 0.36 0.80 0.80 0.70 -------­trace --­-----­-------­12.19 1.42 1.16 10.97 1.43 trace 12.87 trace trace 2.84 trace -------­trace 1.47 trace trace ------­6.64 1.50 1.67 trace ---------­0.84 1.34 0.96 -------­trace 2.25 2.32 1.91 trace 15.00 --­--­--­0.73 0.22 4.42  Per-cent. of Ash In Coal as Mined. --­9.07 ll.09 17.43 18.11 12.80 14.74 ll.32 15.42 16.18 21.51 24.76 19.70 9.71 17 .82 15.53 22.18 15.33 --­16.04  

The Tertiary coals, from the Rio Grande Field, are Nos. 1518, 1519, 1520, 1521, the first two being from Webb county, La­redo district, and the last two from Maverick county, Eagle Pass district. The ash of these coals shows a considerable d1f­ference in composition. The Webb county co!:lls are low in silica and high in oxide of iron, with a medium content of alumina, lime and sulphuric acid. The Maverick county coals are high in silica and low in oxide of iron and sulphuric acid. As these coals are supposed to be of the same geological age and to have been formed under relatively the same conditions, we may infer that the vegetation from which they were made was of a different character, and that the in-wash of sediments varied a good deal. 
The coals of the Carboniferous formation also show consid­erable differences with respect to the composition of the ash, and this likewise would lead one to suppose that the character of the vegetation varied a good deal during the coal-forming 
2-T. C. 
Bulletin of the University of Texas 
period. In these coals the silica varies from 29.14 to 54.34 per cent. ; the alumina from 13.10 to 32.40 per cent.; the oxide of iron from 3.68 to 28.02 per cent.; the lime from a trace to 22.08 per cent.; the magnesia from a trace to 2.25 per cent., and the sulphuric acid (combined not free) from a trace to 15.00 per cent. 
It is impossible to observe these analyses without reaching the conclusion that the character of the coal-forming vegeta­tion changed a good deal during Carboniferous times, from plants which secreted a comparatively small amount of silica to those secreting a large amount. This observation also holds true with respect to the oxide of iron, alumina, lime and sul­phuric acid, for the composition of the ash of coal is closely related to that of the plants from which the coal was made. Of course, the washing in of sediments which became mechan­ically mixed with the decaying vegetation has also to be consid­ered, but, aside from this, the ash of coal is largely the ash of the plants forming the coal. There are many interesting things found in the ash of coal, besides those already given, and in two Texas coals, both from Thurber, Erath county, copper was found in very small amounts. In a speculative way the occurrence of copper in the ash of these coals may be connected with the occurrence of copper in the Permian beds which lie to the west of the Carboniferous formation in Texas, and which are geologically above this formation. 
For domestic purposes, where no great heat is required, more consideration is given to the quantity of ash in coal than to its fusibility. For boiler use, however, the fusibility (clinkering) of coal is a factor of great importance. Coal that clinkers badly, i. e., coal that has an easily fusible ash, is almost sure to give more or less trouble. It clings to the grate-bars, interferes with the draft and causes, at times, serious losses. Such clinkering troubles generally attend the use of coal whose ash is high in oxide of iron. On the contrary, coals whose ash is composed chiefly of silica and alumina, or silica, alumina and lime, do not clinker so readily. As a rule, red ash coals clinker much more easily than white or gray ash coals. 
The design and construction of the grate and fire-box and the method of firing have also a good deal to do with clinker­ing. 
T6xas Coals and Lignites 
We have thus far considered as briefly as possible four of the five things that comprise coal, moisture, volatile and com­bustible matter, fixed carbon and ash. In addition to these, and forming a part of the volatile and combustible matter is sulphur. 
This may exist in coal as a sulphide (chiefly sulphide of iron, or pyrite), as a sulphate (chiefly as sulphate of lime, gyp­sum) and in certain obscure organic compounds whose nature is not clearly understood. 
On burning coa.l a part of the sulphur is removed and a part remains, the proportions varying according to the nature of the coal, the method of combustion, etc. As a rule, the sul­phur in organic combination is removed, going off in the vola­tile and combustible matter, the sulphur in the pyrite present is partly removed, while the sulphur in the sulphates is hardly affected. In Texas coals, as mined, the sulphur varies from 
1.28 to 4.76 per cent., the average being 2.19 per cent. No in­vestigations were made to determine the character of the sul­phur-bearing compounds in Texas coals. Some of them, e. g., the coal from the old Young Mine, at Keeler, Palo Pinto county, from one of the seams at Thurber, Erath county, and from Rock Creek, Parker county, carry sulphur varying from 4.76 to 2.82, considerably above the average of the State at large. 
Sulphur in coal, even up to 5 per cent., is not as injurious to boilers as is commonly supposed. 
The five things in coal that ha.ve now been considered com­prise what is known as the proximate composition and the analy­sis that determines them is called a ''proximate analysis.'' When we go further and determine the elemental composition of coal, the analysis is called an "ultimate analysis." In this, as in the proximate analysis, we determine the moisture, ash and sulphur, but instead of the volatile and combustible matter and fixed car­bon there is determined the amount of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen, as separate items. 
This has also been done for Texas coals, as mined, and the re­sults are given in the Table on p. 10. The carbon varies from 
50.94 to 70.48 per cent., the average being 60.01 per cent. The average percentage of fixed carbon in these coals, as by proxi­mate analysis, is 41.74, but the percentage of carbon is 60.01, 
Bulletin of the University of Texas 
which means that there is a loss of carbon in the volatile and combustible matter. The ultimate analysis recovers this. 
The hydrogen varies from 3.37 to 5.65 per cent., the average being 4.25 per cent. 
The oxygen varies from 2.34 to 12.90 per cent., the average being 8.32 per cent. 
The nitrogen varies from 0.78 to 3.62 per cent., the average being 1.76 per cent. 
A number of years ago the term "disposable hydrogen" was introduced in coal analyses, and it meant the hydrogen that remained after calculating all of the oxygen present as water, and deducting from the total hydrogen the hydrogen in this amount of water 
The amount of this disposable hydrogen was supposed to '.have an important bearing on the value of the coal for gas-making. Be this as it may, we have calculated the percentages of dispos­able hydrogen in Texas coals on a dry basis. The results are as follows: 
Analysis No. 
1 --------------------------------­63 ----------------------------------­! ----------------------------------­'---------------------------------­4 ----------------------------------­6 -----------------------------------­6 ---------------------------------­11 ------------------------------------­S2 ---------------------------------­33 ------------------------------------­42 -----------------------------------· --­




~~~~~~~~~~~~~~! 

9 -------------------------------------­10 ------------------------------------­S7 ------------------------------------­11 -----------------------------------­
Disposable Hydrogen.Total Hydrogen. 
Per Cent. Per Cent. 
of Total. 
68.79
4.17 
2.66 
70.72
6.09 
3.60 
74.82 
1-~~~-1-~~~~ 
Average -----------------------------4.66 3.24 
4.40 
3.27 
5.65 4.42 
4.83 3.23 
6.08 3.39 
4.14 2.97 
4.92 8.64 
4.68 3.41 
4.40 8.48 
4.04 2.33 
l:~ ll

5.16 
4.15 

6.85 
4.08 


3.77 
2.56 

4.67 
8.27 


78.23 66.87 66.78 71.74 74.00 73.65 77.95 f)T.67 61.39 66.50 55.69 51l.OO 
73.95 
76.49 
80.58 
75.33 
67.90 
70.02 
69.58 
For the key to these numbers see page 27. 
For a similar table for lignite see page 51. 

In these coals the disposable hydrogen varies from 2.29 (Olmos mine-run), to 4.42 per cent. (Cannel Coal Company), the 
Texas Coals and Lignites 
average being 3.24 per cent. Expressed as percentage o.f the total hydrogen, the range is from 55.69 (Olmos washed nut) to 
80.58 per cent. (Strawn Coal Mining Company). 
There is a remarkable difference between the coals and the lignites not only with respect to the amount of the disposable hydrogen, but also with respect to its percentage of the total hydrogen. 
The much larger amount of oxygen which the lignites con­tain, in comparison with the coals, leaves a proportionately smaller amount of hydrogen for the hydrocarbons and free hy­drogen. 
Whether or no the amount of disposable hydrogen in coal may be taken as an index of its value for gas-making is a ques­tion yet to be decided with respect to our coals, under standard conditions. It is a part of the investigation planned and already begun. 
T'he part that oxygen plays in coal has been the subject of much investigation. It is a highly technical matter, and need not con­cern us now. It may suffice to say that it affects the gas-making qualities of coal by influencing the amount of hydrogen avail­able for the formation of the hydrocarbons an<1 of free hydro­gen. The larger the amount of oxygen present, if we al­low that all of it has to combine with hydrogen as water, the less 'hydrogen will there be for the formation of useful compounds in the gas. It may be possible that the water thus formed is resolved into its constituent gases at higher temperatures, and in the presence of free carbon. We need not, however, go into such matters now. 
The Table giving the disposable hydrogen in the coals should 
be compared with a similar Table for lignites on page 51. 
The nitrogen in coal is an important constituent from the 
standpoint of the recovery of by-products. From it can be made 
ammonium sulphate, which is the starting point in the manu­
facture of many other ammonia compounds, anhydrous ammo­
nia, etc. 
The percentage of nitrogen in Texas coals, as mined, varies from 0.78, as in a Maverick county coal, to 3.62, as in a Webb county coal. The Tertiary coals show the highest and the low­est percentages of nitrogen. In the Carboniferous coals the range is from 1.07, as in a Wise county coal, to 2.74, as in a Palo Pinto 
Bulletin of the University of Texas 
county coal. The proportion of the total nitrogen in coal that is recoverable as ammonia varies within wide limits, and it is practically impossible to give a general average. The yield of sulphate of ammonia per ton of coal has varied from 7 pounds, as in the Jameson producer, to 70.6 pounds, as in the Mond pro­ducer, using coal with 1.50 per cent. of nitrogen. The nature of the coal and the method of treatment determine the yield of sulphate of ammonia, and there is such a diversity here that no general rule can be given. But under ordinary conditions of gas-making a yield of from 20 to 25 pounds of sulphate of am­monia per ton of coal is within the limits of current practice. 
Some authorities1 have stated that 14.50 per cent. of the total nitrogen may be given off as ammonia, 1.56 per cent. as cyan­ogen, 35.26 per cent. remaining as elementary nitrogen, and 
48.68 per cent. being held in the coke. 
It will doubtless be some years before there is much interest in the recovery of by-products from Texas coals. The coal treated in retorts for making gas does not cut much figure in the trade, inasmuch as oil and water gas and natural gas are the chief gaseous fuels at present. The recovery of by-products from producer-gas is not now commercially attractive, chiefly on account of the lack of a central plant to which the concen­trated ammoniacal liquors could be sent for treatment. The total quantity of such liquors produced in the State is not known, but the distances separating the different establishments are such as to forbid the assembling of the liquor. 
In 1908 the total value of all of the products from gas works and recovery ovens, using coal, in the United States was $64,­660,040, which value was $8,912,964 less than for the year 1907. In 1907 the last returns available, the amount of coal carbon­ized in Texas in 7 establishments, was 28,282 tons, and the quantity of gas produced was 251,233,400 cubic feet. Of this quantity, 53,281,311 cubic feet were sold for illuminating pur­poses, the price per 1000 cubic feet being $1.66. There were 5old for fuel purposes 167,885,909 cubic feet at $1.33 per thou­rmnd. The total quantity of coal gas sold was 221,167,220 cubic feet, at an average price of $1.41 per thousand. The quantity of gas unaccounted for was 30,066,180 cubic feet. 
'J. D. Pennock, Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Engrs.,Vol. XXI, p. 808. 
Te;a;as Goals and Lignites 
In the same year, 1907, the quantity of oil and water gas produced in Texas, in 10 establishments, was 591,644,500 cubic feet. Of this quantity 191,529,8'03 cubic feet were, sold for illuminating purposes, at $1.35 per thousand, and 335,849,977 cubic fe'et were sold for fuel purposes, at $1.27 per thousand. The total quantity of oil and water gas sold was 527,379,780 · eubic feet, at $1.30 per thousand. The quantity of gas un­accounted for was 64,264,720 cubic feet. The total uuantitv (lf gas made in 'l'exas in 1907 was thus 842,877,900 cubic feet, of which 251,233,400 cubic feet, or 29.81 per cent., w.ere coal gas and 591,644,500 cubic feet, or 70.19 per cent., were oil and water gas. The total quantity of gas sold for illuminating purposes was 243,811,114 cubic feet, of which 52,281,311 cubic feet, or 
21.03 per cent., were made from coal, and 191,529,803 cubic feet or 78.97 per cent., were oil and water gas. The total quantity cf gas sold for fuel purposes was 503,735,886 cubic feet, of which 167,885,909 cubic feet, or 33.33 per cent., were made from coal, and 335,849,977 cubic feet or 66.67 per cent., were oil and water gas. 
Of the total gas for illuminating purposes coal gas comprised 
21.03 per cent., while it comprised 33.33 per cent. of the gas sold for fuel purposes. These statistics are from returns made to the United States Geological Survey, and are entirely exclusive of natural gas. 
In 1907 seven establishments in Texas produced 225,394 gal­
lons of coal-tar, valued at $12,707, or 5.6 cents a gallon. The 
yield of tar per ton of coal was 7.97 gallons. 
The production of gas-coke, in 1907, was 12,049 tons. No am­
monia compounds were produced. The yield of coal-gas per ton 
of coal carbonized was 12,411 cubic feet. 
There are no statistics available on the heating or illuminating 
power of this coal-gas, nor on the character or source of the 
coal carbonized. We do not know how much of the coal made 
into gas was Texas coal, nor what the prospects are, if any, for 
the use of these coals in this direction. 
But if all of the coal thus used had come from Texas it would 
have formed a very small proportion of the total coal produc­
tion, and in total value at the mines would not have exceeded 
$75,000. 
The strong tendency, in gas-making, is towards oil and water 
Bulletin of the University of Texas 
gas, not towards coal-gas. With respect to gas-making, the best outlook for both coal and lignite is in the direction of producer­gas to be used direct as fuel, or in gas-engines for power. The investigations which have been begun by this Bureau along these lines are particularly pertinent at this time. 
HEAT VALUE OF TEXAS COALS. 
The heat value of fuels is expressed in British Thermal Units. 
(B. T. U.) This term signifies the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water from 50 degree.<i to 51 degrees Fahrenheit. It is equivalent to the expression, ''pound degree. '' 
The term British Thermal Unit is employed in England and the United States. In Continental Europe the term calorie is used. If this word is spelled with a capital it signifies the amount of heat necessary to raise a kilogram of water (2.22 pounds) from 0 to 1 degree Centigrade. If it is spelled with a small letter it signifies the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of water from 0 to 1 degree Centigrade. The expressions large calorie and small calorie are also used. 
The expression "pound calorie" is sometimes used, and it means the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of one pounJ of water from 0 to 1 degree Centigrade. 
The large calorie is equal to 3.968 British Thermal Units, the small calorie to 1.802 B. T. U. The pound calorie is equal to 9/5 of a British Thermal Unit. 
In this publication we use the British Thermal Unit, and not the calorie, as it is customary among engineers and practical operators to employ the British rather than the French system. The term British Thermal Unit is well understood, and has a definite meaning, whereas, if one uses the calorie he has to specify which calorie is to be taken, the large or the small one. 
In Texas coals, as mined, the heat value varies from 9,609 
B. T. U. as in coal from the old Smith-Lee Mine, Cisco, East­land county, to 12,264, as in coal from Thurber, Erath county. The general average is 11,245. 
All of the determinations were made with a Parr Standard Calorimeter, and represent the average of at least two separate estimations. 
Teixas Coals and Lignites 
Many attempts have been made to secure a formula by which the heating power could be calculated from the analysis so as to avoid the labor and expense of actual determinations. Two of the best known of such formulas are the Goutal for proxi­mate and the DuLong for ultimate analyses. 
The Goutal formula is P= 14670C+AM, where 100 P heating power C fixed carbon M=volatile and combustible matter. A=a constant varying with the value of M. Thus when M 2 to 15 A=23400 when M 15 to 30 A-18000 when M=30 to 35 A=17100 when M=35 to 40 A 16200 
The original Goutal formula did not extend the value of M beyond 40, so that in applying it to some of the Texas coals and lignites it was necessary to interpolate the values for A when M 40 to 45, 45 to 50, 50 to 55 and 55 to 60. The interpolated values are 15300, 14400, 13500 and 12600, respectively. For calculating the heat value from an ultimate analysis a modifi­cation of the DuLong formula was used, viz. : 
P  14600C+62000(H-~ +40008,  
Where  
P C H  heating power percentage of carbon Percentage of hydrogen  

O=percentage of oxygen S=percentage of sulphur. 
We have calculated out the heating power of Texas coals, both from t'he proximate and the ultimate analysis, and give the re­sults in the following Table, together with the heating power as actually determined, and the theoretical evaporation in pounds of water from and at 212 degrees Fahrenheit per pound of dry coal. 
Bulletin of tke University of Texas 
OALCULATED HEAT DNITS IN TEXAS COALS AND THEORETICAL EVAPORA· 
TION OF WATER .PER POUND OF COAL-DRY BASIS. 

Analysis No. 
1 -------------­
a --------------------­! ------------------­I --------------------­' --------------------­5 ----------------------­
& -------------------­
11 ----------------------­


~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~==~~~' 

50 ---------------------­
Iii. ---------------­i2 -------------------­
• --------------------­7 --------------------­• ---------------------­
Theoretical Evaporation Heating Power, B. T. U. 
in P ounds of Water from Calculated. 
and at 212• F. per Pound of From From 
Coal. From Proximate IDtimate Determined. 
Det'd B. T. 
Analysis. Analysis. 

U. 
12,489 10,303 10,213 
10.57 12,515 11,233 10,970 11.35 13,088 11,601 11,196 11.58 12,860 13,187 12,604 13.0i 13,2:14, 11,906 11,695 12.10 14,818 13,072 12,527 12.96 11,624 10,003 9,636 9.97 12,682 11,657 11,545 11.94, 
mm ~1~m mm ~~~~ 
11,699 9,881 10,380 10.74 
12,ZlS 9,742 10,720 11.09 
12,mz 10,eoo 11,412 11.81 
12,399 12,328 11,740 l!).12 
13,879 12,723 12,410 12.84 
13,685 12,904 12,265 12.69 

~ =============1 ~::: Po::? Po:~ Po:::
11 -~:::~~--~~~==~~~=~=--:-::----~-1-::---1--:-::-0--1---:-:-:-­
On the average the calculated heat units from the proximate analysis, using Goutal 's formula, are 10.67 per cent. higher than the heat units determined by calorimeter, while the heat units calculated from the ultimate analysis, using DuLong's formula, are practically the same as the results from the calorimeter. 
SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT 
The specific gravity of Texas coals, as mined, varies from 1.02, as in a coal from Erath county, to 1.51, as in a coal from Maverick county. The Tertiary coals, from Maverick and Webb counties (Rio Grande Field) vary in specific gravity from 1.24 to 1.51, the average being 1.33. The variation in the Carbon­iferous coals is from 1.02 to 1.39, the average being 1.29. 
On a dry basis the variation in the Tertiary coals is from 1.29 to 1.62, the average being 1.41, and in the Carboniferous coals from 1.10 to 1.62, the average being 1.39. 
On a dry basis the weight per cubic foot in the Tertiary coals varies from 80.6 to 101.2 pounds, thr: average being 87.8 
Tf!KCas Coals and Lignites 
pounds. In the Carboniferous coals, dry basis, the variation is from 68.7 to 101.2 pounds, the average being 87.4 pounds. The general average weight of all the coals, as mined, is 81.1 pounds per cubic foot and 87 .5 pounds on a dry basis. 
We have thus far considered the composition of Texas coals as repres~nted by samples taken at the mines. T'hese sam­ples were secured in 19Dl-1902 and analyzed at that time. • Be­ginning in the fall of 1910 and continuing into the spring of 1911, we solicited samples from the operating companies. 'l''he cans sent were provided with closely-fitting covers, but were not sealed. The moisture was determined at once upon receipt of the samples, so that there was very little, if any, loss of moisture from the samples. One or two of the larger samples came in closely-nailed boxes. 
By making analyses of these company samples and compar­ing the results with those obtained from our owri samples it was hoped that we would arrive at a fair statement of the composi­tion of Texas coals. But few samples were taken at points of delivery and consumption, as we had not the means to do this. 
Following is the description of the samples received: 
No. 1. Belknap Coal Co., Newcastle, Young county. 
No. 53. Belknap Coal Co., Newcastle, Young county. 
No. 2. Bridgeport Coal Co., Bridgeport, Wise county. 
No. 3. Cannel Coal Co., Laredo, Webb county. 
No. 4. International Coal Mines Co., Eagle Pass, Maverick 
county. 
No. 5. International Coal Mines Co. Eagle Pass, Maverick 
county. Special. 
No. 6. Nos. 6, 31, 32, 33, 50, 51 and 52. Olmos Coal Co., 
Eagle Pass, Maverick county. 
No. 31. Washed egg. 
No. 32. Washed nut. 
No. 33. Washed pea. 
No. 50. Washed pea. 
No. 51. Washed nut. 
No. 52. Washed egg. 
No. 42. Olmos washed nut. Sampled at McNeil; Texas. 
No. 43. Olmos run-of-mines. Sampled at McNeil, Texas. 
No. 8. Rio Grande Coal Co., Laredo, Webb county. 
Bulletin of the University of Texas 
No. 7. Santo Mining & Developing Co., Weatherford, Par­
ker county. No. 9. Strawn Coal Mining Co., Strawn, Palo Pinto county. No. 10. Texas & Pacific Coal Co., Thurber, Erath county. No. 37. Stewart Creek Coal Co., Jermyn, Jack county. No. 11. Wise County Coal Co., Bridgeport, Wise county. Nos. 42 and 43 were Olmos coal, sampled at the works of the 
Austin White Lime Company, McNeil, Travis county, where pro­ducer gas was made for use in burning lime. Olmos run-of-mines, as represented by analysis No. 43, is no longer marketed, all of the product being washed. The analyses of these coals follow: 
OOMPOSITION OF TEXAS OOAL5--SAMPLE!!I RECEIVED F .ROM '!'HE COMPANIES, 191CH911. ANALYSES BY fl. H. WORRELL. 
-
As Received. 
Proximate Analysis. 
., 
'tl:Q
<l·­
...... 
G)B~
:a a~ 
"0"
'QO);l 
p. 
84.22 
37.56 
84.65 i;.2.78 
38.30 
35.99 
31.51 85.:>5 
85 .58 
38.48 
36.55 
28.82 
38.10 
84.53 
37.11 
49.05 
38.12 
38.46 
40 .82 
34.28 
d 
2 
~ 
0 
"'~ 
~ 
87.99 
40.18 
42.53 
37 .10 
46.30 
53.00 
37.37 
42.00 
38.35 
36.93 
32.35 
37.20 
37.28 
40.94 
41.69 
37.04 
49.21 
48 .13 

48 .73 


35.02 
33 .961 43.02 
36.89 41.07 
.ci --· < 
16.79 
15.26 
13.42 
7.82 10.55 . 2.81 24.62 16.56 20.77 23.89 26.95 30.34 24.72 
19.23 
15.90 
11.11 
9.17 
10.51 
7.75 
20.46 
18.82 
16.80 
0 
z 
.!I
., 
~ 
<l 
< 
1 53 2 3 4 5 6 31 32 38 42 43 50 51 52 8 7 9 10 37 11 
Average 
~ 
..., 
.!I 
::a0 
11.00 
7.00 
9.40 
2.30 
4.85 
8.20 
6.50 
5.40 
5.30 
5.70 
4 .2~ 
3.M 
4.90 
5.20 
5.30 
2.80 
8.50 
2.90 
2.70 
10.24 
9.20 
5.8'2 
~ 
'i3"' 
--w. 
3.77 
1.99 
8.09 
2.20 
2.04 
1.66 
1.87 
1.23 
1.61 1.'llJ 
1.71 
0.54 
1.55 
1.48 
1.H 
2.04 
2.00 3.ffi 
1.93 
1.66 
1.82 
1.86 
IDtlmate AnalyEIS. 
d 
0 
.0
... 
~ 
51.84 66.93 61.49 69.41 64.22 70.62 51.84 60.66 56.83 53.94 48.33 49.37 53.84 53.78 58.79 64.22 68.42 67.'¥1 
69.85 
54.11 
57.94 
00.23 
g 
0 
.a 
I» 
--~ 
3.71 
4.74 
8.99 
5.53 
4.83 
4.67 
8.88 
4.66 
4.39 
4 .15 
8.88 
8.60 
8.81 
3.W 
3.98 
5.56 
4.69 
5.01 
5.21 
8.39 
4.24 
4.37 
! 

Dry Basis. 
Proximate Analysis. IDtlmate Analysis. 
; 
0 • 
p.t;l bD • 
~~ 
.,i:q 
~ 
9,090 10,203 10,144 12,315 11,128 11,500 9,010 10,921 10,235 9,819 9,772 10,600 9,871 
10,16~ 
10,808 11,412 11,976 10,910 12 ,188 9,434 10,238 
10,558 
I 
i
g 
~ 
I
bD 0
I ... t1 I» I ~ 
--i-­
12.35 2.12 
12.15. S.00 
9.21 i 2.80 1().00 i 8.00 13.~. 1.47 
13.671 1.64 . 9.56: 2.52 
10.41, 1.74 
1.80
9.931 
7.96 8.30 
ii:~i 2.73 
10,2001 42 
g 
0 
.a 
I» 
~ 
4.17 
5.09 
4.40 
5.65 
4.83 
5.08 
4.14 
4.92 
4.63 
4.40 
4.04 
3 .73 
4.00 
4.13 
4.20 
5.72 
4.85 
5.15 
5 .85 
d 
~ 
t1 I» 
11.00 
ll.29 
8.47 
9.00 
12.34 
10.53 
8.91 
9.84 
8.39 
7.50 
18.31 
11.35 
10.43 
14.27 
13.26 
11.84 
! 
0
... 
z ~ 
1.89 
2.79 
2.54 
2.94 
1.40 
1.51 
2.38 
1.65 
1.71 
3.12 
2.62 
1.16 
1.~~
2;1 
1.63 
2.43 
., 
rgS
......
!!l. 
~s! 
ct: oos
c;o::a 
p. 
38.45 
40.38 
38.30 
54.00 
40.25 
39.20 
33 .70 

35 .50 


38.00 
37.58 
38.15 
29.90 
34.80 
36.42 
39.18 
50.45 
39.50 
39.60 
41. 95 
38.18 
87 .40 
89.00 
d 
2 
~ 
0 
~ 
42.GB 43.20 46.94 37.97 48.65 57.73 39 .96 44.49 40.49 39.16 33.76 38.60 39.19 43.07 44 .02 38 .1() 50.99 49.56 50.ffi 
39.01 
47. 37 
43 .67 
I 
! 
.ci., 
--< 
11.87 
16.42 
14.76 
8.00 
11.10 
a.07 
26.34 
17.55 
21.93 
25 .34 
28.09 
31.50 
26.01 
20.51 
16 .80 
11.45 
9.51 
10.84 7.'¥1 
l

rll 
4.24 
2.13 
3.41 
2.25 
2.H 
1.80 
2.00 
1.30 
1.70 
1.80 
0.74 
0.56 
1.62 
1.56 
1.20 
2.09 
2.10 
8.17 
1.98 
d 
0 
~ 
0 
58.25 fil.21 65.42 71.04 67 .38 74 .74 55.44 64 .12 60.01 57.20 50.44 51.23 
56.08 
56.72 
62.08 
66.06 
70.91 
70.00 
71.78 
60.28
63.80 
~ 
~p 
bD •
.s8 
~~ ~ 
10,213 10,970 11,196 12,604 11,695 12,527 9,636 11,545 10,807 10,412 
0 
z 
J9
., 
~ ~ 
-
1 53 2 3 4 5 6 31 32 33 

3 .23 
8.96 
7.90 
2.63 
8.86 1.28 
10.33 2.65







"l '·" 

10.39 2 .05 17.34 1.98, 62.76 
8.771 9.88 
4.67 11.40 
2 .90 
4.66 11.00 
2.26 
-

22.811 1.84
15.23 2.00 
10.98 14.95 14.00 12 .lS 9.29 8.14 
10.75 1.20 
1.31 
2.13 
1.72 
2.50 
8.84 
2.70 
2.17 
1.42 
11,000 10,380 10,720 11,412 11,740 12,410 12,265 12,526 10,510 11,269 
11,240 
43 50 51 52 8 7 9 10 37 11 
Bulletin of the University of Texas 
PROXIMATE ANALYSES OF TEXAS COALS-ALPHABETIOALLY ARRANGED­DRY BASIS. 
I 
IVolatile 
and Fixed Heatlnl' 
I Com-Carbon. Ash. Sulphur. Power 
. bustlble. B. T. U. 

-1-.-B-e_lkn_a_p_C_o_al_C_o_.-------1--------------­
Newcastle, Younir County_____ 38.45 42.68 11.87 4.24 10,213 
•· 	Belknap Coal Co. 
Newcastle, Young County___ 40.38 4.3.20 16.42 2.13 10,970 
I. 	Bridgeport Coal Co. · Bridgeport, Wlse County ------38.30 46.94 U.76 3Al 11,196 
I. Cannel Coal Co. 
Laredo, Webb County ------54.00 37.97 8.0S 2.25 12,604 '· International Coal Mines Co. 
Eagle Pass, .Maverick County__ 40.25 48.65 11.10 2.14. 11,695 
i. International Coal Mines Co. 
Eagle 	Pass, Maverick Oounty Special --------------------39.20 57.73 3.07 1.80 12,527 
e. Olmos Coal Co. 
Eairle Pass, Maverick County__ 33.70 39.96 26.34 2.00 9,630 
11. 	
Olmos Ooal Co. Washed Egg ---------------38.00 44.49 17.65 1.30 11,545 

12. 	
Olmos Coal Co. Washed Nut ------··--------37.58 40.49 21.9S l.70 10.807 


a, Olmos Coal Co. Washed Pea -----------------35.50 39.16 25.84 1.SO 10,412 IO. Olmos Coal Co. Washed Pea --------------34.80 39.19 26.01 1.& 10,380 
n. 	
Olmos Coal Co. Washed Nut -----------------36.42 4.3.07 20.51 1.66 J0,720

R. 	
Olmos Coal Co. Washed Egg ---------------39.18 44.00 16.80 1.20 11,412 


42. 	
Olmos Coal Co. Washed Nut ------------------38.15 33.76 28.09 0.74 10,200 

43. 	
Olmos Coal Oo. Mine-run ----------------------29.90 38.60 31.50 0.66 11,000


I. 	Rio Grande Coal Co. Laredo, Webb County ------50.46 38.10 11.45 2.09 11,740 
'T. 	Santo Mining & Developing Co. Weatherford, parker County --39.50 50.99 9.51 !.10 12,ilO 
I. 	Strawn Coal Mining Co. Strawn, Palo Pinto County____ 39.60 49.66 10.84 3.17 12,265 
10. 	Texas & Pacific Coal Co. Thurber, Erath County-----41.95 50.M 7.rn UIS 12,&Jll 
rt. 	Stewart Creek Coal Co. Jermyn, Jack County ---------38.18 39.01 22.81 1.84 10,510 
U. 	Wise County Coal Co. Bridgeport, Wise County ---37.40 47.37 15.23 2.00 11,269 
Average --------------39.09 4.3.67 17.U 2.26 11,240 
In this Table the Carboniferous Coals are Nos. 1, 53, 2, 7, 9, 10, 37 and 11. The Tertiary Coals are Nos. 3, 4, 5, 6, 31, 32, 33, 50, 51, 62, 42, 43, 8. 
On comparing these analyses with the analyses made on per­sonal samples we find as follows, the first figures representing Company samples and the latter figures personal samples, aver­ages alone being given: 
Texas Coals and Lignites 31 
Company Personal samples. samples. Moisture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.82 7.40 Volatile and Combustible Matter. . . . . . . . . . 36.89 34.82 Fixed Carbon ........................... 41.07 41.74 Ash .................................... 16.30 16.04 Sulphur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.86 2.19 Carbon ................................. 59.23 60.01 Hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.37 4.25 Oxygen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.39 8.33 Nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.05 1.76 Heating power, B. T. U ................. .. 10,558 11,245 
On dry basis, these become : 
Volatile and Combustible Matter . . . . . . . . . . . 39.09 37:65 Fixed Carbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.57 45.06 Ash .................................... t7.34 17.29 Sulphur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.98 2.38 Carbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.76 64.79 Hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.66 4.59 Oxygen ................................. 11.00 9.00 Nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.26 1.90 Heating power, B. T. U ...................11,240 12,035 
There are no very considerable discrepancies between these analyses, and it may fairly be concluded that they represent the composition of Texas coals as they are mined. It must be re­membered that they do not pretend to represent the composition or heating value of the coals as they are used in actual practice. This is a matter to be adjusted between the buyer and the seller. If the consumer is willing to continue the use of a system by which he buys so much coal at such and such a price, without re­gard to composition and its heating power, he is, of course, free to do so. At the same time he must remember that he is not get­ting from his money its full service. He may be handling twice as much ash as may be necessary. He may be getting many heat units less than he is entitled to, but so long as he does not buy coal under specifications, but simply on a tonnage basis, he will continue to get a good deal less from a dollar than it has in it. 
These remarks apply not only to Texas coals, which represent a small proportion of the coal used here, but to all classes of coal brought in from Alabama, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, Ken­tucky, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Colorado and New Mexico. 
Bulletin of the University of Texas 
Just how much coal is brought into Texas from outside points we do not know. There are no statistics on this subject, but the amount is certainly far in excess of local production. 
It understands itself that these coals vary a good deal in com­position and value, just as Texas coals i!o, but they are bought on a tonnage basis, and there are few, if any, specifications as to moisture, or ash, or sulphur, or heating power. A ton of coal is a ton of coal whether it has 160 pounds or 320 pounds of ash, and whether the heating power is 9,0DO or 12,000 B. T. U. If we like this way of doing business, why, this is the way we like. In the meantime we are spending money for nothing. 
OTHER ANALYSES OF TEXAS COALS. 
There are not many sources of information on the composition of Texas coals. We have been able to find only a few, outside of Bulletin No. 3, University of Texas Mineral Survey, May, 1902. 
In the First Annual Report of the Texas Geological Survey, 1889, page 215, there are given five analyses of coal from differ­ent parts of the Waldrip beds, McCulloch county ( Carbonifer­ous), and in Coleman county. These are as follows: 
;\.NALYSES OF COAL FROM THE WALDRIP BEDS, OOLEMA.."' COUNTY. 
Mols-
Volatile 
Fixed 
Locality. ture. 
Matter. 
Carbon. 
Ash. 
Sulphur.
-------------!--------------­
38.27 
47.27 
6.20 
3.25
Waldrip ------------------------S.25 
38.50 
44.~ 
12.14 
7.96
*Waldrip -----------------------------4.55
Bull Creek and Coleman County______ 4.05 
40.40 
46.75 
8.80 
2.87 
35.94 
49.46 
4.19 
1.53
Bull CreeJr ----------------------------10.40 
86.00 
41.10
Silver Moon lliline...----------------6.90 
16.00 
4.66 
*Sample taken from th0 dump, not considered a fair sample. 
In the Second Annual Report of the Texas Geological Survey, 1890, page 551, there are given six analyses of Texas coals, as fol­lows: 
Teixas Goals and, Lignites 
ANALYSES OF '.rEXAS COALS. 
Mols-
Volatile I Fixed I 
Locality. 
~Matter. Carbon.~ 
Bridgeport, Wise OountY-------------·· Sheuber Shaft, near Bowle, Montague County -----------------------------­Qilfo!l Shatt, Young County ---------­Thurber Shatt No. 1, Erath County __ _ Thurber Shaft No. 2, Erath County... 'rhurber Shaft No. 3, Ereth County___•san Tomas Coal, Webb County______  2.00 2.30 1.10 0.85 0.90 0.90 2.59  31.47 34.48 35.50 31.23 30.96 33 .51 51.05  
•From 2.5 llllles N. W. of San Tom<is, Webb County ----------------------­ 2.35  42.IJI  

66.32 
61.28 
43.00 
66.98 
60.01 
53.46 
39.01 
37.59 8.15 
0.60 
15.60 
9.30 
6.85 
10.65 
7.35 
16.55 Sulphur 
9..00 
1.14
•.60 
l.M 
1.28 
1.48 
1.50 
0.86 
No eoal Is now mined In Montague County. 
•Brown Coal and Lignite, Dumb!?, 1892, p. 190. 
The analysis of the coal from near Bowie, Montague county, is quite remarkable as showing only 0.60 per cent. of ash. 
In a note appended to these analyses it is stated that the coal from the Gilfoil shaft, Young county, was taken from the dump, and was not a fair sample. 
In the Fourth Annual Report of the Texas Geological Survey, 1893, pages 433-435, there are given eight analyses of coal from the southern part of Coleman county, near the Colorado river, and from the Silver Moon Mine, northeast of Santa Anna, Cole­man county. These analyses are as follows: 
ANALYSES OF COAL FROM COLEMAN COUNTY. 
Star & Crescent Oo. near Sliver Moon Mine N. E. Rockwood. Average of Santa Anna. 
of 6 Analyses. Average of 2 Analysee. Moisture ---------------------------­
3.07 2.36 Tolatlle and Combustible Matter.. 83.05 38.55 Fixed Carbon ----------------------39.10 43.88 
24.78 15.21
.A.sh --------------------------------­
100.00 100.00 Sulphur ---------------------------­
3.10 5.111 
One of the coals from the Star and Cresent property gave moisture, 4,71; volatile and combustile ::natter, 39.26; fixed car­bon, 46.24; ash, 9.79, and sulphur, 2.22. This is the best analy­sis given. The analyses from the Silver Moon property repre­sent a fair average of that coal, vicinity of Jim Ned Creek. 
None of these coals is now worked, except perhaps, for purely local purposes. 
Reference has been made in these pages to the coal in Presidio county and to the unsuccessful attempt that was made in 1893­1895, to develop it. 
3-T. C. 
Bulletin of the University of Texas 
This coal is in the San Carlos district, from 20 to 25 miles south of Chispa, a station on the Southern Pacific Ry., 145 miles southeast of El Paso. 
Without, at this time, expressing any opinion concerning the value of that field from a commercial standpoint, except that it appears to be worth further investigation, we give two analy­ses of the coal which are quoted in The Mineral Resources of the United States, United States Geological Survey, 1893, page 385. The analyses were sent to that survey by Mr. R. E. Russell, Gen­eral Manager of The San Carlos Coal Company, a Pittsburg or­ganization. There was said to be two benches in the seam sep­arated by from 6 to 18 inches of slate. The lower bench was said to average from 30 to 40 inches and was softer than the upper bench, which was 32 inches, widening out, in places, to 6 feet or more. 
Two analyses were given, but nothing is said as to which one represents the lower and which the upper bench. 
ANALYSES OF COAL FROM THE SAN CARLOS FIELD, PRESIDIO COUNTY. 
1 
1 Mols-Volatile I Fixed I 
ture. Matter. Carbon. Ash. Sulphur. 
No-.-1------------------------------------·-------------------.----UO89.05149.QS IQ.001~ 
No. 2-------------------------------------I 0.94 84.48 58.96 J 5.62 0.64 
Mr Russell said that coking tests of this coal had been made at Connellsville, Pennsylvania, and that 48-hour bee-hive coke gave carbon 93.7 per cent and ash 6.30 per cent. 
A railroad test, made on coal that had been on the dump for five or six months, and that was practically crop coal, showed a haulage of 52.21 miles per ton of coal, passenger train with :five or six coaches. The San Carlos Field would appear to merit a more careful examination than it has yet had, especially in view of the possibility of developing a good coking coal. 
The undeveloped coal in Stephens county, in the vicinity of Crystal Falls and up the Brazos river from this place; west and southwest of Breckenridge, etc., has not been sufficiently opened for one to express a positive opinion concerning it. 
On Coal Branch, a few miles west of Crystal Falls, Stephens county, there is an outcrop of coal with two benches, each 12 inches thick, which was sampled by Wm. B. Phillips, December 13th, 1906. The analysis was as follows: 
Texas Coals and Lignites 
ANALYSIS OF COAL FROM COAL BRANCH, STEPHENS COUNTY, 
UPPER BENCH. 
Moisture ... . ..... . . . ..................... . ........ . 6.90 
Volatile and Combustible Matter ....... .......... .... . 38.07 
Fixed Carbon ........................... . .......... . 37.03 
Ash ............................. .......... ·· ······· 18.00 


100.00 Sulphur . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.49 
This coal contained an excessive amount of sulphur and experi­ments were made to see what proportion of it could be eliminated. A large sample was put through a % inch screen and thoroughl¥ mixed. A sample was treated in zinc chloride solutions of specific gravity 1.30, 1.35 and 1.40. The coal that floated in 1.30 was 29.5-0 per cent. of the total, and contained 11.::34 per cent. of ash, with 4.10 per cent. of sulphur. 
The coal that sank in the solution of 1.30 specific gravity, but floated in 1.35 was 29.50 per cent. of the total, and contained 
19.24 per cent. of ash, with 5.36 per cent. of sulphur. The coal that sank in 1.35, but floated in 1.40, was 4.50 per cent. of the total, and contained 18.80 per cent. of ash, with 6.29 per cent. of sulphur. 
The coal that sank in 1.40 was 36.50 per cent. of the total and contained 35.60 per cent. of ash, with 8.54 per cent. of sulphur. It is not likely that this coal could be improved by washing to such an extent as to warrant the expense to be incurred. The best of it contains over 4 per cent. of sulphur. 
The bottom bench of this coal, separated from the upper bench by from 3 to 6 inches of bone and slate, .~hows a much better ma­terial. 
ANALYSIS OF BOTTOM BENCH OF COAL, COAL BRANCH, 
STEPHENS COUNTY. 
Moisture .................................. ......... . 3.15 
Volatile and Combustible Matter .................. .... . 41.95 
Fixed Carbon . ..................... . . . ............. . 43.60 
Ash ........ . ..................... . ......... . ..... . 11.30 

100.00 
Sulphur 3.75 
Bulletin of the University of Texas 
The composition of the entire seam of 24 inches at this place would be: 
l\ioisture ........................................... . 5.02 Volatile and Combustible Matter ..................... . 40.01 Fixed Carbon ... ..... . ..... .. ..... .... . . .... . .... . . 40.46 Ash ........... . ... . ...... . .... ... ... . ....... . .. .. . 14.51 
100.00 . Sulphur 5.12 
There has been, of late, an increase of interest in the Stephens county coals, and some work is now being done there, but no coal has been shipped, as there are no railroad facilities. 
In the southern part of Brewster county, within 8 to 10 miles of the quicksilver area, there is a limited field of bituminous coal. This coal has been used under steam boilers with satisfactory re­sults. We give three analyses of the coal from the Rough Run district. 
Cub Spring. Kimble Pits. Chisos Pen. 
Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. 
Moisture .. . .......... . 10.65 4.74 1.16 
Volatile Matter ....... . 50;91 29.84 32.79 
Fixed Carbon . ........ . 19.52 49.84 44~53 
Ash .................. . 18.92 15.58 21.52 

100.00 100.00 100.00 Sulphur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.86 1.26 3.39 Heating Power, B. T. U. 8,432 11,887 11,958 
This coal field is 90 miles from the Southern Pacific Railwav, at Alpine, or Marathon. The coal can be used only for local purposes, but it could be used in producers for making gas for the quicksilver furnaces instead of wood. There are outcrops of this coal within two miles of furnaces now in operation. The Rattlesnake beds, 20 miles south of the Rough Run district, are probably a continuation of the more northern beds. 
CHAPTER II. 
LIGNITE 
The lignite fields of Texas probably extend over 60,00 square miles. The original supply of lignite may be taken to have been in excess of 30,000,000,000 tons and as it has scarcely been touched, the supply of this fuel need occasion no anxiety for the next thousand years or so. There is found in Texas every known variety of lignite, from a material carrying but a few per cent. of fixed carbon to nearly 45 per cent., and with from 30 per cent. of volatile and combustible matter to more than 76 per cent. 
Physically the lignites range from what is but little more than carbonized wood to a material almost like bituminous coal. In thickness, the beds run to 15 feet and more, and they are found from the surface to depths of 400 to 600 feet. 
The counties in which workable beds of lignite occur are the following: Anderson, Angelina, Atascosa, Bastrop, Bowie, Brewster, Caldwell, Camp, Cass, Cherokee, Dimmit, Fayette, Freestone, Grimes, Harrison, Henderson, Hopkins, Houston, Jasper, Lee, Leon, Limestone, McMullen, Marion, Medina, Milam, Morris, Nacogdoches, Newton, Panola, Rains, Robertson,. Rusk, Sabine, San Augustine, Shelby, Smith, Titus, Upshur, Van Zandt, Webb, Wood and Zavala. 
In a general way, workable lignite is found in all that part of Texas lying east of the 97th meridian of west longtitude and north of the 31st degree of north latitude, but there are impor­tant areas outside of these boundaries. 
In the year 1892 Mr. E. T. Dumble, State .Geologist, issued a comprehensive and valuable report on Brown Coal and Lignite, and this still remains the chief source of information as to the geology and occurrence of lignite in Texas. In addition, many analyses are given and they are referred to in this Bulletin. 
Mr. Dumble classed the brown coal (lignite) deposits as be­longing to the Tertiary formation. They occur in the Gulf slope, from the Red river to the Rio Grande, in an area 650 miles in length and 200 miles in width. He says that the greater 
Bulletin of the University of 1'exas 
amount of the deposits are found in the Eocene series of the Tertiary and in the following divisions : 
Fayette. 
Yegua. 
Timber Belt. 
The lowest deposits are in the Timber Belt series, and this contains the heaviest and best beds. This series is epecially de­veloped in the counties extending southwest from Bowie county, nn the Red River, such as Cass, Marion, Harrison, Morris, Titus, Hopkins, Camp, Upshur, Wood, Rains, Van Zandt. Smith, Hen­derson, Anderson, Freestone, Limestone, Leon, Robertson, Milam, Lee, Bastrop and Caldwell. 
The Y egua division, including the lower portion of the Fay­ette beds, are divided into three sections, viz.: East Texas, Brazos river and Rio Grande. 
The Fayette division of the Tertiary, comprising the upper­most beds of the lignite-bearing Eocene, he divides into four sections, viz: East Texas, Brazos river, Colorado river and Rio Grande. 
As this Bulletin is not intended for any discussions of the geology of Texas coals or lignites, it is sufficient merely to call attention to the matter in a general way, and to .refer those who desire detailed information to Mr. Dumble's "Brown Coal and Lignite.'' 
Inasmuch as the development of the lignite industry in this State has come about since the publication of that excellent report and to a great extent because of it, more recent and more detailed analyses of the lignites mined and in use were under­taken by the University Mineral Survey in 1901-1902. These were published in Bulletin No. 2 of that survey, 1902, but this has long been out of print. 
At that time samples were taken, in person, at the mines and were placed in tight cans which were scaled. In this way the moisure in the lignites, as mined, was capable of accurate de­term:ination. 
The mines visited and sampled were as follows : 
No. 1535.  Carr Mine, Lytle, Medina county.  
No. 1536.  Bertetti Mine, Lytle, Medina county.  
No. 1537.  Glenn-Belto Mine, Bishop, Bastrop county.  
No. 1538.  Worley Mine, Rockdale, Milam county.  

T&.r;as Goals and Lignites 
No. 1539. Black Diamond Coal Co., Rockdale, Milam county. 
No. 1540. Lignite Eggette Coal Co., Rockdale, Milam 
county. 
No. 1541. J. J. Olsen & Sons, Rockdale, Milam county. 
No. 1542. Big Lump Coal Co., Rockdale, Milam county. 
No. 1543. Aransas Pass Lignite Co., Rockdale, Milam county. 
No. 1544. Central Texas Mining, Manufacturing & Land Co., 
Calvert· Bluff, Robertson county. 
No. 1545. Houston County Coal Co., near Lovelady, Houston 
county. 
No. 1546. Timpson Coal Co., Timpson, Shelby county. 
No. 1547. North Texas Coal Co., Alba, Wood county. 
No. 1548. North Texas Coal Co., Alba, Wood county. 
No. 1549. Como Coal Co., Como, Hopkins county. 
The production of lignite at that time and year by year since is given in the Table of Production of Coal and Lignite on page 7 of this Bulletin. The analyses made on the samples taken in 1901-1902 are as 

follows: 
OOMPOSITION OJ' TJl:llll LIGNITJl:S, l!AMPLJl:D AT MI1'Ell :BT UNIVERSITY !CINERAJ, SURVEY, 1901-190'l. 
ANALYSES BY 0. W. PALM ANDS. H . WORRELL. 

Proximate Analnfs. 
Ultimate Analysis. I 
Heat Value. 
I 
_N_a_t\_1-ra_l_C_o_n_d_lt-lo_n_.____D_r_y_B_a_s_ls-.---British
Natural Condition. On Dry Basis . 
-------__________, 'l'hermal Units. ! ' . 1 <> , ' o • I j !' 
0 't'j:o l § l . 't:l:0 . § I : • ·~ ~ 0
I I J-4 
z . 1~ ~ • -e ; ·a~ . -e ! ci ! . : i ci ~ rtl ~ ~~ ~ 
rf.J Q,) ;::j J..t o:s ' • I ::J""' o:s • • Q,) I . ~ l . I Q,) • .,c:i _::,;: ·,,rn .£..,• 
..... """ ' 4>,C Q,) 0 I ,_, ~.o 1V 0 ""' Cl \ bl) Cl Q,) ' :::f I ba Cl C) ~ +:>CJ~ -­
~ =s ss~ 't:I I ::s ise~ 't:I , I t::s o t o i Q,) bl) i o i o Q,) ti.I) ~-g ~ s~ .;.:CC) p., 
~ I -38~ .~ ~ ~ ~8~ .~ i ~ I ~ ~ i ~ t g ~ ~ I ~ ~ !i ~8 >. ~I ·;;;8 I ~
1· !I' 
__<_____ ~~~~.::__-~1_::__:::__~,_::__,__ ~_.'.:_, __~z z A oo ~ ..: 
1535 35.30 36.33 28.851 7.52 0.00 56.15 32.241 ll.Gl111.45 11.36 3.07! 10.76 1.04 63.93' 4.7511 11).6-J -1.62 7,003 12,215 1.28! 80.0 -:15a5 1536 3~.29. 40.31 18.50 6.00 1.20 61.36 2~.l'.' 10.47, 1.84 4:.01. 3. 25; 13.82 0.73 61.0~: 4.8~ 20.5: 1.()) 7,~ 11,470 1.421 88.7 15?6 1537 3~.40, 36.88 21.22 6.60 0.!H 66.94 32.86; 10.201 l .47 42.24· 3.1~1 1().07 1.00 65.40, 4.8., 16.52 1.56 7,~ 12,166 1.SO 81.2 1537 1588 32.79 37.09 22.91 7.21 1.18 55.2() 34.10. 10.70! 1.76 41.()l 3.2.>; 13.82 0.73 61.03 1· 4.85. 20.57 1.09 7,763 11,551 1.32 8'2.5 1538
1
Wl9 3'1.72\ 34.26 22.73 8.29 1.04' 54.02 34.82 11.161.60 41.031 3.1'.!1 ll.O'.l 0.85 M.24. 4.'191 16.00 1.31 7,697 11,792 1.20 75.0 153g
1
154() 32.271 44.30 15.26 8.17 2.3Ji 65.41 22.54'. 12.05, 3.42 38.56 2.85' H.85 0.00 06.% ·1.2'2 21.94 1.43 7,383 10,00l 1.37 85.6 1540
1
1541 33.63i 46.78. 7.45 12.14 o.99, 10.;19 11.24'. 18.271 i.so 3R.7BI 2.70: rn.s9 o.sr, 58.441 4.07: ~.42 l .3o 7,350 11,oss J .37 85.6 1541 
1542 31.521 44.49117.48 6.51 0.93 64..JBl 25.57, 9. 45 1.36 41.15 3.J6. H.68 0.8560.101 4.!n --.91 1.27 8,046 11,750 1.39 86.9 1542
1 1 
1543 29.07, 28.96 24.47 17.60 3.29i 40.84 34.49, 24.671 4.~5 38.6512.72 i 7.32 1.40, 54.~, 3.86, 10.33 1.98 7,489 10,489 l.44 90.0 1543 
1544 29.86j 51.00 10.00 9.1~ 0.91; ~2.7~ H.26, 13.0'2 1.80 43.17 3.29112.781 0.83 61.51~ 4 .70, 18.23 1.19 7,929 11,305 1.39 . 86.8 154~ 
1
1545 36.16; 33.lOi 19.00 10.7" 0.4C> ol.00 31.26. 16.70· 0.64 34.93 3.17113.69! 0.8954.7., 1.98; 21.46 1.40 7,518 10,994 1.35 84.4 1540 
1 1
1
1546 31.96i 39,53, 23.05 5.~6 1.46, 58.10, 33.89 8.05 2.1~ 43.851 3.321 13.051 0.85164.45 4.~9; 19.19 1.26 8,053 11,837 1. 46 91.2 1546 
1547 35.00 45.Zl l. ,11 .60 7..ID 0.471. 70. 21 B.~21 11.77 0.7., 40.00 • 2.911 12.01 1.41 62.12 4.o2; 18.66 2.20 7,567 11,751 1.16 72.5 1547
1
1548 34.23' 41.74, 19.85 4.87 0.56 63.47 70.19' 6.34 0.86 42.27 2.87114.831 1.05164.271 4.37/ 22.55 1.61 7,691 11,694 1.33 83 .l 1548 
1 1
_ 1519 3:L87: 45.88; 3.41 16.84 O.OS! 09.39 5.16! 25.45 1.04 ~'. 2.30i ll .15i__:_:~I 51.50 3.49: 16.87 _!~ 6,474 9,790!~.1873.7 ~:'_4~ 
1 
Avcraga 33.37· 40.39 17.241 ll.00 J .12 60.611 25.88. B.st1 1.68 40.Ia' 3.031 12.291 1.181 60.23 4.55 18.45_J.47 7,614 11,427 1.33 83.1 Average 

Texas Coals and I/ignites 
The variations in these analyses are as follows: Material as 
mined- 
From.  To.  Average.  
Moisture  .......... .. ........ . . . 29.07  36.16  33.37  
Volatile and Combustible Matter ..  28.96  51.00  40.39  
Fixed Carbon  ................ .  3.41  24.47  17.24  
Ash  ......................... .  4.87  17.60  9.00  
Sulphur  ............... ....... .  0.40  3.29  1.12  
Carbon  ................ . ..... .  34.93  43.85  40.13  
Hydrogen  .... . ...... .. ...... . .  2.30  3.37  3.03  
Oxygen  ...... . .... . .......... .  10.67  14.85  12.29  
Nitrogen  ...................... .  0.85  141  1.18  
Heating Power, B. T. U ........ .  6,474  8,053  7,614  
On dry basis these become :  
Volatile and Combustible Matter ..  40.84  72.72  60.61  
Fixed Carbon ................. .  5.16  34.82  25.88  
Ash  . . ....................... .  6.34  25.45  13.51  
Sulphur  ...................... .  0.64  4.65  1.68  
Carbon  ................ .. .... .  51.50  65.40  (i0.23  
Hydrogen  ..... . ... . ........... .  3.49  5.13  4.55  
Oxygen  ...................... .  10.33  2291  18.45  
Nitrogen  ... . .............. .. . .  1.09  2.20  1.47  
Heating Power, B. T. U .. . .. .... .  9;790  12,215  11,427  
Specific Gravity  ... . .......... .  1.16  1.44  1.33  
Weight per cubic foot.  Lbs ..... .  72.5  90.0  83.1  
OO'MPOSITTON OF THE ASH OF TEXAS LIGNITES.  

.AnslysisNo. 
1535 1536 1537 1538 1539 1540 1541 1542 1543 15H 1545 1546 1547 1548 1549 
Average Silica. 
63.{0 
40.46 
30.H 
21.64 
33.06 
27.44 
23.20 
42.20 
47.04 
40.60 
59.00 
25.64 
38.73 
33.00 
53.04 
38.57 
Alumina. 
12.27 
16.92 
13.48 
16.20 
16.77 
28.87 
11.94 
23.02 
28 .18 
34.26 
20.11 
19.08 
23.00 
25.84 
24.68 
20.64 
Oxide of 
Iron. 

5.95 8.32 11.70 11.10 8.47 Z4.S5 
5.08 
Z.02 
18.32 
2.02 
3.69 
12.92 
6.00 
7.40 
7.70 
9.04 
Lime. 
none 
15.60 
23.59 
25.23 
23 .08 7.00 38.17 ]5.93 
6.64 12.ffi 
10.58 
18.68 
24.11 
22.32 
10.59 
16.84 
Mag·nesla. 
trace 
1.22 
0.88 
I !.36 
I 1.38 trace 
1.00 

2.12 trace 
trace 
0.48 
1.76 trace 
trace 
0.94 
i
Oxide of 
Mangan-
Sulphuricl Analysi• 
Acid. , N<:>.
ese. 
___I___• 
13.71 I 1535
1.00 
15.54 I 1535
--------·­
3.32 
14.22 15.37 
2.00 
18.01 1538 
trace 
17.10 15.~9 
0.52 
10.45 1540 
1.60 
7.79 I 1541 
trace 
12.81 trace 
4.58 
9.52 
0.48 
5.47 
20.92 trace 
8.51 
----------11.32 
trace 
3.53 
0.81 
lZ.90 
1542 1543 154! 1545 1546 1547 1548 1549 
Average 
Bulletin of the University of Texas 
In these lignites the following variations in the composition of the ash are to be noted. 
From.  To.  Average.  
Per cent. of ash.... . . . ....... . .  4.87  17.60  9.00  
Silica  ... . .. . ..... . ... ........ .  21.64  63.40  38.57  
Alumina  ................. . ... .  11.94  34.26  20.64  
Oxide of Iron . . . ..... . ... .. .. . .  2.02  24.85  9.04  
Lime  ........ . ............... .  0.00  38.17  16.84  
Sulphuric Acid  ... .. . .... . .... .  3.53  20.92  12.90  

With the lignites, as with the coals, there is a considerable va­riation in the composition of the ash, leading to the conclusion that the conditions, with respect to vegetation and the in-wash of sediments, varied within wide limits. 
On comparing the composition of the ash o.f these lignites with that of the coals given on page 17 it is seen that the lignite ash carried considerably less silica, alumina, and oxide of iron than the coal ash, but considerably more lime and combined sulphuric acid. 
What deductions may be made from these facts does not now appear except that it is probable that the vegetation forming the coal was different from that forming the lignite. and also that the in-wash of extraneous materials was different during the process of the formation of these beds. 
Whether the coal and lignite beds have been formed ''in situ'' or by ''drift,'' or by a combination of these two methods is an open question. It is likely that conditions varied a gooJ deal not only in the coal period as a whole, but also locally, and, to some extent, while the same seam was being made. 
It may be of interest to give a list of the principal fossil fauna and flora that have been found in different coal beds. and the list that follows is taken from James Tonge 's Coal, 1907. 
FAUNA. 
Amphibia. All belonging to the Labyrinthodont order. 
Fish. Many different kinds, both large and small, shark, etc. 

Many geologists hold to the opinion that what is known 
as '' Oannel'' coal is of marine origin, on account of 
the prevalence of the remains of fish, shells, etc. 
TeJa;as Coals and Lignites 
Insects. Not very abundant. One specimen of Orthoptera has been found with a spread of wing of nearly two feet. 
Myriopoda ("Thousand Legs"). Quite common. 
Arachnida (Spiders). Both spiders and scorpions have 

been found. Xiphosura (Crabs). Fairy well distributed. Schizopoda (Shrimps). Ostracoda (Oyster-like forms). Abundant but £ometimes very 
small. Brachiopoda. Mollusca, both uni-and bi-valve. Brachiopoda. Well represented in carboniferous limestone, but 
not plentiful in the coal measures themselves. Vermes (Worms). Fairly plentiful, as borings, tracks, etc. 
FLORA. 
A great deal of work has been done in the study of the fossil flora of the coal measures and the coal beds themselves. Of late years the chief interest has centered around the study of fossil flora from the standpoint of stratigraphical succession. The re­sults of such researches are to be compared with the work nf the stratigraphical and structural geologist who looks at the prob­lem from the standpoint of the sequence of rocks. 
The flora of the coal measures is represented by Lycopods, moss-like plants, some of them growing to a height of 50 feet and more. Calamites. Reed-like plants, akin to our "horse-tails." Very 
common in coal measures. Coniferae. Cone-bearing trees and shrubs, pine, cedar, etc. They appear for the first time in the coal measures. Cordiates. Some of the Lycopods were more than fifty feet in height ana represented the maximum devlopment of the club moss. 
It is a notable fact that in many of the so-called "flaming" coals there are large quantities of the spores of this gigantic club moss. The bark of this club moss is, perhaps, the most common fosil plant in the coal measures, and is to be observed in a great many places. 
In paleobotany there is still some confusion in nomenclature, 
Bitlletin of the University of Texas 
for it is one of the younger sciences, dating back not more than 35 or 40 years. 
During tbe period of its existence, 1888-1892, the Texas Geo­logical Survey did much valuable work on the fossil remains found in the coal measures of this State, but since that time nothing has been done by the State itself, and but little by out­side investigators. 
There is an impression-quite erroneous-that such studies are too ''scientific,'' that they do not touch upon matters of practical importance. On this point we will quote Mr. James Tonge, W estbougbton, England, a notable authority on coal, and tbe inventor of the Hydraulic Mining Cartridge, which has done more for the protection of human life and property in coal mines than almost any appliance that could be men­tioned. 
In bis book on "Coal,'' 1907, page 83, he says: 
"It is from the Palaeo-botar:ist that the mining student seeks information as to the mode of formation of the seams, in­formation which can only be derived from a close and intimate knowledge of the botany of carboniferous plant remains." 
The truth is that so-called ''scientific'' work and practical work must go hand-in-hand. There is no hard and fast line of separation between them. What is pure science today is tbe basis of great enterprises tomorrow, and the scientist in the laboratory is fore-runner to the manager of the factory. 
The analyses that have so far been given and discussed rep­resent samples of lignites that were secured .from the mines by an agent of the University Mineral Survey in 1901-1902. 
In order to bring the matter down to date and present new and detailed analyses, the operating companies were asked to send in typical samples of the material they were mining and shipping. These samples were, for the most part. received in tin cans, with close-fitting covers. In those cases in which the moisture runs much below the normal the samples did n'ot come in such cans, and, therefore, show a less amount of moist­ure than is usually found in our lignites. 
As the analyses are given on the samples "as received,'' an,l 
on the dry, or waterfree basis, also they may readily be com­
pared with each other. 
The analyses of these ''Company samples'' are as follows: 
Al'fALYl'IES OF TEXAS LIGNITES-OOMP~NY SAMPLES. 
BY S. H. WORRELL, 1910-1011. 
40 59 12 57 13 14 16 41 17 56 18 36 20 21 22 23 55 44 £8 25 26 39 29 
Av'rage 

















A! Received. Dry Basis. 
Heating Power. 
Proximate Analysis. I Ultimate Analysis. Proximate Analysis. 
Ultimate Analysis 
British 1~~~~~~~~~1-~~~~~~~~-l-~~~~~~~~IThermal Units. 
'g~ g I I Zl~ g I
I 
.sgi,; ~ ~ . .sgi,; o~ 
~,o ct> b ~ d 0 ~ ! ~.g~ .-. 

~ g~ 'd .i::l ,g ~ tlJ) O ..... ~ ·v 
:§0:2! ~ ~ '3 :i 'g ~ z!l ~8~ ~ 

....-,..,<ll rn o~ o I> [f; 
29.28 
34.()2 29.041 6.66 .57 39.61 3.08 19.71 1.09 48.10 41.05 
10.85 
.80 56.00 
4.35 
26.48 
1.54 
7,283 10,220 40 
15.001 43.61 32.71 8.68i .94 49.47 8.58 20.951 1.38 51.30 38.48 
10.22 1.10 
58.20 
4.21 
24.65 1.62 
8,78'J 10,340 59 
29.94 
39.03 21.09 109.. 94341 .55 37.70 2.93 17.481 1.46 55.70 30.09 
14.31 .78 
53.80 
4.18 
24.95 2.06 6,291 8,979 12 
7.30 
45.62 36.65 .51 58.78 4.43 16.371 2.18 49.21 39.53 
11.26 .45 
63.4() 
4.78 
17.76 2.35 10,411 11,230 67 
29.96 
41.68 22.24 6.12 .70 44.0l 2.88 14.76, 1.67 59.50 81.75 
8.75 1.00 
62.77 
4.11 
21.14 2.23 6,903 9,855 13 22.40' 42.68 24.77 10.15 .55 45.34 3.85 16.00' 1.71 55.00 31.91 
13.09 1.33 
58.42 
4.96 
20.00 2.20 8,156 10,510 14 
24.36 33.891 25.64 16.11 .74 42.13 3 .60 11.761 1.30 44.80 33.89 
21.31 .97 
55.69 
4.75 
15.57 1.71 7,068 9,344 16 
36.64 28.33: 21.02 8.01 .41 36.16 2.79 15.021 .rn 44.70 42.63 
12.67 .64 
57.oo 
4.40 
23.70 1.53 6,717 l0,600 41 29.. 20 36. 
92!21 .• 00; 6_.86 .58, 43.29 3.37 15.491 un 52.14 ss.22 
9.64 .81 
61.H 
4.75 
21.95 1.71 7,442 10,510 17 10 80 41 20 38 92 9 06 .61 i 48.80 2.81 25.991 1.91 46.18 43.63 
10.20 .68 
54.70 3.15 
29.13 2.14 9,670 10,840 56 
31.24 40.29 21.07 7.40 .73139.73 3.23 16.301 1.37 58.60 30.64 
10.76 1.05 
57.77 
4.70 
23.74 1.98 6.727 9,782 18
I
27.20 40.90 27.09, 4.81 .48 44.72 3.73 17.921 1.14 56.18 37.20 
6.62 .65 
61.42 
5.12 
24.63 1.56 7,682 10,540 36 
25.58 39.37 25.301 9.75 .60 42.57 3.99 16.12 1.39 52.90 33.99 
13.11 .80 
57.20 
6.36 
21.67 1.86 7,532 10,120 20 
37.26 31.85 24.81 6.08 .57 38.10 3.16 13.74 1.09 50.76 39.54 
9.70 .90 
60.72 
5.00 
21.92 1.73 6,416 10,226 21
I
27.50 35.201 27.30 10.00 .731 43.20 3.lZ 14.48 .73 48.54 37.65 
18 .81 1.00 
59.58 
4.29 
19.99 1.33 7,040 9,709 22 
31.121 33.95122.66 12.27 .93, 39.04 3.24 12.481 .93 49.28 32.90 
17.82 1.34 
56.67 
4.70 
18.14 1.83 6,688 9,709 23 
12.601 44.75 33.90, 8.75 .631 56.34 3.99 16.64 1.05 51.20 38.78 
10.02 .72 
64.20 
4.56 
19.30 1.20 9,774 11,182 65 12.621' 37.91 36.21 18.26 .48: 50.18 3.53 17.901' 2.05 43.38 41.43 
15.19 .54 
67.42 4.03 
20.48 2.34 9,525 10,900 44 
80.20 33.231 28.8! 7.73 .69 42.72 2.84 14.36 1.46 47.60 41.31 11.09 .98 
61.20 4.06 
20.58 2.09 6,920 10,030 28 30.34[ 31.141 30.66i 4.86 .61 42.10 3.33 17.56 1.20 49.00 44.00 7.00 ,frl 
60.47 4.78 
25.20 1.70·1 6,797 9,957 25 
25.64135.55 30.281 8.581 .96 43.00 3.45 17.17 1.25 47.80 4-0.71 11.49 1.29 
57.~ 4.63 
23.09 1.68 7,459 10,000 26 
20.64 36.24i 32.61, 10.48 .70 46.70 3.54 15.951 1.99 46.66 41.12 13.22 .80 
liS.81 4.46 
20.21 2.50 8,262 10,410 39 ~.12. 34.801_:6.61 6.97 .82 40.16 2.60 15.57 1.76 50.52 89.20 10.28 1.20 
00.16 8.82 
22.96 6,690 9,856 29
2.58, 25.17f 37.59 1 28.451--s::i9---:&i '44.08 --s.35-16.49 W 6Q.48 iill.7i---:OO 
56.85--;:4822.201.867:6fil10,212 Average 

Bulletin of the University of Texas 
The key to these ''Company samples'' is as follows: 
Analysis 	No. 
40. Alba Lignite Co., Alba, Wood county. 
59. Alba-Malakoff Lignite Co., Alba, Wood county. 
12. 	American Lignite Briquette Co., Rockdale, Milam county. 
57. 	American Lignite Briquette Co., Rockdale, Milam county. 
13. 
Bear Grass Coal Co., Jewett, Leon county. 

14. 
Bertetti Coal Co., Lytle, Medina county. 


16. Carr Wood & Coal Co., Lytle, Medina county. 
41. Como Lignite Co., Como, Hopkins county. 
17. Consumers' Lignite Co., Alba and Hoyt, Wood county. 
56. Consumers' Lignite Co., Alba and Hoyt, Wood county. 
18. Cookville Coal & Lumber Co., Mt. Pleasant, Titus county. 
36. 	Edgewood Coal & Fuel Co., Wills Point, Van Zandt county. 
20. 	
Houston County Coal & Manufacturing Co., Crockett, Houston county. 

21. 
Independence Mining Co., Phelan, Bastrop county. 

22. 
Lone Sta.r Lignite Mining Co., Como, Hopkins county. 

23. 
Melcher Coal & Clay Co., 0 'Quinn, Fayette county. 


55. Rockdale Coal Co., Hicks, Lee county. 
44. Rockdale Consolidated Coal Co., R.ockdale, Milam county. 
28. Rockdale Lignite Co., Rockdale, Milam county. 
25. 
Rowlett & Wells, Rockdale, Milam county. 

26. 	
Southwestern Fuel & Manufacturing Co., Calvert, Robert­son county. 


39. Texas Coal Co., Rockdale, Milam county. 
29. Vogel &Lorenz, Rockdale, Milam county. 
Note.-The Alba-Malakoff Lignite Company is successor to the Alba Lignite Company. The Vogel Coal & Manufacturing Com­pany is successor to Vogel & Lorenz. 
Analysis No. 44, Rockdale Consolidated Coal Company, repre­sents lignite sampled at the works of the Austin White Lime Company. McNeil, Travis county, January 13, 1911. 
The lignite-producing counties are: Bastrop, Fayette, Hop­kins, Houston, Leon, Medina, Milam, Rains, Robertson, Van Zandt and Wood. 
Texas Coals and Lignites 
The supplies of lignite in Texas are practically inexhaustible for the next thousand years even should we use ten times as much as we are now using. 
A sample of lignite was received from the Como Coal Com­pany, Como, Hopkins county, too late for the incorporation of the analysis in the body of this Bulletin and in the Tables. It had the following compositon: 
PROXIMATE ANALYSIS. DRY BASIS. 
Percent. Volatile Matter ..................................... 39.50 Fixed Carbon ...................... . ...... . .... .. .. 49.38 Ash ................................................ 11.12 
100.00 
Sulphur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.01 Heating Power, B. T. U ...............................11,680 
ULTIMATE ANALYSIS· DRY BASIS. 
Per cent. Carbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.59 Hydrogen ................ , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.84 Oxygen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.12 Nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.32 Sulphur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.01 Ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.12 







100.00 As received, the sample contained 34.0 per cent. of moisture. 
The variations in these analyses are as follows:: 
SAMPLES AS RECEIVED. 
From.  To. Average.  
Moisture  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7.30  37.26  25.17  
Volatile and Combustible matter.  20. 33  45.62  37.59  
Fixed Carbon  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21.09  38.92  28.45  
Ash  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4.81  16.11  8.79  
Sulphur  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  0.41  0.96  0.65  
Carbon  . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  36.16  58.78  44.08  

Bulletin of the University of Texas 
Hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . Oxygen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Heating Power, B. T. U. . . . . . . . . . 
On a dry basis these become: 
Volatile and Combustible matter .. Fixed Carbon ....... . . . . .. ... . . Ash .... ... ....... . .. . ....... . Sulphur .. .... .............. .. . Carbon . ....... . ....... . .. . .. . Hydrogen .... . ..... .. ... .. .... . Oxygen . ... . . ........ . ... . ... . Nitrogen ............. . .. . .... . Heating Power, B. T. U .. ... .. .. . 
From. 
2.60 
11.76 

0.73 6,291 
From. 
43.38 
30.09 
6.62 
0.45 
53.80 
3.15 
15.57 1.20 8,979 To. 
4.43 
25.99 
21.8 10,411 
To. 
59.50 
44.00 
21.31 
1.34 
64.20 
5.36 
29.13 
2.58 11,510 Average. 
3.35 
16.49 
1.47 7,661 
Average. 
50.48 
37.81 
11.71 
0.90 
58.85 
4.48 
22.20 

1.86 10,212 
Tea;as Coals and Lign·ites 
PROXIMATE ANALYSES OF TEXAS LiGNITE~ALPHABETIOAJ,LY ARRANGED­
DRY BASIS. BY S. H . WORRELL. 

Number and Description of Sample.  
40. Alba Lignite Co.Alba, Wood County_____________ 59. Alba-Malakoff Lignite Co.Alba, Wood County______________ 12. American Lignite Briquette Co. Rockdale, Milam County_________ 'Ol. American Lignite Briquette Co. Rockdale, Milam County________ 13. Bear Grass Coal Co. Jewett, Leon County -----------­14. Bertetti Coal Co. Lytle, Medina County____________ 16. Carr Wood & Coal Co. Lytle, Medina County ---­------­n. Como Lignite Co. Como, Hopkins County --------­17. Consumers Lignite Co. Alba and Hoyt,. Wood County__ i6. Consumers Lignite Co. Alba and Hoyt, Wood County__ 18. Oookvllle Coal & J,umber Co. Mt. Pleasant, Titus County_____ 86. Edgewood Coal & Fuel Co. Wills Point, Van Zandt County_ 20. Houston County Coal & Mfg. Co. Crockett, Houston County______ El. Independence Mining Co. Phelan, Bastrop County_________ 22 . Lone Star Lignite Mining Co. Como, Hopkins County____ ______ 23. Melcher Coal & Clay Co. O'Quinn, Fayette County________ 65. Rockdale C'oal Co . Hicks, Lee County____ __ _________ 44. Rockdale Consolidated Coal Co. Rockdale, Milam County______ __ 28. Rockdale Lignite Co. Rockdale, Milam County________ _ 25. Rowlett & Wells. Rockdale, M!lam County_________ t6. S. W. Fuel & Mfg. Co . Calvert, Robertson County_____ i9. Texas Coal Go. Rockdale, Milam County________ _ !9. Vogel & Lorenz. Rockdale, Milam County_________  
Average -----------------­----· ~ - 

Volatile and 
Fixed 
Com-
Carbon. bustlble. 
48.10  41.05  
51.30  38.48  
56.70  3Cl.C19  
49.21  39.53  
59.50  31.75  
56.00  31.91  
44.80  I  33.89  
44.70  46.63  
52 .14  38.22  
46.18  43.63  
58.60  30.64  
56.18  37.20  
52.90  33.99  

Ash. 
Sulphur. 
10.85 
.80 10.l!'l 
1.10 
14.31 
.78 
11.26 
.45 
8.75 
1.00 
13.00 
1.33 
21.31 
.rr. 
12.67 
.64 
9.64 I .81 
10.20 
.68 
10.76 
1.05 
6.62 
.65 
13.11 
.80 
Heating Power 
B. T. U. 
10,220 10,340 8,979 11,230 9,850 10,510 9,344 10,600 
10.510 10,840 
9,782 10,540 10,120 ' 
I
50.76 
39.54 9.70 
.90 10,226
I 
1.00 9,70Q
48.54 
37.65 
13.81 
I
49.28 
32.90 
17.82 
1.34 
9,709 
11,182
51.20 
38.78 
10.02 
.72 
43.38 
41.43 
15.19 
10,900
.54 
41.31 
11.00 
10,000
47.60 
.98 
9,757
44.00 
7.00
49.00 
.87 
1.29 
10,000
47.80 
fil.71 
11.49 
13.22 
.80 
10,410
45.66 
41 .12 
50.52 
39.20 
10.28 
1.20 
9,856 
10,212
37.81 
11.71 
.90
00.48 
The heat units in perfectly dry lignite compare fairly well with the heat units in Texas coals as they are mined, but the heat units in lignite as received at points of consumption are much lower than in dry lignite and much lower than they are in coal. 
But this is the very point not covered in this Bulletin. We have no means of knowing, except in a few cases, how much moisture lignites contain as they are used. In comparing one lignite with another or lignite with coal for practical purposes it is necessary to know how much moisture they contain, for upon 
4-T. C. 
Bulletin of the University of Texas 
this depends, to a great extent, their value as fuel. The follow­ing Table shows how great the differences in composition of lig­:cites may be, according as they are considered with the moisture, they contain or on a dry basis. 
Average composition of Texas lignites with moisture and with­out moisture: 
With 25 per cent. 
of moisture. Dry. Volatile and Combustible matter. . . . . . . . . . . 37.59 50.48 Fixed Carbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.45 37.81 Ash. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.79 11.71 Sulphur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.65 0.90 Heating Power, B. T. U...... .. .. ......... 7,661 10,212 
The percentages for any intermediate amount of water may readily be calculated from the "dry" analysis. In comparing one lignite wtih another it is necessary to know how much water they contain, and what the composition would be if reduced to a dry basis. 
But since it is impracticable to dry lignite before it is used, and since it is customary to use it as soon as possible after it is mined, the amount of water it contains, as it is 1tSed, is a very important consideration. 
A case has recently been reported to ns in which the heating power of a certain lignite, as received at the works, was 6,410 
B. T. U., the moisture being 31.45 per cent. Theoretically a pound of this lignite should evaporate 6.63 pounds of water from and at 212 degrees Fahrenheit. The returns reported an actual evaporative power per pound of lignite, of 3.25 pounds of water. or less than 50 per cent. of the theoretical evaporative power. 
While a part of this loss may have been due to an uneconomical installation, yet it does not appear that this would account for all of it. In dealing with lignite we have to remember that we have a fuel which may contain a full third of its weight of water, .md that, aside from this, the volatile and combustible matter, and, we suspect, the fixed carbon also, is different not only in amount, but in quality, from such substances in coal. 
In producer practice and in ordinary steam installations these 
Tev.cas Coals and Lignites 
facts must be borne in mind, and both the producer and the fire­box grates and air inlets designed accordingly_ There is a marked difference in lignites, and a producer, for instance, de­signed and built for a certain lignite, and which gives gooil "e­sults from it is not necessarily suited for all lignites. Nor is it merely a question of design and construction. The actual handling 0£ the plant is, perhaps, of even greater importance. So far as we are aware, there is no successful traveling grate used in lignite firing. There are traveling grates that are used with a mixture of soft coal and lignite, but none operating suc­cessfully on lignite alone. Hand-firing, with a boiler similar in type to the Dutch, or Dutch-oven, boiler has given, we under­stand, the best results from lignite. It is hoped that the experi­ments to be carried on this winter in the new power-house at the University will give accurate data on some of these questions. 
DISPOSABLE HYDROGEN IN TEXAS LIGNITES-DRY BASIS. 
.Analysis No. (() -­----------------------------­ Total '-iydrogen . 4.35  Disposable Hydrogen.  
Per Cent. Per Cent. of Total. 1.10 25.29  

59 12  -------------------...--------­-----------------------­------­ 4.21 4.18  1.19 1.12  28.26 26.79  
f/l 13  ---------­------------------­----------·-------------------­ 4.'78 4.11  2.59 1.52  54.19 36.98  
1'  ------------------------------­ 4.96  2.50  50.40  
16  ----------------------------­ 4.75  2.84  59.79  
41  ----------------------­-------­ 4.40  2.94  33.18  
17  ------­-----------------------­ 4.75  2.06  43.37  
56  ------------------------------­ 3.15  none  none  
18  ------------------------------­ 4.70  1.79  38.08  
36 20  -------..--------------------­---------------------------­ 5.12 5.36  2.10 2.70  41.00 50.26  
21  ------------------------­-----­ 5.03  2.34  46.12  
22 23  --------...--------·----------­----------------------------­ 4.29 4.70  1.84 2.47  42.89 52.55  
55  ----------------------------­ 4.56  2.20  48.24  
"'  -----------------------------­ 4.03  1.52  37.71  
!8 25  ----------------------------­-----------------------------­ 4.00 4.78  1.73 1.69  42.61 35.35  
21!  -----------------------------­ 4.63  1.79  ~.66  
39 29  -----------­---------------­_______________________________..  4.46 3.82  1.98 1.00  42.39 ~.18  
Average  -----------------­ 4.48  1.87  41.74  

The first thing to attract attention in this Table, as compared with the Table giving the disposable hydrogen in Texas coals, page 20, is that while the total hydrogen in the lignites is very nearly the same as in the coals ( 4.48 and 4.66), the percentage of disposable hydrogen in the lignites is much less than in the coals (1.87 and 3.24). The amount of disposable hydrogen, 
Bulletin of the University of Texa,s 
expressed as. percentage of the total hydrogen, is also much less in the lignites than in the coals ( 41.74 and 69,53). 
In more than half of the lignites the disposable hydrogen was less than one per cent., while in the coals there was not a single case in which it fell below 2.29 per cent From the standpoint of the disposable hydrogen expressed as percentage of the total hydrogen there were only five cases out of twenty­three in which it rose above 50 per cent. in the lignites, while in the coals there was not a single case in which it fell below 54 per cent. 
From the standpoint of the gas-maker, whether illuminating or fuel gas, retort or producer, these facts are of considerable moment, for they indicate radical differences in these fuels with respect to the composition and value of the gas to be ob­tained from them under standard conditions. 
There is very little data to be obtained with referenec to the use of lignite for making gas in retorts, its principal use, in gas-making, being in the producer. If the plans that have been made for the further study of our coals and lignites can be carried out, we shall have more to say on this subject later. In the meantime there will be found in the chapter on ''The Use of Producer Gas in Texas" a compact statement of the progress that has been made in Texas within the last few years, together with some observations on the tendency of the industry. This chapter hM been prepared especially for this Bulletin by ?.Ir. Drury :Jic.N'. Ph.illips. who has visited nearly eve1·y plant in Texas that is making producer-gas, 
after having had considerable practical experience in pro­
ducer work, and the application of machinerv to such problems. 
In order to arrani:re in one eonvenient form the different 
~malyses that have been made on Texas lignites, we quote those 
f!iven in ~fr. E. T. Dumble's report on Brown Coal and J,ig­
uite, 1892. The proximate analyse~ and key are given first, 
and then the ultimate analyses. 
The examinations made at the coal testing plant of the 
United States Geological Survey will ~}so be found in Chap­
ter III, 
1'exas Goals and Lignites 
PROXIMATE ANALYSES OF TEXAS LIGNITES, COMPILED FROM E. T. 
DUMBLE'S "BROWN COAL AND LIGNITE, 1892." 

Volatile and  Fixed  
Moisture.  Combustible.  Carbon.  Ash.  Sulphur.  
8.35  41.28  42.73  6.40  1.24  
12.40  36.37  37.77  13.60  not det'd  
13.28  59.86  18.52  8.32  not det'd  
11.11  57.05  26.46  4.50  .f5{  
10.60  36.12  38.16  15.12  3.51  
15.80  39.42  39.78  4.99  not det'd  
7.17  40.55  34.27  17.19  2.24  
20.29  32.67  26.58  17.50  !  3.11  
12.43  38.37  38.90  8.60  1.84  
6.25  54.05  33.47  6.27  .69  
16.56  45.10  32.89  5.49  not det'd  
8.41  38.41  28.65  23.38  .74  
16.50  36.07  37.17  8.60  1.66  
10.35  39.03  43.25  6.87  I  .50  
12.00  42.00  82.00  13.00  not det'd  
13.25  40.62  36.47  8.40  1.26  
15.89  42.24  34.46  6.85  1.06  
6.50  46.64  ?8.02  17.72  2.22  
20.80  &2.08  22.67  3.97  .48  
10.17  39.52  36.60  12.80  .95  
16.45  40.24  35.89  8.95  1.17  
13.51  45.36  32.44  8.15  .88  
13.10  37.24  41.22  6.07  2.36  
10.11 18.26 9.67  37.37 43.51 S9.5'1 I  24.39 29.53 89.90  27.59 8.70 10.ots  1.15 2.46 .76  

Analysis. 
A. ·-------------------­
B. -------------------­
C. -------------------­D.1 ------------------­E. 1 ------------------­F . -------------------­G.• ------------------­
H.2 -----------------­
1.a ----------·-------­
J.1 ------------------­
K .1 ------------------­
L.a ------------------­¥ -------------------­
N. -------------------­
0 . -------------------­

P. 
-------------------­


Q.• ------------------­
R.1 -----------------­
S. -------------------­
T .1 -----------------­
U.• ------------------­
V.• -----------------­
W .1 -----------------­
X.a ------------------­
y. -------------------­
z.• ------------------­
1. Average of two analyses. 2. Average of four analyses. 3. Averai:e of five analyses. 4. Averai:e of three analyses. 
Key to analyses of lignites compiled from ''Brown Coal and Lignite, Dumble, ' ' 1892 : 
A. 	Anderson county. From an outcrop on Caddo Creek, about seventeen miles northeast of Palestine: thickness, about two feet. 
B. Angelina county. 
C. 	Atascosa county, near Somerset: thickness; 5 feet 3 inches to 5 feet 6 inches. 
D. 	Bowie county, near New Boston: thickness, 12 feet. One of the analyses shows 1.45 per cent. of ash, with 76.41 per cent. of volatile and combustible matter and 10.62 per cent. of fixed carbon. 
E . Caldwell county. Burdett Wells. 

F. 
Cass county. Stone Bluff. 

G. 	
Cherokee County. Bean's Creek, six miles south of Alto; near Jacksonville ; McBee 's school house. 

H. 	
Fayette county. Manton Bluff: thickness, up to 15 feet. On 0 'Q·uinn creek the lignite is of excellent quality and has a thickness up to 8 feet. 


Bulletin of the University of Texas 
I. 	Harrison county. Robertson's Ferry and Rocky Ford, Sa­bine river; McCathern Creek: thickness, 2 to 6 feet. 
J. 	Henderson county. C. M. Walters headright: thickness, up to 6 feet. 
K. 	Hopkins county, near Sulphur Springs: thickness, up to 16 feet. 
L. 	Houston county. Hyde's Bluff and Westmoreland Bluff, Trinity river; J. Bethel headright; Wallace headright, near Calthorp : thickness, 4 to 6 feet. 
M. 	Lee county. Blue Branch: thickness, 6 feet. 
N. 	Leon county, near Jewett: thickness, up to 9 feet. 
0. 	Limestone comity. Head's Prairie. 
P. 	Medina county. Lytle: thickness, 5 feet. 
Q. 	Milam county. Rockdale: thickness, 4 to 6 feet. 
R. 	Morris county. Pruit place: thickness, iess than 2 feet. 
S. 	Panola county. Mineral Springs Ridge, near Beckville: thickness, 4 1-2 feet. 
T. 	Rains county. Emory, and seven miles east. 
U. 	Robertson county. Little Brazos; Calvert Bluff: thick­ness, 3 to 7 feet. 
V. 	Rusk county. Iron Mountain; Graham's Lake, 12 miles west of Henderson : thickness, 3 to 6 feet. 
W. 	San .Augustine county. Sabine and .Angelina rivers: thickness, 6 to 15 feet. 
X. 	Smith county. Southwest of Tyler, 8 ¥2 miles; south of Tyler, 6 miles; southeast of Tyler, 12 miles; west of Lin­dale, 3 miles : thickness, 3 feet and upwards. 
Y. 	Shelby county. South of Timpson, 7 miles: thiclmess, 4 to 5 feet. 
Z. 	Wood county. .Alba and Mineola: thickness, 8 feet. 
Texas Goals and Lignites 
ULTIMATE ANALYSIS OF '£EXAS BROWN COALS-FROM: "'BROWN COAL AND LIGNITE," DUMBLE, 1892. 
Ozygen 
County. Moisture. Carbon. Hydree-P.n. and Ash. Sulphur. 
Nitrogen. ---------,-----1----1-----1-------­Anderson ---------------------53.06 4.06 24.12 17.74 1.00 Bowle ------------10.67 69.84 3.10 26.97 9.10 1.00 Oherokee -------------------66.67 3.81 22.08 5.83 1.64 Grllltg ------------12.00 60. 79 4.96 23.68 9.27 .88 Harrison --------13.35 66.32 3.95 21.56 8.97 2.20 Houston ---------------------63.09 3.64 22.56 9.68 1.00 Lee -------------16.50 62.48 3.21 20.80 11.56 1.95 Leon --------------------------63.60 4.08 24.00 7.79 .55 
lfedina --------13.25 60.92 2.57 25.34 9.70 1.47 Milam ----------------------60.93 4.12 22.27 11.86 1.32 Milam ----------17. 75 62.50 5.45 20.84 7.54 .97 J4llam ---------18.25 64.50 5.37 20.76 8.56 .81 Morris ----------8.56 69.87 4.70 24.35 8.66 2.42 Rains ----------------------57.04 4.01 24.48 13.35 1.11 Rains ------------------------59.32 2.80 20.27 16.63 .98 RQbertson -------------------58.16 4.46 13.11 12.77 1.50 Robertson ------16.40 65.14 5.29 19.28 9.21 1.1& Rusk -------------16.63 58.93 4.20 22.14 10.09 4.64 San AU2'UStine ----------------61.12 3.32 24.53 7.75 3.31> ltmith ------------9.83 57.40 3.00 23.31 14.74 .9& Webb (outcrop) _ -----------59.28 3.29 16.98 17 .56 .89 wood ------------1__1_0_.8&__1__56_._s_s-l·--4_._29__1__24_.13__1__1_4_.3_9_1__._84_ 
Anrage -----13.67 60.98 4.01 22.16 11.01 i 1.48 
~-------'-----------------~------­
The calculated heat units of some of the Texas lignites were also given by Mr. Dumble as follows: British Thermal Units. Dry. From Medina county. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,320 From Milam county . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,169 From Milam county . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,278 From Robertson county . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,320 
In order to compare the heat units in lignite as actually deter­mined with those obtained by calculation, we have prepared a Table based on our recent analyses. The Goutal formula. (p. 25), was used for the calculations based on ;>roximate analyses and the DuLong formula for those based on ultimate analyses. The results are as follows : 
Bulletin of the University of Texas 
Heating Power, B. T. U. Dry. Theoretical 1---------------1 Evaporation
Analysis No. Calculated. in Pounds of Water from 
From From and at 212° F. Proximate Ultimate Determined. .per Pound of Analysis. Analysis. Lignite. Dry. 

An examination of this Table shows that the Goutal formula applied to the calculation of heat units from the proximate analysis of lignites gives on the average, results that are 22.30 per cent. higher than the heat units obtained by actual deter­mination. It is, therefore, unreliable and can not be used with 1t reasonable degree of accuracy. 
The modified DuLong formula, applied to ultimate analyses of lignites gives, on the average. results that are 4.10 per cent. lower than the determined heat units. and may he userl for ap­proximate results. 
Applied to proximnte analyses of coal. the Goutal formula gives results which, on the average, are 10.67 per cent. too high, and the modified DuLong formula. applied to ultimate analyses gives results which. on the average. are almost the same as those obtainerl in the calorimeter. In this connection the Table on p. 26 may be consulted. 
In the Table giving the calculated heat units in Texas lignites we have included a calculation of the theoretical evaporation in pounds of water from and at 212 degrees Fahrenheit per ponnd of lignite. dry basis. The results vary from 9.29 to 11.62 ponnds of water per ponnd of lignite. the g<>neral average 
Texas Coals and Lignites 
being 10.56, dry basis. In actual practice the efficiency of lig­nite as a fuel under steam boilers varies according to circum­stances, and no rule of general application can be given. 
It is stated that one of the railroads in 'l'exas will soon begin 
a. series of tests with lignite as fuel for locomotives. If this work is undertaken, the results will be of great interest. and value. 
It is likely that tests will be made during the coming winter at the new power house of the University with reference to sta­tionary boilers. 

CHAPTER IIL 
THE USE OF PRODUCER GAS IN TEXAS. 
BY 
DRURY MCNEILL PHILLIPS. 
During the last few years there has been a marked increase in the use of lignite for making gas in gas-producers. The gas thus made is used for power, e. g. in gas engines of special design, or for fuel, e. g. for burning lime, etc. So far as known, this gas is not used in Texas for burning brick, sewer­pipe, tiling, etc., although it would certainly be well adapted for such purposes. 
The use of lignite for making gas is confined to the above mentioned purposes. No illuminating gas is made from this material, although an excellent light could be supplied by use of some of the well known types of incandescent mantles, such as the W elsbach, etc. 
There have been installed in this State 56 producers for making gas. Of this number there are now 17 in active opera­tion, representing 12,270 engine horse-power. Of the 36 estab­lishments that have been recorded 6 are now out of commis­sion, 3 make fuel gas for burning lime, 1 uses coal from New Mexico, 1 coal from Colorado, 1 now uses natural gas and 1 uses a mixture of semi-anthracite from Arkansas and Texas lignite. This leaves 23 establishments that use Texas lignite exclusively. The consumption of lignite at these plants is about 180 tons per 24 hours, and the total gas engine horse­power is 12,270. 
Most of the installations are of comparatively small size, for out of the total 11,490 engine horse-power in operation 7,700 (=67 per cent.) are represented by two plants. This leaves only 3,790 horse-power to be divided among 21 plants. 
'The three cement plants, at Eagle Ford, Harry and San An­tonio, represent at present 8,300 horse-power, and, upon the addition of the 600 horse-power at San Antonio, they will rep­resent 8,900 horse-power. 
But the success that has been reached in the smaller plants 
Bullet,in of the University of 1'exas 
indicates the adaptability of the producer and gas engine to re­quirements varying from 50 to 250 horse power, quite as well as to the larger uses. 
The producer plants in Texas are scattered over a wide area, from Kingsville to Gainesville and from San Angelo to Hunts­ville. In visiting the 26 establishments that were upon the itinerary there was necessary a total travel of more than 2,500 miles, and if all of the plants had been visited, the trip would have involved nearly 4.000 miles. This circumstance has an im­portant bearing on the utilization of the by-prcducts, such as tar and ammoniacal liquor, for it means that they would have to be transported over considerable distances tt' some central plant for treatment. This is out of the question now, so that the utilization of the tar and ammoniacal liquor is possible only at the large plants. Ko attempt is made to make use of these b~r-products, save that a little of the tar is used as fuel and a little for "creosoting" telephone and electric light poles, etc. 
The cost of the lignite, delivered, varies from 90 cents to $3.65 a ton, according to distance from the mines, amount in­volved in the contract, etc. The average value of the lignite mined in the State in 1910, at the mines. was 96 cents, the pro­duction having been 979,232 tons, the largest in the history of the industry. The word of prophecy uttered by Mr. E. T. Dumble, State Geologist, in 1891, in his pamphlet, ''The Utili­zation of Lignite,'' and repeated, in 1892, in his ''Brown Coal and Lignite,'' is now being fulfilled, and there appears to be no reason to doubt that there will be a further and larger de­velopment of this source of power. 
The supplies of lignite of all kinds is certainly beyond all question. In the United States there are about 123,700 square miles of li1?Dite territorr distributed as follows: 
Alabama ... . . .. .. .. ..... . . .. .. ....... . ......... . . . 6.000 
A.rkansas ....... ..... . . . ......................... . 5,900 
Louisiana . . . ....... ............. . .......... . . . . . .. . 8,800 
l\Iontana ....... . ......... ... ... . ...... . ....... . .. . 7,000 
:North Dakota . . .. . ..... . ............... . . .. . ..... . 31,000 
South Dakota . .. . .. . ....... . ......... . . . ..... . . .. . 4,000 
Tennessee .......... ...... ............ ........... . 1,000 

Texas . . . ....... . ..... . ... .... .... · · .. · . .. .... .... . 60,000 

123,700 
Te;xas Coals and Lignites 
The lignite area in Texas comprises nearly one-half of the en­
tire known area in the United States and is nearly as large as 
the entire State of Missouri. Practically all varieties of lignite 
are found here, and there is offered a wide choice to the designers 
of producer plants, even inclusive of material that carries 75 
per cent. of volatile and combustible matter. There is no inten­
tion, in this paper, to prepare a dissertation on gas­
producers or to enter into the details of the design and construc­
tion of producer-gas plants. We wish merely to give the chief 
results of personal observation at 26 plants that were visited anJ 
information derived by correspondence with ten other plants. 
It may not be amiss to say that the writer has served his time in the shops of the Allis-Chalmers Company, Chicago, and West Allis, and was afterwards in the gas department of an establish­ment in Texas that used 60 tons of lignite a day in gas-producers. He endeavors to look at the matter from a practical standpoint, · and has visited by far the larger number of producer plants in Texas for the purpose of acquainting himself with what is now 
being done here. 
It is beyond question that a very active interest is now being 
shown in the use of producer-gas made from lignite, and as ex­
perience is gained both in the handling of the various types of 
producers, and, more especially, in the design and construction 
of engines for using large volumes of a gas of low heating power, 
the use of lignite will be extended. 
The total producer horse-power, operating on lignite in 
Texas, is now (about) 13,000, while the total engine horse-power 
is 12,270. In such use of lignite Texas exceeds all of the other 
States combined, as it exceeds, in lignite area, all of the other 
States. 
In certain favored localities within reach of the natural gas 
fields of Clay and Wichita Counties, Texas, and of the Caddo 
fields in Louisiana, lignite faces a serious competitor. This com­
petition, however, is not manifested throughout the State at 
large, and even in north Texas, where natural gas is available, 
some of the larger establishments prefer lignite. The question of 
competition from natural gas, excellent as this fuel is, is more 
academic than practical. So far as is known, only one la.rge es­
tablishment is to change from producer-gas to natural gas, while 
its near-by neighbors will continue to us~ lignite. 
Bulletin of the University of Texas 
It is a question of relative economy into which many diverse factors enter1 and we do not discuss them here. 
If there is any one thing that stands out more prominently than others, as the result of these observations and investigations, it is that the best results in producer-gas engine practice are likely to follow from a consideration of the plant as a compact unit, a unit in which the producer is a part of the engine and the engine a part of the producer. 
We do not mean to say that good results are not obtained by the use of a producer not specially designed for the engine or by the use of an engine not specially design~d for the producer. 
As a matter of fact, good results are obtained in establish­ments where the producer is designed and built without particu­lar reference to the type of engine to be used, as also where the engine is supposed to handle the gas from almost any kind of standard producer. 
But we believe that better results, more uniform and more economical, can be secured by designin~ the producer for the engine and the engine for the producer. Producer and engine must be regarded as a compact and symmetrical unit to do a cer­tain thing at all times to the best advantage. 
Furthermore, a producer and engine designed to operate on a certain kind of fuel can not be expected to give as good results on some other kind of fuel. Within certain limits, to be de­termined when the plant is designed, the results should not vary excessively, but they will vary, through no fault of producer or engine, if the character of the fuel is materially changed. There is a wide variation in the composition of lignite, and this varia­tion gives rise to differences in the amount and nature of the gas, the tar and ammoniacal liquor. 
An engine designetl to operate on a rich gas will certainly not work to its rated capacity on a poor gas. It is not fed on ma. terial that it can utilize. It can not do its work, any more than a strong man, accustomed to strong food, can do his work on milk toast. If the heat units are not in the gas, the engine cer­tainly can not get them out, and if the heat units are not in his gas, the lime-burner certainly can not burn his charge. It is not a question of tuyeres, or gas-ports or air valves; it is a ques­tion of heat units in the gas. 
In B'ulletin No. 416, United States Geological Survey, 1909, 
T exas Coals and Lignites 
''Recent Development of the Producer-Gas Power Plant in the United States,'' by Robert H. Fernald, there is given a list of 16 installations in Texas. T'hese were as follows, by localities : 
Blooming Grove, Corpus Christi, (near) Dallas, Garwoo·J, Gatesville, Leonard, Mart, Mineola, Rockport, Royse, Smith­ville, Stephenville, Taylor, Teague and Yorktown. With the ex­ception of the plants at Royse and Taylor, which used anthra­cite, all of these used lignite. To Mr. Fernald's list we have added 20 more, so that there are now 36 gas-producer plants in the State, with 5 out of commission. The total producer horse­power, as given by Mr. Fernald, was 8,001, and t'he total engine power was 7 ,616. We have increased these to (about) 13,000 and 12,270, respectively. 
To those who wish to inform themselves as to the progress of producer-gas practice in the United States and to acquire concise and accurate knowledge of the possibilities in this direc­tion we would commend Mr. F ernald's paper. 
It may be of interest to give here a list of the producer plants mentioned by Mr. Fernald, and we have prepared a Table to set forth the main facts. This table gives the number of producers in each State, the total producer horse-power, the total engine horse-power and the fuel used, together with the number of producer plants, the producer horse-power and the engine horse-power expressed as percentages of the respective totals. 
In this table under the term ''bituminous coal'' is included also sub-bituminous coal, under the term "anthracite" is in­cluded semi-anthracite, and under the term " lignite" is in­cluded brown coal. 
'!'ABLE SHOWING PRODUCER-GA'3 PLAN'.rS IN '!'HE UNl'l'ED S'l'A'l'ES-ARRANGED FROM FERNALD, 1909. 
Percentage
Total No. of 
Producer­State. 
Producer 
hors&­Plants. 
power. 
3 260 Alaska ---------------------­
Alabama ------------------­
1 250 Arkansas ------------------­
1 75 6 4,422
~~W~gr~ia--:=::::==:::=::===:l 
Colorado -------------------' 
~~!~~~~~~~~--=~==============Dist. of Columbia__________ i! 
Flcrida ---------------------' 
Idaho -----------------------' 
Illinois ----__ ---------------1 
Iowa -----------------------­
Indiana ---------------------,
Kansas --------------------­
~~Yl~i~~~-~==================i

Maryland -------------------i Massachusetts --------------' Michigan -------------------i 
st~£ii!~a====================-------------------i
Nebraska ! 
Nevada ---------------------i 
New Han1pshire ----··-------1 
~:: tr:r:i~~ =============::::! 
New York -.-----------------/
North Carolina -------------,
North Dakota -------------1 Ohio ------------------------! 
g:~=~~m~--=:::=::::::=====::j 
Pennsylvania ---------------'
Pcrto Rico _________________! 
2 8 16 
3 8 
z 
29 17 8 
13 2 3 2 
10 25 16 16 17 1 18 1 2 37 3 37 
4 
8 19 6 2 
4.2 
s 
560 1,405 7 ,430 200 875 3,000 400 3,087 9,847 902 1,330 70 810 766 1,220 7,385 2,631 1,871 13,147 60 1,291 
200 1,000 6,657 
260 7,964 2,180 
497 
1,855 6!l5 200 
4,299 60 
Total 
EngineHorse-Fuel. 
pow~ ~~tt~~·'!~~~--~~-~~-~~~-~~~~~~:~~=:::::::::::::::I 

100 	Anthracite -------------------------------------.. 

422 420 
1,090 1,251 not given 
683 1,543 400
2,688 3,138 898
1,383 70
310 65 685
3,324 
I 	2,656 1,769 
3,1: 
1,	144 150 635 
2,480 260 4,540 1,680 478 
1,670 
Bit1,1minous Coal and Anthra~it•.l---------------1 Wood and Anthraci~e --------------------------i Lignite and Anthracite--------------------------1 Bituminous Coal and Anthracite---------------1 Anthracite --------------------------------------! Anthracite --------------------·-----------------' 
Bituminous Coal and Anthracite"--------------1 Anthracite --------------------------------------1
Bituminous Ooal and Anthracite_______________ , Bituminous Coal and AnthracitC---------------1 Anthracite -------------------------------------­
Bituminous Coal and Anthracite_______________' Anthracite -------------------------------------­
Bituminous Coal and Anthracite______________ _ Anthracite -------------------------------------­Anthracite -------------------------------------­
Bituminous Coal, Ooke and Anthracite____ ____ Anthracite ------___ ----------------------------­Anthracite -------------------------------------­
~~t~~~~~s-~~-~~-~~~-~~~~~~:!~:::::~::=::::::=i 
Anthracite ____ ----------------------------------1 Anthracite --------------------------------------' Anthracite --------------------------------------J 
Bituminous Coal and Anthracite---------------· Anthracite ___ -----------------------------------' 
Bituminous Coal and Anthracite---------------J Bituminous Coal and Anthracite---------------, Anthracite -------------------------------------­
Bituminous Coal and Anthrnrite---------------· 
:; f~~~~!~~~s-~-~~~~-~!~-~~~·--~~-~~~~:!~::~:::::::! 
1,846 Bituminous Coal and Anthraclte..--------------1 
not &iven Anthracite --------------------------------------! 
of Total No. 
.62 .21 .21 
1.05 .42 
1.68 
3.36 .21 .62 
1.68 .42 
6.00 
3.57 
1.68 
2.73 .42 .62 .42 
2.10 
5.25 $.36 
3.36 
3.57 .21 
3.78 .21 .42 
7.77 .62 
7.77 .84 
1.68 
3.99 
1.22 .42 
8.82 .62 
of Pro­ducer horse­power. 
.21 .20 .06 
3.5& 
.45 
l.13 
6.01 .16 .70 
2.4..~ 
.32 
2.50 
7.96 .73 
1.07 .05 
.65 
.61. .98 
5.98 
2.13 
1.43 
10.64 
.04 

l.04 
.16· 
.81 6.39 .21 
6.45 
1.76 .40 
1.50 .56 .16 
S.48 .04 
Iof Engine 
I horse­power. I .Oil .40 .10 .68 .68 1.76 2.02 1I -----------­
i 
I 
J.10 
2.49 .64 
4.35 
5.08 .G4 
2.24 .11 .50 .10 .94 
5.38 
4.14 
2.86 
5.77 .09 
l.85 .24 
1.0'2 
2.91 .42 
7.35 
2.72 .77 
2.70 .92 .32 
2.98 
Rhode Island ----· ----------;
South Dakota ______________: 
'l1ennessee -------------------~ rrexnS ----------------------! 
~;~~o~f-::::::::::::::::::::1 
Virginia -------------------­Washington ---------------­Wisconsin -----------------­Wyoming ------------------­
4 2,375 18 2,336 2 150 i 
16 8,~~ i
2 1 00 1 
1 
13 1;110 7 810 26 9,306 
1 65 1 
626 2,029 100 
7,~~ 
not given 496 
810 
7,741 65 
Total 
----··--------------1 481 128.268 I 61,585 
Bituminowi Ooal and Anthracite---------------j 
Anthracite -------------------------------------­
Anthracite ------· ------------------------------­
Lignite, Bituminous Ooal and Anthracite______ Anthracite -------------------------------------­Anthracite ------------------------------------­
Bituminous Ooal· and Anthracite_______________ Lignite and Anthracite ------------------------­
Bituminous ooal and Anthracite______________ _ Llgnit.e -----------------------------------------_ 
.84 
3.78 
.42 
3.36 
.42 
.21 
2.73 
1.47 
5.46 .21 
1.92 
1.88 .12 
6.48 .22 .06 .9() .65 
7.M .06 
1.01 
3.28 .16 
12.33 .31 
.70 
1.31 
12.~ 
.10 

Bulletin of the University of Texas 
An examination of this Table shows that there were in the United States, at that time, 1908-1909, 481 producer plants, of which Texas had 16, or 3.36 per cent., ranking twelfth. Of pro­ducer horse-power there were 123,268, o·f which Texas had 8,001, or 6.48 per cent., ranking fourth. Of engine horse-power there were 61,585, of which Texas had 7,616, or 12.33 per cent., rank­ing second. This is in respect of all kinds of fuel, bituminous coal, anthracite and lignite. 
But when we consider the use of lignite alone, for there is very little bituminous coal or anthracite used in producers in Texas, the situation is radically changed. According to the data in Mr. Fernald's paper, there were in the United States 9,275 producer horse-power from lignite, viz: 625 in Colorado, 50 in Oklahoma, 7,985 in T'exas, 550 in Washington and 65 in Wyom­ing. Of th 9,275 lignite producer horse-power Texas had 7,985, or 86.10 per cent. of the total. There were 8,570 engine horse­power derived from producers operated on lignite distributed as follows: Colorado 380, Oklahoma 50, Texas 7,525, Washing­ton 550, Wyoming 65. Of the 8,570 engine horse-power derived from lignite, Texas was credited with 7,525, or 87.8 per cent. of the total. Texas has not only the largest output of lignite, more than double that of any other State, and the largest lignite area, twice that of any other State, it also utilizes its lignite for mak­ing gas to the extent of 87.8 per cent. of the total engine power thus derived in the entire country. 
North Dakota has 31,000 square miles of lignite area, being next to Texas in this respect, and mines about 400,000 tons of lignite a year, but at the time of the preparation of Mr. Fer­nald's report there was not a single lignite gas-producer in that 8tate. 
It may, therefore, be said with entire accuracy that Texas leads the country in area, production and utilization o.f lignite. 
In Bulletin No. 261, 1905, United States Geological Survey, there are given the results of testing two Texas lignites in the coal testing plant at St. Louis. These tests were under the care of Mr. Robert H. Fernald. The producer was a No. 7 Wood, 250 horse-power. The engine was a three-cylinder vertical Westing­house gas engine, rated at 225 brake horse-power. It was belted to a six-pole 175-kilowatt Westinghouse direct-current generator. 
Without going into all of the details of the work conducted 
Texas Coals and Lignites 
there we will give the chief results as set forth in the above­mentioned Bulletin. 
The first test was made on lignite from the Houston County Coal & Manufacturing Company, Crockett, Houston County. The analysis of the lignite used was as follows: 
Percent. Moisture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.50 Volatile matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8~.34 Fixed carbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.80 Ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.36 Sulphur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.63 Heating Power, B. T. U.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,267 Duration of test, ..............................hours 21.67 Total coal consumed in producer... ...........pounds 12,800 Moisture in coal...........................per cent. 33.50 Dry coal consumed in producer...............pounds 8,510 Refuse from dry coal .......................per cent. 15.85 Total refuse from coal. ......................pounds 1,327 Total combustible consumed in producer.......pounds 7 ,183 
LIGNITE CONSUMED, POUNDS PER HOUR. 
Lignite consumed in producer ...................... . 590 Dry lignite consumed in producer................... . 393 Combustible consumed in producer ................. . 332 Equivalent lignite used by producer plant........... . 660 Equivalent dry lignite used by producer plant..... . 439.5 Equivalent combustible used by produce2· plant...... . 371.3 
BRITISH THERMAL UNITS. 
Per pound of lignite as fired ........ . .... . ....... . 7,267 
Per pound of dry lignite............. ............ . 10,928 
Per pound of combustible........................ . 12,945 
Per cubic foot of standard gas................... . 169.7 
From standard gas per pound dry lignite burned 

in producer .................................. . 7,260 From standard gas per hour per brake horse-power .. 12,230 
GAS PRODUCED, CUBIC FEET (reduced to standard). 
Total ........................................ . 363,654 Per hour ........................ . .............. . 16,800 Per pound lignite consumed in producer.......... . 28.4 Per pound dry lignite consumed in producer...... . 42.7 Per pound combustible consumed in producer...... . 50.6 
Bulletin of the University of Texas 
Per pound equivalent lignite used by producer plant 25.5 Per pound equivalent dry coal used by producer plant 38.2 Per pound equivalent combustible used by producer 
plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . 45.3 
HORSE-POWER DEVELOPED. 
Average electrical horse-power available for outside purposes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . 187 Average electrical horse-power developed at switch­board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 Average brake horse-power1 available for outside pur­
poses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 Average brake horse-power developed at engine . . . . . . 233 1Based on an assumed efficiency of 85 per cent. for generator 
and belt. 
LIGNITE CONSUMED IN PRODUCER, POUNDS PER HORSE-POWER HOUR. 
Per electrical horae-power available for outside pur­poses _----------------------------------------------­
Per electrical horse-power developed at switch-board_ Per brake horse-power• available for outside purposes
Per brake horse-power1 developed at engine____________ Equivalent pounds used by prodecer plant per electrl· 
cal horse-power available for outside purposes____ Equivalent pounds used by producer plant per electri­
cal horse-power developed at switch-board_________ Equivalent pounds used by producer plant per brake 
horse-power available for outside purposes_________ Equivalent pounds used by producer plant per brake 
horse-power developed at engine___________________ 
Coal as 
Fired. 

3.16 
2.98 
2.68 
2.54 
3.53 
3.34 
3.00 
2.83 
Dry Com-
Coal. ! bustible. 

2.10  L78  
1.99  1.68  
1.79  1.51  
1.69  1.43  
2.35  1.99  
2.22  1.88  
2.2»  1.6!>  
1.99  1.60  

•Based 	on an assumed efficiency of 85 per cent. for generator and belt. AVERAGE COMPOSITION OF PRODUCER-GAS BY VOLUME. 
Per 	cent. 
Carbon dioxide  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11.10  
Carbon monoxide  . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14.43  
Hydrogen  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . .  10.54  
Methane  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7. 
48  
Nitrogen  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  56.22  
Oxygen  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  0.22  

''The gas from this lignite was not ;;o rich as that from the North Dakota lignite that was tested, but it was higher in heat units than is the gas obtained from ordinary soft coal. The lig­nite was more difficult to handle in the producer than bituminous coal. but by frequent poking and by supplying the right amount 
Texas Coals and Lignites 
of air to the producer the bed was kept in good condition, and at the end of the thirty-hour test it was possible to break up the clinkers in the bed, requiring the removal of only a few ashes before beginning a new test. This lignite yielded a large amount of tar of the same kind as the North Dakota lignite, yellow and sticky. As a producer fuel it is better than many grades of bituminous coal.'' 
Another test was made on lignite from the mines of the Con­sumers' Lignite Company, at Hoyt, Wood County, Texas. This lignite had the following composition: 
Per cent. 
Moisture ........ . . . ....... ....... . .... . . ....... . 33.71 
Volatile matter .. ................................. . 29.25 
Fixed carbon . . . .................... . . .. . .. . .. .. . 29.76 
Ash ......... . . . .. . .. ... ... . ... . .. . ..... . ...... . 7.28 
Sulphur .............. ..... . .. . ... ......... .. .. . 0.53 
Heating power B. T. U ... ................... ....... 7,348 

Duration of test .............. ..... .. .... ....hours 19.33 Total lignite consumed in producer.. . . . .......pounds 9,050 Moisture in lignite ................... ......per cent. 33.71 Dry lignite consumed in producer. . . . . . . ..... pounds 5,999 Refuse from dry lignite...... .. ............ per cent. 10.98 Total refuse from lignite .....................pounds 658.7 Total combustible consumed in producer . . ....pounds 5,340.3 
LIGNITE CONSUMED, POUNDS PER HOUR 
Lignite consumed in producer .................. ... . 468 Dry lignite consumed in producer ....... . .. . .. . ... . . 310.3 Combustible consumed in producer . ........ . . .. . . . . . 276.2 Equivalent lignite used by producer plant ........ .. . . 519.5 Equivalent dry lignite used by producer plant. ... .. . . 344.4 Equivalent combustible used by producer plant . .. .. . . 306.6 
BRITISH THERMAL UNITS. 
Per pound of lignite as fired .. . . . ..... . .. . ......... . 7,348 
Per pound of dry lignite ....... . ...... . ........... . 11,086 
Per pound of combustible ........ ... ..... ......... . 12,450 
Per cubic foot of standard gas . ..... . . . . .. ......... . 156.2 
From standard gas per pound dry lignite burned in pro­
ducer . . ............ .. . ............ . ........... . 8,060 

From standard gas per hour per brake horse-power . .. . 10,570 
Bulletin of the University of 1'exas 
GAS PRODUCED, CUBIC FEET (reduced to standard). 
Total ........................................... . 309,140 Per hour .... . ................... . ............... . 16,009 Per pound lignite consumed in producer............ . 34.2 Per pound dry lignite consumed in producer......... . 51.6 Per pound combustible consumed in producer.... .. .. . 57.9 Per pound equivalent lignite used by producer plant.. 30.8 Per pound equivalent dry lignite used by producer plant 46.4 Per pound equivalent combustible used by producer 
plant ..................... · ··· · · · · · · ··· · · · · · · · · · 

52.2 
HORSE-POWER DEVELOPED. 
Average electrical horse-power available for outside pur­poses . . ...... . .......... . ..... . .... . .......... . 189.6 Average electrical horse-power developed at switch­board . ........................... . .......... . . 201.2 Average brake horse-power1 available for outside pur­poses . .. . . .. .. .. .... . ... · .. ········· · ·········· 
223 Average brake horse-power1 developed at engine... . . . 236.5 
1Based on an assumed efficiency of 85 per cent. for generator and belt. 
LIGNITE CONSUMED, POUNDS PER HORSE-POWER HOUR. 
Coal as Fired.  Dry Coal.  Com­bustlble.  
Per electrical horse-power available for outside pur­poses ---------------------------------------------­Per electrical horse-power developed at switch-board__ Per brake horse-power available for outside purposes_Per brake horse-power developed at engine ___________ Equivale!lt pounds used by producer plnnt per electri­cal horse-power available for outside purposes___ Equivalent pounds used by producer plant per electri­cal horse-power developed at switch-board_________ Equivalent pounds used by producer plant per brake horse-power1 available for outside purposes_______ Equivalent pounds used by producer plant per brakehorse­power1 developed at engine.. _______________  2.47 2.33 2.10 1.98 2.74 2.58 2.33 2.20  1.64 1.54 1.39 1.31 1.82 1.71 1.55 1.46  1.46 1.37 1.24 1.17 1.62 1.52 1.88 1.30  

1Based on an assumed efficiency ol 85 per cent, for generator and belt. 
COMPOSITION OF PRODUCER-GAS BY VOLUME. 
Carbon dioxide ... . ......................... . .. . 9.60 
Carbon monoxide . . . . .... . ............... . ..... . 18.22 
Hydrogen . ........ . ....... . ............. .. . ... . . 9.63 
Methane ....... . ............................... . 4.81 
Nitrogen ....................................... . 57.53 
Oxygen .. ...................................... . 0.20 

Texas Coals and Lignites 
This lignite "gave highly satisfactory results in the producer, yielding a rich, uniform gas and a large amount of yellow tar. It is an excellent fuel for p-roducers." 
Tbe term ''combustible'' is used to designate dry coal minus refuse ; that is, the actual amount of combustible matter con­sumed for the gas made. T'he term ''equivalent coal'' refers to the coal actually used in the producer plus the coal equivalent of'the steam used in operating the producer. It represents the gross fuel consumption of the entire plant. 
In Bulletin No. 332, United States Geological Survey, 1908, there are given two producer-gas tests made on Texas lignite at the fuel testing plant, St. Louis. These are as follows: 
LIGNITE FROM J. J. OLSEN &SONS, MILAM COUNTY. 
Per cent. 
Moisture . . . .... . . . .... . ... .. ............... .... . 32.20 
Volatile matter .......... .. ....... . . . ... . . . . . . .. . 30.11 
Fixed carbon ................................. .. . 7,870 
Ash ... ......... ........... ..................... . 8.87 
Sulphur ..... . . . . . ..... . . . ........... .... ....... . 0.88 
Heating power, B. T. U., car sample.. . ......... . .. . 7,870 

Size as used: over one inch, 61 per cent.; l/2 inch to 1 inch, 18 per cent. ; 14 inch to lf2 inch, 8 per cent. ; under 1.4 inch, 13 per cent. Duration of test, 50 hours. Average electrical horse­power, 200.1. Average heating power, B. T. U., per cubic foot of gas, 171.8. ,Total coal fired, 25,000 pounds. 
ANALYSIS OF GAS BY VOLUME. 
Per cent. 
Carbon dioxide .. . ......... .. .... . .......... .. . . . 10.3 
Carbon monoxide ........ . ..... . .... . . . ........ . 19.8 
Hydrogen .................................. . ... . 14.8 
Methane ......... . .. . ........ . .. .. .... . ....... . . 2.4 
Nitrogen ....... . ..................... . .......... . 51.3 
Oxygen . .... .. ..... . .......... . ......... . ...... . 0.7 
Ethylene .......................... . ............... . 0.7 

Bulletin of the University of Texas 
Lignite Dry Com­__________________,_a_s_Flr_e_d_._,__L_lg_n_it_e_. !' bustible. 
Liitnite consumed in producer per borse-power hour, pounds.Per electrical borse-power:  ·I  
Commercially available -----------------------­Developed at switch-board -------------------­Per brake horse-power:  2.70 2.55  1.83 1.73  I,  11.. 0050  
Commercially available ----------------------­Developed at engine --------------------------­ 2.29 2.17  1.50 1.47  1.35 I.28·  
Equivalent used by producer plant, pounds. I Per electrical horse-power: ! Commercially avai!&bla -----------------------i Developed at switch-board ------------------­i· Per brake horse-power: Commercially available ------------------------1 Developed at engine ---------------------------­ 2.90 2.75 2.47 2.33  1.97 1.86 1.67 1.fl8  1.7J 1.62 1.46 1.38  

LIGNITE FROM HOYT, WOOD COU~TY. 
(probably from mines of Consumers' Lignite Company, W. 
B. P.): 
Per cent. 
Moisture .. ....... ........ _............. . ....... . 34.08 
Volatile matter ........................ . . . .. .... . 33.15 
Fixed carbon .. ... . ..... . ..... _................. . 25.32 
Ash ..................... · .... · .. · · · ·· · · · · · · · · · · 7.45 
Sulphur . ............ .. ......... .... ............ . 0.49 
Heating power, B. T. U., car sample....... ........ . 7,497 

Size as used: Over 1 inch, 68 per cent. ; 1/2 inch to 1 inch, 16 per cent. ; 14 inch to 112 inch, 7 per cent. ; under lJ.1, inch, 9 per cent. Duration of test, 50 hours. .fl. verage electrical horse­power, 193.4 Average heating power, B. T. U., per cubic foot of gas. 156.1. Total coal fired, 24,500 pounds. 
Analysis of gas by volume : Per cent. 
Carbon dioxide ............ . ......... . ...... . .. . 10.3 
Carbon monoxide .............................. . 20.0 
Hydrogen ............ . ............. .. . ......... . 15.4 
Methane ........................... . ........ .. .. . 2.5 
Nitrogen ...... . .. .... .................... .. .. .. . 51.8 

Texas Coals and Lignites 
Lignite as Fired. 
·------­
I
Ll&"nlte consumed in producer per borsC'power hour, pounds. 
Per electrical horse-power: Oommercfally available -----------------------­Developed at ewiteh'board --------------------­
Per brake horse-power: Oommerelally avaflable ------------------------1 Developed at engine-----------------------------· 
Equivalent used by producer plant, pounds. 
Per electrical horse-power: Commercially available ----------------------­Developed at switch-board ----··---------------­
Per brake horse-power.: Oommerclally available -----------------------­Developed at engine ---------------------------­
2.66 
2.54 
2.26 
2.16 
2.87 
2.74 
2.48 
2.33 
Dry
Lignite. 


1.75 L67 
1.49 
1.42 
1.89 
1.81 
1.61 
1.54 Com­
bustfble. 
1.55 
l.!I& 
1.32 
1.26 
1.67 
1.60 
1.42 
1.86 
'rhe Westinghouse Machine Company, Pittsburg, Pa., in its Circular W. M. 503, September, 1909, gives the results of testing lignite from the mines of the Consumers' Iiignite Company, Hoyt, Wood County. Texas. The analysis of the lignite used was as follows: 
Per cent. 
Moisture  ..... ... . ... .. . .......... ..... .. .. .. .. . .  23.83  
Volatile matter  ....... . . . ........ ... ..... .. ... . . .  38.32  
Fixed carbon  ....................... .. .......... .  29.22  
Ash.  .......... ...... .. . ...... .. ........ .. .. . ... .  8.63  
Heating power,  B. T.  U..... .. ................... .  8,007  

The engine was operated 72 hCYUrs. The total lignite fired was 16,970 pounds. The average load was 128 brake horse-power and the gross lignite per brake horse-power was 1.85 pounds. The gas was delivered throngh a line of 8-inch pipe over 650 feet long, with no correction for leaking or for gas consumed by three pilot lights burning continuously in the producer-house, laboratory and engine room. 
In another case, given by this Company, the same lignite being used, the following-statement is made: 
Duration of test ..................... ............46.5 hours Total lignite fired ...... . ... ..... ... .. . . . . .....12,693 pounds Heat value per pound ................. .......8,007 B. T. U. Total heat in-put=12,693,x8,007 .. ..... ...101,632,857 B. T. U. Total gas made (corrected to 62 degrees Fahrenheit 
and 30 inches barometer) .... ... ..... . .. . .612. 
361 cubic feet 
or 49.03 cubic feet per pound of lignite fired. Total heat value of gas per cubic foot ...... . . .. .. 128.3 B. T~ U. Effective heat value of gas per cubic foot. .... .. . 117.1 B. T. U. 
Bulletin of the University of Texas 
Total output ............................78,565,816 B. T. U. Effective output ........................71,707,463 B. T. U. 78,565,816 Total efficiency--..................77.3 per cent. 101,632,857 
71,717,463 Effective efficiency--... . . .........70.5 per cent. 101,632,857 
The composition of the gas in this latter test was as follows : 
Per cent. 
Carbon dioxide . .. .. .............. .... .. . .. .. .. . 12.4 
Oxygen ............................... ... . .. . ... . 0.9 
Carbon monoxide ....................... , ...... . 13.3 
Marsh gas ..................................... . 3.6 
Hydrogen .......... .. ... .. ................ ... .. . 14.7 
Nitrogen ........ .. ......... . ................... . 55.1 

The Smith Gas Power Co., Lexington, Ohio, in its circular of recent date, gives the results of operating on Texas lignite at two establishments. In the one case the original plant was on steam power, using 80 horse-power, the cost for fuel and supplies be­ing $10.00, and £or labor $5.00 per 24 hours, total, $15.00. This plant changed to producer-gas. The cost of the lignite was $2.22 a ton, the average load on the engine was 80 horse-power, and the cost of fuel and supplies was $5.50, and £or labor $5.00 per 24 hours, total $11.50, as against $15.00 for steam. In the other case steam was also used, before the change to producer-gas was made, with an average load of 30 K. W. The plant is now operated on producer-gas made from lignite. 'rhe cost of the lig­nite is $1.20 a ton; the load is the same, and there is a saving of two tons of fuel per night. 
The producer-gas plants that have been established in ,Texas are as follows, by towns and counties : Those visited personally are marked with a •. 
Town. County. 
Altair* .............................. . ...........Colorado 
Amarillo ...........................................Potter 
Blooming Grove• .. ................................Navarro 
Brownwood . .. ........................... . ..........Brown 

Texas Coals and Lignites 
Calallen* .................................... .......Nueces 
Canadian .....••.................................Hemphill 
Corpus Christi* .....................................Nueces 
Dallas* ............................................Dallas 
Dittlinger* .........................................Comal 
Eagle Ford* ........................................Dallas 
Gainesville* .........................................Cooke 
Garwood* ........................................Colorado 
Gatesville* ..........................................Coryell 
Glen :B'lora .......................................Wharton 
Harry* .............................................Dallas 
Houston* ...........................................Harris 
Huntsville .........................................Walker 
Kingsville* .........................................Nueces 
Leonard* ................................. . ........Fannin 
Longview ...........................................Gregg 
McNeil* ............................................Travis 
Mart ...........................................McLennan 
Mineola* ............................................Wood 
Pittsburg* ..........................................Camp 
Rockport* ..........................................Aransas 
Round Rock* ...................................Williamson 
Royse* ...........................................Rockwall 
San Angelo ....................................Tom Green 
(near) San Antonio* ................. . ...............Bexar 
Smithville* .......................................Bastrop 
Stephenville* ........................................Erath 
Taylor* ........................................Williamson 
Teague* .........................................Freestone 
Terrell* ..........................................Kaufman 
Weatherford .......................................Parker 
Yorktown ..........................................DeWitt 

The plants at these places vary in capacity within wide limits, from one in which there is a 30 K. W. engine, with a producer using 1500 pounds of lignite a day, to one in whieh there are en­gines aggregating 4400 horse-power and using 60 tons of lignite per 24 hours. 
The plants at Royse and Taylor used anthracite when in opera­tion. The plant at Pittsburg uses a mixture of Arkansas semi-an­thracite and Texas lignite. The plant at Amarillo uses Colorado bituminous coal, and that at Canadian uses bituminous coal from New Mexico. The plants at McNeil, Round Rock and Dittlinger, which are fuel gas plants for burning lime, used Texas coal and lignite. There were 26 plants in operation on producer-gas at 
Bu.lletin of the University of Texas 
the time of the preparation of this report, June, 1911, but im­pending changes may alter this number. Of these there were 23 that used lignite exclusively, the estimated consumption being 180 tons per 24 hours. The aggregate gas engine horse-power at these 23 plants was 11,490. The total primary horse-power in Texas, used in establishments, etc., in the last census year was 319,37°1. 
The producers in use are made by the following firms : 
Bethlehem Steel Company, South Bethlehem, Penn. 
Fairbanks-Morse & Co., Chicago, Illinois. 
Elbert Harvey (Industrial Gas Company), New York. 
Herrick (Industrial Gas Company), New York. 
Irvin, J. H. McDonough, The Murray Company, Dallas, Texas. 
Power & Mining Machinery Company, Cudahy, Wisconsin. 

(Loomis-Pettibone Producer.) Smith Gas Power Company, Lexington, Ohio. The Westinghouse Machine Company, East Pittsburg, Penn. 
R. D. Wood & Company, Philadelphia, Penn. 
The gas engines that have been and are in use are made by the 

following firms : Alberger, Alberger Gas Engine Company, Buffalo, N. Y. Allis-Chalmers Company, West Allis, Wisconsin. Bethlehem Steel Company, Sauth Bethlehem, Penn. Buckeye, The Buckeye Engine Co., Salem, Ohio. Fairbanks-Morse & Co., Chicago, Illinois. Foos. The Foos Gas Engine Company, Springfield, Ohio. 
Muenzel. Minneapolis Steel & Machinery Co., Miuneapolis, 
Minn. Nash. The National Meter Co. , 1223 Wabash ave., Chicago, IU. Rathbun-Jones, The Rathbun-Jones Engineering Company, 
Toledo, Ohio. Snow. Snow Steam Pump Works, Buffalo, N. Y. Weber. The Weber Gas and Gasoline Engine Co., Kansas 
City, Missouri. The Westinghouse Machine Company, East Pittsburg, Penn. It may be worthy of note that of the nine producer and twelve 
engine manufacturers, there are but three that make both pro­ducer and engine, viz: The Bethlehem Steel Company, The Fair­banks-Morse Company and The Westinghouse Machine Company. The Bethlehem producers and engines are replacing Loomis­
Texas Coals and Lirrnites 
Pettibone producers and Snow engines in the only plant at which any of these types of equipment are in use This plant is the largest in the State, and, when completed, will be of about 4,400 horse-power. The Fairbanks-Morse equipment is used now at eight plants, aggregating 1,050 horse-power. There are in operation three Westinghouse installations of a total of 740 horse­power, which is being increased to 1,180. The Smith leads in the number of installations, there being now in operation ten plants of a total of 1,615 horse-power, which will be raised to eleven plants, with a total of 2,815 when producer operation is resumed at Dallas, and the plant at San Antonio doubled. R. D. Wood & Co. have six installations, only four of which were in opera­tion, with a total of 1,125 horse-power. The single Harvey plant is of 3,300 horse-power, but here producers are to be replaced by natural gas shortly. Other makes are represented by single installations. 
With regard to engines, the Bethlehem, replacing the Snow, will lead with 4,400 horse-power at a single plant, followed by Allis-Chalmers with 3,900 horse-power et two plants, Rathbun­Jones, with 1,235 at six plants to be increased to 1,835 at seven plants, and Fairbanks-Morse with 1,050 horse-power at eight plants. Following are: Westinghouse w~th 680 horse-power at three plants, now being increased to 1,060; Buckeye with 600 horse-power at one, now operating at 720 horse-power on natural gas and shortly to resume producer operation; Foos, with 325 horse-power at two plants, and Alberger with 250 horse-power at a single plant. The other makes are small and in single installa­tions. In number of plants, Fairbanks-Morse leads with eight, Rathbun-Jones has six, Westinghouse three, Allis-Chalmers nnd Foos two each and all others a single plant. 
The producer made by the Bethlehem Steel Company is used at the following establishment: Texas Portland Cement Com­pany, Harry (near) Dallas (being installed) . 
The Fairbanks-Morse is used by: G. M. Jackson, Garwood; G, C. Gifford Plantation, Glen Flora; Huntsville Electric Light & Power Company, Huntsville; Bayliss Earle, Mart; Rockport Ice & Light Company, Rockport; Smithville Light & Power Co., Smithville; Stephenville Light & Water Works, Stephen­ville; Teague .Electric Light & Power Co., Teague. 
The Harvey producer is used by the Southwestern States Port­
Bulletin of the University of Texas 
land Cement Company, Eagle Ford, (near) Dallas. The Herrick producer has been used by the Dittlinger Lime Co., Dittlinger. The Irvin producer is used at the shops of the Texas Midland Railway, Terrell. 
The Loomis-Pettibone producer is used by the Texas Portland Cement Company, Harry, (near) Dallas. 
The Smith producer is used by: The Home Light & Water Co., Blooming Grove ; Brownwood Water Works, Brown­wood; The People's Light Co., Corpus Christi; The Stan­ard-Tilton Milling Co., Dallas; Gainesville Electric Co., Gainesville; Gatesville Power & Light Co., Gatesville; Kings­ville Power Co., Kingsville; Mineola Light & Ice Co., Mineola; San Angelo Street Car Co., San Angelo; San Antonio Portland Cement Co., San Antonio, and ,The Yorktown Light & Ice Co., Yorktown. 
The Westinghouse producer is used by : The Arkansas & Texas Consolidated Ice & Coal Co., Pittsburg; Thti Canadian W~ter, Light & Power Co., Canadian; Amarillo Water, Light & Power Co., Amarillo, and by plants at Weatherford and Long­view, not now in operation. 
The R. D. Wood producer is used by: J. J . RichoJson, Al­tair; Nueces River Irrigation Co., Calallen; The People's Light Co., Corpus Christi; Houston Cotton-meal Mill, Houston; Aus­tin White Lime Co., McNeil; Round Rock White Lime Co., Round Rock. 
The Alberger gas engine is used by 1he San Angelo Street Car Co., San Angelo. 
The Allis-Chalmers gas engine is used by : San Antonio Portland Cement Co., San Antonio, and Southwestern States Portland Cement Co., Eagle Ford, (near) Dallas. 
The Bethlehem Steel Company's gas engine is used by: The Texas Portland Cement Company, Harry, (near) Dallas. The Buckeye gas engine is used by: The Stanard-Tilton Milling Co., Dallas. 
The Fairbanks-Morse & Co. 's gas engine is used where the Fairbanks-Morse producer is installed and reference is made to the list of producers. 
The Foos gas engine is used by: J. J . Richolson, Altair, and by the Nueces River Irrigation Co., Calallen. 
Texas Coals and Lignites 
'rhe Muenzel gas engine is used by: The Gatesville Power & Light Co., Gatesville. The Nash gas engine is used by: The Gainesville Electric Co., Gainesville. 
The Rathbun-Jones gas engine is used by: The Home Light & Water Co., Blooming Grove; The People's Light Co., Corpus Christi ; Houston Cotton-meal Mill, Houston; Kingsville Power Co., Kingsville ; Mineola Light & Ice Co., Mineola; Yorktown Light & Ice Co., Yorktown. 
The Snow gas engine is used by: The Texas Portland Ce­ment Co., Harry, (near) Dallas. The Weber gas engine is used by: 'l'he Texas Midland Rail­way in the shops at Terrell. The Westinghouse gas engine is used where this type of pro­ducer is used and reference is made to the list of producers. 
TABLE OF PRODUCER PLANTS IN TEXAS. 
The plants visited personally are marked * 
The plants no longer in operation are marked t. 
Those using lignite exclusively are marked L 
The plant at Amarillo uses Colorado bituminous coal, and is being doubled. Canadian uses New Mexico bituminous coal. Pittsburg uses a mixture of Arkansas semi-anthracite and Texas lignite. Dallas uses natural gas now, but is sho".'t.ly to return to producers on lignite. At Harry, Bethlehem producers and en­gines are replacing Loomis-Pettibone producers and Snow en­gines. At San Antonio, Smith producers '.lnd Rathbun-Jones engine will increase the capacity to 1200 horse-power. 
Locality. 
L. Altair* ---------------------------­Amarillo -----------------------------­L. Blooming Grove* ----------------­L. Brownwood ----------------------­L. Oalallen* ------------------------­Canadian ---------------------------­
L. Corpus Ohrlstf• -----------------­Dallas• -----------------------------­tDittlinger* -------------------------­L. Eagle Ford* ---------------------­L. Gainesville* ---------------------­l.1. Garwood* ------------------------­L. Gatesville* -----------------------­.L. Glen Flora -----------------------­1.1. Harry• ---------------------------­L. Houston* ------------------------­},, Huntsville ----------------------­
L. Klngsvllle* -----------------------­t Leonard* ---------------------------­t Longview ---------------------------­McNeil* -----------------------------­
L. Mart -----------------------------­!,, Mineola* -------------------------­Pittsburg* --------------------------­
L. Rockport* -----------------------­
Round Rock* ------------------------­
t Royse* ______--------·--------------_ 
L. San Angelo ----------------------­
L. San Antonio* --------------------­!,. Smithville• ----------------------­
L. Stephenvllle* ---------------------­tTaylor• -----------------------------­
L. 'l'eague* --------------------------­},. Terrell* -------------------------­t Weatherford -----------------------­
L. Yorktown ------------------------­
Total Installed -----------------­
Total operating --------------­
'l'ABLE OF PRODUOER PLANTS IN TEXAS. 
Producers. Gas Englne11. 
,._N_u_m_b_e_r. / Kind. H01~e-power. Kind. Number. 

1 fR. D. Wood & Oo.____________________ 1 :Westinghouse -------------------------­! Smith ---------------------------------­
1 .Smith ---------------------------------­

1 :R. D..wood & Oo._____________________ 


2 ·westinghouse ------------------------­3 12 Wood, 1 Smith----------------------­3 ;Smith ---------------------------------­
....
4 ~Herrick ---------------------------------1--------------Fuel gas for burning lime______ _ 
3 -
;Z
o Han•ey -------------------------------.• 3,300 Allis-Ohaimers ------------------­
1
1 .Smith -----------·-----·----------------150 1Nash ----------------------------­
0
1
! Fulrbanks-Morse -----------------------' 200 1Falrbanks·Mors•3 ---------------­
1 ,,....
! .Smith ----·------------·-----------------1 80 Muenzel ------------------------­
1 ;:::­
1 il<'alrb;mks-Morse -----------------------200 Fairbanks-Morse ---------------­
3 ll•thJehem, Loomis-Pettibone---------4,400 Bethlehem, Snow---------------­2 ,R. D. Wood & 00.----------------·---GOO Rathbun-Jones -----------------­
l• "" 
c:::j
1 l
] :l!'alrbnnks-Morse -----------------· ----: JOO Fairbanks-Morse ---------------­
;:
....
1 .Smith ----------------------------------,' 100 Rathbun-Jones -----------------­
1
1 :Fairbanks-Morse ----· -----------------50 Fairbanks-Morse ---------------­
<::! 
1 2 !R· D. Wood & 00.-----------------------------------FU~! gas for burning lime,._____ _ 
1 lWestlnghouse --------------------------1 !Westinghouse ------------------­
-"' ~ 
1
1 1Falrbanks-Mors~ --··--------~·--------c-HlO Fairbanks-Morse ---------------­
""· 
1 ­
1 ,Smith -----------------·-----------------1 90 Rathbun-Jones -----------------­
<..::: 
1 1 
1 1Westlngbouso --------------------------100 /Westinghouse ------------------­
c
1Falrbanks-Jlfors~ · ----------------------, 50 Fairbanks-Morse ---------------­
1 
:R. D. Wood & Co. ---------------------------------Fuel gas for burning lime__
1 •Fairbanks-Morse -------------~-------­
ii ~~m~ ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::; 
1 :~~:~g:~~==~~~~~ :::::::::::::~::::::=:! 
1 iFalrbanks-Morse ____ _
______ __________ _!i !Fafrbanks-lllorse ---------------------­
1
1 ~~~i1n-iii<>il80-::::::::~::::::::::::::::: 1 
Smith ----------··----------------------­
100 Foos -----------------------------1 880 Westinghouse -------------------1 <iO Rathbun-Jones -----------------­
1 100 -------------------------·--------­
l 
1
225 Foos ----------------------------­
~ 
2 ;:::
?l)() Westinghouse ------------------­
......
2
425 Rathbun-Jones -----------------­
..... 
1
600 Buckeye -----------·----------··-­
.,...
"' 
_______________,_____ 
13,020 
42
57 
lZ,270
4.7 
~ 
.....;:
1
75 Fairbanks-Morse ---------------­
""­
; 1rn~~/5T,'~im;;;5--:::::::::::::::::: 
1 
1 2 "' "" 
):~ ~:1~g:~t~:~~~:: :::::::::::::::: 
1 
"' 
25 !Fairbanks-Morse ---------------­
1 
2
150 Fairbanks-Morse ---------------­
?00 ;~~1~iil<>li80-::::::::::::::::::: 
60 
Rathbun-Jones -----------------­
Texas Coals and Lignites 
Following is a brief description of the different plants vis­ited. .At some of these places it was not possible to secure more information that is here given.1 
ALTAIR•. 
.An irrigation pumping plant on the Colorado river, Colo­rado county, operated by J. J. Richolson. One R. D. Wood & Co. 's suction up-draft producer and :fittings. The en­gine is a two-cylinder vertical Foos driving a single-phase high­lift centrifugal pump, through a 12-rope connection. The plant was designed and erected by the Southern Gas & Gasoline En­gine Company, Houston, but was not in operation. No one in authority could be seen, but the service is said to be satisfactory, when pumping is required. 
.AMARILLO. 
Amarillo Water, Light and Power Company. 
One Westinghouse producer rated at 440 horrn-power at sea level, one Westinghouse 18"x26" gas engine rated at 380 horse­power at sea level, direct connected to a Westinghouse 250 
k. v. a. 2,300 volt generator. This equipment is now being du­plicated. 
The fuel is screened pea bituminous coal from Colorado, and costs $4.00 a ton. The following operating data is quoted from a letter from the Company: 
"May, 1911. 
''Total coal, pounds, 192,487; hours of actual operation, 682; kilowatts generated, 88,250; average pounds of coal per kilowatt hour, 2.19; average run per day, 22 hours.'' 
This letter further states that the average load is 130 k. w., and that the gas will average 125 B. T. U. per -:mbic foot. The production of tar is a barrel in three months, this coming from the scrubbers and being full of lamp black. The water from the scrubbers goes to the sewer. 
Producers were installed here to replace steam, and entire satisfaction is expressed with the operation, as is shown by plans which contemplate a plant of 1,000 k. v. a. 
'The places visited personally are marked with a • 
6-T. C. 
Bulletin of the University of Texas 
BLOOMING GROVE.* 
The Home Light & Water Company. 
Equipment: One 60 horse-power Smith suction down-draft preducer; one Rathbun-Jones two-cylinder vertical gas engine of 60 horse-power. The engine is direct connected to a line shaft from which are driven an Allis-Chalmers generator, an Ingersoll-Rand two-cylinder air compressor for "blowing" a well from a depth of 200 feet, and a Fairbanks-Morse geared two-cylinder pump for lifting water from a surface tank 100 feet to a stand-pipe. The generator is an alternator o.l:' 17 k. w. at 2,200 volts, and operates about 12 hours a day, from noon un­til midnight, at an average load of 35 per cent The compres­sor requires about 25 horse-power, and operates about seven hours. The pump requires about 12 horse-power and operates about four hours. The average fuel consumption is about 1,600 pounds per 12 hours. The lignite used is from the mines of the Consumers' Lignite Company, Hoyt and Alba, Wood County, and costs $2.10 a ton, delivered. 
The producer is of an old type, similar to the one noticed at Mineola, i. e., the fire-containing shell rests dfrectly upon the foundation, the ashes being drawn by hand with long-handled shovels. Less tar was noticed here than at any plant visited, with the exception of the plant at Pittsburg, where the West­inghouse Tarless Producer is used. The jacket water is further heated in an exhaust heater and goes to the saturator at a tem­perature of about 140 degrees Fahrenheit, which can be in­creased to 170 degrees Fahrenheit. 
This producer, in addition to the gasoline engine-driven blower for starting, is further equipped with a hand blower so arranged as to be connected with the producer only when the mail!!. air inlet through the saturator is closed. It is used regu­larly to force gas to the engine for starting. The use o.l:' this hand blower does not seem to be required, as it was not observed elsewhere. 
The plant has been in operation about three years, during which time the repair account has been very small. The pipes in 1!he exhaust water heater are eaten up in 18 mouths. 
Texas Coals and Lignites 
BROWNWOOD. 
Brownwood Water Works. 
There is a 100 horse-power Smith producer here operating on lignite. We were unable to secure further information by correspondence. 
CALALLEN.* 
An irrigation pumping plant, operated by the Nueces River Irrigation Company, a co-operative farming enterprise. 
One No. 6 Wood suction up-draft producer a,nd standard fit­tings. The. engine is a three-cylinder vertical Faos, with rope drive to a 16-inch Worthington involute pump. This plant was not in operation at the time of visiting, but information was se­cured from the general manager and the operating engineer. 
The lignite used is from the mines ')f the Bear Grass Coal Company, Jewett, Leon county. The cost, on the producer floor, is $3.65 a ton. 
The engine is rated at 225 horse-power at 225 r. p. m. The guarantee calls for one brake horse-power from two and one­half pounds of lignite, as fired, and for the delivery of 6,500 gal­lons of water per minute on a lift of 83 feet. 
The plant was put in operation the first of January, 1911, but has not been run steadily for more than twelve hours at a time. There is no information as to consumption of lignite or details of operation. The producer is of the new Wood type, with the upper third of the producer walls and the top water­jacketed. From the jacket a pipe conveys water to the satu­rator for mixing water-vapor with air. The temperature of this air is kept at about 140 degrees Fahrenheit for normal op­erations. By increasing the temperature to 170 degrees Fah­renheit the tendency towards "clinkering" is arrested at an early stage. 
All of the water for engine and producer auxiliaries is taken from the main lift pipe through a two-inch line. The scrubber­water and tar are pumped back into the irrigation canal. It was at first intended to allow the waste water, tar, etc., to flow 
Bulletin of the University of Texas 
by gravity back into the river, but as the in-take for the Corpus Christi Water Works was but two miles below, the waste, etc., was taken back into the irrigation canal. It is not known how much ammonia the w'aste water carries, but at any rate it would probably not be sufficient to benefit vegatation under the condi­tions there. 
This plant was designed and installed by the Southern Gaa & Gasoline Engine Company, Houston. 
CANADIAN. 
Canadian Water, Light & Power Company. 
The equipment here consists of two producers of 100 horse­power each and two gas engines of 100 horse-power each, of Westinghouse make. The fuel is bituminous coal from New Mexico. This plant was not visited, and no further information could be secured by correspondence. 
CORPUS CHRISTI.• 
The People's Light Company. 
The original plant here consisted of one Smith suction pro­ducer of 125 horse-power capacity, and one Rathbun-Jones three-cylinder vertical gas engine. The engine was clirect connected to a Westinghouse two-phase generator at 2,300 volts. This equipment was afterwards increa<;ed by a No. 6 Wood suction producer, rated at 300 horse-power, and a Rathbun­Jones engine similar to the one in use, but rated at 300 horse­power. It was found that the producer would not supply suffi­cient gas for rated capacity, so a larger Wood, No. 7, was in­stalled a few months ago by the manufacturer. Since that time there has been no trouble, the two Wood producers carrying the entire load, while the Smith producer is held in reserve. 
The large engine carries the entire lighting and power load from 6 a. m. to midnight, the small engine being then used. Both generators deliver two-phase current at 2,300 volts, but no attempt is made to synchronize. The lighting current is trans­formed to 110 volts, with some power current at 220 volts, and 
Texas Coals and Lignites 
the street car current is run through a rotary to 550 volts, di· rect current. 
The exhaust from the large engine is led through a heater for supplying water-vapor to the sa.turator, which is ar­ranged to serve both producers. The maximum temperature of the blast is 150 degrees Fahrenheit, which is not as high as has been found best at other plants where a similar arrangement is in use. It is questionable whether the exhaust from a 300 horse-pawer engine will furnish enough water-vapor for two producers of tliis size, particularly when the heater is at least 25 feet from the engine. When the large engine is shut down, six hours out of every twenty-four, the blast is not heated at all, as the small engine exhausts direct into the air. It is during this time that clinkering is most apt to occur. 
On full load the larger producer is charged with 200 pounds of lignite every hour, the smaller one with a like amO'unt every two hours, both being cleaned every morning. In general, the suction is proportioned to the size of the producers and the fuel consumed in each. Clinker troubles are frequent and serious, masses of such size and consistency as to require sledging on the end of a one-inch poker being of common occurrence. The repair bill for broken pokers is sometimes as much as $15.00 in a month. This trouble has not been observed elsewhere in so serious a form, and it seems likely that means for obviating it would more than repay the expense. Among other things, both the temperature and the wetness of the blast might be increased when a clinker is observed to be formi!:lg. All cooling, scrub­bing and jacket water is drawn direct from the bay (salt water) by small motor-driven centrifugal pumps, and all waste water and tar runs into the bay. Several hundred pounds of tar are produced daily, but no accurate measurements have been taken, and there is no attempt made to utilize this product. 
Salt water makes no appreciable difference in producer oper­ations, although heavy encrustations were observed at one or two points where a slight leak had developed in the out-let pip­ing from the engine-jackets. It seems natural to suppO'Se that in time such encrustation would be a .:;curce of trouble. It is understood that the original water-jacketed exhaust valves did give trouble on this account; at any rate, they have been re­placed by air-cooled valves. Various lignites have been tried 
Bulletin of the University of Texas 
here, such as Calvert, Crockett and Rockdale. The price of the Calvert lignite, delivered at the works, is $2.65 a ton, of the Crockett lignite $2.67 and of the Rockdale lignite $2.47. 
The operating labor consists of three firemen, two ash-men and two engineers. The firemen and ash-men are Mexicans, at $1.50 a day. 
Owing to the recent installation of the larger producer, no definite method of operation has been developed, nor are there any definite figures as to the consumption of fuel per kilowatt hour. Before the new producer was jnstalled and while th~ one then in use was being forced beyond its point of economy, the fuel consumption was more than five pounds per kilowatt hour. Of late, however, this has been reduced to a little over three pounds, and there is a probability of an additional reduc­tion, especially, if the combustible matter remaining in the ash is lessened by more frequent poking of the fuel bed and by drawing ashes oftener. Additional poke-holes and ash-doors have been made in the sides of the two Wood producers, but as these were not observed elsewhere in similar installations their usefulness may be questioned. 
DALLAS.* 
Stanard-Tilton Milling Company. 
Equipment: Three 200 horse-power Smith suction down­draft producers. One Buckeye twin tandem two-cylinder, double-acting horizontal gas engine, direct connected to a 500 kilowatt Westinghouse alternator, furnishing power for a flour mill. 
This plant is now operating on natural gas supplied by the 
Lone Star Gas Company, Fort Worth, from its wells 
in Clay county, 110 miles northwest of Dallas. As in­stalled, the engine would develop, on producer-gas, only 600 horse-power. On natural gas it develops 720 horse­power. The consumption of natural gas is about 250,­000 cubic feet for 8,000 kilowatt hours. Larger cylin­ders have been ordered and the engine is to be operated again on producer-gas, as the Company is enthusiastic over this form of power. No details of operation are available for publication 
Texas Goals and Lignites 
at this time, beyond the statement that there was no trouble 
from the producers. 
The heat units in the natural gas supplied to north Texas es­
tablishments, under the best conditions, may be taken at 980. 
The gas consists almost entirely of methane. 
DITTLINGER.* 
Dittlinger Lime Company. 
At this plant there are four Herrick up-draft producers for making fuel gas to be used in burning lime. The kilns are now being fitted to use oil, but the producers will not be dismantled. These producers have been . operated for about three years, and the change to oil is said to be on account of economy. 
The fuel used was coal from the mines of the Olmos Coal Company and the International Coal Mines Company, Eagle Pass, Maverick county, the consumption being te;n tons a day for 300 barrels of lime. Parallel operations on coal and oil showed that about 90 barrels of lime were obtained from the use of p:roducer-gas and 120 barrels from oil. 
The producers are set very close to the kilns, and there are two for each kiln. This arrangement is more like that of a re­verberatory furnace than a producer plant such as was operated at McNeil and Round Rock for burning lime. However this may be, the fact remains that this plant is changing to oil, and the other lime plants have not had success in using producer­gas. 
EAGLE FORD.* 
Southwestern States Portland Cement Company. 
Equipment: Six Harvey up-draft pressure producers and three 750 kilowatt Allis-Chalmers hori~ontal two-cylinder tan­dem double-acting gas engines. These engines have, on the main shaft, Allis-Chalmers generators of 2,300 volts supplying power for the ·establisment. 
The original installation consisted of two Allis-Chalmers en­gines, to which a third was recently added. 
Bulletin of the University of Texas 
It is understood that the demand for power has increased so much that it would become necessary to add two producers or to gt> on natural gas, with some corresponding changes in the en­gines. 
After full consideration the Company has decided to use nat­ural gas, without, however, dismantling the producer plant. The natural gas is supplied by the Lone Star Gas Comapny, which has pipe lines into Fort Worth, Dallas, etc., from Clay and Wichita counties. 
The writer worked in the gas department of this Company several months, and what is here given concerning the opera­tions is with permission. 
F'1cel. The fuel used was lignite from the mines of the Con­sumers' Lignite Company, Hoyt and Alba, Wood county, and Grand Saline, Van Zandt county. It cost $1.62 a ton, delivered. 
A sample of this lignite taken from the producer-floor gave the following analysis : Per cent. Moisture ........ . ............................. . 10.80 Volatile matter ................................. . 42.76 Fixed carbon ...................................... . 40.38 Ash ........ . ................................... . 6.06 
100.00 Sulphur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
0.63 
An ultimate analysis of this sample gave the following results: 
Dry Basis. Per cent. 
Carbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .  54.70  
Hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3.15  
Oxygen  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  29.13  
Nitrogen  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  2.14  
Ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . .  10.20  
Sulphur  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . .  0.68  
100.00  

Heating Power, B. T. U., Dry........................ 10,840 

The lignite represented by the above analysis is much drier than it usually is. The following analysis represents material with about as much moisture as it generally contains. 
Texas Coals and Lignites 
Per cent. Moisture . . . . .. 
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.20 Volatile matter................................... 40.38 Fixed carbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.83 Ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.61 
100.00 Sulphur ........................................ . 0.63 
It is likely that this analysis more truly represents the lignite, as charged, than the one first given. The heat units in the lignite, as charged, are, on the average, 7,500 B. T. U. For convenience of reference we have prepared two Tables of producer operations involving the use of 233,920 pounds of lignite, and the.produe­tion of 66,740 kilowatt hours of energy, equivalent to 89,411 horse-power hours. 
These Tables represent two distinct, but not consecutive pe­riods of 24 hours each, and these periods were divided into 11 and 13-hour sub-periods. For the 11-hour periods the readings are hourly, while for the 13-hour periods only the totals are given. 
Produeer Number. 
TABLE I. 
l'RODUOER OPERATION~EXAS LIGNITE. 


Time.  1 St. Fuel press. lbs . lbs.  Fuel lbs .  St. press. lbs .  8 St. Fuel press. lbs . lbs.  ' St. Fuel press. lbs. lbs.  Fuel lbs .  St. press. lbs.  Fuel lbs.  St. press. lbs .  Gas press. In main. Inches.  St. press. ave­rage lbs.  Total fuel lbs.  IPounds of Hours I fuel per-­1Kilo-Horse-K.W. H . P . watt. power. hour. hour.  
I a. m. ___ ~o·~.mni. -:: n a. m. 12 m. -----­1 p. m. ___ 2 p. m. --­3 p. m. ___ 4 p. m. ___ Ip, m. --­6 p. m. ___  900 24 ;~ ~ 1,140 36 570 34 760 35 1,140 35! 950 45 570 s2 1,140 34 950 __..:'.  760 30 1 '.~~ ~~ 1,140 39 760 39 570 400501 41 950 40 760 38 950 40 1,330 ~  190 27 950 ~:ng ~1 d!8 760 35 1,520 1,140 361 950 950 37 1,330 1,140 371 570 1,330 36 1,140 wo 36 950 570 36 380 760 ~! ~  29 ~ 36 34 35 35 34 40 36 44  950 ~:J 190 1,140 1,140 1,330 1,140 l,520 190 none  29 1,140 29 ~g 570 ~~ 39 ~~gl 42 43 1,520 40 44 1,520 41 39 760 42 38 5701 40 34 9f>OI 39 36 950 50 37_1,33ol ~  5.51 ~g 4,940 tgi 29, U~, 7.o 381 5,3201 6.0 37 6,080 5.5 3 38 81 6,27016.5 5,890, 4.5 37 1 6,080'\ 5.01 37 3,190 5.0: 861 4,5101 ~--3_91I 4,750.  1,250 1,675 3.9 2.9 i:ii8 i: :~ !:i U 1,440 1 1,929 3.7 2.S 1,500 2,010 4.0 3.0 1,620 2,170 3.9 2.9 1,560 2,000 3.81 2.s 1,6101 2,157 3 1 .. 8 9 I 2.8 1,710 2,2911 1.4 1,460 1,956 3.11 2.2 1,750 ---=~.:i~l _2~~  
n  nrs.  av .  
and  total  9,500  32  9,690  87  10,450  34  9,880  35  9,120  38  10,450  38  6.0  86  160 ,090  16,330  21,882  3.5  2.7  
13 hrs.  
Total  ___  6,®--­-­-11 ,020 _____ _  11,59() ______  8,740 ______  10,070 ------­-----­------­ -------­-------­ 57,190  15,300  20,502  3.7  2.8  
24 hrs.Total ___  15,580-----­ Hl,380 ______  21,470 ___ ___  21,470 ______  17,860 _____ _  20,520  _____ _ ---------------­ 116,280  31,630  42,384  3.7  2.8  


TABLE II. 
PRODUCER OPERATIONs-TEXAS J,IGNITE. 

Producer Number. 
1  2  3  5  6  Gas  St.  Pounds of  
press .  press .  Hours  fuel per  
Time.  St.  St.  St.  St.  st.  St.  In  ave- Total  
Fuel  press.  Fuel  press.  Fuel  press.  Fuel  press.  Fuel  press.  Fuel  press.  main.  rage  fuel  Kilo- Horse- K.-W. IH. P.  
lbs.  lbs.  lbs .  lbs.  lbs .  lbs .  lbs .  lbs .  lbs.  lbs.  ~~ Inches. 1 ~ ~_'_vatt.  _power.  hour.~  
8 a. m.  ___  1,520  20  760  25  mo  23  sso  27  760  22  760  2'I  6.5  24  4,750  1,350  1,809  3.5  2.6  
9 a. m. · ___  570  20  760  26  570  20  1,140  25  950  27  950  25  5.5  241  4,940  1,370  1,835  3.6/  2.7  
10 a. m.  __  :SSO  21  190  ~  1,710  20  760  25  380  21  570  26  5.0  23  3,990  1,400  1,876  2.9  2.2  
11 a. m.  __  380  22  950  28  1,520  25  950  25  1,330  24  570  30  5.5  26  5,600  1,470  1,969  3.8/  2.8  
12 m.  ----­ 760  31  760  39  950  33  1,330  38  950  80  570  86  4.5  3G  5,320I  1,440  1,929  3.71  2.8  

1 p . m. ---950 34 1,520 39 1,520 83 1,140 39 960 30 7601 % 6.5 861 6,840! 1,600 2,144 4.S 3.2 2 I). m. ___ 760 25 760 31 1,330 25 1,900 82 950 % !l50 31 5.5 281 6,750 1,790 2,398 3.21 2.4 3 p. m. ___ 190 23 380 29 950 24 570 30 570 23 380 29 6.0 261 3,0401 1,280 1,715 2.41 1.8 4 p. m. ---380 23 380 29 670 24 190 29 190 23 330 29 6.0 261 2,0901 1,550 2,('(17 1.3 1.0 Op. m. ___ 1,140 24 760 30 1,1-10 25 190 30 760 23 760 so 5.5 27. 4,750 1,550 2,077. g.1 2.2 f p. m. ---1,140 23 760 30 190 25 760 29 670 23 ~~ 6.0 __2_7 1' 3,990 _ 1,210 _ 1,621 __.::..: __.::: 
11 hrs. av. and t.otal 8,170 24 8,380 SO 11,020 25 9,810 30 8,850 25 7,220 80 5.6 271 51 ,000 16,010 21,458 3.2 2.4
----__i___________ 
18 hrs. 
Total ---11,000 ------8,290 ------10,590 ------11,780 ______ 11,410 ______ 1S,4!l0 ----------------------166,!i80 19,100 25, 594 3.5 2.G 

24hrs. --·-1-:1--­
-ll'otal 19,190 17,670 22,610 21,090 19,760 20,710 ______ --------,--------117,640 35,110 47,047 3.3 2.S 
1 

Bulletin of the University of Texas 
The six Harvey producers were used. In Table I the total lig­nite charged was 116,280 pounds, i. e., 59,090 pounds in 11 hours and 57,190 pounds in 13 hours. The rate of charging was 5,190 pounds per hour for the 11-hour period and 4,399 pounds an hour for the 13-hour period. The rate of charging over the entire period of 24 hours was 4,845 pounds an hour. 
During the 11-hour period, when observations were taken hour­ly, the amount of lignite charged was 59,090 pounds, the average steam pressure (blower) was 36 pounds, the average gas pressure in the main was 6 inches, the total numbcr of kilowatt hours was 16,330 (=21,882 horse-power hours), and there was used 3.6 pounds of lignite per kilowatt hour (=---2.7 pounds per horse­power hour). It will be observed that there was a considerable variation in the number of pounds of fuel per kilowatt hour, from 1.9 to 4.1, but the general average was 3.6 pounds, worth 
2.91 mills. Taking the cost of the lignite, delivered, as $1.62 a ton, the cost of the fuel per horse power hour was 2.18 mills. This, of course, is raw fuel cost, and does not )nclude the co!ilt of converting the lignite into gas. 
In Table II the total lignite charged was 117,640 pounds, 
i. e., 51,060 pounds in 11 hours and 66,580 pounds in 13 hours. The rate of charging was 4,642 pounds per hour for the 11-hour period and 5,122 pounds an hour for the 13-hour period. The rate of charging for the entire period of 24 hours was 4,902 pounds an hour. During the 11-hour period the total amount of lignite charged was 51,060 pounds, the average steam pres­sure (blower) was 27 pounds, the average gas pressure in the main was 5.6 inches, the total number of kilowatt hours was 16,010 ( 21,453 horse-power hours), and there was used 3.2 pounds of lignite per kilowatt hour (-2.4 pounds per horse­power hour). 
In this sub-period of 11 hours there was a somewhat greater range in the numbiir of pounds of lignite pe!" kilowatt hour than in Table I, i. e., from 1.3 to 4.3, but the general average was lower, 3.2 as against 3.6. 
During the entire period covered by these tables, 48 hours, there were used 233,920 pounds (=116.96 tons) of lignite, with a production of 66,740 kilowatt hours (=89,411 horse-power hours) of energy, or a general average of 3.5 pounds of lignite per kilowatt hour (=2.6 pounds per horse-power hour). With 
Texas Coals and Lignites 
lignite at $1.62 a ton, delivered, this represents a raw fuel cost of 2.83 mills per kilowatt hour (=2.11 mills per horse-power 
hour). 
'l'ime of so.mp­ling.  
8 a. m. --­9 a. m . --­10 a. m. -­11 a. m. -­12 m. 1 p . m. --­2 p . m. --­3 p. m. --­4 !J. m. --­5 p. m . --­6 p . m. --­ 
Average  

Gas pressure Inches of wate:. 
6.5 
6.0 
6.5 
7.0 
6.0 
6.5 
6.5 
4.6 
5.0 
5.0 
7.5 
5.91 
Load I Kilo-ILignite
when watts charged
sampled. produced In preced-
Kflo-In preced-Ing hour. 
ing hour.wntts. Pounds. 
1,618 1,483 I 6,174 
1,300  1,250  4,941)  
1,150  1,240  6,130  
1,600  1,170  4,750  
1,350  1,440  6,320  
1,650  1,500  6,080  
1,500  1,620  6,270  
1,550  1,660  6,890  
1,700  1,610  6,080  
1,650  1,710  3,100  
1,750  1,460  4,510  
1,600  i 1,750 - 4,750 - 

TABLE Ill. 
PRODUCER OPERATIONS-TO AOOOMPANY TABLE I-COMPOSITION OF GAS, ETO. 

Pound! of lignite 
Analysis of Gas. Nitro­gen. 
63.4 
67.6 
58.8 
62.1 
58.9 
64 .6 
64.7 
61.9 
62.4 
62.4 
62.9 
61.9 
Heat. 
Power 
B. T. U. 
per ·cubic 
foot. 

106.3 131.8 126.3 113.9 122.9 103.3 109.5 115.4 118.4 129.9 13D.9 
119.8 

Per K. W. hour. 
3.9 
4.1 
4.1 
8.7 
4.0 
3.9 
3.8 
S.8 
1.9 
3.1 
2.1 
3.5 
Per H.P. hour. 
2.9 
3.1 
3.1 
2.8 
3.0 
2.9 
2.8 
2.8 
1.4 
2.2 
2.0 
2.0 
-
Oarbon dioxide. 
8.4 
11 .2 
11.l 
11.l 
11.2 
11.4 
11.0 
11.4 
11.3 
10.8 
10.3 
10.8 
Carbon 
mon­
oxide. 
14.8 
16.4 
16.8 
15.3 
16.0 
13.8 
13.3 
14.4 
14.0 
12.0 
11.7 
14.8 
Methane. 
.4 
3.2 
3.2 
2.9 
3.3 
3.0 
8.3 
3.3 
3.7 
5.7 
6.5 
3.5 
Ethy-Hydro­
gen.Jene. 
2.3  8.9  
.8  10.4  
.7  8.8  
.6  7.6  
.5  10.2  
.6 6.3 .s 6.3 .6 8.0


I 
.7  7.7  
.6  7.9  
.8  7.3  

.s 
8.1 
Oxygen. 
1.8 
.4 
.6 .4 .9 .5 .6 .4 .2 .7 .6 
.6 
TABL'.E IV. 
PRODUCER OPERATIONS-TO AOOOMPANY TABLE ll-OOMPOSITION OF GAS, ETO. 

Time of samp­ling. 
8 a. m. --­9 a. m. ___ 10 a. m. __ 11 a. m. __ 
12 m. ______ 1 p, m . --­2 p. m. ___ 3 p. m. ___ 4 p. m. ___ 5 p. m. ___ 6 p. m. --­
Average_ 
Load Kilo-Lignite Pounds of lignite Analysis of Gas. Heat. 
Gas when watts charged -Power pressure rnmpled. produced in preced-Per Per Oarhon B. T. U. inches of Kilo-inpreced-inghour. K. W. H.P. Oarhon mon-Methane. Ethy-Hydro-Oxygen. Nitro-per cubic water. watts. ing hour. Pounds. hour. hour. dioxide. oxid~. lene. gen. gen. foot. 
~1 1,300 l.350"4:750--3.-5----2.-6------w.7 _13:6 _3.4__.-7---S.Z--~~116.0 
5.5 1,400 1,370 4,940 3.6 2. 7 9.6 13.8 4.2 .2 8.4 .4 63.4 117.5 
5.0 1,350 1,400 3,900 2.9 Z.2 10.6 14.6 4.4 .5 7.7 .5 62.7 124.6 
5.5 1,500 1,470 5,600 3.8 2.8 8.2 14. 7 3.4 .1 11.8 1.0 60.8 121.8 
4.5 
I 1,550 1,440 5,320 3.7 2.8 11.8 1 11.4 4.6 .4 11.4 __________ 60.4 125.6 

5.5 
1,650 1,600 6,840 4.3 ! S.2 10.8 12.7 4.9 .5 9.4 .6 61.1 130.0 


5.5 
1,700 1,790 5,750 3.2 :1.4 10.2 11.6 6.1 .4 6.1 .9 64.7 125.3 

6.0 
1,250 l,~o S,040 I 2.4 1.8 10.2 8.2 7.6 .6 3.6 .6 69.2 131.0 


6.0 1,500 1,550 2,090 1.3 1.0 10.1 9.3 7.5 .3 6.3 .9 65.6 131.0 
1
5.s 1,600 1,550 4,750 I z.1 2.2 11.0 11.1 5.3 .8 10.5 .8 59.9 138.o -~~~1~1--3._3_ 2.5 10.6 17.6 2.8 .6 12.8 55.6 137.2 
5.6 1,464 l,<56 4,642 S.2 2.4 10.3 12.6 4.8 .4 8.7 .50 62.4 127.1
1 

Bulletin of the University of Texas 
From Table I it will be seen that the consumption of lignite was 116,280 pounds, and from Table III that the average heat units in the gas during this period were 119.8. The heat units in the gas were determined by calculation from the analysis, and were not determined in a calorimeter. The factors used in this calculation were as follows: 
Carbon monoxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324. Methane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1010. Ethylene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.580. Hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324. 
These factors differ somewhat from those commonly accepted for these substances, but were used at this establishment. The variations in composition were as follows : 
From.  To. Average.  
Carbon  dioxide  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8.4  11.4  10.8  
Carbon monoxide  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11.7  16.8  14.3  
Methane  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  0.4  6.5  3.5  
Ethylene  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  0.5  2.3  0.8  
Hydrogen  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6.3  10.4  8.1  
Oxygen  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  0.2  1.8  0.6  
Nitrogen  . . . .. . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . .  57.6  64.7  61.9  
Heat units  .......................103.3  139.9  119.9  

During the period represented by Table II the consumption of lignite was 117,640 pounds, and the average heat units in the gas were 127.1. The variations in composition were as follows: 
Fnm. To. Average. Carbon dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2 11.8 10.3 Carbon Inonoxide ................. 8.2 17.6 12.6 Methane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8 7.6 4.8 Ethylene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1 0.8 0.4 Hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 12.8 8.7 Oxygen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0 1.0 0.5 Nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.6 69.2 62.4 Heat units .......................116.0 138.0 127.1 
There is not a well Inarked difference l1etween these gases and the fact that the average heat units are so close together would in­dicate that the gas, throughout the two periods, was of fairly uni­form quality. 
The amount of lignite charged per hour varied, for the entire 
Texas Coals and .Lignites 
six producers, from 2,090 pounds to 6,840 pounds, the amount so charged depending on the power requirements. 
There i& no practical difference in th;: heat units during the morning, from 8 to 12, and the afternoon, from 1 to 6 (120.6 and 125.7). The lowest heat units observed, 103.3, were at 1 p. m., when during the preceding hour, i. e., :from 12 to 1, there had been charged 6,270 pounds of lignite. The highest heat units ob­lilerved, 139.9, were at 6 p. m., when during the preceding hour, 
i. e., from 5 to 6, there had been charged 4,750 pounds of lignite. 
There was one time, 4 p. m., when the heat units were 131.0, with a charge of 2,090 pounds of lignite during the preceding hour. 
The producers, being of the pressure type. require to be blown with live steam at a pressure proportionate to the load. In this plant the steam is furnished by two horizontal fire tube boilers, crude oil fired, which also furnish steam at about 140 pounds for two ll-ir compressors; two oil pumps for furnishing crude oil at about 90 pounds pressure to the kilns; a city water pump; a battery of underwriters fire pumps; an exciter for use in starting and when it becomes nec­essary to shut off the producers; and the necessary boiler feed pumps. It would be impossible, from the data at hand, to ap­portion the fuel costs to the various d0partments using steam, although it is undoubtedly true that the six producers use 
more steam than the remainder of the equipment combined. The pressure on the producers has been observed to vary from a minimum of 19 pounds to a maximum of 46 pounds, a general average probably being close to 36 pounds. It is stated.thnt as much as 55 pounds has been carried, although at danger of blow­ing the various water seals in the line. About 60 barrels of crude oil are used under the boilers in twenty-four hours, and it is to avoid a large pa.rt of this expense that the c·hange to natural gas is being made. 
The amount of tar made is considerable, and the quality seems good. No definite figures are obtainable as to the quan­tity of this tar, but it is understood that at various times meas­urements have been made. Attempts have been made to utilize this product under the boilers, but without any noticeable suc­cess, and at present it is hauled away with the ash, at times being tlsed to surface roads. The arrangement of storage tanks 
7-T. C. 
Bulletin of the University of Texas 
is such that it could readily be stored and barreled at a small cost. 'l'he waste water from coolers and scrubbers is allowed to flow away in open ditches, after first passing a trap designed +o catch such tar as is suspended in it. At times the supply of water for these purposes is rather scanty, a. further factor in the change to natural gas. 
The producers are arranged in three sets of two each, and there are but three coolers, three washers and two dry scrub­bers, in which excelsior is used, being changed every two months. Fires are cleaned regularly every other day on normal operation, although cases have been observed when all six were cleaned the same day. The system observed is to clean one producer of each set every day. This, however1 means that the set-that is, the two producers-are not operating at all satisfactorily while cleaning is going on. In general it has been shown to be best to lighten the load about four hours in the morning, and even then, back-firing, due to high hydrogen in the gas, is more frequent than at other times. The shifts change at 6 a. m. and the two ash men immediately start cleaning. The rule, when operating at full load, is one man to a producer, and while cleaning it is customary for four men to work on top of the producer that is being cleaned, leav­ing to the other two the firing of the remaining producers. It is in the necessity of poking these producers through the top that the great loss of gas occnrs, and it is not to be questioned that this loss is appreciable. On a still day it is almost impos­sible to remain long immediately over the producer, and the men are allowed breathing spells at the edge of the charging floor. The fuel is handled from the cars to overhead storage bins of about 300 tons capacity by a clam shell coal crane, and from the bins by four spouts to the charging floor between the two sets of producers. From the floor it is shoveled into the boppers, as before stated, by one man to a producer per shift. These men are Italians and negroes. They receive 20 cents an hour. In general, it may be said that though not clearly shown in the Tables given, the charging is heavier and more variable in the morning, while cleaning, and that beginning about noon, it becomes more regular and not so frequent. The fuel con­sumption has been observed to be less in a 13-hour run than in an 11-hour run, though the power output is greater. This, of 
Texas Coals and Lignites 
course, is due to the ''settling'' of the producers and the greater steadiness of operation. Similarly the gas is more apt to vary within wide ranges in the morning, to average low, and to ca.rry more hydrogen, while in the afternoon and night it is of more uniform quality, higher in heating power and lower in hydro­gen. Consequently, the fuel consumption per kilowatt hour during the night was generally lower than during the day, al­though this was not invariably the rule. 
GAINESVILLE.• 
Gainesville Electric Company. 
Equipment: One 150 horse-power Smith suction down-draft producer. One Nash three-cylinder vertical gas engine rated at 150 horse-power, but developing 135 horse-power. The engine is direct connected to a General Electric direct current gen­erator at 250 volts, 400 amperes, 250 r. p. m. 
This unit operates 24 hours a day for about two weeks and is then out half a day, Sunday. It is not of sufficient capacity to handle the night load, and is helped, for about four hours, by the steam plant. 
The engines operated by steam are: One Atlas cycloidal four-valve tandem compound; one Ball slide-valve and one Har­risburg four-valve. These engines are belted to five General Electric generators. The Ball engine iEt most frequently used and is belted to two D. C. generators, each of 360 amperes ca­pacity, at 125 volts. 
Fires are kept banked under two boikrs all the time, Arkan­sas slack coal being used, with a supply of ail for sudden de­mands. The consumption of coal, under the boilers, averages over 30 pounds per kilowatt hour, which seems abnormally high. 
The original plant here, as at many of the places visited, was steam. Increasing demands caused the installation of the pro­ducer-plant to use lignite two years age.. The producer-plant was at first used merely as an auxiliary to the steam plant, but it soon showed such economy in fuel that the steam plant is now the auxiliary. 
The lignite used is from the mines of the Consumers' Lignite Company, at Hoyt, Wood county, and costs $1.95 at the plant. 
B1tlletin of the University of Texas 
On normal operations less than five polmds of lignite are used per kilowatt hour. 
The operating force consists of three men per 24 hours, two of these being on duty from noon until midnight and one from midnight until noon. These men were ,111 employed in the old steam plant and had had no previous experience with pro­ducers. 
The producer is charged every three hours, and the fire is rodded down at a like interval. The grate is equipped with the air-shaker now supplied with this producer, and is given two or three "licks" every hour. An individual motor drives the elevator for the ashes, and these are drawn at irregular in­tervals. Some large masses of clinker were !loticed and the combustible matter left in the ashes was greater in amount than was observed at some other plants. The temperature of the blast was 140 degrees Fahrenheit, and the hot water was ob­tained both from an exhaust heater and the economizer. An increase of temperature of the blast to 160 degrees Fahrenheit can be readily attained. The scrubb~r is run by an individual motor. No attempt is made to save the tar or ammoniacal liquor. 
A small gasoline engine drives the blower and compressor, and the compressor may also be driven from the engine shaft. The lignite is screened before going to the producer, with a considerable loss in fine stuff. 
GARWOOD.• 
M:r. 
G. l\i. Jackson operates a pumping plant for irrigation purposes at this place. The equipment consists of one Fair­banks-Morse 200 horse-power suction producer and a FairbaRks­1\forse four-cylinder vertical 200 horse-power gas engine at 250 

r. 
p. m. This engine drives an 18-inch American centrifugal pump through a .12-rope connection. The pump carries a guar­antee of 9,600 gallons a minute on a 42-foot lift. The auxiliary equipment for starting the producer, engine and pump is also of Fairbanks-Morse installation. 


The initial plant here consisted of a 175 horse-power Corliss mgine, operating from wood-fired boilers. Later, however, the 
Texas Coals and Lignites 
wood war; replaced by oil, and later still the steam equipment was changed to producer-gaR. 'l'he fuel cost with oil-fired boil" ers was $60.00 a day, while with producer-gas it rarely exceeds $12.00 a day, a:ad the service is better. The cost of the steam installation, which was second-hand, was $9,500, while the pi·o­ducer plant represents an investment •yf' $22,000. 
Operation is continuous four months in the year, and at a net saving of daily expenses of $30.00, the total saving during the season would be about $3,600.00. The lignite used is from the Burnet Fuel Company, Milano, Milam c01::nty, and cost,s $2.06 a ton at the works. The consumption of fuel is five tons in twenty-four hours. The producer is charged every two hours, the ash being shaken down just before charging. As usual with this type of producer, the air for gasification re­ceives its moisture from water in the ash-pit. This practice is apt to cause tremble from clinkering, but no serious annoy­ances of this kind have been observed here. The ash appeared to contain more combustible matter than should be allowed, but this might be prevented by admitting more steam with the air. 
Cooling, scrubbing and jacket water is obtained from a well by a belt-driven pump, the waste water and tar being pumped into the river. 
The tar is in a very finely divided condition, and there is no difficulty in forcing it through the waste-pipe. While no at­tempt has been made to save this tar, it is understood that of­fers for it are under consideration. No detailed information as to the actual consumption of fuel per brake horse-power was obtainable, but from the above figures <in over-all result would be about four pounds of lignite per brake horse-power on the basis of water delivered. 
GATESVILLE.* 
Gatesville Power & Light Company; 
Equipment: One Smith suction down-draft producer, rated at 75 horse-power; one Muenzel single cylinder single-acting horizontal gas engine, rated at 80 horse-power The engine is belted to a General Electric alternator of 75 kilowatts at 2,300 volts, three-phase, sixty cycle. This voltage is transformed to 100 for lights and fans and to 220 for motors. 
The fuel is lignite from the mines of the Bear Grass Coal 
Bulletin of the University of Texas 
Company, Jewett, Leon county, and costs $2.27 a ton at the plant. 
The engine runs from 4 a. m. until midnight on about 2,000 pounds of fuel, with an average load, for the entire period, of 25 kilowatts, although this rises to 60 kilowatts for a few hours when a roller-mill uses the current. The night load is rarely more than 30 kilowatts, but the engine has successfully car­ried for some time a 30 per cent. excess over this :figure. The original plant here was steam-power, and was operated several years. The engine was of 110 horse-power, but was never run on full load. The producer-gas plant was put in about twenty months ago, and has already shown a marked saving over the steam plant. The consumption of lignite under the boilers was more than twice the present consumption. The President of the operating company stated that the difference in the cost of the two plants would be written off in a little less than six years, under present conditions. Sliding rates for power and light are in effect, the prices ranging from 5 cents to 15 cents per kilowatt hour. Three men do all the work at the plant and on the lines. 
The producer is charged every six hours and ashes are drawn by hand once in 24 hours. At the time of the visit, June 1st, a large pile of clinker was noticeable, some of the pieces being of considerable size. The ash also contained some combustible matter. No attempt is made to save the tar or ammoniacal liquor. As is the case generally with this type of producer­the Smith-the tar is not only small in amount, but is very :finely comminuted and of a yellow color. 
There is a water heater in the exhaust line, but only a part of the jacket water is passed through it, as the passage of the entire quantity would so far reduce the temperature as to ren­der it almost useless in the saturator. With the engine on half load the temperature of the water was 113 degrees Fahren­heit, the top of the producer being half open and the ash-pit overflowing a little. 
The scrubber is driven from the main shaft through a belt. The coal elevator, blower and compressor are driven by a gaso­line engine. 
On starting up about twenty minutes are required to get gas to the engine. 
Texas Goals and Lignites 
GLEN F.LORA. 
G. 0. Gifford Plantation. 
One Fairbanks-Morse suction up-draft producer of 200 horse-power and standard :fittings. 
One Fairbanks-Morse vertical four-cylinder gas engine of 200 horse-power with rope drive to pump for irrigation pur­poses. The fuel is lignite from Calvert and Milano, and costs $2.00 a ton at the plant. The consumption is given at 2.87 pounds per horse-power hour, or about seven tons per 24 hourn on full load. The plant operates continuously during the rice irrigation season, but is idle the rest of the year. 
No attempt is made to utilize tar or ammoniacal liquor, and entire satisfaction is expressed with the plant, particularly on account of low operating expense. It is further stated, how­ever, that when such a plant is operated only three or four months, the interest on the investment offsets tb~ low operating expense. 
HARRY.* 
The Texas Portland Oerment Oompan-JJ. 
This is the largest lignite gas plant in the State, but no de­tails of operation can be published at this time. 
The original equipment consisted of Loomis-Pettibone pro­ducers and Snow engines. This is now being replaced by pro­ducers and engines made by the Bethlehem Steel Company, South Bethlehem, Penn. It is hoped that some details of opera­tion can be given later. 
The company is well pleased with producer-gas made from lignite, and is of the opinion that this is not only the cheapest fuel in ,Texas, but that prnducer-gas is fully as reliable as steam. The former plant was operated on lignite from the mines of the Consumers' Lignite Company, Hoyt and Alba, Wood county. It showed a consumption of three and one-half pounds of lignite per kilowatt hour and the new plant is ex­pected to lower this. 
HOUSTON.* 
The Houston Cotton-meal Mill, Sixth Ave. and Rutland St. 
Equipment: Two No. 7 R. D. Wood & Co.'s suction up­
104 Bulletin of the U11 iversity of Texas 
draft producers. One Rathbun-Jones four-cylinder vertical gas engine of 500 horse-power belted direct to lay shaft and to main line shaft with metal-to-metal friction clutches. 
This plant has been in operation for two years but runs only 3,720 hours each year. The engine runs under load eleven and a half hours a day, with a light load for half an hour at noon, but is idle at night except under unusual conditions. 
The normal day load varies from 450 to 500 horse-power, with an overload capacity, for a short time, of 550 horse-power. The service here is such as to make a momentary ''peak'' of frequent occurrence, as when a fresh charge of cotton-seed cake is fed to the grinders. 
A fuel consumption of 10,000 pounds of lignite per 24 hours is reported, but the charging is confined to the 12 hours of ac­tual service. 'l'he producers are charged at staggered intervals of 25 minutes. this practice giving a more uniform gas. as there is no reeciver or regulating tank on the line. The ashes are drawn almost continuously, this giving a slower and more even settling of the fire, and also preventing, to a considerable ex­tent. pitting and channeling. 
To this method the Company attributes the unusually clean ash which comes from the producers. 
The producers are of the water-jacketed type, the tempera­ture of the blast, under normal conditions, being kept at 140 degrees Fahrenheit, but this may readily be increased to 170 degrees. 
A noticeable feature of this installation is the use of Kort· ing's Positive Steam Blowers for starting the producer, in­stead of the engine-driven air-blower generally employed. These positive blowers are available only when live steam is obtainable. In this case it is piped from boilers in another part of the mill. In addition to the use of these blowers in starting the producer they are always in readiness for any other emergency. 
During the first year of operation the tar was returned to the combustion zone of the producer, but this practice has been discontinued and the tar is nmv sent to special filter beds. The tar is not utilized, but it is understood that steps are being taken in this direction. The filter beds to which the tar is now sent were made nece>s11ry hy the presence, in the cooler and 
Texas Coals and Lignites 
scrubber-water, of sufficient ammoniacal compounds to render its discharge into the bayou objectionable. 'l'he entire waste water, including the tarry matter, is firnt forced upward through broken coke which removes the tar, the remaining water being sprayed over six filter beds Before the installa­tion of the coke-columns and the filter beds it is stated that the waste water contained 9.6 grains of free and albuminoid am­
. monia per gallon, whereas now it contains not more than 0.02 grains per gallon. The yield of tar is stated to be about 500 pounds a day. The lignite used now is from the mines of the Houston County Coal & Manufacturing Company, Crockett, Houston county. It is screened throug:h a three-fourths-inch screen and over a three-eighths-inch screen. 
Analyses, by P. S. Tilson, Houston, of the Crockett lignite, as received, are as follows : 1 2 3 
P er cen~. P er cent. Per cent. Moisture ........·.. ..... .. . . 131.45 12.88 28.16 Volatile and Combust. Matter. 30.80 47.57 43.60 
Fixed Carbon ... .......... . 25.60 29.40 21.02 Ash .. . . ..... . ... ..... . .... . 12.75 10.15 6.64 Sulphur ... .. . ... .. ....... . . trace trace 0.58 
Heating Power< B. 'l'. U.. . . . . 6,410 7,326 
No. 1 is lignite screenings, through 3-4-inch and over 3-8-inch screen, charged into the producers. No. 2 is lignite used under boilers in another part of the plant. This shows an evaporation of 3.25 pounds of water, from and at 212 degrees Fahrenheit, per pound of fuel, which is equivalent to 10.6 pounds per boiler horse-power. 
Analyses of other lignites received at this plant have b~en made by Mr. Tilson as follows: 
4 5 6 7 
Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. P.ir ct. Moisture ..... . . . . . . . . . .. . . 23.11 27.20 19.42 33.83 Volatile & Combnst. Matter .39.84 41.28 43.12 38.83 Fixed Carbon .... .. ... ... .. 29.39 25.99 29.46 21.90 Ash .... .... .. ....... .. . . .. 6.78 4.89 7.08 4.84 Sulphur . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . 0.88 0.64 0.92 0.60 
Heating Power, B. T. U. .....8,336 ;:;,114 7,695 6,158 
Bulletin of the University of Texas
106 
No. 4 is lignite from the Bear Grass Coal Company, Jewett, 
Leon county. 
No. 5 is lignite from the Bastrop Coal Company, Bastrop 
county. 
No. 6 is lignite from the Southwestern Fuel & Manufacturing 
Company, Calvert, Robertson county. 
No. 7 is lignite from the Consumers' Lignite Company, Hoyt 
and .Alba, Wood county. 
In these analyses the heating power was determined by lead­
button assay. 
The specifications call for a g_as of 140 B. T. U. per cubic foot, 
and the engine is to deliver a brake horse-power for each 10,000 
effective heat units. 
No analyses of the gas were obtainable, although it is under­
stood that some were made when the plant was installed anrl 
tested. 
The consumption of lignite is stated to be 1.75 pounds per 
brake horse-power. 
HUNTSVILLN. 
Huntsville Electric Light & Power Company. 
Equipment: One Fairbanks-Morse producer of 100 hors&­power; one Fairbanks-Morse gas engine of 100 horse-power, belted to generator. The service is 24 hours, driving generator and ice machine of 12 tons capacity. 
The fuel is lignite screenings from the mines of the Houston County Coal & Manufacturing Company at Wooter's Spur, Houston county, and the consumption is 9,645 pounds per 24 hours. The cost of the fuel at the plant is 90 cents a ton. 
The tar is mixed with lignite screenings and is burned under the boilers. No use is made of the ammoniacal liquor. Leaky valves and stopping-up of pipes, due to poor tar extraction, ha~ given some trouble at this plant. 
The original installation here was steam, but there is a consid­erable sa.ving in fuel and labor since the introduction of the pro­ducer plant. This establishment was not visited personally, the above data 'having been supplied by the Company. 
Texas Coals and Lignites 
KINGSVILLE.• 
The Kingsville Power Company 
Equipment: One 100 horse-power Smith suction producer and one 100 horse-power Rathbun-Jones three-cylinder vertical gas engine. The producer is said to be of insufficient capacity to operate the engine at full load. The engine is belted to a Western Electric Company's alternator for supplying lighting current at night, being idle during the day. 
No records were obtainable concerning fuel consumption or power delivered, but from 1,800 to 2,000 pounds of lignite are used every night, the fuel coming from the mines of the Con­sumers' Lignite Company, Hoyt, Wood County. The exhaust from the engine is lead through a water-heater for supplying water-vapor to the saturator. The temperature of the blast varies from 140 degrees to 170 degrees Fahrenheit. 
The ash-pit of this producer is generally kept full of water to within a few inches of the grate to "settle the ashes." No coal is charged during the day, but the proc1ucer is filled when the engine is shut down in the morning and the ashes thoroughly drawn and new coal charged when the blower is started in the evening. 
From the time of starting the blower twenty minutes are gen­erally sufficient for securing good gas at the engine. 
In order to obtain additional power for use in a new cotton­seed oil mill there has recently been installed a 350 horse-power De La Vergne twin oil engine for using crude oil. The guaran­tee of this engine is a brake horse-power from 0.6 pound of oil. This engine has not been operated on full load, but tests have shown an efficiency a little higher than the guarantee. 
No attempt is made to recover the tar or ammoniacal liquor, nor is the tar burned under boilers in the ice plant belonging to the same Company. 
LEONARD.• 
Leonard Ice & Light Company. 
This plant has not been in operation for a year or more. The equipment consistsed of a 65 horse-power Fairbanks-Morse suc­tion up-draft producer and a Fairbanks-Morse single cylinder 
B11lletin of the University of Texas 
horizontal gas engine rated at 50 horse-pawer. The plant was in operation. but not continuously, for about two years. 
The fuel used was screened-lump lignite from the mines of the Consumers ' Lignite Company, Hoyt and Alba, Wood County, and cost $1.34 a ton, delivered. 
The Company changed hands and the producer power plant was turned over to the manufacturer. Since that till).e it has been dismantled and removed. The plant is now operated. by steam, lignite being used under the boilers. 
LONGVIEW. 
A Westinghouse producer and engine plant was installed here, to operate on lignite, but for some reason or other it was removed and no records concerning it are available. 
McNEIL ... 
A.. ustin ll'hite Lime Company. 
At this place there are two No. 101/2 R. D. Wood & Com­pany's producers, used for making fuel gas for burning lime. They have been working on washed nut coal from the Olmos Coal Company, Eagle Pass, Maverick county. Samples of this coal taken in person gave the following analysis: 
OLMOS W"\SHED NUT COAL. Per cent, 
Moisture  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4.20  
Volatile and Combustible Matter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  36.55  
Fixed Carbon  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  32.35  
Ash  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26.90  
Sulphur  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  0.71  
Heating Power. B. T. U .... . ..... ... . . .. . ... . . ... .  9,772  

Under the boilers this plant was using lignite (hand-fired) from the mines of the Rockdale Consolidated Coal Company, Rockdale, ::VIilam County. It was sampled in person and had the following composition : 
Texas Coals and Lignites 
LIGNITE FROM ROCKDALE CONSOLIDATED COAL COMPANY. 
Per cent. 
Moisture  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12.62  
Volatile and Combustible Matter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  38.11  
Fixed Carbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 
. . .  36.21  
Ash  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . .  13.06  
Sulphur  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  0.48  
Heating Power, B. T. U.... . . ... ... ..... .. ...... . .  9,525  

The gas is passed directly into the kilns, through ordinary gas-ports, where it is mixed with air for combustion. No at­tempt is made to separate tar or ammoniacal compounds. 
For many years this establishment used wood for burning the white lime for which it has long been famous. On entering upon the manufacture of hydrated lime, the produc·ers were installed and have been in fairly continuous operation for a year or more. 
As is also the case with the Round Rock White Lime Company, a few miles away, there has not been much success at McNeil in using producer-gas for burning lime. The chief difficulty has been in controlling the quality of the gas. 
MART. 
Home Light & Power Company. 
Operator, Bayliss Earle, Waco. This plant is not in operation, and was not visited, but Mr. Earle gave the following details: The equipment consists of one 100 horse-power Fairbanks­Morse suction up-draft producer and one two-cylinder vertical gas engine of the same make, rated at 100 horse-power. During the cotton-ginning season this plant operates steadily at full load, with a fuel consumption of about 4,400 pounds of lignite from the mines of the Southwestern Fuel & Manufactur­ing Company, Calvert, Robertson county. It rarely operates except during the ginning season, but is held in reserve as an auxiliary to a steam-driven generator which is a part of an ice-plant. The gvs engine was the orig­inal installation, but the addition of the ice-plant made steam 
Biilletin of the University of Texas 
necessary, and it was not found economical to continue the gas­unit in continuous operation. 
The lignite which is used in the producer and under the boil­ers costs $1.55 a ton, delivered. Abaut a barrel of tar a day is produced when the gas-unit is in operation, and is used for tarring the butts and the cross-arms of poles used by the Com­pany. 
No attempt is made to save the ammoniacal liquor. 
MINEOLA."' Mineola Light & Ice Company. 
Equipment: One Smith suction down-draft producer of 100 horse-power, one Rathbun-Jones three-cylinder vertical gas en­gine rated to develop 90 brake horse-power on 80 cubic feet of gas of 135 B. T. U. per cubic foot, at 700 feet elevation. The engine drives a line shaft for two generators. 
The gas unit operates about 13 hours every night during the winter months and about 11 hours during the summer months. The winter load is greater than the summer load; and the con­sumption of fuel is correspondingly higher. Lignite screenings are used, 2,000 pounds a day in winter and 1,400 pounds in summer. 
Two boilers; of 80 and 50 horse-power, are used for the ice machines and for driving a 25 kilowatt Curtis horizontal tur­bine for the day load. These boilers are rarely operated at rated capacity, the average load seldom being over 110 horse­power. The fuel used under the boilers is the same as is used in the producer, lignite screenings, yet the consumption is about four times as great. 
In the original plant here, which was operated about seven years, there was an Ideal automatic engine. The producer­plant has been in operation three years, and has shown a net saving of $500 a year. It represents an investment of about $13,000. 
The lignite screenings, used in the producer, come from the mines of the Consumers' Lignite Company, Hoyt and Alba, Wood County. This fuel costs 90 cents a ton, delivered. Screened lump, which may be used, would cost $1.40, delivered. The producer is of an old type, the fire-containing body resting 
Texas Coals and Lignites 
directly upon the foundation and the a'.lhes falling into a pit from which they are drawn with long-handled shovels. The three charging holes in the top of the producer are absent and the fuel is fed directly inside the ring at the top, instead of <mtside of it, as is the case with the newer type of this pro­ducer. Hot water is supplied from an exhaust heater situated on the side of the engine away from the producer. 
For the most part, the tar is thrown away, although a little has been used to dip some poles and cross-arms. No attempt is made to save the ammoniacal liquor. 
The producer is charged four times during its run, and the ashes are drawn every morning after the engine is shut down. The ashes were free of combustible matter, and no large clinkers were seen. 
PITTSBURG.* 
The Arkansas & Texas Consolidated Ice & Coal Company. 
Equipment: One Westinghouse double-zone suction pro­ducer (tarless), rated at 100 horse-power, and a Westinghouse three-cylinder vertical gas engine, rated at 75 horse-power. The 
•mgine is belted to a General Electric generator of 75 K. W. for power and lighting. 
The unit operates continuously for 24 hours a day, although 
at full load not more than four hours. At times a small over­
load is carried. 
The fuel used is a mixture of Arkansas semi-anthracite pea and Texas lump lignite, in varying proportions, although for the most part the mixture is composed of three parts of anthra­cite and one part of lignite. 'rhe lignite is from the mines of the Como Lignite Mining Company, Como, Hopkins County. The semi-anthracite pea coal is delivered at $5.00 a ton, and the screened lump lignite at $1.10. The lignite is also used under two 125 horse-power boilers for the ice plant and the evaporation, per pound of lignite, is three pounds of water from and at 212 degrees Fahrenheit. The boilers are seldom oper­ated at rated capacity. 
The anthracite and lignite are charged separately, the an­thracite being used, for the most part, during the day, while the lignite carries the peak load at night. It was stated that 
112 Bullet?:n of the University of Texas 
the lignite gave a more uniform gas, but required more atten­tion than the anthracite. The use of anthracite seems to be re­quired by the necessity of operating the plant steadily, as no time is allowed for attending to the "drop" in the producer when lignite alone is used. The chief trouble in the use of the !ignite was said to be due to its high content of moisture. A successful test made by the Westinghouse Company, at Pitts­burg, Penn., was on lignite that carried about 23 per cent. of moisture, but ordinarily the lignite used carries over 30 per cent. 
When the plant was first installed freshly mined lignite was used, but it "hung" in the producer. Air-dried lignite was then used, but it was found to cause trouble in choking. The present mixture of semi-anthracite and screened lump lignite has enabled the operators to avoid these troubles. 
A brake horse-power is obtained from 1.10 pounds of the mixture. The following analysis of the gas was given as typical: 
Per cent. 
Carbon dioxide .... ... . . ..... . .......... . ... .. . . 9.0 
Carbon monoxide ..... .. ..... .. ........ .... .. .. . 16.8 
Hydrogen ............. ... .............. ... ..... . 13.2 
Methane ....................................... . 4.1 
Oyxgen ............................... .. .. . . ... . . 0.7 
Nitrogen ... .................. .................. . 56.2 

100.0 
This analysis represents the gas from the ordinary mixture of tb!'ee parts of anthracite and one part of lignite. The average 
B. T. U., or heating power, is 120. When running on all lignite the average B. T. U. is not over 106, but "snap" samples have shown as high as 150. The producer is guaranteed to deliver 75 per cent. of the available heat units in the fuel which is not to contain less than 8,000 B. T. U. per pound. The gas is to carry 120 B. T. U. per cubic foot and the engine is to deliver one brake horse-power for each 10,000 available heat units. 
Operating conditions here vary with the proportion af lignite in the mixture. In.general, the pressure of the blast is greater on the lower zone of the producer than on the upper zone. Dur­ing the day and when the proportion of anthracite is as 3 to 1, 
Texas Goals and Ligwites 
the upper inlet valve is about one-fourth open, and the lower valve about three-fourths open. When the lignite predominates, at night, the top of the producer is generally cracked open. 
The producer is charged every hour, poked every eight hours, and the ashes are drawn twice a day. The ashes were free of combustible matter, and no clinkers were observed. The pro­ducer is of the tarless type, and no tar is made. No attempt is made to utilize the ammoniacal liquors. 
The consumption of water in the cooler and scrubber is about 10,000 gallons per 24 hours, the cooler being fitted with auxiliary spray pipes. One man fires the producer and the two boilers on a 12-hour shift. 
At the end of the ice-making season it is likely that the plant will be operated on anthracite alone, until the next season. 
The original installation here comprised an Ideal high-speed steam engine, belted to an old 133 cycle generator. The fuel con­1mmption was about 38 pounds of lignite per kilowatt haur. 
Since the installation of the producer power plant there has been effected a saving in fuel alone of $350.00 a month. But this may not represent the net gain, as the expense of oil and repairs is likely to be larger now than it was then. 
ROCKPORT.* 
Rockport Ice & Light Company. 
Equipment: One 50 horse-power Fairbanks-Morse suction up-draft producer and a 50 horse-power Fairbanks-Morse gas engine, single cylinder, horizontal. The engine is belted to a Fairbanks-Morse generator, rebuilt by John B. Connelly, San Antonio. The engine operates not more than 10 hours a day on a fuel consumption of about 1,500 pounds. The generator has not hitherto been loaded to more than three-fourths of the rated capacity. The entire current is used for domestic and street lighting, and the load is fairly steady. 
While operating, the producer is charged every one lllld a half hours with about 200 pounds of lignite and immediately before charging the fire is poked down and the ashes drawn. The ash-pit is cleaned once a day. Tha cooling and scrubbing water is drawn from one of six wells drilled for the ice plant, 11nd all waste products are discharged inta the bay. 
8-T. C. 
Bulletin of the University of Texas 
No attempts are made to save any by-products. No records are available in regard to the consumption of lignite per brake horse-power. 
ROUND ROCK.* 
Round Rock White Lime Company, 
At this place a No. 101/2 Wood pressure up-draft producer was installed in the fall of 1910 for providing gas for burning lime, but it has not been in operation for two months. It is stated that the gas ·showed excessive variations in composition. At times it 'blazed and smoked at the top of the kilns; at other times it could hardly be lighted. It is. understood that changes are to be made whereby better results can be secured. 
Three different fuels have been tried here, coal from the Cannel Coal Company, Laredo, Webb county; coal from the Olmoso Coal Company, Eagle Pass, Maverick county, and lig­nite from the Texas Coal Company, Rockdale, Milam county. 
The delivery price of the Olmos Coal was $3.80 and of the lignite $1.30. The operating force consisted of two men on each of three shifts and half time of onf' man for firing a steam boiler for running a hoisting engine. This is the second pro­ducer plant installed for burning lime that hm': not operated successfully. The experience at the plant of the Austin White Lime Company at McNeil, a few miles from Round Rock, is similar to that at Round Rock. 
Just where the trouble is we are not prepared to say, but it is likely that most of it is in the method of handling the pro­ducer. This type of producer is well known and is success­fully used elsewhere on similar work. Whatever may be the explanation, the fact remains that neither at McNeil nor at Round Rock has there been much succesi; in burning lime with producer gas. 4t both these plants complaint is made that the gas shows undue variations in composition, and that it has been impossible to keep it within the limits of efficiency. 
RoYSE.* 
The Royse Milling & Light Compa.ny. 

The equipment here consisted of a Fairbanks-Morse suction up-draft producer of 75 horse-power and a 75 horse-power gas 
Texas Coals and Lignites 
engine of the same make. The producer used a mixture of Pennsylvania anthracite and Texas lignite. The plant was operated for about four years, during which time the power was used for milling and for lighting. .About a year ago it was dismantled and is now for sale. It is said that a serious shortage of water has caused the suspension of operations by this Company, the steam plant which replaced the producer plant nat having been in operation for ten months, nor has any ice been made in that time. 
SAN .ANGELO. 
Swn Angelo Street Oar Company. 
Equipment: One Smith suction do-wn-draft producer of 250 horse-power; two .Alberger gas engines of 125 horse-power each. The engines are direct connected to generators. 
The fuel used is lignite from Rockdale, Milam county, and costs $2.32 a ton, delivered. The consumption of fuel per 18 hours is 4,000 pounds. 
The yield of tar is 12 gallons per ton of lignite, and the tar is sold for 10 cents a gallon for creosoting. 
Producer gas is cheaper than steam, but is not as reliable. 
This plant was not visited personally, and the above infor­mation was supplied by the Company. 
SAN .ANTONIO.* 
The San Antonio Portlamil Cement Company. 
Works about five miles north of the city. 
Equipment: Three 90-inch Smith down-draft producers, of 200 horse-power each, and one .Allis-Chalmers 600 horse­power horizontal two-cylinder double-acting tandem gas en­gine. The engine is direct connected to an .Allis-Chalmers generator for supplying power for the cement mill and oper­ates continuously. The fuel is lignite. 
No data is available concerning the fuel consumptio:t;i. per kilowatt hour, although the amount used is said to be nine tons per 24 hours. 
The supply of water being somewhat limited, at times, the scrubber and cooler water is filtered, cooled and used over again, as is also the engine water. 
Bulletin of the University of Texas 
No attempt is made to utilize the tar or ammoniacal liquor. 
Two men per shift of 12 hours are required on the pro­ducers, only one of whom can be classed as a skilled laborer. The producer capacity of this plant is soon to be increased by the installation of enough Smith producers to bring the. ca­pacity up to 1,200 horse-power. This, of course, will call for additional engine capacity, and it is understood that the Rath­bun-Jones engines will be installed. 
SMITHVILLE.• 
Smithville Light & Power Company 
Equipment: One 150 horse-power Fairbanks-Morse suction up-draft producer and one 150 horse-power Fairbanks-Morse three-cylinder vertical gas engine. The engine i:; belted to a line-shaft which is connected, through a belt, with the gener­ator. The fuel is lignite from the mines of the Independenm~ Mining Company, Phelan, Bastrop county. 
The engine operates practically all the time, for it perform~ three classes of service. The pumps for supplying the town of Smithville with water are in constant use. During the day the power necessary for operating an aerial tram system for conveying sand and gravel from the bed of the Colorado River is taken from the main line shaft through a rope drive. At night the lighting load approaches the rated capacity of the engine. The fuel used is approximately 4,000 pounds per 24 hours, the producer being charged about every three hours on day load and about every two hours at night. 
There was trouble, at first, in discharging the tar through 
the waste-pipe, but this was corrected by piping the hot water 
from the engine jacket to the scrubber. No attempt is made to 
lilave the tar or ammoniacal liquor. 
Two features of this plant deserve apecial mention. First, 
the use of cotton-seed hulls in the dry scrubber. These are 
changed every three months, and their use has been found to 
be satisfactory. So far as known, this is the only plant in the 
State making such use of cotton-seed hulls. The other is the 
riveting together of the grate bars in the producer in sets of 
three, so as to prevent warping. Here, as elsewhere with this 
type of producer, the only source of moisture for the blast is 
Texas Coals and Lignites 
the water in the ash-pit. No data is available concerning the consumption of fuel per brake horse-power or per kilowatt hour. 
STEPHENVILLE.* 
Stephenville Light & Water Works. 
Equipment: One Fairbanks-Morse suction up-draft pro­ducer of 100 horse-power and one Fairbanks-Morse two-cylin­der vertical gas engine of 100 horse-power. The engine is belted to a 75 kilowatt Fairbanks-Morse alternator at 1,150 volts for light and power. It is also belted to a line shaft for driving a double battery of cotton gins. 
This plant was not in operation at the time of visiting, June 2nd, as the engine cylinders had been re-bored and the new pis­tons were not yet in place. 
The plant was installed about three and one-half years ago to supplement steam. The steam plant was operated with oil as fuel and the engine was a Skinner automatic, belted to a Fairbanks-Morse generator. The producer plant operates steadily 24 hours a day and seven days in the week on a fuel consumption of 6,000 to 7,000 pounds of lignite a day. The lignite comes from the mines of the Consumers' Lignite Com­pany, Hoyt, Wood county, and costs $2.25 a ton, delivered. 
On full load the consumption of lignite is about three pounds per brake horse-power. About a barrel of tar is made every 24 hours, but no attempt is made to save this or the ammoniacal liquor. 
The engine exhausts into an underground muffler, with no water heater anywhere on the line. The only moisture avail­able for the blast is from the ash-pit. The ashes seemed to be free of combustible matter, and no large clinkers were ob­served. 
Two men on each shift and two shifts a day is the practice here. The producer is charged every hour, rodded down and the ashes drawn on a regular plan. Thus, rod on the half hour, charge on the hour and draw ashes immediately after charg­ing. 
An individual induction motor has been installed to drive the scrubber, as the engine is about 6-0 feet from the producer. 
Bulletin of tke University of Texas 
Coke is used in the dry scrubber, and is changed every ninety days. The sudden variations of load, due to the double battery of gins, are well cared for. The gins are not run at night, so the effect of slowing the engine is not noticed in the lights. 
TAYLOR.. 
T. W. Marse Company. 
Equipment: One 25 horse-power Fairbanks-Morse anthracite producer and one 25 horse-power horizontal single cylinder gas engine of the same make. The plant was used for a coffee roast­ing and grinding establishment and for lighting. The plant was operated for a year and was then replaced by current from a cen­tral power station run by steam. 
TEAGUE.• 
Teague Electric Light & Power Company. 
Equipment: One 50 horse-power Fairbanks-Morse suction up­draft producer and one 50 horse-power engine of same make, horizontal, single cylinder. This engine is belted to a 30 k. v. a. Fairbanks-Morse alternator. 
There is also one 100 horse-power Fairbanks-Morse suction up­draft producer and one 100 horse-power two-cylinder vertical gas engine of same make. This engine is belted to a 75 k. v. a. Fair­btµIks~Morse alternator. 
,The small engine operates from 9 a. m. to 6 p. m. on about three-fourths load, the larger engine from 6 p. m. to 12 p. m., on about 80 per cent. of full load. The small engine comes on again at 12 p. m. and runs until 6 a. m. on half load. The entire plant is idle from 6 a. m. until 9 a. m. 'I'he larger unit requires about 1,500 pounds of fuel for six hours and the smaller about 3,000 pounds for 15 hours. 
The lignite used is from the mines of the Houston County Coal & Manufacturing Company, at Evansville, and costs $1.80 a ton, delivered. 
The small plant was installed in April. 1908, at a cost of about $7,200.00. The addition was installed in December, 1909, at a cost of about $13,000. 
The scrubber water and tar are led through a barrel flush with the surface. The tar flows over the top of this barrel into open 
Texas Coals and Lignites 
ditches. The water is conveyed from the battom of this barrel to a second barrel, and thence is pumped to a cooling tower and returned to circulation. The engine jacket-water is similarly cooled, in a separate tower, and used again. The only use made of the tar is for treating the butts and cross-arms of poles. From 20 to 25 gallons of tar are produced daily. Each of the tar ex­tractors is driven by an independent motor and the same blower serves both producers. 
The producers are charged every two to three hours and the clinker is broken out from the bottom every hour. The ashes were free of combustible matter and no large clinkers were ob­.,erved. 
TERRELL.• 
Shops of Texas Midland Railway. 
An Irvin producer of 100 horse power capacity was installed here, but was not in operation at the time of visiting. The en­gine is a Weber three-cylinder vertical, direct connected to the generator. It is said that this plant has not been run longer than 15 days, all told. 
The producer is of the suction up-draft type, with revolving body, and was made by The Murray Company, Dallas. Both top and bottom are stationary, with water-seal. The fuel (lignite) was charged continuously and automatically, the ashes being drawn at irregular intervals. The amount of tar produced was excessive and the tar extractor was unable to handle it. A standard Smith extractor has been ordered and experiments will be continued. The tar was of good quality and was used for starting fires in the locomotives, etc. 
The longest recorded run at this plant was about 10 hours, during which time the engine operated at approximately full load with about 2,500 pounds of lignite from the mines of the Consumers' Lignite Company, Hoyt and Alba, Wood county. 
Attempts have been made to clean the scrubber water and return it to circulation, but these will not be made when oper­ations are resumed. The jacket-water is tower-cooled, and used again. The blast obtained its heat and moisture from a saturator supplied from an exhaust water heater. In this sat­urator the hot water was run down a section of spiral con­
veyor. 
Bulletin of the University of Texas 
The producer body is revolved by a small motor operating through double worm gears once in 40 minutes-As the feed is by adjustable ratchet from one of these worm shafts, the amount of fuel charged may be regulated at will. 
This producer was built in the shops of The Murray Com­pany, Dallas, by Mr. Irvin, Mr. J. H. McDonough and Mr. E. 
H. R. Green. It is to be tested thoroughly before others are built. It is said that the results, so far, were very satisfactory. 
WEATHERFORD. 
A Westinghouse producer and gas engine plant was in­stalled here some time ago, but is not now in operation, and no records are available_ 
YORKTOWN. 
Yorktown Light & Ice Company. 
Equipment: One Smith suction down-draft producer o.f 60 horse-power and a Rathbun-Jones 60 horse-power vertical gas engine. The fuel used is lignite. 
This plant was not visited and we were unable to secure further information by correspondence. 
SUMMARY. 
In conclusion it might be well to give a brief summary of the features which apply to the producer gas field as a whole. Certain of these have already been touched upon; others have not heretofore been mentioned. 
The fact that but three manufacurers handle both producer and engine has been spoken of, as also the advantage of regard­ing producer and engine as a unit, to be designed and operated as such. The seemingly analogous case of steam boilers and engines does nat apply here at all. Steam is steam, whether generated in the fire-tube or water-tube, horizontal or vertical, coal-fired or oil-fired boilers, and the sole requisite made by a steam engine is that its working medium be under pressure and dry. Steam engine performance is commonly guaranteed in terms of so many pounds of dry steam at a rated pressure to generate a brak,e horse-power. The production of the steam is a separate process, involving entirely separate economies, 
Texas CoaZs and Lignites 
and the relation between furnace, boiler and engine is by no means dose, this being particularly the case between furnace and engine. The fuel bears a direct relation to the boiler economy, but between it and the prime mover one must con­sider the steam. It would seem that in the steam plant rep­resented by a compound Corliss engine, followed by a low pressure condensing turbine, the maximum efficiency in steam prime movers had been reached, and that future improvements must come in the furnace and boilers. It is for these reasons that the relation between fuel and engine are not so close as is the case with gas producer and engine. 
In the gas plant, engine performance is generally based on effective heat units delivered to the engine, a common guaran­tee being a brake horse-power for each 10,00'0 effective heat units. By ''effective'' heat units we mean only those that are actually used in the cylinder during the combustion of the charge. A certain amount of heat 1s evolved when the gas is burned, and owing to the presence of hydrogen, water is formed, which is evaporated to steam. This steam is lost in the exhaust, and hence is not available in doing work. The effective heat units equal the total minus the loss by steam in the exhaust. As these effective heat units are to be supplied by the combustion of the various substances that comprise 
the gas, it follows that they vary directly with the composi­tion of the gas, and as the gas varies more with the composi­tion of the fuel than with any other one factor, it follows that 
the relation between engine and fuel is much closer than is the 
case with steam. A case very much at instance can be noted at Dallas, where an engine developing 600 horse-power on producer-gas of rather a low heating power developed 720 on natural gas of a very much higher heating power. 
A much better analogue than the steam engine and boiler will be found in the gasoline engine and carburetor. The great advantage of the internal combustion ~notor lies in its ability to discard the boiler, and deal direct with its fuel, and it seems to the writer that one of the greatest advantages of the pro­ducer-gas power plant should lie in its treatment as a single compact unit. This must not be taken as a criticism of those plants where producer and engine are not made by a single manufacturer, but as an expression )f individual opinion. 
Bulletin of the University of Texas 
Many of the plants have shown excellent economy and opera­tion, and no criticism is intended. 
A further fact worthy of mention is the apparent lack of interest shown by the manufacturers after installation and ac­ceptance by the purchaser. The operator is frequently left to work out his troubles alone, and the almost invariable exp.e­rience has been ''trouble the first six months, but as soon as I learned to run my plant I got along fine. The manufacturers seemed not to care. '' Same makers are a gratifying exception to this general rule, but it is the belief of the writer that if the makers took a more intimate interest in the operation of their equipment, there would be more general satisfaction, par­ticularly during the first year. 
The province of the producer-gas power plant is by no means unlimited. It has its uses, and for these particular uses it is undoubtedly the most efficient type of prime mover-water excepted, of course--yet developed. Where water for boiler purposes is scarce, and even where water is plentiful, but the size of the plant does not warrant condensers, the producer is peculiarly -adapted, more especially if the distance from good steaming coal is great. The widespread area of lignite in Texas, its cheapness and the question of water, all combinP. to make the producer-gas power plant well worthy of close con­sideration. 
Austin, Texas, 
June, 1911. 
Texas Goal and Lignites 
ADDITIONAL ANALYSES OF LIGNITES. 
A sample of lignite received from l\fr. R. B. Nelson, Gilmer, Upshur county, had the following composition: Per cent. Moisture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.40 Volatile matter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.36 Fixed carbon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.20 Ash ~ .............. . ..................... .. ......... 11.04 
100~00 
Sulphur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.89 
A sample of lignite received from Mr. R. W. Rodgers, Tex­arkana, Bowie county, had the following composition: 
Proximate Analysis-Per cent. Moisture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.68 Volatile matter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.61 Fixed carbon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~6.25 
Ash .............. .. ......... .. ..................... 11.46 

100.00 Sulphur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.47 
Ultimate Analysis-Carbon ............................................. 47.05 Hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.91 Oxygen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.90 Nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.53 Sulphur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.89 Ash .. . ........... .... . . .............. .. ............ 11.04 
Heating power, British Thermal Units ... ..... .........10,362 

,TAR FROM TEXAS LIGNITES. 
In his "Brown Coal and Lignite," 1892, Mr. E. T. Dumble, former State Geologist, gives (pp. 218-221) the results of some researches made on tar from Texas lignites by Dr. Krey, Rie­becksche Montan-Gesellschaft, W ebau, Germany. The lignite, from which the tar tested by Dr. Krey was obtained, came from the Angelina river, San Augustine caunty. It had the following composition : 
Bitlletin of' the University of Texas 
Per cent. l\!Ioisture ....................... · · .. · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 12.15 
Volatile matter. . . . . . . . . . . . ........................ . 37.14 
Fixed carbon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................ . 41.14 
Ash ... . .. ... ........... ........ ·········· · · ········ 

6.50 Sulphur .................. ......................... . 3.02 
This lignite yielded 5.56 per cent. of tar, the composition of which was as follows: Per cent. Raw oil, paraffin-free.................. . ............... 7 Raw oil, containing paraffin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Coke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Loss as gaseous matter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 
100 
The yield of hard paraffin (melting at 125.6° F.) was 8 per cent. by weight of the tar, which was equal to the yield from German tar. "The paraffin, being the only valuable product, however, the brown coal tested could not be considered a tar coal, and would not yield sufficient returns for lucrative manu­facture.'' 
Lignites from other parts of the State gave the following yield in tar: 
Countie&-Per cent. 
Bowie ... ... .. . ........ ... ...... ............... .. .9 
Lee . ..... . . ........ .......... . .... . .. .... . .......8 
Leon ........... . ....... . ..... ......... . .. ... . ....6 
Medina ...........................................6 
Milam .... ........ .. ............ ......... ... ......7 to 8 
Robertson .......................... . .......... ....5 to 6.5 
Rusk ............................................. 8 
San Augustine.....................................8.5 
Smith ............................................8 
Wood ................................ . ...........7 to 8 

INDEX. 
Page.Alba, Wood county, lignite near............................... 54 lignite .from, used in producer, See Consumers Lignite Co. Alba Lignite Co., analysis of lignite from ................45-46, 49, 51 Alba-Malakoff Lignite Co., analysis of lignite from ........45-46, 49, 51 Alberger Gas Engine.. ........ ....................•....... 76-78, 115 Allis-Chalmers Gas Engines.....••........•...•........76-78, 87, 115 Generator ......•.......... . ........................... . ... 82, 87 Altair, irrigation pumping plant at........................... 78, 81 Alto, Cherokee county, lignite near. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Amarillo Water, Light & Power Co., producer plant at..•.. .. . 75-79, 81 American Centrifugal Pump. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 American Lignite Briquette Co., Rockdale, analysis ·of lignite from ........... . ......... ... ................... .45~46, 49, 51 Ammoniacal liquor, not saved at any plant. filter beds for. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Ammonia, in ammoniacal liquor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 yield of, from coal, elsewhere. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Analysis, proximate, defined. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 ultimate, defined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Anderson county, analysis of l'gnite from... ................. 53-55 Angelina county, analysis of lignite from. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Angelina river, San Augustine county, lignite on. . . .. ......... 54 Anthracite coal, use of, in producer..........................115, 118 Arkansas coal, us~ of, in producer ... . ...... .. .........59, 79, 99, 111 cost of ............. ·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111: Arkansas & Texas Consolidated Ice & Coal Co., Pittsburg, pro­ducer plant of. . . .......................... . .......75, 78, 111 Ash, in Texas coals, range of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 17 in Texas lignites, range of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Atascosa county, analysis of lignite from..................... 53 Atlas Steam Engine............. ..... . . ................... .. 99 Austin White Lime Co., McNeil, producer plant of. .......78, 108, 114 
Ball Steam Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Bastrop Coal Co., analysis of lignite from. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Bastrop county, lignite from .....................38-40, 45-46, 105, 116 See also Independence Mining Co. Bean's creek, Cherokee county, lignite on.. . .................. 53 Beckville, Panola county, analysis of lignite from. . . . . . . . . . . . . 53-54 Bear Grass Coal Co., Jewett, analysis of lignite from . .45-46, 49, 51, 105 cost of lignite from . .. . ... ..... . .................... . . . 83, 101-102 use of lignite from, in producer.............................. 83, 101 Belknap Coal Co., Newcastle, analysis of coal from ..........20, 26-30 Bertetti Coal Co., Lytle, analysis of lignite from . ..38-40, 45-46, 49,. 51 Bethel headright, J., Houston county, lignite on............... 53-54 Bethlehem Steel Co., Gas engine ........................... 76-79, 103 producer . .. ... . ..... . .... ......... ................ ... ..76-79, 103 Blooming Grove, producer plant at. . ... . .. ..............63, 78-79, 82 Blue Branch, Lee county, analysis of lignite from.. . . . . . . . . . . . 53-54 Bowie county, analysis of lignite from.. . ........... . .... . . . .. 53-55 Bowie, Montague county, analysis of coal from................ 33 Bowie county, analysis of lignite from. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 
126 INDEX 
Page. Breckenridge, Stephens county, undeveloped coal in.. . ..... . .. . 34 Brewster county, analysis of coal from. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Bridgeport Coal Co., Bridgeport, analysis of coal from .. 8-10, 17, 26-30 British Thermal Unit, defined. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 "Brown Coal & Lignite," Dumble................. ........ ..3, 37, 55 Brownwood Water Works, Brownwood, producer plant at... . .. 78, 82 Buckeye Gas Engine.......................................76-78, 86 Burdett Wells, Caldwell county, analysis of lignite from.... ... 53-54 Burnet Fuel Co., Milano, cost of lignite from.................. 101 
use of lignite from, in producer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 
Caddo creek, Anderson county, analysis of lignite from.. ... ..... 53-54 Caddo Natural Gas Field, Louisiana, gas from....... . . .. ...... 61 Calallen, producer plant at. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78, 82 Caldwell county, analysis of lignite from. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53-54 Calorie, defined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Calthorp, Houston county, lignite near. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53-54 Calvert, Robertson county, analysis of lignite from. 39-40, 45-46, 49, 51 cost of lignite from ............. .................... ....... 86, 103 use of lignite from, in producer..........................85-86, 105 Calvert Bluff, Robertson county, lignite at. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53-54 Campbell, M. R., estimate of extent of coal fields... . ..... . ..... 6 Canadian Water, Light and Power Co., producer plant of . . 75, 78-79, 84 Cannel Coal Co., Laredo, analysis of coal from . . . . ..8-10, 17, 20, 26-30 use of coal from, in producer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Carbon, range of, in Texas coals . ........................... .. 12, 19 range of, in Texas lignites.. . .. . ... ... ..... . .... .. ......... 41 Carboniferous Coal, area of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 8 Carr Wood & Coal Co., Lytle, analysis of lignite from .. 38-40, 45-46, 49, 51 Cass county, analysis of lignite from ..... ..... -. . . . . . . . . . . . . 53-54 Cherokee county, analysis of lignite from. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53-55 Chisos Pen, Brewster county, analysis of coal from............ 36 Clay county, natural gas from ...................... ........61, 86-87 Coals examined ... . ... . .... . . . . . . . ..... ... ..... . ... .... ..8-10, 27-29 Coal, ash, composition of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 clinkering of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 cost of: Arkansas.. .. ..... . ...... . ......... . ..... .. ... . . . . . 111 Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 discussion of: Moisture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-13 Volatile and Combustible Matter... ... ..................12-13, 15 Fixed Carbon . . . ... ........ . ................. ... ......12, 15-16 Ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-18 Sulphur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 
fields in Texas, counties in. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 extent of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 location of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6 railroads in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 railroads suggested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 
flora of. . . . . ... . . ......... . . . .......... .. .. . ..... .... ...... 42 fauna of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42-43 producing counties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 production of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 value of . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 7 specific gravity ....... -................... ................ 10, 26 variation in composition of.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . .. . . . . . . 11 washing plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 weight per cubic foot of.................... .... -. . . . . . . . . 10, 26 
INDEX 127 
Page. Coal, Lignite and Asphalt Rocks, report on, University Mineral 
Survey ... .. .... .. ............. . .............. . ...... . . 3 
Coal Branch, Stephens county, analysis of coal from ......... . 33-34 
Coke, used in dry scrubbers . . ... . . . .. . .... . ....... ........ .. . 118 

not made in Texas . . ..................... .. ... . ...... . .... . 16 
Coleman county, analyses of coal from . . ............. . .. ... .. . 32-33 
Colorado, coal, cost of. . ..... ..·....... . ........ . ............. . 81 

use of, in producer..................................... 59, 75, 81 "Combustible," definition of ... . ................. .. .. .. .... . . 71 Como Coal Co., Como, analysis of lignite from .. ..... . ..... . . . . 47 Como Lignite Co., Como, analysis of lignite from ......... .. .. . 45-46 
use of lignite from, in producer................... ......... . 111 Connelly, John B., engine builder............................ . 113 Consumers Lignite, Hoyt, Alba and Grand Saline, analysis of 
lignite from ............... .. . . .. . ........45-46, 72, 88-89, 105 

cost of lignite from ... . .. ... . . . .................. . . . . . ...82, 88, 99 

lignite tested at Pittsburg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 
at St. Louis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69-73 
use of lignite from, in producer ...............69-73, 82, 88, 99, 

103, 106, 108, 110 ................................ ......117, 119 

Cookville Coal & Lumber Co., Mt. Pleasant, analysis of lignite 
from .. .... ..... . .. ... . .... ...... . .. .. ........ .. .. . 45-46, 49, 51 Copper, in ash of coal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Corliss Steam Engine.. . ......... ................. .... ......100, 121 Corpus Christi, producer :tilant at. .. . . . ...... . ... . .. .. .. 63, 78-79, 84 Cotton-seed hulls, use of, in dry scrubber. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Crockett, Houston county, analysis of lignite from . ..45-46, 49, 51, 105 
cost of lignite from . ... . . .. ........ . ... .. .. . ... .. .......... 86 

use of, in producer.........................................86, 105 Crystal Falls, Stephens county, undeveloped coal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Cub Spring, Brewster county, analysis of coal from........... 36 Curtis Horizontal Steam Turbine. ... .. .. ...... .... ..... ...... 110 
Dallas, producer plant at. ........................ .. . . 78, 79, 86, 121 

produce!" plants near, see Eagle Ford and Harry. De La Vergne Crude Oil Engine.. .... .. ........ . .............. 107 "Disposable" hydrogen, in coal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 
in lignite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Dittlinger Lime Co., producer plant of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75, 87 
oil-fired lime kilns of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78, 87 DuLong formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Dui:nble, E. T. quoted........... .. ... ............ .. .... .3, 53, 55, 60 
Eagle Ford, producer plant at....... ........ ....... .....59, 78. 87-99 Eagle Pass, Maverick county, analysis of coal from ..8-10, 45-46, 49, 51 
use of coal from, in producer .. . . . ... . ..... ... ............87, 108, 114 Eastland 03ounty, analysis of coal from .. .. .. . ................9-10, 17 Edgewood Coal & Fuel Co., Wills Point, analysis of lignite 
from . .. .. ........ ...... ......... . ..... . . . ... . .. . 45-46, 49, 51 
El Paso county, coal in...... .. .... .. ............. . .......... 6 
Emory, Rains county, lignite at..... . .. .... . .............. ... 53-54 
Engine horse power, from producer gas..... ....... ...... . . 59, 63, 66 

total primary in Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 "Equivalent coal," definition of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Erath county, analysis of coat from.8-10, 17-18, 20, 26-30, 33, 45-46, 49, 51 ''Excelsior," used in dry scrubber. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Earle, Bayliss, Waco, producer plant of . ... ...... . ...... .. . 77-78, 109 
128 INDEX 
Page. Fairbanks-Morse Co., alternat0r. . . . . . . . . ....................117-118 
gas engines.. . .......76-78, 100, 103, 106, 107, 109, 113-114, 116, 117, llS 

generators, see Gas Engines. 
producers, see Gas Engines. 
pump ....... . .... .. ................. . ........ . .......... . . 82, 101) Fauna of coal beds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Fayette county, analysis of lignite from ...............45-46-49, 51, 53 Fernald, R. H., quoted. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63-66 Fixed Carbon, range of, in coals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 in lignites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Flora of coal beds............................................. 42-43 Foos Gas Engine......... ...................... ....... . . 76-78, 81, 83 Fort Worth. natural gas supplied to.......... . ...... . ......... 88 Fuel gas plant: Austin White Lime Co......................108, 114 Dittlinger Lime Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Round Rock White Lime Co... . ........................... 109 
Gainesville Electric Co., producer plant of. ..•...........60, 78-79, 99 Garwood, producer plant at. .. . ......... . .................. . . 63, 100 Gas-coke, amount produced in Texas in 1907....... . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Gas Engines, types of, used.................................76, 78-79 Gas, fuel, amount produced in Texas in 1907.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22-23 illuminating, amount produced in Texas in 1907. . . . . . . . . . . . 22-23 natural, methane in. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 oil and water, amount produced in Texas in 1907. . . . . . . . . . 23 producer, analysis of. .... ......................68, 70-74, 94-96, 112 works, value of products from, in United States, 1907-1908. . . . . 22 yield of, from lignite...................... ..............67, 70, 73 
Gatesville Power & Light Co., producer plant of. ....... 63, 78-79, 101 General Electric Co., generator...........................99, 101, 111 Gifford Plantation, G. C., producer plant at. ... . ..... .. .....77-78, 103 Glen I<'lora, see Gifford Plantation. Goutal formula ...... ...... ............. ............. ...... . 25 Graham's Lake, Rusk county, lignite at. ..................... . 53-54 Grand Saline, Van Zandt county, lignite from ............ . ... . 88 
See also Consumers Lignite Co. Green, E. H. R .. . .............. . ........................... . 120 
Harrison county, analysis of lignite from. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53-55 Harrisburg Steam Engine... . ......... .. ..................... 99 Harry, producer plant at.. ...................... .......59, 77-79, 103 Harvey Producers ......... . ...............................76-77, 87 Head's Prairie, Limestone courrty, analysis of lignite from. . . . 53-54 Heat Units, calculation of, in producer gas . .. . .. .. ..... . ..... 96 effective, definition of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 from coal producer gas . ............... . ............. . ..... 81 from lignite producer gas ..........69, 71, 73, 83, 86, 89, 94-97, 112 from natural gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 definition of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Heat units: in Texas coals........ ... ................10, 24, 26. 45-48 in Texas lignites......................40-41, 45-49, 55, 67, 69, 72-73 Henderson, Rusk comity, lignite near.................. . . . . . . . 53-54 Henderson county, analysis of lignite from.................. . . 53-54 Herrick producer ....... . .................................76, 78, 87 Home Light & Water Co., Blooming Grove, producer plant of..78-79, 82 Home Light & Power Co., Mart, producer plant of ............78, 109 Hopkins county, analysis of lignite from...... . .............. 45-47 
use of lignite from, in producer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 See also under Como Lignite Co. and Como Coal Co. Horse-power, from lignite gas .... ......59, 64-65, 70, 72, 73, 76, 90-93 
lNDE..."" 129 
Page. Houston Cotton-Meal Mill, producer plant of . ... .. ... . . . 78-79, 103-106 Houston county, analysis of lignite from .. .. . . . . . .. . 39-40, 45-46, 53-55 
See also under C8lvert and Houston County Coal & Mfg. Co. 
Houston County Coal & Mfg. Co., analysis of lignite from . . ..39-40, 105 cost of lignite from. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 test of lignite from, at St. Louis....... ..................... 67-69 use of, in producer......... ...... ............. ...........105, 118 
Hoyt, Wood county, lignite from.. . .... . ............... . .. . . . 53-54 

See also under Consumers Lignite Co. Huntsville Electric Light & Power Co., producer plant of..60, 77-78, 106 Hyde's Bluff, Houston county, lignite at. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53-54 Hydrogen, "disposable" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-21 
range of, in Texas coals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 range of, in Texas lignites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 
Ideal Steam Engine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Independence Mining Co., Phelan, analysis of lignite from.45-46, 49, 51 
lignite from, used in producer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Industrial Gas Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Ingersoll-Rand Air Compressor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 International Coal Mines Co., Eagle Pass, analysis of coal from .20, 26-30 
use of coal from, in producer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Iron Mountain, Rusk county, lignite at. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53-54 Irrigation pumping plants, Altair. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 
Calallen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Irvin producer .. . ....... . ..... . ..... ........... . .........76, 78, 119 
Jack county, analysis of coal from . .. .. .. .. ... . .. . .... . ......20, 26-30 Jackson, G. M., producer plant of . ...... ......... .......... 77-78, 100 Jacksonville, Cherokee county, lignite at.. . ..... . . . . . . .. ... . .. 53-54 Jameson producer, yield of ammonia from............. .. ... ... 22 Jewett. Leon county, analysis of lignite from, see Bear Grass 
Coal Co, 
Kimble Pits, analysis of coal from... .. ...... . ......... . ...... 36 Kingsville Power Co;, producer plant of......... .. .. .. ..60, 78-79, 107 Korting Positive Steam Blower. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Krey, Dr., analysis of tar by... . .......... . ..... .. .... . . . . . .. . 124 
Laredo, Webb county, analysis of coal from .. ... . . .... .. .... . . 27-29 use of coal from, in. producer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 See also under Cannel Coal Co. and Rio Grande Coal Co. 
Lee county, analysis of lignite from... . ............ . ......... 53-55 See also under Rockdale Coal Co. Leon county, analysis of lignite from ....... .........45-46, 53-55, !Ori 
See also under Bear Grass Coal Co. Leonard Ice & Light Co., producer plant of............... ....63, 107 Lignite, area in: Alabama. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 
Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Texas ......... .......................................... 37-38, 60 composition of ash of. . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. .. . . . .. . .. . . .. . . . .. . . 41 consumption of, in producer plants, see discussion of producer 
plants. cost of . .....60, 82, 83, 86, 93,99, 101,106, 108,110, 111, 114, 115, 117, 118 
130 INDEX 
Pagi~. 
evaporation of water by......... .............. ........56, 105, 111 in North Dakota..... .. .... . .... ... ... .. . . .... .. ..... . .... 60, 66 Preliminary Report on Utilization of, Dumble............. . . 3 producing counties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 production of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 value of, at mines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '7 tested by United States Geological Survey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66-73 use of in producers, different States. . ... . ... . ... .. . .. ..... . 66 Lime kilns, oil fired, at Dittlinger. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 producer-fired, Dittlinger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 McNeil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Round Rock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Limestone county, analysis of lignite from. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53-54 Lindale, Smith county, lignite near. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53-54 Little Brazos, Robertson county, lignite on..... . .. ... . . .. . . . .. 53-54 Lone Star G~s Co., natural gas supplied by. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86, 88 Lone Star Lignite Mining Co., analysis of lignite from . . . . 45-46, 49, 51 Longview, producer plant at.. ........... ...... ......... ......78, 1oa Loomis-Pettibone producer .. . .... . ... . ..... .. ... .. ... . ....76-79, 103 Lytle, Medina county, lignite at. . . ..... .......38-40, 45-46, 49, 51, 54 
See also under Carr Wood & Coal Co. and Bertetti Coal Co. 
McBee Schoolhouse, Cherokee county, lignite at. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53-5'1 Mccathern creek, Harrison county, lignite on. .. .... .. ....... . 53-54 McCulloch county, analysis of coal from . . . ... . ... ... . .. . . . . . . . 32 McDonough, J . H., see also under Irvin producer. .. ... . .. . . . ..76, 120 McNeil, producer plant at. .. ................. .........75, 78, 87, 108 Manton Bluff, Fayette county. lignite at. . .. . . .. .. .. . . .. ... ... 53-54 Marse & Co., T. W., Taylor, producer plant of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Mart, producer plant at. .............................. .... ...63, 109 Maverick county, analysis of coal from ... . . .. .... .. .. 8-10-17, 20, 26-30 
See also under International Coal Mines Co. and Olmos Coal Co. Medina county, analysis of lignite from ... 38-40-41, 45-46, 49, 51, 53-55 
See also under Carr Wood & Coal Co. and Bertetti Coal Co. Melcher Coal & Clay Co., O'Quinn, analysis of lignite from . .45-46, 49, 51 Methane in natural gas . . . .. . .... . ... . .. . .................... 87 Milam county, analysis of lignite from ..38, 40-41, 45-46, 49, 51, 53-55, 109 
See also under Rockdale. Milano, Milam county, see Burnet Fuel Co. Mineola Light & Ice Co., producer plant of . ..... .. . . . . ..63, 78-79, 110 
lignite near . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53-54 Minera, Webb county, analysis of coal from........... ........ 8-10 See also under Cannel Coal Co. and Rio Grande Coal Co. Mineral Springs Ridge, near Beckville, Panola county, analysis 
of lignite from. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53-54 Minneapolis Steel & Machinery Co. (Muenzel Gas Engine) ......76, 101 Moisture, in Texas coals, range of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 
in Texas lignites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Mond producer, yield of ammonia from.... .. .................. 22 Mt. Marion Coal Mining Co. same as Strawn Coal Mining Co. Morris county, lignite in... . . .. . . ...... . ......... . .. .. .... . .. 53-55 Muenzel Gas Engine . .. ..... . ... .. . . ... ... ....... . ...... . ... 76, 101 Murray Company, The................... ....................76, 119 
See also under Irvin producer. 
Nash Gas Engine .. . . . . ... . ..... ........... . ....... . ......76, 79, 99 National Meter Co., see Nash Gas Engine. Natural gas, from Clay county. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86-87 
lNDEX 131 
Page. New Boston, Bowie county, analysis of lignite from.... ...... . . 53-54 New Mexico, use of coal from, in producer.... ..... ......59, 75, 79, 84 Nitrogen, range of in Texas coals ............ ...... . . . ...... . . 20-21 
range of in Texas lignites................................. . 41 
North Central Coal Field. . .. . . .. .... . ........ . .. . . . ..... ... .. . 5-6 

production of coal from ............. .......... ............ . 8 
North Dakota, lignite in ... .. . . .. ... ......... . .. . . . ......... . 66 
Nueces River Irrigation Co., producer plant of....... ......... . 78, 82 

Oil, crude, use of under boilers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 in lime kilns .. ·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 in engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Olmos Coal Co., Eagle Pass, analysis of coal from ..16, 20, 26, 27, 29, 31 coal washing plant of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 use of coal from, in producer... ........... .........29, 30, 87, 108 Olsen & Sons, J. J., test of lignite from, at St. Louis. . . . . . . . . . . . 71 O'Quinn creek, Fayette county, lignite on.. ..... .. . . .. ...... . .. 53-5'1 Ovitz, F. H., quoted.. . .......... . ..... . ....... . .. . .... . .. . . .. 15 Oxygen. range of, in Texas coals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-21 in Texas lignites.. .. .. ....... . ... ... .. ... ..... . ... ... . . . .. 41 
Palm, 0. W., analyses by. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Palo Pinto county, analysis of coal from . ..........9, 10, 17, 20, 26-30 
See also Strawn Coal Mining Co. Panola county, analysis of lignite from . .. . ... .... . . . .... .. .. . . 53-54 Parker county, analysis of coal from ............8-10, 17, 19, 20 26-30 
See also Santo Mining & Developing Co. Parr Standard Calorimeter, used for determining heat units . . . . 24 Pennock, J. D., quoted..................................... .... 22 Pennsylvania anthracite coal, use of, in producer. .... . ........ 115 Peoples' Light Co., Corpus Christi, producer plant of. .......78-79, 84 Phelan, Bastrop County, lignite from ..... ................... . See Independence Mining Co. Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, test of lignite made at . .. . . . .......... 73-74 Texas .. ....producer plant at. .. .................75, 78, 79, 82, 111 Porter, H. K., quoted. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Power & Mining Machinery Co. (LoomiscPettibone producer) ..76, 103 Presidio county, analysis of coal from....... . ................. 34 coal in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Producer Gas Plants in United States, in 1909, Fernald........ 65-65 Producers used in. Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76-78 Producer gas, analyses of. .. ........ .....68, 70, 71, 72, 74, 94-96, 112 Producer horse power, in United States in 1909, Fernald. . . . . . . 65-66 in Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61, 66 Producer operations, Tables..... .. ...... . ........... . ....... .. 90-99 Producer plants, capacity of, in Texas . . . .. . .. . .............. . 75 location of, in Texas....... .. .... . . .. .... . . . . .. ........ . .. 74-75 number of, in Texas. ...... . ... . ........................ .. . . 59 list of, in Texas: Altair. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Amarillo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Blooming Grove . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Brownwood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Calallen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Canadian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Corpus Christi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Dallas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Dittlinger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Eagle Ford . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 
132 INDEX 
Page. 
Gainesville ........................................... . 99 
Garwood . . . ............................... .. .. . .. · .. · · · · 100 
Gatesville . ................... . ............ . . . ... · ..... · · 101 
Glen Flora ............................................ . 103 
Harry .. . ......... .. ............... .. .. ... ... . . ... ... . . . 103 
Houston .... . .. . ........ .. .... . ..... . ........... .. .. .. . . 106 
Huntsville .... ............................ .. ... . ..... . . . 106 
Kingsville ................ . .. .. ................. ... ..... . 107 
Leonard .. .. .. ..................... . ............. .. .... . 107 
Longview ............... . .... . .... .. ................... . 108 
McNeil ..........................••• •••••••••••••••••••• 108 
Mart .. ..... . ................ . ....... . ... ... ... .. ... . .. . 1'09 
Mineola ..................................... . ..... . .. ·. 110 
Pittsburg ... . ...... .. ... .. ...................... . .... . . . 111 
Rockport .............................................. . 113 
Round Rock . ............................................ . 114 
Royse ................................ · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 114 
San Angelo .. . . . .. .. ............................ . . .. ... . 115 
San Antonio . .. ....... . . . .... ... .... . ...... . .... .. .. . .. . 115 
Smithville ............... . ............................. . 116 
Stephenville ............. . ..... . ..... . ........ ....... .. . 117 
Taylor ... .. ... ... ................ .. ...... . .... .. . . . . . .. . 118 
Teague ............................... · . ... · · · · · · · · · · · · · 118 
Terrell . ... ... . .. ... . . ... .. ...... . ... . ... . ... . ... . ...... . 119 
Weatherford ... . . .. ... .. ...... ...... ... . ... ... ......... . 120 
Yorktown .............................................. . 120 
Pruit Place. Morris county, analysis of lignite from .. . ... . . . .. . 53-54 

Railroads, entering coal fields. .. ..... . .. . ...... .. ... .. . .. .. ... 6 suggested new . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Rains county, analysis of lignite from. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53-55 Rathbun-Jones Gas Engine.... .....76-77, 79, 82, 84, 104, 107, 110, 116 Rattlesnake coal beds, Brewster county. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Richolson. J. J., producer plant of............................ 78, 81 Rio Grande Coal Co., Laredo, analysis of coal from ...8-10, 17, 20, 26-30 See also under Webb county coal. Rio Grande Coal Field. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 6 production of coal from. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Robertson county, analysis of lignite from ..38-40, 45-46, 49, 51, 53-54, 105 See also under Calvert and S. W. Fuel & Mfg. Co. Robertson's Ferry, Harrison county, lignite at. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53-54 Rock creek. Parker county, analysis of coal from . .... . ......... 8-10 Rockdale, Milam county, analysis of ilgnite from ...... . . 38-40, 41, 45-46, 49, 51, 54 .. ... . ... . .... . ..... . .... ... ........108, 114 See also under American Lignite Briquette Co., Rockdale Consolidated Coal Co., Rockdale Lignite Co., Rowlett & Wells, Texas Coal Co., and Vogel Coal &. Mfg. Co. Rockdale Coal Co., Rockdale, analysis of lignite from ....45-46, 49, 51 Rockdale Consolidated Coal Co., Rockdale, analysis of lignite from .. ...........................................45-46, 49, 51 Rockdale lignite, cost of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Rockport Ice & Light Co., Rockport, producer plant of...63, 77-78, 113 Rocky Ford, Harrison county, lignite at. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53-54 Round Rock White Lime Co., Round Rock, producer plant of ..... .......................................75, 78, 109, 114 Rowlett & Wells, Rockdale, analysis of lignite from .......45-46, 49, 51 Royse Milling & Light Co., Royse, producer plant of........63, 75, 114 Rusk county, analysis of lignite from. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53-55 Russell, E. R., quoted..... ... . . ....... .. .. .. ...... . ..... . .... 34 
INDEX 133 
Page. Sabine River, San Augustine county, lignite on....... . ........ 53-54 Salt water, use of in producer plant............ . . . ........... 85 San Angelo Street Car Co., San Angelo, producer plant of..60, 78, 115 
San Antonio Portland Cement Co., San Antonio, producer 
plant of ...... . .............................59, 78-79, 115-116 San Augustine county, analysis of lignite from. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53-55 San Carlos Coal Co., analysis of coal from. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 San Carlos Coal Field, Presidio county, analysis of coal from. . 34 
coking coal in. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 
location of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Santo Mining & Developing Co., Weatherford, analysis of coal 
from ...... . ............................ ... ......20, 26, 27-30 Shelby county, analysis of lignite from.............. . ......... 53-54 Silver Moon Coal Mine, Coleman county, analysis of coal from. 33 Skinner Automatic Engine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Smith county, analysis of lignite from .. .......... . .... .. ..... 53-55 Smith Gas Power Co., The, data from.... . ................. . .. 74-76 
Smith producer ...............76-79, 82-86, 99, 101-102, 107, 110, 115 Smith tar extractor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Smithville Light & Power Co., producer plant of.........63, 77-78, 116 Snow Gas Engine..........................................76-79, 103 Somerset, Atascosa county, analysis of lignite from. . . . . . . . . . . . 53-54 
S. W. Fuel & Mfg. Co., Calvert, analysis of lignite from.45-46, 49, 51, 10!5 
use of lignite from, in producer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Southern Gas & Gasoline Engine Co., Houston. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81, 84 Southwestern States Portland Cement Co., Eagle Ford, .near 
Dallas, producer plant of...........................77-78, 87-99 
Specific gravity of Texas coals..............................10, 26-27 

of Texas lignites................................ . .......... 40-41 Stanard-Tilton Milling Co., Dallas, producer plant of..... ... ... . 78, 86 Stephens county, analysis of coal from........................ 33-34 Stephenville Light & Water Works, Stephenville, producer plant 
of .. . ...... .. ...................................63, 77-78, 117 Stewart Creek Coal Co., Jermyn, analysis of coal from .........20, 26-30 St. Louis, Coal Testing Plant of United States Geological Sur­
vey at ..............................................66 et seq. Stone Bluff, Cass county, analysis of lignite from.............. 53-54 Strawn Coal Mining Co., Strawn, analysis of coal from.9-10, 17,20,26-30 Sulphur Springs, Hopkins county. lignite at..... .............. 53-54 Sulphur, discussion of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 
Tar, analysis of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 filters for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 price of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 yield of .......................................105, 110, 115, 117, 119 Taylor, Williamson county, producer plant at........ .......63, 75, 118 Teague Electric Light & Power Co., producer plant of ... . 63, 77-78, 118 Terrell, producer plant at...................................78-79, 119 Tertiary coal ................................ ...... .....6, 8, 11, 17 Texas Coal Co., Rockdale, analysis of lignite from ... . . . ....45-46, 49, 51 cost of lignite from....................................... . . 114 use of lignite from, in producer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Texas Portland Cement Co., Dallas, producer plant of. ..... ...77-78, 103 Texas Midland Railroad, producer plant at shops of. . . . . . . . . . . 78 
See also under Irvin producer. Texas & Pacific Coal Co., Thurber, analysis of coal from. 9-10, 17, 20, 26-30 Texas Geological Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 44 Tilson, P. S., Houston, analyses of lignite by. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 
134 INDEX 
Page. Tonge, Jas., quoted......................................... . 42-43 Timpson, Shelby county, analysis of lignite from near........ . 53-54 Tyler, Smith county, lignite near.•.....•...•.•............... 53-54 
United States Geological Survey, statistics of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 23 
use of lignite at Coal Testing Plant of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66-73 University Mineral Survey . . ...........•......•.. . ....•3, 5, 8, 10, 17 Upshur county, analysis of lignite from... . .. . ......... .. ...... 123 
Van Zandt county, lignite from, see Consumers Lignite Co. Vogel Coal & Mfg. Co., Rockdale, analysis of lignite from...45-46, 49, 51 Volatile & Combustible Matter, range of, in Texas coals....... 13 
In Texas lignites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47-48 
Wallace headright,. Houston county, lignite on................. 53-54 Walter's headright, C. M., Henderson county, lignite on... . ..... 53-54 Weatherford, producer plant at. .................. ..... ........ 78, 120 Webb county, analysis of coal from..................8-10, 17, 20, 26-30 analysis of lignite from... . . .. ............................... 55 use of coal from, in producer.................................113-114 Weber Gas Engine .... .. .. . ....... .. ...... .. . . .... . ... . . .. ... 76, 119 Weight per cubic foot of Texas coals.........................10, 26-27 Of Texas lignites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40-41 Western Electric Co's. alternator. . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • 107 Westinghouse Machine Co., East Pittsburg, alternator. . . . . . . . . . . 86 Gas engine ... .. ..... . ................66, 76-78, 81, 84, 108, 111, 120 Generator .. . ....................................... . . 66, 81, 84, 86 Producer .. .. ... ........... .. ...... . ..•.......76-78, 81, 84, 108, 120 Tarless producer . . ... ... . .. ........................... .82, 111, 112 Westinghouse Machine Co., The, Bulletin W. M. 503, quoted ....73, 76 Westmoreland Bluff, Houston county, lignite at... .... ..... .. .. 53-54 Wichita county, natural gas from................ . ............. 61 Wise county, analysis of coal from... .............6, 8-10, 17, 20, 26-33 Wise County Coal Co., analysis of coal from .........8-10, 17, 20, 26-30 Wood county, analysis of lignite from ....... . . .45-46, 49, 51, 53-55, 88-89 
See also Consumers Lignite Co. 
Wood, R. D., producer.....................66, 76-78, 81-86, 103, 108, 114 

Worthington pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 
Yorktown Light & Ice Co., producer plant of.............63, 78-79, 120 Young county, analysis of coal from .. .................. .. .8, 20, 26-33 See also Belknap Coal Co.