BULLETIN 

OF THE 
UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS 

.JUNE 5 1915: No. 32 1915 
PLAY AND ATHLETICS 

Care of the Body, Playground Games and Equipment, 
Athletic Contests, Organization of Meets, Leagues, etc. 

Issued by the 
Public Discussion Division 
of the 
Department of Extension 

Published by the University six times a month and entered as second-class mail matter at the postoffi.ce at 
AUSTIN, TEXAS 
DEPARTMENT OF EXTENSION. 
The Department of Extension of the University of Texas was es­tablished for the purpose of rendering service to the people of the State generally, and especially to those who .are unable to attend the University. The work of this department is carried on under the following five divisions: · 
Public Discussion Division. This division has immediate charge of "The University Inter­scholasti.c League." This is an crganization of the schools of Texas for the purpose of promoting contests -in debate, declamation; spell­ing, essay-writing, and athletics. The University is desirous of aid­ing the schools in the matter of training their stu·dents for citizen­ship; and also to aid teachers in developing, cop.trolling, and·stand­ardizing athletic activities in the schools. Every sohool in Texas, no matter how small, should become a me·mber. of this organizatiop.. This division is also engaged in the preparation of reference lists and material on various subjects of general inten~t, arid the col­lection -of "package" libraries for loaning to -
citizens of Texas upon application. Books and pamphlets thus loaned may De kept not longer than two weeks. The person to whom material is loaned pays the postage both ways. -University-bulletins need not be returned unless specially requested. Loan libraries are now ready on the following subjects: Agriculture; ·Airships; Alcohol; Arbitration; Athletics; Banks -and Banking; Birds; Boy Problem; Boy Scouts; Cannin·g Clubs; ,Capital Punish­ment; Child Labor; · Child Study; · Child Welfare; Christmas; Cigarette Habit; Civil Service; Co-education; Commission Govern­ment; Compulsory Ed~cation; .Conservation of Resourc.~; Contagion and Contagious Diseases; Convict Labor; Co-operativ:0 Marketing; Corn; Cost of Living; Cotton; Crime and Criminals-; Disarmament; Domestic Science; Drama; European War; .Flies; Games; Germ.'any; Government Ownership of Public Utilities; Hogs; Hours of Labor; Immigration; Ineome Tax; Indians; Industrial Education;-Initiative and Referendum; Irrigation; Journalism; Juvenile .Courts; ,Kinder­garten; Labor Unions; Land Tenantry; Manual Training; M"erchant Marine; Mexico; Military Education; Milk; Minimum Wage; Mo­nopolies; Mionroe Doctrine; Montessori Teaching; Mothers Clubs; Moving Picturef3; Municipal Improvement; Municipal Ownership; Nature Study; Negro; Nutrition; Old Age Pensions; ·Open and Closed Shop; Panama Ca:nal; Panama-Pacific Exposition; · Parcel Post; , Peace; Pecan··Culture; Philippines; Playgrounds; Poultry; Presidential Term; Prlson Reform; Prohibition; Public Health; Railroads; Recall; Recitatio~ ap.d Readings; Red Cross; Religious Education; Roads; Rural Credit; R'1rai .Life; Rural Schools; Rus­sia; Sanitation; School Gardens; Schoolhouses; School Hygiene; School Libraries; School Lunches; -
Sewage; Short Story; ·Single rrax; ,Social Center; Socialism; South America; Story Telling; Sub­marine W·arfare; Suffrage-Educational Qualification; Tariff; United States Army; United States Navy; Woman Labor; Woman Suffrage; Women's Clubs. Clippings and miscellaneous material have also been collected on 
variou8 other subjects.  Correspondence is invited.  Address Loan  
Librarian. University. Austin.  .,  
Pllblic  Lecture  Division.  

Provision has been made to a11<>w members of the s~aft of instl".UC­(Continued on inside back cover) 
tion to deliver public lectuN)S .in Texas·towns, Wihen asked to do so, About a hundred lectures in~fifteen, dif!erent lines of work a.re now available. · 
Public Welfare Division. It is the purpose of this divJsion to collect data regar<ttng economic conditions in the State and to furllish the same to citizens of Texas throt;lgh exhibits of ·photographs; charts, .diagrams, statistics, etc., supplemented .bY >il'ustrated lectures and print~ bulletins. 
Division of Public School Improvement• .The Division · of :Public ·School J~provemerit has charge of the various educational ex,ihibits sent out by the University to fairs an<}. other large gatherings, .for· the-purpose Of calling the attention Of the people to some '()f the crying needs of Texas and point out the' ·most intelligent method of meeting these needs. 
Correapondence Division The University of Texas now offers for ihome study correspondence ooursea i11 the following subjects of college grade: ·Botany, Civil Ell.gineer-ing~ Drawing, Ecoi;iomics, Education, Electrical Engineer­ing, English, French, Geology, German, Government, Greek, History,, . Latin, Mathematics, Mining, Engineering, Philosophy, Public Speak­ing, Spanish, and Zoology. · The following correspondence .courses preparatory to ·Teachers Certificates are also offered: Algebra, . Bookke~ping, Chemistry, Geometry (Plane and Solid), History of Education, History (gen­eral), · Literature, Physics, Psychology, and Trigonometry. 
•· . Programs :and courses ·of study for .clubs or other associations are alSQ offered. Correspondence is invited. · .. 

For complete catalog of the Department of Extensio~, ·address Director of the Department of Extension, University, Austin. In­quiries rel~ing to a partieular division should be addressed to the 
· hA~.rl of that division. 
Bl24-815-5m-S278 
BULLETIN 
OF THE 

UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS 
1915: No. 32 
JUNE 3 1915 


PLAY AND ATHLETICS 

Care of the Body, Playground Games and Equipment, 
Athletic Contests, Organization of Meets, Leagues, etc. 

Issued by the 
Public Discussion Division 
of the 
Department of Extension 

Published by the University six times a month and entered as 
second-class mail matter at the postoffice at 
AUSTIN, TEXAS 

The benefits of education and of useful knowledge, generally diffused through a community, are essential to the preservation of a free gov­ernment. 
Sam Houston. 
Cultivated niind is the guardian genius of democracy. . . . It is the only dictator that freemen acknowl­edge and the only security that free­men desire. 
l\lirabeau B. Lamar. 
CONTENTS. 

PAGE. 

Preface ... . . . . . .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ... .. . . ... 5 Introduction, by A. J. Robinson ....................... . 7 Physical Education ................................. . 7 Need of Organized Play .. . .. . ....................... . 7 Value of Athletics .................................. . 8 How Can Teachers Help~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 A Word to the High School Athlete. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 The First Essential of an Athlete. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Care of the Body. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Food and Drink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Cigarettes . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Rest ............... . ...... ..... ................ . .. 17 Bathing .......................................... 17 Clothing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Track and Field Athletics-Races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Spr1nt1ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Relay Races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Hurdle Races ...................... -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Three-Legged Race ................................ 25 Potato Race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Jumping and Vaulting............................... 26 Running High Jump .............................. 26 Standing High Jump ..................... . ..... ... 26 Running Broad Jump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Standing Broad Jump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Hop-Step-Jump .................................... 27 Pole Vault . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Weights ............................................ 29 Putting the Shot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 29 Throwing the Hammer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 The Discus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Basketball Throw ................................. 30 The Training of Young Athletes, by F. L. (Tex.) Ramsdell .. 31 
Contents 
PAGE. 

J\lisccllaneous Gaines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Single Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Shuttle Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Potato Shuttle Relay ................................ 40 ..c-\Jl-l~p Relay ....................................... 40 Pass-Ball Rela~· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Tug-of-\Var . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 ·volley Ball . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Encl Ball . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Boundary Bnll ...................................... 44 Corner Ball . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 44 Pass and Goal Ball . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . 45 · Captain Ball . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Three Dec1J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Tennis ............................·................. 46 Class ...:\.Yernge Contests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Class ~-\ t hletics for I-Iighe.st ..:\Yerage Standing. . . . . . . . . . 50 Eligihi1ity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Chan1pionship--~ .................................... 51 Bo:·s ' n· . . ................................... . 51r\·1s1011 
G. 1 . n· . . -9
1r S . l\'lSlOll ..................................•• ::> .... 

Rules GoYerning the EYents ........................ 53 IIo"· to Proceed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 The ..A.thletic Badge Tes~ ............................... 56 Athletics for Girls ....... . . . .......................... 59 Conduct of an ..A.thlctic ::.\Ieet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 A County Jieet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Laying Off ~.\n .Athletic Field ........................... 63 Equipn1ent for Athletic Jieets ........................ 65 A Fe\\. Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Playground Equipnlent, by C. C. Foster. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Apparatus Jiade of \Vood, by C..A... J mneson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Appenclix: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 l\1odel Entry Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Agreen1ent for Athletic Game~ ....................... 89 Supply I-louse for Playground Apparatus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Dealers and l\Iakers of Athletic l\Iedals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Reference Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 
PREFACE 

The purpose of this bulletin is to assist members of the u·ni­versity Interscholastic League in organizing and conducting contests, in training athletes, and to help in matters of physical education and playground activities generally. The Constitu· tion of the League provides for county and district contests, and a final meet in athletics, debating, declamation, spelling., and essay-writing at the University of Texas. The detailed rules governing athletic contests are given in the bulletin con­taining the Athletic Rules of the League, hence they are not repeated here. 
The annual membership fee for each school in the League is $1.00. This fee should be sent to E. D. Shurter, Chairn1an, University Station, Austin, Texas. Payment of the fee entitles a schooJ to enter both the public speaking and the athletic con­tests, and to receiYe loan libraries and the special bulletins pre­pared for the assistance of schools in training for the contests. 
Besides this Bulletin, each member of the League will receive, free on request, four copies of the bulletin on the subject for debate in the League, and also one or more copies of the bulletin on Literary Societies, Debating, etc. A copy of the bulletin containing the Constitution of the League will be sent on re­quest to any person in the State. 
HOMER WAITS. 
Marshall Training School, champion all-round athlete, 
academy division, 1914 and 1915; also a star 
football player. In the state meet in 
1915, Waits threw the ham­mer 15 7 ft. 6 in. 

INTRODUCTION 
BY A. J. ROBINSON, 
Principal of the Marshall High School 

Physical Education.-You are doubtless acquainted with the present-day crusade in behalf of physical education. It is not a fad, but a serious-minded effort on the part of educators and leaders the country over to stave off what ex-President Chas. W. Eliot of Harvard University says is the gravest danger ·which threatens us as a nation-the dissipation of our physical ener­gies. Educators are agreed that the nation of the future ·will be the one which takes the n1ost intelligent care of the body. The more complex our civilization beco1nes, the greater the ner­vous strain under which people have to live; hence the more urgent it is that we do something to make the nervous organism: more capable of enduring the strain. Physicians are stressing­the point that the best way to check tuberculosis, typhoid, and similar diseases, is to build up the 1ungs, heart, and general vitality while young. Any scheme of education, therefore, or any school, which neglects the bodies of its pupils, fails in the most important matter of all. The aim of education, no'ivadays, is to make men and ·women efficient; to make them capable of doing useful work well and to take pleasure in so doing. They will find this impossible, in the long run, however well trained they may be in other respects, unless they are efficient physical­ly. 
Physical education has many phases, but most of them are subserved by intelligent use of play and athletics. In fact, these are the two chief directions which the growing movement for more careful physical training has taken. 
The Need of Organized Play-One of the most marked fea­tures of recent educational progress has been the renewed em­phasis placed upon the importance of directed play. Not alone from the standpoint of physical training, but from the stand­point of mental and especially of moral and social qualities, is play now recognized as not only necessary but essential. Social workers, teachers, judges of juvenile courts, in fact every one who deals intelligently with growing youth, must give atten­tion to the play-loving instinct. They must provide oppor­tunity for its exercise and see that suitable environment and direction be given so that the desirable tendencies are encour­
Bulletin of tlie eniversity of Texas 
aged and the undesirable are checked. Furthermore, it is a f2:reat inistRke to snppose that children in the country, \Yho get physical exercise fro1n work on the f arn1, do not need to play. They need not only to play more than they do, but to play better. They need. inore than do city children, the socializing influence and the sense of team work that properly directed play ·will give then1. They need play in order to counteract the feeling of iso­la tjon of the country, and the consequent distaste for country life. 
Tlze l7alue of Athletics-~-1..thletics are to adolescent boys and girls '\Yhat play is to smaller children. The essential feature of athletics is the element of contest. In the athletic contests of youth are developed the powers necessary for the harder con­tests of later life. To deny virile youth the opportunity of ath­letics is to make that youth less virile and force it to find other and less desirable means of satisfying the athletic impulse. To permit athletics to take care of the1nselves, as many teachers do, is to n1iss the greatest possible opportunity for instilling the right social ideas and for building_ character. 
City superintendents, prh1cipals, and school boards have been slow to recognize the in1mense iinportance of taking hold of the .athletic problem of the high school, except in the most haphazard fashion. Possibly even '\Yorse conditions have obtained in the -village and rural schools. In the present day, however, live teachers are no longer ignorin!:!' athletics as being without educa­tional value, nor are they in cliff erent to the many evils resulting from loose control. But since some few teachers and many patrons and trustees fail :-ct to realize that anything but hann can come fro1n high sr:hool athletics, the following article, by Snperintenclent .J. F. I\:imlrnll of the Da1las City Schools~ published some years ngo in the handbook of the State Inter­scholastic Leap:ne. is reprinted here, \Yith ::.\fr. l(i111hall 's per­m1ss10n. Particnlnr nttrntion is cnlled to the en1phasis p1nced upon the in1portnnre of ~tri<-t eontrol of athletics in the high school hy· re~ponsib1c nuthnritic.~: 
"Xearh~ hn:intY Y\'nrs n!:!'O. the \Yriter raised his yoice in a 
l ' ' ... 
state ~'atherin!:! of trnrher~ to nr!.:!'C the cnro-;irn!:!:en1cnt of hi0'h 
.. ' ' ;­
SChool at h1 etics in Texns ns n n in te~Tfl1 pn rt of hi ~:d1 sc-hool "·ork. At thnt time his Yonth nJ1(1 it.;;; interests J<n~. :'O close behind him
. 
thnt he spoke f1·0111 the Yi c\\·point of the stnc1c·nt rnthcr than of 
Play and .A_tlilctics 9 
the pedagogue. The years that have passed since that tinie, bringing a rather \Yicle observation and study of school condi­tions and practices throughout the nation, have tended to in­crease rather than din1inish his appreciation of the value of high school athletics as a factor during adolescence for the develop­ment of the best and sturdiest qualities that go to nlake manly men. During these years he has seen scores of high school boys learn on the athletic field the indispensable life-lessons of self­mastery and self-restraint, of subordination of impulse to pur­pose, of tact and poise essential to leadership, of that infinite attention to detailed knovdedge of the game and of the traits of the various members of the team requisite to team-discipline and 
esprit de corps, of the acceptance of leadership as a responsi­bility rather than a personal honor. A wido\v urged to insist on her boy playing football said she feared he might break his arm: ':Jiadam,' \Yas the rejoinder, 'it is better for your boy to break his neck in sturdy manly play than to become the soft­fibred spineless creature that \Yealth and petting \Yill soon make of him, unless sturdier motives are brought into his life-pur­poses.' For high school teachers, ability to direct boys \Yisely and efficiently on the athletic field stands next in value to teaching pO\Yer and scholarship. In many cases this ability to make himself \YOrth \Yhile to the students in an athletic \VBY more than doubles his teaching opportnnities, if not his teaching pO\Yer. But the Yalue and popularity of athletics for hi~'h schools is too \Yell recognized in Texas today to need any voice raised in a plea therefor. 
''Two grave dnngers threaten tbe best interests of high srhool athletics in Texas toclav. The first is one thnt has serionslv
• v 
harn1cd athletics in An1erican r.ollep:es Dnd universities, namel:v, that actiYe part in actual athletics is shared b:~ con1paratiYel:r fc\\~ of the l)Q~·s of the srhools. that the interest taken b:· the rest of the stndent-hody is onl:v that of interested bnt non-participat­ing· on1 onkcrs. This. more t1rnn any other in flnence, hns h n rt and rnis-shapec1 ('n1lc~e athletfrs. m1c1its1H1rn1 "·111 be n1ore deacl­
I:T in t11e big·h sc·hoo1. In the sehool'i of nnr-jcnt CTrecre eyer? ~·onth took part in the athletic gan1es. not t1rnt he n1i.Q'ht \Yin. 1111t bcr.nnse t11c ~tnte \\·ns conecrn ec1 t1rnt cnch citizen shoulr1 he stnrc1>· anc1 Yirile: in nrrY011.s .Arnerina the need of a stnrcl:T physiqne for each ~-outh is inany fo1t1 grcnter. IIigh school 
Bulletin of the Univ ersity of Texas 
athletics shall be justified and prosper according to the measure in which the many rather than the few find part and develop­ment therein. 
''The second danger is that tluough inertia or lack of con­structive vision among the teachers the athletic interests of the high schools shall lack proper ideals, guidance and management. In some schools the coaching and the business management of athletic affairs is turned over to chance comers from the out­side, or to the unguided efforts of enthusiastic students "·ho have no inkling of the educatiYe possibilities involved. Per­sonally I \\Ould feel that our high school was losing less of its opportunities for Yaluable service to its youth if \Ye \Vere to turn over the department of mathematics or science to the uncoun­selled devices of the students and their chance friends than if \Ye were to neglect any phase of the adn1inistration of its ath­letic affairs. The best business n1anager that a high school team can have is the principal of the high school ; possibly some other member of the faculty n1ight be delegated because of special fitness, but control of the athletic activities is one of the essen­tial functions of the principal 's adn1inistratiYe duties to his high school. In all cases the coaches should be inen on the high school faculty, chosen for the faculty because of their scholar­ship and their ability to train for red-blooded n1anhood of brain and muscle. This was recognized last year by Boston and put in force, though tardily enough, by special resolution of the School Committee of that city. The assignment of faculty mem­bers to the various student activities outside the classroom, such as debating, chorus "\Vork, basketball, football, baseball, track team, etc., should be as definite a part of the school regime as are the assignments to classroon1 \York in algebra, Latin or chemistry. The part of the teacher is not to dictate but to in­spire and encourage, not to do the \York but to counsel and form high ideals of athletic chivalry and courtesy, to teach not only how to play the game, but also ho\v to play the n1an, even in the face of defeat or foul play, to giYe concrete, vital, work-a-day example to the sentin1ent expressed by a spirited picture that hangs in the boys' dressing-roon1 of the Ten1ple High School; a football team trotting onto the gridiron in their harness, eyes steady, faces tense, courage high, hundreds of spectators in the background; underneath in bold letters this legend: 
Play and Athletics 
'Go, lose or conquer as you can­Be each, pray God, the gentleman.' '' 
How Can Teachers Help?-I-Iow can teachers help in develop­ing play and athletics along right lines~ l\:Iany of those who have little or no opportunity for special training in the subject will no doubt feel more or less helpless when it comes to organiz­ing a movement for bettering conditions in their respective schools. Supposing that you are one of these teachers, let us see what you can do. 
1. 
In the first place, you can give just a little attention to the study of the subject; you can read one or two good books, such as Sargent's Physical Education, so that you ·will have an adequate idea of the various problems involved. You can famil­iarize yourself with the practical pointers and suggestions as to training, management of various contests, etc., to be found in this bulletin or in similar pamphlets. 

2. 
You can learn a few simple games suitable for different classes of pupils, such as Volley Ball, End Ball, Group Relay Racing, Three Deep, Potato Race, etc., and seek to enlist every pupil in school in some form of outdoor athletics. In this \Vay it will be seen that athletics are for all, and not merely for the chosen athletes, and there will be less objection to school ath­letics on the part of parents. 

3. 
You can find some individual in the community who has had experience in athletics and who \vill be glad to co-operate with you in furthering legitimate athletic interest. You can~ through the press, through personal talks, and indirectly through the pupils, obtain the co-operation of the parents. The latter will be glad to help when they see that you are using athletics as a means, and not as an end in then1selves. 

4. 
You can help by insisting upon gentlemanly conduct on the part of players, and urging the player to take a proper view of honor in athletics. You can get in touch with other teachers, and co-operate with then1 in promoting friendly rela­tions between contesting teams. You can thus do much to teach your pupils to take defeat manfully, to play the game fairly, and to treat officials with proper respect. There seems to be a gen­eral looseness among the schools, in this particular, and it is a point which needs very great attention. If our athletic contests 


Bulletin ol the [-nii'ersity of Texas 
promote hostility rather than friendliness between the cont:sting tea1ns, it is perhaps better not to have the1n. There is no good reason, ho\Yever, \Yhy this should be. \Vith united effort on the part of teachers, "·here the spirit of true sportsn1anship prevails among then1, it will not be the case. But it is iinpossible to cultivate true sportsn1anship an1ong the pupils, if teachers then1s.elves do not possess it. EYery effort shou1d be made to treat visiting tean1s as real guests, and to n1ake the conditions of the contests just as favorable for them as for the home team. On the other hand, a. visiting team should be encouraged to accept '"hat they get without con1plaint, and not to be too ready to suspec:t officials or others of unfairness. It is only by co-op­eration among teachers and other officials along these lines that many of the "·orst evils now attending interscholastic contests "·ill ever be destroyed. 
5. You can see to it that vour school becon1es affiliated with
. 
the University Interscholastic League; an organization that stands for clean athletics and better playground conditions for all the schools of Texas. 
See that the eligibility rules of this league are enforced in your o\vn school. Do not be too quick to suspect some 'other school of looseness in this respect. The most pressing need for high school athletics at present is a strict enforcement of the eligibility rules. ......\..nd the p1ace to begin is at hon1e, and not on our neighbor's tean1. Let your school run the athletics, and do not let athletics run your school. 
A 1Yord to the High School ...-ithlete.-You are, let us say, trying to 111ake the football, basket-ball, or some other athletic team that wi11 represent your school in c01ning contests. You have never i11ade the tcan1 before, but you have hopes of that honor this year. Or, it n1ay be, you are one of the old guard, nnd yon arc expected to be one of the n1ainstays of your tea1n this senson. In either case~ there Rre just three thinp:s that you need to bear in 111ind in order to nHtke your athletic career a sncccss. \Yithont th0.c:e three things~ it \Yill be a failure, no matter ho\Y 111;111:-ehnmpion temns you happen to belong to. Fiod, consi;.;tcnt C'ffort ;nH1 c1ct<>rn1ination, coup1cL1 \Yith a cnrcful l'tndy of the points of the gnrne as .Q·iy(·n you l\\-the conch and the printeLl rn1c-;: second, cal'cfnl nnd rrgnbr h;1hits of exerdse, rnt1nQ·. .skC>p11l .~~· . ;mcl the oh-:(•n ·nnce of the ot1ll.·r "·cll-kno"·n 
Play and Athletics J3 
la\vs of health, so that you \vill always be physically fit and will not permanently impair your health by sudden and violent ex­ertion of the strenuous games because you are not prepared for them; third, true sportsmanship. Without the first essential mentioned, you 'vill, should you make the tea1n, frequently mar your play at critical stages si111ply because you did not take the trouble to heed the advice of your coach or because you had not acquired the habit of putting the very best effort into every­thing you undertook. vVithout the second essential, \vhich in­cludes clean living in every respect, you \vill some day enter a game only to find that you have dissipated your energies one time too often, and the necessary push required to lead you to victory is consequently lacking. You \vill smne day meet an opponent \vho has trained inore carefully, liYed n1ore closely by the simple la,vs of hea1th than :·on have, and who will therefore possess just a fraction n1ore of strength or skill or nerve than you can muster, and the coYeted honor will go from you. Or, ,,·hat is much more in1portnnt, you ,,-i]l find, after the excite­ment of your athletic career is over, that you have \veakenecl your physical po,vers in spite of all your athletics, and that you are unable to stand the physical strain of the bigger contest of life. It is more important for you to b11ild up a sound body thnn to \Vin athletic conte.sts, and fron1 the standpoint of ph:·s­ical training the practice of keeping yourself ah,·ays physica1ly fit and of avoiding hannful habits is of n1orc in1portance than the actual games you play only once in a ·while. In fact, the latter, if they are very violent. \vill do you harn1 instead of good 
nn1ess you are prepared for them. 
True sportsrnanship is the finest lesson you can learn from yonr athletics. There is nothing n1ore inspring than to see a tcmn of boys fighting their best against odds in an athletic game, and yet keeping their temper and manliness as well as their hr,ads, and meeting defeat with no feeling of bitterness for their op­ponents. Play the game according to the rules, catch the spirit of true sport, and do not complain of officials or opponents at every opportunity. Victory is not worth the price, if, to \Vin it, you must lose your self-respect to the extent that you will cease to be fair or courteous to the other fellow. A defeat is son1e­times better than a victory if you take it in the right spirit; you must learn hovv to lose as well as how to win. 
SENS. 
IRWIN. Jacksonville High School. Cameron High SchooL 
Tied for individual honors in state track meet. 1916. 
H. SMITH. Grandview High School, all-round state champion in track, Class B division, 1915. 
II 

THE FIRST ESSENTIAL FOR AN ATHLETE 
Care of the Body.-The care of the body is the all-important thing. To win contests, the body must be kept in condition. That means attention to the following essentials of health: 
(a) Food and Drink.-In matters of food, every one must be his own physician. What is good for one may not be good for another. You should find out what agrees with you and what does not, and eat accordingly. Do not be afraid to eat plenty of good food, although you may find that a little dieting will do you good, especially before a contest. If you are troubled ·with indigestion, dieting will aid nature, but dieting will not re­move fat, as some· people suppose. It takes exercise to do that. 
To promote good digestion, avoid an undue amount of pastry and sweets. Avoid also an excessive meat diet. Be agreeble at the table. Avoid any unpleasantness anywhere, but especially at the table. Do not eat when tired, and avoid any hard work, either mental or physical, directly after eating. Do not eat hastily, nor at all times of the day or night. Be regular, and take your time. If you are troubled with biliousness, it is prob­ably due to over-eating, or the consumption of animal fats that are difficult to digest. A good remedy is to change your diet, and not eat so much. Learn from the textbook on physiology and hygiene the various food values of different articles of diet, such as brain food, heat-producing food, and muscle-pro­ducing food, and then try to suit your diet to include the better classes of each kind of food, including more of the kind which you seem to stand most in need of. 
As to drinking, it is unnecessary to say anything about intoxi­cants, when every child knows their injurious effects. Generally speaking, coffee and tea would better be left alone, if one wishes to make a strong, healthy, long-lived man or woman. But some people do not seem to have any trouble from these stimulants, when taken moderately. It is safe to say, however, that for a growing boy or girl coffee and tea will do no good and will be likely to do much harm, especially if one engages in athletic con­tests where strong hearts and steady nerves are required. l\iost 
Bulletin of the U·niversity of Texas 
of the drinks sold at soda fountains are not injurious in them­selves, but they are very injurious ·when taken to excses, as is too often the case. A t:'o·lass of \Yater before break£ ast \Yill be found a fine thing for the digestion. A.s to drinking cold \Yater, milk, 
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etc., opinions differ, but the n1ajority are against drinks that are more than modera tel v ., cold. A cold drink n1ay not harm a sto1nach of strong· vitalitv but maY do much harm to one of low 
I..,..; ../ .... 
vitality. Contestants often drink too much cold water during a contest. T11is is Yery bad, not only for its per1nanent effect, but it renders the contestant incapable of putting forth his best effort at the tin1e. 
(b) Cigarettes.-You have read in the textbook and you have heard people preach to you about the harn1 of cigarettes, but did it ever co1ne hon1e to you? You are now thinking of trying for the track tean1. You kno-w, and everybody kno"·s, that ciga­rettes "·eaken the heart. You kno,,·, also, that to \Yin \\·here there is n1uch competition, you n1ust baYe a strong heart. \Yhat \Yi11 you do ? Continue to use cigarettes, or be sensible, self-respect­ing and n1anly, and ''cut the111 out'' 1 It is up to yo1l. 
Every successful athlete, \Yhether track n1an, baseball pla~·er, pugilist, or 8ny other kind, in the \YOrld \Yill tell you that ciga­rettes "·ill shorten :·our \Yind, snp your vitality, \Yeaken your heart, in fact ruin your chances of success. EYery trainer \Yill tell you the san1e t11ing. Xo prize-fighter \YOnld think of going in to train for a chan1pionship nrn.tch '\Yithout abstaining fro111 cig:nrettes. It \Yould be \Yell for eYery high school athlete to read the words of Jess \Yillard or of John L. SulliYan about the use of tobacco and especially of cigarettes. There can be no ques­tion that these inen know \Yhat they are talking about. You 111ay be a fairly good runner, juniper, or football player, as it is; in fact, you n1ay be a star of your tean1. And yet if you have the habit of cigarettes, ho\Y n1uch better might you becon1e if you '\Yould leave them off. Suppose you h·y it for a year. If you use your brains, you will. 
(c) Exercise.-It is unnecessary to say anything here about the importance of exercise, since everyone kno\YS that is essen­tial to the deYelopn1ent of a strong body. It may be said that n1ost high school pupils get enough of exercise, especially if they engage in ga1nes or athletic contests. Very few, however, take their exercise in the \Yay that ·will do then1 the nlost good. They 
Play a1id Athletics 
either are too irregular as to the time, or they take too n1uch at one time and too little at another. To get the desired results, exercise must be adapted to the condition of the individual. Where the heart or lungs are weak, gentle exercise should be taken at regular intervals, and violent or sudden exertion should be avoided. Where the muscles are soft or weak on account of a period of inaction, great care should be used in gradually toughening them by easy exercises in walking, trotting, dumb bells, Indian clubs, etc., before attempting any strenuous exer­tion. In getting in condition for any athletic contest, you can­not be too careful about taking it easy at first. Then after you have hardened yourself by gradually increasing the length and severity of your exercises, keep in condition by taking plenty of exercise at regular periods. 
Furthermore, put life into your efforts, and a will. Put the play spirit into whatever you do, but put will also. Vary your exercise frequently, and see that each part of the body, and each set of muscles, gets its share. Variety in exercise, like variety in the food we eat, helps in two ways·: it brings into play differ­ent sets of muscles and strengthens different organs and parts of the body, just as variety in food gives different elements of nutriment; and it also acts as a tonic for the muscular and ner­vous systems just as variety in food acts as a tonic for the diges­tive organs. 
(
d) Rest.-Rest is as important as exercise. Long and stren­uous exertion is bound to have a bad effect during the early years of life. For that reason, severe training, or the playing of prolonged and violent games, or running long races under pressure of close competition, should not be engaged in by the younger boys. Frequent periods of rest should come in the inter­vals of play and other exercise. Furthermore, for the older high school boys, the day, or possibly two days before a hard contest, there should be a relaxation from the harder kinds of practice. In this way an extra supply of energy will be acquired that will stand in good stead during the contest, and ·will not only help you to put forth the best that is in you, but will tend to prevent any ill effects that might other,vise follow. Any one who wants to build up a strong constitution must get plenty of sleep and must not carry physical exercise beyond the point of fatigue. 

(
e) Bathing.-"\Vithout a good bath immediately afterwards, 


Bulletin of the Fniversity of Texas 
fully fifty per cent. of the good to be derived fron1 exercise i~ lost. Xothing is inore in1portant for any one in the inatter of training: than a bath in water of suitable temperature accom­panied by a good rub-do\vn, follo\ving the \\·ork-out or the ath­letic gan1e. Until recently there \Vere few high schools in Texas where any provision \vas made for this in1portant item. Happily this condition is fast becoming changed, and inost up-to-date high sc-hools now have a dre.ssing·-roon1 and sho,ver bath in the 
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basen1ent for the n1en1bers of the various athletic tean1s. _A__h~;ays follo\v Yigorous exercise with a sponge bath, in cold water if you are of high vitality and in lnke\varn1 \vater if your vitality is low. _A__ nother time for a cold bath is in1111ediatcI:· on rising in the morning. ..:\.lways follo\v a cold bath \vith a brisk rub-down, especially if you are going out in the open air. Do not take a hot bath too often, but a good hot bath once a \Veek, taken just before retiring, is necessary to cleanse the skin thoroughly. 
(f) Clothing.-Dress, as far as ~vou can. according to the weather and \vhat you are doing. \Vhile practising or compet­ing in athletics, alwa:·s put on a s\veater or coat the in01nent you ·Cease perspiring. 'l1his \vi11 keep your n1nscles fron1 getting chilled and keep then1 in good condition. Sore anns and legs are caused n1any tin1es fro111 failure to obserYe this simple rule. Especially in the winter nlonths, take care not to get unduly exposed to cold 'IYinds after a \Vork-out. 
III 

TRACK AND FIELD ATHLETICS 

:N"o athletic sport has gained so rapidly in popular favor in recent years as track and field contests. Perhups no-where, in interscholastic circles, has this development been so marked as in rrexas. Today there is not a state in the Union ·where greater interest in this form of high school athletics is shown than in our State. And track and field sports offer, in nlany respects, the most desirable form of athletics. There is less chance of trickery, less temptation to play unfair, and less opportunity for dispute and unpleasant feeling to arise as a result of compe­tition, than in some of the other games such as football, for example. In the spring of 1915, over seventy counties in Texas held enthusiastic interscholastic meets under the auspices of the State League, -vvhile 393 boys, representing 81 schools, nlany of the1n rural schools, gathered at the University of Texas for the greatest interscholastic meet ever held in the South. ...A..t this meet, nine State records -vvere broken. \iVith the growth of the State League, and the carefully planned list of events and rules to govern adapted to meet the needs of all classes of schools, every school in the State ought to enter one or n1ore boys and girls in the annual county meet. The rules governing the va­rious events, ·with the list of same, division of contestants, etc.: are to be found in the University Bulletin entitled: Athletic Rules of the University Interscholastic League. A copy of this bulletin \vill be sent free to any teacher or pupil ·who will \Vrite for it to the Extension Department, University, Austin, Texas. 
THE DIFFERENT EVEN"TS 
Running.--'-t\. sprint is a race at full speed from start to fin­ish. All races up to the quarter, and in most cases it too, are no\v run as sprints. In sprinting, \Ve must pay attention to (a) the start, (b) getting into the stride, ( c) acquiring staying power. 
When a sprint race is called, dig t';vo holes for your feet, one about six inches back of-the starting line, the other about eighteen inches back, and a little to one side. The latter hole should be 
Grandview ffigh School Teal!l. This team won second honors in Class 
B division, state meet of 1919. 

Greenville High School Relay Team, winners at both the A. &. M. and the University of Texas meets, 1915. This team cut 7 3/5 seconds from the state record. 
Play and Athletics 21 
deeper, and steep so as to give a good brace for the ball of the foot. 
At the co1nmand of the starter, ''On your n1arks, '' place your feet in the holes, ·with your fingers on the line. One knee should be about opposite the instep of the other foot. At tbP. con1mand, ''Get set,.'' place yourself in a springing position, \vith hips raised, arms straight, head up and body leaning fonvard. Dis­tribute your weight eYenly on both feet, \vith a little on the fingers. \Veight should be on balls of feet. Take a deep breath. Concentrate all your attention on your spring. ..A._t the crack of the pistol, spring forward with all the force on both feet. Do not straighten up at once, but do so gradually, \vithin three or four paces. 
Get into your stride as quickly as possible, always looking straight ahead. Take only one or two breaths in a short sprint. One breath should carry you from thirty to fifty yards. Do not let up at the tape, but dash into it, hands up, at top speed as if you had ten yards more to go. 
Incline your body slightly foryrard, but not too inuch. Keep :-our head up, chin some,vhat for,vard. Do not raise heels too high, but the instant feet are up, bring them for\vard, legs nhvays in :a straight line. Raise your knees \Vell in front, but not too soon. as this ·will shorten ..your stride. Point vour._, toes
, 
straight ahead, and hit the ground hard at each bound. Do not force your stride longer than it is naturally. If you keep good forn1, it \vill lengthen itself. 
In the 220 yards dnsh, you n1BY hold back just a little for the 
final effort, if you don't get too far behind. 
Xever run a race ·without dancing aronnd and warn1ing up. 
Take seYeral deep brenths just before going to your n1arks. In 
practice, never run the full distance at top speed at first. The 
follo\ring is a good plan to follow in practice for the shorter 
dashes: 
111onday.-Practise the start five tin1es. Do not run at full 
speed more than 20 yards. Take a short rest after each start. 
Take an easy jog for 50 or 60 yards, and finish the 100 yards fast. 
T1t esday.-Take 300 or 400 yards at an easy jog. 
1l'"ednesday.-Practise the start three times. Rest, then run 50 
yards full speed. Rest, and run 60 yards full speed. 
Bulletin of the ·cniL·ersity of Texas 
Tkursday.--Practise starting six or eight times. Take 300 

yards  at  an easy jog.  
Friday.-Go 80 yards at full speed.  Rest, then go 50 yards at  
speed.  Jog 100 yards.  
Sat1trday.-Practise the start t\Yice.  Run 100 yards at speed.  
Rest, then jog 200 yards.  

For the quarter mile run, use the crouching start as in the shorter sprints. In the half-n1ile and n1ile runs, start from an upright position. 
Points in the rules for runners to remen1ber are: 
(a) 
~-1.s soon as you go to the track, get a program, and get your nun1ber and pin it on you. 

(b) 
..At starting, if any part of your body touches the ground in front of the line before t11e signal is given, it is a foul and the offender is punished by being set back a yard or n1ore for each offense. 

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c) The finish of a race is the \Yhitewash line on the ground, and not the tape stretched aboYe it. ...A.. race is not finished till the runner crosses this line. To avoid striking the tape v;ith your hancls or ar111s, throw t11en1 up as you finish. 

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d) In races on a straight track, each runner has his O\Yn lane, and he n1ust not cross into another's lane or interfere with hi1n in any. waY.•. To do so is a foul. 

(
e) In races on a circular track, you must not cross in front of Rnother runner till you are at least t\yo strides ahead of him. To do so is a fonl. You n1ust not run into or othenYise interfere with Clnother runner. 


RELAY RACES 
The relay races ordinarily run by select tean1s of school boys are t11e n1ile, the hRlf-n1ile, and the 4-±0 yards relays, \Yith four bo:·s on rnc-h tean1, ench boy in the n1ile relay running a quarter n1ile) each l)o:~ in the lrnlf-n1ile relay running 220 yards, and each bov in the 440 YRrds relav rnnnin~: 110 vards. But a relav race 
..., l • .... ·..__. el .. 
n1a~· be run \Yith any nun1ber of boys competing provided the san1e n111nhcr is on eaeh t<?an1, and the distance for each runner n1ay var_,. fron1 30 yards to a quarter mile. 
811prwse it js a. half-n1ile relay, \Yith four on each tean1, and dnppose there are four teams. The teams draw for places. The other runners of a temn n1ust keep the san1e positions at the start 
Play and Athletics 
that the first runner had. The first runner on eae;h team carries a stick or flag, which he must hand to the second runner at his finish line. The second runner must wait at the finish of the first 220 yards to receive the stick; he cannot run back to meet the first runner. I-le in turn n1ust hand it to the third runner at the finish of the next 220 yards, and so on. The team whose last runner first reaches the finish lines with the stick is the winner. 
This race can be easily run with a very large number of boys 
Ready for the start, half mile run. 
on each team, and it is al \Yays very interesting to the spectators. If there ls to be a handicap for any team, the whole distance is allO\\red at the start of the race. 
IIurdle Races.-The hurdle races comn1only run by school boys are the 120-yards low hurdle and the 220-yards low~ hurdle. Each hurdle is 30 inches high. In the 120-yard hurdle race, the hurdles) ten in number, are placed 10 yards apart, the first and last ones being 15 yards from the start and the finish, respectively. IIurdle racing requires a great deal of speed as 
PIER. 
Star track man, St. Edward's Academy. Notice the relative 
height of knees, and the forward and upward 
look of the eyes. 

Play and Athletics 
well as jun1ping ability and endurance. It is one of the most trying of all athletic events, and for that reason should not be run except by robust boys. 
The easiest, hnt not the fastest \vay to clear the hurdle is to swing the left foot in-vvard nearly parallel \vith the hurdle. If your legs are long enough, quicker tin1e can be made by keeping the leg straight. Practise \vith one hurdle until you can clear it in proper form \vithout slacking your speed. Face the hurdle squarely, and take it at top speed. ..A.s you go over, thro\v your weight for\vard, pojnting the front leg out and clown, and keep your foot pojnted straight ahead as you alight. Learn to hit your stride instantly on reaching ground, making the first step short. l(eep your body well balanced over the leg fls you descend. When yon have learned one hurdle well, and not hefore, try two~ then three, then all of them. The right form is of the greatest importance, and unless you are \villing to take the patience to practice faithfully, you -vvill never be a good hurdler. Re1nember the three majn points: (1) to take each hurdle at top speed, and facing it, (2) throw the body for\vard and point the front Jeg somewhat out in front as you go oYer, and ( 3) to hit the ground with the \veig·ht \Yell on the first foot. . so that the second foot can 
~ 
instantly take a short step and you can hit your full speed at 
once . 
..A.. hurdler needs an especially strong body, besides speed. The muscles of the neck, abdon1en, and hips and legs should be strong, and also the arms. These n1ay be strengthened by special gym­nastjc exercises. 
The hurdler must remen1ber, (1) not to knock the hurdles 
over, (2) not to step on top of them. 
Three-Legged Race.-Besides being very interesting to spec­
tators, this event calls for a great deal of skill and speed. Fasten 
a strap to the inside ankles of two runners, and join these by a 
loop strap three inches long. Fasten a similar strap above the 
knees, \vith a connecting· loop t'vo inches long. It is \Yell to have 
one runner taller than the other, so that he can get a good hold 
over his partner's shoulder around his \vaist. Practise the start 
faithfully, and run just as if you were running the race alone. 
This event rAquires a great deal of practice, but the improve111ent 
that 'vill result is \velJ \vorth it. 
Bulletin of the Un,iveJ'sity of Texas 
Polato Race.-This is another very interesting event, but very trying, and hence should not be made too long, and children should practise a good deal before being allo\ved to enter a closely contested meet. For each contestant, place a basket con­taining three potatoes at the far end of a 12-yard line. Along the line every three yards, dra\"\r a 2-foot circle, the first circle being three yards from the starting line and the third circle being three yards from the basket. .A.. contestant must start from the starting line and run to the basket, get one potato and place it in circle Ko. 1, or the one farthest from the basket. He then gets a second potato and places it in the middle circle, then gets the third potato and places it in the third circle. He then races to the starting line, returns, and replaces the potatoes, one at a time, in the basket, in the order in which they \Vere distributed. He must go around the basket each time a potato is replaced in it. He finishes in a dash across the starting line. In practising for this race, do not run fast at first. Go through slo\vly at first, and get firinly in mind just \-rhat to do at each step. Acquire accuracy in getting the potatoes and in placing the1n in the circles so they will stay. If one rolls out, you mnst return and place it back in the circle, else you are disqualified. After you have drilled yourself a nun1ber of times on accuracy] skill in turning, etc., then you can develop speed. 
JUMPING AXD VAULTING. 
R1tnning high jionp.-In this e-vent it is -very i1nportant to practise the run until you kno"· just the right distance to get the take-off. You inust not rise too near the bar, for that wi11 throw you into it, and if you rise too far back you will not g·o over it at your greatest height. Speed is not necessary, nor i.;; a long run. It is best to approach the bar strnight in front and to make the last step short and quick, as in the running broad jump. As ~·ou rise, say on the left foot, throw the right leg up in front parallel with the bar and close to the bod~·, S\vinging the arms up and out. As you go over the bar, the bod~~ should be in a horizontal position, the left leg being brought up and over the bar with a twist of the body and an upward swing of the left arm. 
Standing high j1tmp.-The feet must not leaYe the ground bnt 
Play and Athlet1ics 2'7 
once in an attempt. If so, it counts as a trial without result. Throw the body up sidewise to the bar, and throw the right leg over the bar first. Then as the body goes over, swing the left leg up and over. As in the running high jump, do not keep the body in an upright position, for that would require strength to be used that would otherwise help in lifting the rest of the 
body  over  the bar.  As the body goes over, it should be in  a  
horizontal position.  
Riinning broad jump.-There should be  a  take-off board,  2  

inches by 8 inches by 2 feet, finsh with the ground, and the earth should be dug out 3 inches deep for 2 square feet in front. The jump is measured fron1 the take-off, and not from \vhere the Jumper rose. IIence you nn1st practise until you rise easily from the take-off. If you stop OYer it, it is a trial without result, and if you rise back of it, you lose that much distance. The jun1p is n1easured to the nearest mark nlade by any part of the jumper's body. This requires you to keep your balance and not fall or jump backward, on alighting. 
Do not run too far; about fifteen paces is far enough. Prac­tise till you have the strides do\vn so that you ·will rise at the take-off. To get momentu1n, speed is very important, and should be greatest about nine or ten paces fro1n the take-off. ~Tnst before reaching the take-off, you should slacken your speed so as to throw your effort into your spring. The last step should not be long, but should be short and quick. Throw the body up and for\vard, S\vinging the arms up and fonvard also. Brin.~· the knees well up, and do not let then1 down too soon, but throw the1n fonvard. The n1on1entl1n1 of the body will carry it on so that you will not fall back. 
Standing broad j llrnp.-'I'he same rules as to take-off boar.cl, m.easuring, etc., apply in this jump as in the running broad jump. 'rhe feet must not leave the ground but once in nn at­tempt. One con1mon fault with untrained jumpers is not to get the .body high enough in the air. You should give a strong spring upward as \Yell as fonvarcl, and bring the knees '"·ell np in front, throwing the feet forward as you land. 
H op-step-jurnp-'rhe san1e rules as to take-off board, 111easnr­ing, etc., apply in this event as in the broad jun1ps. rrhc jumper must spring from one foot, for otherwise it is not a hop. IIe 
Bulletin of the University of Texas 
must first hop, then step, then jump, and there must be no stop between any two of these. Do not hop or step so far that you have no momentum left for the jump. The jump should be much long.er than either the hop or the step. The step should be the shortest of the three. 
Pole vault.-The pole should be 14 or 16 feet long, and the best material is spruce. A better grip is had if you wind the pole with electric tape. Grasp the pole, thumb up. You ean tell by practise the best place for each hand. One should be a little 
Showing correct form in the pole vault. Notice the vaulter has turned round and is facing the bar as he falls. 
below the cross bar and the other about twice as far above it. If you rise from the left foot, carry the pole on the right side of the body, and swing the body to the right of the pole as you rise, keeping close to it. Begin the run about thirty paces from the bar, and be at top speed about fifteen paces away. The last step should be short so you can throw momentum into the spring. Practise the run until you can place the point of the pole in the hole in front of the take-off accurately without having to 
Play and .A.thletics 2~ 
give it attention. Just as the pole is settled, leap forward and up -vvith all your strength, thrO\Ying the legs upward and giving a strong pull with the arms, at the sa1ne time making a half turn \vith the body so that it faces the bar. As you leap into the air with legs uppermost, slip the lower hand up to the other one. It n1ust not be placed above the other one, nor· can yon raise the upper hand. As your feet and body clear the bar, throw your legs do-vvn\vard, at the same time giving the pole a push as you let it go, thro\Ying the arms up. Thls brings them clear of the bar. 
WEIGHTS 
Pidting the shot.-While \Yeight and strength are very im­portant in this event, yet a great deal depends on forn1. In getting form, learn first the ''reverse,~' then the glide, and finally practise making the connection between the glide and the ''reverse.'' 
In practising the ''reverse,'' stand with left side to the front. Hold the shot in the palm of the hand, grasping it \Yith the fingers and letting it rest a little on the bas.e of fingers. Keep arm close to the body, holding shot well up by the shoulder. The other arm should be stretched out and up, and the body bent back and down. But do not stoop too low in making the put. Now quickly reverse this position, pushing the right arm out and up, taking one step forvvard with right leg, and dra\Ying left arm and leg back. Get all the force and speed possible in this movement. Be sure to keep the shot up and arm close to shoulder. Bring the body around before shooting the arn1 out. 
The glide is made by taking hro steps forvYard fro1n rear of circle, keeping left leg in front. ..A.fter learning the reverse and glide, it is very important to make the reverse after the glide without any stop ·whatever. The glide is to put mo1nentun1 into the reverse, and if any hesitation occurs \Yhatever this inon1entun1 is lost. 
Tlirou·ing the harroner.-Face opposite the direction of the thro\v, reaching around with ham111er as far as you can. Swing it around the head three times, then make the first turn of the body, covering very little distance. The next turn and the next are made at increasing speed. At the end of the third turn you should be against the stop board of the circle. Keep the body 
B ullerin of the i·niversity of Texas 
ahead of the hammer, and stand on the toes ·when thro'\ving. You will have to practise carefully to control the direction of the throw and to stay in the circle. 
THE DISCUS 
The throw of the discus is n1ade in somewhat si1nilar manner to that of the ham1ner, hut "·eight and strength are not so im­portant as skill. The san1e attention n1ust be giYen to getting the glide and the reverse easily and smoothly, and to putting ever increasing speed into the turns. You n1ust he careful here, also, to stay in the circle, for otherwise it is a foul. ..:-\_good deal of attention \Yill have to be giYen to getting the proper hold on the discus. Let it lie flat against the pahn of the hand, spread­ing the fingers out so that the:· grasp the outer edge. Try the stationary throw until yon get that down, before trying the turn. 
BASEBALL THROW 
A baseball throw for distance is ordinarily n1acle after a short run, but it was thought best to require that this event in meets under the direction of the Interscholastic League, should be made from a seven-foot circle as in the hammer, discus, and shot events, as this will call for n1ore skill, and greater control of the body. You should practise to get the right elevation. It is not a good idea to throw too high; about forty-five degrees is best. It is a well known fact that inany of the speediest baseball pitchers cannot throw the ball as far as some fielders \Yho have not so much speed when pitching. This sho\vs the importance of prac­tice. Ko n1atter ho\Y strong you are, you can throw much farther after practising faithfully. 
The baseball throw for accuracy is another good event. Fix a catcher's initt or a pad of son1e kind, about four feet from the ground and 50 or 65 feet a'\Yay. .....\..llow three trials, as in other field events. counting the best one. For touching the mitt but glancing off, allow one point. For hitting the mitt squarely, allow five points. If there is a tie between teams, move the line back five yards and then have them throw again. If there is still a tie, allow one point inore to the team hitting the mark squarely the greatest number of times. 
THE TRAINING OF, YOUNG ATHLETES 
BY F. L. ("TEXAS") RAMSDELL 
Begin Training Early 
It is desirable to begin training for track athletics early in the ·winter or even in the fall, for in n1ost parts of this branch of sport it takes tin1e and patience to acquire the "form" that is necessary for success. In Texas, moreover, it is generally possible to train out doors all the ·winter. In this respect Texas boys have a great advantage over those in the North, for out­door training, except in bad 'veather, is far n1ore beneficial than that in a gyrnnasium. 
One of the most essential things for this i;vinter training is to keep colds fro1n settling in the n1nscles of the young ath­letes, especially the runners. The best \vay to do this is to have each runner vYear a heavy pair of long underdra-\Yers whjle he is out on the track. These should be 'vorn until spring, 'vhen all chance for cold is gone. If a cold once gets into a runner's n1nsc1es, it 'vill give trouble for a long time and may cause a soreness that vvill last all season. During the time the boys are 'vearjng these dra,vers, never let then1 pull them off to take starts or trials. They should do their 'vork ·with them on. 
The Track Work. Care at the First of the Season, 
The trainer cannot he too careful at the first of the season, especially \vith beginners or even with boys 'vho have pre­viously done track 'vork. On the first day out they 'vill 'Yant to run races among them~elves and to put in every particle of energy they have. As a result they frequently become sore and stiff and then get discouraged because they fall into 'vorse physical condition than before they began training. Then, too, they find themselves incapable of doing as well as they expected and soon convince themselves that they can never become track athletes. At first, do not let them vvork hard or long at a time. It is necessary only for then1 to get the desired n1uscular action, to acquire better muscular coordination. If the training is be­gun in the spring, it is even 111ore necessary not to let then1 'vork too hard at first. Let the runners go only at about three-fourth speed, and "-hen the \York begins to punish them let then1 slo"· dcnvn to a jog and a ft.er gettjng rested go again. Be careful not to give the1n too long a "\VOr k-out." The point is never to let the1n \York <lo"-n completely in practice~ but to see that thev reserve their strengih for later effort. and in the 
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n1eanti1ne acquire good n1uscular coordination. If this sort of practice is given regularly you 'vill soon find them able to go a little farther each day. 
"TI'anning Up" 
In all cases a runner should spend a great deal of ti1ne in 'varming up before a race or ha1J practice; and under no con­sideration should he exert hjmself greatly unless his inuscle~ are properly 'varn1ed and loosened up. Other,vise, he is likely to ''pull'' a tendon; and ,,-hen once this has happened, that tendon can never be depended upon again. Ninety-nine out of every hundred troubles of this sort are caused by not 'varming up properly. The be.st 'vay to 'varm up is to take easy S\vings up and do"·n the track, gradually letting the muscles w·arm by this light use, and then dance up and <lo,,-n on the toes: hrjng­ing the knees up to the chest. The first should be practiced by distance men, 'vhile both should be used by sprinters. Sprinters should take especial care to get properly \varmed up, because the sudden and strenuous exertion required of them is the most likelv to cause trouble. On the dav of the race have 
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the runner go out half an hour before the race-especially if it is a cool day-and spend sorne ten or fifteen minutes ''arm­ing up; then have him co1ne in and have his nluscles ·well rub­bed, and keep him covered up warm until his race. Then, be­fore he goes to his n1arks, have him spend a little tin1e dancing about on his toes to get his muscles properly loosened. When \Yaiting at the I11arks before a race, never keep still. keep dancing. If one stands still for a moment, the muscles \Yill be­come set and \Yill not respond nearly as ·well as they should. 
Training tlie Runners 
Trainers often nlake the inistake of spending too inuch ti1ne 
Play and _J_thletics 
in coaching the sprjnters to get a quick start, saying that the sprint is ·won or lost there. That ·would be true onlv " 'vhen the runners are of equal speed and strength, and it 1nay hold for a very short sprint like the 50-yard dash; but it is a n1istake for the standard distances. ~!\. quick start is very in1portant, bnt it is not nearly as jn1portant as a strong finish. GeneraJl:,~, the man 'vho 'vins races is not the one 'vho is first a'yay fron1 his holes, but the first into his running, provide(1 he has any ''running,'' and then has the strength to finish hard. I-I ave the sprinter spend n1ost of hfa tin1e jn s'vinging along at about threefourths speed--a good fast s'ving. I-Ie should just let his legs carry hin1 along, rnnning sn1oot11ly, ·with a good stride. Have him s·wing any·where from 100 to 250 yards, fiye or six times, after he onre gets \vanned np, until it begins to ''pull''; then stop, dance arouncl a hit and go again. But an the tin1e he should keep inoving ·while in his running clothes. I-IaYe hi1n \vork out of his holes only enough to keep fan:iliar 'Yith the111, and enough to connect his start quickly ·with his running stride. 
By the swings he increases his speed, endurance, and stride: 'vhile the thing to "·ork for in the starts, about one <1fternoon a ·week, is to get the con11ection bet'\Yeen the start and the run­ning stride as soon as possible. In the start, the n1ain thing is the concentratjon of rnind npon the exertion of all th8 111use:ular energies the instant tl1e gnn is fired. 
For the longer runs, I have found jt best in gener.'.ll to \York a man beyond the requirrd distance at a slightly reduced speed to develop strength and endurance, and under the re­quired distance at a slightly greater speed to develop speed and staying ability. In the first I should say about one and one­half tin1es the distance, \vhile in the latter, about thl'ee-fourths the distance. (But in no case let your runner run until he is exhausted.) This ·will apply generally from the quarter mile up. Ho·wever, I have found better results by sticking mostly to the under distance in the quarter, though that depends on the stvle of race he is to run. The stvle I like best in this race
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is to run from the shot of the gun all the 'vay-that is, do not save back for a sprint at the finish. The quarter is, in fact, the hardest race on the program. n'Iy method for it is to start training the sprinter at the gait you expect him to have to run it-say, 52 seconds-and tell him to keep that gait until he 
B ullet,in of the [T niuersity of Texas 
begins to tire, then to slo"\v do"\\n to a jog. Ile should do this each day, after he has properly "\Yar1ned up. You 'vill find that he "·ill be able to get a litt] e farther every day·, until he gets around 350 or 400 yards. Then the excitement of the race "\Yill easilv carr'T him the re1nainjn2· distance. 
"' . ~ 
Ren1en1ber never to let a boy run himself out completely ex­cept in a race. In a race he is out to "·in, hut in practice he is preparing him.self for the race and should, therefore, build up and conserYe his physical energy in order to accu1nulate a large store for the great event. It is obvious .that if he is allo"\ved to run his strength out each day in practice he "\Yill not have the extra a111ount needed on the day of the race. Often you hear of a sprinter running a '"onderful trial race a day or t"\vo before a n1eet and then not being a hle to repeat it on the day "\vhen he needs to. This is because he had exhausted his strength in the trial race and did not have sufficient ti111e to restore it for the final race. The san1e is true of all athletes, the jun1pers, vaulters and even the '"eight n1en. Xever let vour inan trv his 
'-' ., ' 
best for the fuH distance oftener than once in each 'veek. Don't let the runner carry a stop-\\·atch, nor let him see you holding a 'vatch on hin1, except no\\ and then 'vhen estimating his pace. \Vhen constantly used, it does nlore harm than good. 
TI-IE FIELD EVEXTS 
Form is required inore in the field events than in the track ·events~ for, "\Yhile n1any good rum1ers have different styles of runninQ'. in the field eYents the reQ·ulation forn1 is ver'? essen­
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tial. Therefore, in these it is especially necessary to begin ·work ·early in the year. In these, too, one should vi·arn1 up gradually before trying hard, and in the ju1nps and pole yaults the "\\ann­ing up is just as essential as in the sprints and practically of the sa1ne nature. 
The hannner depends on the nun1ber of turns taken. Of course, the fonn is the sa111e~ only, the n1ore turns taken the less care can be taken for each turn. The left foot is kept on the ground and is slid back eYcn just as essenti~1l as in the sprints and of practically the san1e nature. 
The han1n1er and discus are ,,·orked on the same principle, that LS. the turn is. One of the n1ost essential things in the 
Play and Athletics 
throwing of these js to keep on the ground. Do not jump up in the air when turning. If so, you lose your purchase and the ground and you have no power back of your heave. 
With the discus it is simply two quick s'vinging steps ·with the power of legs, body, and arm. back of the thro\v when turned loose. On the beginning of the turns the hammer is ahead of the man pulling hi1n around, but in making the swing around the man gets ahead of the hammer, and it again passes him about the time he slides the left foot back. So the han1mer and man pass each other twice in making each turn. 
The best ·way to get both the hamn1er and discus is to study it out for yourself. It will soon beco1ne cl ear to you. 
In turning the hammer loose ahvays thro\v it oYer your shoulder and never under, as the required elevation can not be got from belo\v your shoulders. An elevation of about 45 degrees is what you should work for in all the weight events. The essential thing in the shot put is the simultaneous drive from leg, body, and arms. In the pole vault it is to get the slide; in the high jump, the kick and turn as the jumper rises above the bar. 
In starting off with a beginner it is a good thing to put a short handle on the hammer until he gets the required form, then gradually extend it to the proper length. Don't let a boy become discouraged because he does not do ·well at first. It usually takes a long time for a man to become a good vaulter or hammer thro\ver. 
''CONDITIONING'' 
One of the most necessary. thin!l'S for the trainer to do is to 
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make a study of the habits and disposition of each individual he is trying to trajn. You rarely find t\vo persons of exactly the same temperament, and, therefore, the \vork that suits one may not suit the other at all. A nervous, high strung boy should never be made to do the sa1ne arnount of \York as a slo\v, phleg­matic one. Som.etimes you \vill see a trainer trying to nlake a \Vhole squad of young fello"rs do the sa1ne kind and an1ount of \York and \vondering ·why some of them progress and others become stale. .Always watch the men carefully and give them the -vvork they seem to reqnire. .Al\yays fit the \vork to suit the individual and never, under any circun1stances, try to make 
Bullet-in of the University of Texas 
the individual fit the ·work. The central do1ninating purpose in the trainin<)' is to ·work to get the athlete ·into the best phy­
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sical condition possible at the ti1ne of the contest-not a ·week before or a 'veek after, but on the day. It takes an experienced n1an to do that, and often he goes 'vrong. .A..11 \Yi11 agree that for an athlete to put forth his best efforts, he inust be in his hest condition. It is in bringing about this condition that the trainers differ. 
The hardest problem that confronts the trainer is to keep his n1en in condition after he once gets them there. It is impos­sible for a man to keep on a keen edge for a race any great length of tin1e, therefore m.ost trainers like to have a particular contest before then1 to \vork to,vards, and then try to bring the men into condition gradually so that they w·ill be in the best of condition on the day of the n1eet. This is \Yhere the trainer must use ·inchtment and con1111on sense and exercise restraint.
v ,_ 
Often a 111an runs a good race in a preliminary meet a fe,v 'veeks before the big event and then ''goes back'' before the real race comes off. That means that he has become stale. He did too n1uch 'York and trained himself to too fine a point. It is better, '"hen the great event of the season is at the close. to lose the early meets than to overtrain your n1en for the1n and run the risk of having-the1n stale at the tin1e of the great contest. 
Kever let the athlete use stimulants of any kind nor eat pies or any kind of pastry, coffee, greasy meats, biscuits or hot cakes "\vhile training. EYerybody knovvs the harmful effects of stin1ulants. The other things are hard to digest, and, by ren1aining as a load in the stomach, tend to reduce the strength of the athlete, keeping hi1n out of "condition." 
A great many boys think that they should he in condition after training for two or three \Veeks. At the best this is im­possible, for it takes more tin1e than that to bring about the proper nn1Scnlar developn1ent; and 'vhen boys have been going along for forty-nine or fifty \Yeeks in a year, smoking and other,Yise violating training· rules, it is absolutely absurd to think they can get the effects all out of their svsten1 and he
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strong in a couple of 'veeks. To be an athlete one should take the best care of himself all the time. The better care he takes 
Play and Athletics 
during the ·winter, the better and quicker he \vill find his form in the spring. 
You sometjmes hear doctors conden1n athletics as injurious, saying that it causes the heart to become enlarged, and, in after years, fat and flabby. This is true in lots of cases, but it is not the athletics that hurts, it is the sudden change from training to ''breaking training.'' The n1an ·who lives a good, moderate and clean life the year round js not hurt hy athletics. The man ''rho has the fat and enlarged heart is the one \vho breaks training after football and track season by getting on a spree for a fevv days. It has been clearly proven that a properly trained and clean-living athlete ·will not be bothered ·with an enlarged heart. So if you lead a clean, consistent life, don't be afraid; athletics 'von't bother your heart, but ·will strengthen it. 
IV 

MISCEI.1I.J....i1NEOUS G_.i\.1V1ES 
The constant aim of every teacher should be so to organize the playground games that the largest number of pupils pos­sible will participate in them. For that reason, preference should be given to those contests in ·which there may be a great many on a side. The ·wis.e teacher Virill not attempt to introduce every game to be found in a playground manual, but ·will select those few, say one or tViro for each group, which seem to appeal to the pupils most and which 'vill engage large numbers-bearing in mind, of course, the educational value which the particular game in each case possesses. 
In genera1, games are either team-games or they are individ­ualistic. The former, such as football, baseball, basket-ball, etc., when properly directed. teach the important lesson of co-opera­tion, or team-,York. The latter, including track and field events, develop individual pro·wess solely. Both kinds of games are valuable; but perhaps relatively the tea1n games should be stressed more than the other kind, since team-work seems to be one of the most deeply felt needs of American life. In giving a place to such games, however, care should be exer­cised to see that the socializing, co-operative qualities are en­couraged and brought out, and that the objectionable features so frequently accompanying such contests are reduced to a minimum. Since football, baseball, and basket-ball are games that require the assistance of a coach who has had actual play­ing experience, no space is given in this bulletin to a treatment of those games. Such feVir suggestions as might have been in­cluded herein would not he of use to a team that has no coach, and \vould be needless to a team with one. For printed material on the subjects mentioned, the high school player or coach is referred to the books given in the bibliography in the back of this bulletin. 
One 'vord, however, should be said about the much discussed and much abused subject of football. One great objection to football as a school game comes from the keen rivalry and 
Play and Athletics 
the anxiety to \Vin, ·which is liable to lead teachers as well as students to give too much tin1e to it, to resort to questionable n1eans in order to "'"in, and to harbor suspicions and jll-feeling against opposing teams. There is really no necessity for such a state of affairs, and teachers and students alike are appealed to, to unite in an effort to raise this fine game above the re­proaches to \vhich it is sometimes subjected because of the over­zealous efforts to ·win. Let us keep always uppermost in our minds the determination to play fairly and to have respect for officials. Ahvays ha,.e a thorough understanding \Vith op­posing teams as to terms and rules before the game, and then \vhen it is over abide by the result. Ahvays let the visiting tean1 be treated as guests, both before and after the game. See that every precaution is taken to keep the field clear of' spectators, and let coaches impress upon their players the prin­ciples of clean playing. \Vhenever it is necessary to go out­side of the school faculty to get a coach, let him and the prin­cipal have a thorough understanding as to the conduct of play­ers, time of practice, eligibility list, and schedule. Let the ar­rangen1ent \vith other teams ahvays be between faculty man­agers and not students, and let these arrangements be made as far ahead as possible. Do not schedule more than si:s. or eight games \vith other schools during a season. Encourage class games. In the cities there could be a series of games among the ward schools. 
Extra precaution must be taken against over-exertion, espe­cially by younger boys and by those who have been injured. No boy should be allowed in a football game who is not of high vitality and free from constitutional weakness, and in every case a player \v·ho has been injured should be compelled to leave the game. Strict insistence shonld be made upon scholastic standards on the part of high school players. Not only will this help the school studies, but it \vill help to keep down pro­fessionalism. 
SIKGLE RELAY 
This race is suitable to teams having large numbers. Like any other relay race, there must be the same number in each tean1, and each contestant runs only once. Each team is in single file behind the starting line. The first runner dashes 
Bulletin of' the C)licusily of TcJas 
for.varcl, touches a line fifteen yards in front, returns, a11d touches of-i the next runner, ·who runs as the first one did, and so on. The tcan1 ·whose last runner first crosses the finish line 
'Vl11S. SHUTTLE REL.A Y 
DiYide each tea1n into hvo equal numbers, facing each other 15 yards apart. The first runner of one division runs across and tonches off the first one in the second division, 'vho runs back and ton{:hes off ~'\o. 2 in the first division, and so on. The tean1 'vhose last runner first crosses the finish line "·ins. 
POTATO SITCTTLE RELAY 
Line up as in shnttle relay, on lines 18 yards apart. On a line straigl1t fro1n the center of each team and five yards fron1 the line, plaee a basket containing four potatoes. The first runner n1nst take these potatoes, one at a time, and place the first one h\·o yards beyond the basket, the next t'vo yards beyond that. and so on. He then runs on and touches off the first runner in the seeond clivision, 'vho 1nust replace the pota­toes, one at a time, in the hasket, and touch off Xo. 2 in the first division, 'vho distributes the potatoes again, and so on. The last rnnner, after replacing the potatoes in the basket, finishes in a dash across the line back of the basket. This re­quires that the nu1nber on a tearn be even, and not odd. 
ALL-L"P RELAY 
Line up as in single relay. Fifteen yards in front of each line are 1'1:0 3-foot circles touching each other and parallel 'vith the starting ljne. In one circle are three Indian clubs or si1nilar objects~ standing upright. The first runner of a team rnns for­1vard, moves the clubs fro1n one circle to the other, using only one hand, and returns, touching off runner No. 2, 'vho runs and moves the clubs hack to tbe first circle, and so on. The clubs mnst be left upright each time. Otlter·wise, the rnnner 1nust return and place then1 upright before touching off another run· ner. The last runner 1-0 n1ove the clubs finishes in a dash over the line, and the one who finishes first, wins. 
Play and Liihletics 
PASS BALL RELAY 

Tea111s line up in single file parallel \Yith each other. r_rhe one in front, at the si.gnal passes a bask:et hall over his head to the one behind, \Vho passes it overhead to the next one, and so on. rrhe last one in the line, on receiving the ball, runs around a fixed point in front and hands the ball to the one in the front of the line, and then takes position in front. The ball is passed back as before. \Yhen the one who vvas in front at first is in front again, the race is over. 
TUG-OF-\VAR 
There n1ay he a very large nun1her on a side, hut it is usually best to lin1it the nu1nber to not n1ore than t\velve on a side. The rope shonld be either fonr-and-a-half or five inches in cir­cnmference and made of Inanilla. rfhere should be a c}a111p fixed at the m.iddle, and the nearest contestant on either side should not be nearer than three feet of this clamp. There should be another clamp at the 3-foot mark on either side of the middle, to indicate this point, but it n1ust he in front of the front contestant's hand. There must be no knots or other obstructions on the rope, and contestants must not \vrap the rope around their arn1s, legs, or bodies, nor may they "·ear glov·es or shields on the hands. '1,lH~Y may use adhesive sub­stances on the hands. ~o \\'"eights shall he \vorn except \Yl1ere tea1ns are lin1ited as to \Yeight. If the required distance is not n1ade by either side after five minutes, a rest of t\vo n1inutes shall be allo\Yed, and if after another fiye minutes' pull the dis­tance has not heen 111ade, the a\vard shall he made to the tea1n J1aving n1ade the farthest pull. 
VOLLEY BALL 
T11is grnne is hero111ing very popular, and rightly so. It is the best of exerei~e fnr st11dents ,,-ho lHlYe sp<'nt hours sented at deslzs \Yith slionklers hcnt, or for other classes of people \vho get litt]e ex-creise of thr arn1s, el1est, and bark. It n1a:v be played on conrts of eyery size. and h~r ::ln~· nnmber on a side. The sta11clard ronrt is 2;) feet hy GO feet, "·ith a n?t 27 feet long and 7 feet 6 jnches high at the n1iddle, siretrhed across the middle of t11e c·ourt parallel \vith the ends, and attached to 

A VOLLEY BALL GAME. 
Notice position of server, and also of other players. The three front players of the server's side have turned to get their eyes on the ball as it is served. 
Play and Athletics 
posts 1 foot fron1 the sides. Enlarge the court to suit large numbers of players. The ball is of rubber, from 25 inches to 27 inches in circumference, and from 9 to 12 ounces in weight. It costs from $2.50 to $4.00. The server stands with one foot on the back line. Ile bats the ball with open hand over the net into any part of the other court. A server may have two trials if the ball hits the net and rolls over into the court. If it does not go into the other court he loses his serve. A server continues to serve until he is retired by his failure to serve properly or the failure of his side to return properly. If the other side fails to return properly, it counts one point for the server's side. T,venty-one points make a game. 
A servic.e that would strike the net may be hit by another of the server's side and if it falls over the net in the other court it is a good service. 
To be returned, a ball must be hit by a player's open hand or hands before touching-the ground, and knocked over the net vYith or "\vithout touching it, into the other court. You must not allo1v the ball to touch your body, and you must not touch the net "\vith your arms or body. You must not hit the ball twice before another of your side has hit it, but after the ball has been hit by another of your side, you rnay hit it and knock it over. Players on a side take their turns in Rerving. 
A good player will cover a certain part of his conrt, and "\York with his team-mates. I-le ·will strike the ball with both hands, and pass to his team-mate at proper times. He will "\Vatch for uncovered spots in the other court, and try to put the ball there. 
END BALL 
This is a fine game for large nnn1bers as a preparation for captain ball or basket-ball. It is especially good for girls. 
Use a basket-ball. The court is 30 feet square, but may be larger to suit the number of players. Divide court into bvo equal parts, and draw a line parallel with center line, and 3 feet from each end line. In this end space put one-third of a team, and the other two-thirds on opposite side of center line. The ball is tossed up by official between two ''guards'' at the center. The one touching it first gets a free thro"\v. The ob­ject is to throvv the ball over the heads of opponents to one's 
Bulletin of the [·niucrsity of Texas 
end players in the end space. EYery ti1ne a ba1l is caught hy an end player, it counts one point. A gan1e lasts twenty min­utes, di \·idecl into two ten-1ninute halves, 'vi th a three-or five­111inute rest l>et"·een. 
It is a foul to allo-vv a balJ to roll into opponent's territory, to push, pull, or otherw,.ise play roughly. On a foul, the oppos­ing tea1n gets a free thro,Y, and 'vhen ball rolls into opponent's territory, it counts one point for opponents. If ball goes out of bounds, the p1ayer on "'"hose side it 'vent out may return it to a tean1-1nate on opposite side of court. 
BOUND.ARY BALL 
Played with a Basketball 
Boundary ball is good training for basketball. It n1ay be played by fron1 six to fifty on a side. Divide the field into t"·o equal parts. Plaee a team in parallel lines in each half of the field, the front line being 10 feet back of center line. 
One player stands on his front line and starts game by trying to thrO'w ball so that it 'vill fall to the ground beyond the op­ponents' rear boundary line. The opponents n1ay move up and do"'n field to prevent this or to catch the ball. \\7here it is caught, that tea1n lines up there and back of the spot 'vhere ball vi·as caught~ and the player tries to thrO'w the ball back oYer the rear line of opponents. E'ach time hall falls over opponent's rear boundary line, it counts one point, and a game is five points. It is a foul to go into opponent's territory or beyond one's rear boundary line. On a foul, ball goes to op­ponents for a throvv. 
CORXER BALL 
Played by a basketball, "'(.vith from six to fifty on a side. Di­vide :field into t'vo equal parts, and in rear corners n1ark off goals 4 feet square. Players stand at even distances over field, one tea1n on each side of center line, except that a goal man is in each goal at rear of opponent's field. The ball is started as in end ball, by a player at center. Each side tries to thro'v ball oYer opponents to the goal n1en. Each tin1e such a hall is cauµ:ht by a g·oal man, it is 1 point. and a garne equals 21 points. \Vhen he catches the ball the goal inan tries to thro'v it back to 
Play and £1thletics 
his side for another atten1pt, and the other side tries to inter­rupt the throw. It is a foul to step outside of one's goal or for another player to step into his opponent's goal. On a foul, the ball goes to the other side for a thro\v fron1 the center. 
y-on mnst not run \vith the ball. Have team \Vork. J)o not thro\v too far, but pass to tean1-matcs. Do not bunch np. l\Iake yonr throvvs high an(l \vell ai1ned. 
PASS AND GOAL BALL 
This is a most exr.e1lent game, combining as it does the three features of speec1, accuracy: and interest. Another advantage is that a large nnmber inay take part. 
Each team has a basketball and basketball goal. Each tea1n lines up in single file back of its goal, vvjth nearest inan 6 feet from the goal, and the players at equal distances apart. The ball is passed fron1 the player farthest from the goal to the next man, and so on until it reac.hes the one nearest the goal, \vho tries to thro\v the ball in the basket, and keeps trying till he succeeds. Ile then runs to the rear of the line, and passes the ball to the next man, vvho passes it to the next, and so on, each man having moved up one place. \Vhen the last player has made the goal and raced baek to the rear of the ljne, the gmne is over, and the side which finished first, vvins. 
CAPTAIN BALL 
This game is played vvith a basketball, and there n1a:~ be from ten to sixteen players on a side. Ilave a 3-foot strip diYid­ing ground into equal parts. On each side, in a sen1icircle. ar­range bases 2 feet in diameter, 6 feet apart, the nearest being at least 6 feet from the central strip, and a captain's base being inside each string of outer bases, at least 10 feet from them. A baseman stands in each outer base, with the cap­tain in the inside base. On the outside of each base is a guard of the opposing tearn. The referee tosses up the ball in the neutral strip between t\vo guards. The first to catch it ·with both hands has the throvv. The object is to pass the ball to one's hase1nen. Each time it is caught by a baseman after a throw fron1 another of that team's basemen, except the cap­tain, it counts one point, and each foul counts one point for 
Bulletin of the University of Texas 
the other side. If the captain catches the ball after a catch b.v each baseman in succession, it counts two points, and it also counts t\YO extra points \vhen all the outer basemen have caught the ball in the same play. 
A catch by a captain fron1 an outer baseman scores. 
A catch from the captain does not score. 
A second catch by the same baseman in the same play does not score. 
It is a foul (a) to take more than one step \vith ball; (b) to hold it longer than 3 seconds; ( c) to touch it \Yhile held by an opponent; ( d) to touch or trip an opponent; ( e) for guards to step into neutral or opponent's territory; (f) for guards to step into a base; (g) for a baseman to step out of his base with both feet at a tin1e. 
THREE DEEP 
Three deep is especially popular \vith the younger children, but it is also frequently played by high school pupils \vith much enthusias111. Its fun-giving qualities are unlimited. From eight to thirty can play it at a time. Arrange the players, ex­cept t\vo, in pairs and let them stand in a circle, one player of a pair behind the other, and all facing the center of the circle. One of the tw·o extra players chases the other one. The latter can dodge in and out of the circle at \vill. If he stops in front of a pair of players facing the center of the circle, he cannot then be caught; but that n1akes ''three deep,'' and the one of the three "~ho is in the rear then becomes ''it'' and must run or be caught. V{hen caught, a player has to do the chasing, and the forn1er chaser may take his stand in front of any pair, thus nlaking ''three deep,'' so that the rear player becomes ''it'' and 111ust run. 
TEXKIS 
The follovdng advice on tennis "~as \vritten by Dean John 
H. I(een of Southern l\Iethodist University, one of the best kno\Yn tennis players o.f Texas. It is printed here \Yith his pern11ss1on. 
The notion that tennis is a lady ~s game has passed. Endur­ing \Yind and trained n1uscles are necessary to the inodern ga1ne. Endurance nnlSt be the result of persistent effort on 
Play and Athletics 
the part of the player, it cannot he taught him by another. Skill, ho-wever, can be acquired much more rapidly, if a few suggestions as to practice are heeded by the coming tennis players of Texas. 
1. .P_._djust the net to the correct height. 1\1easure center by standing one racket on end and placing another racket ·with boi;,vl edgei;,vise on the top of the standing racket. The top of 
JOSEPH AKIN, JR. HE~RY AKIN. Wichita Falls High School, second honors in state tennis meet of the University Interscholastic League, 1915. 
the net onght to be even i;,vith the top edge of the upper racket. 
2. l\Iake your court hard and smooth. A split-log drag is the best simple instrument for sn1oothing surface. \Vet the court and roll it i;,vhen von can. 1\1ake lines of ljme instead of 
~ 
tape. Court length is 78 feet, \vidth 36 feet, service court 21 feet on erich side of net, i;,-riclth of single court 27 feet. 
3. Service. Stand behhnl the line of court. Doth feet must 
B1dlctin of' the [~nivcrsity of Tc.ca J 
be at rest bef0re the serYe. One foot Inay be rai;.;cd during nd of scrYinµ·. but no lwp or jump or any fcr1sanl 111otion h>· t11e feet is a1lo"·ed nntil the racket tonc·hes the ball. One foot n1nst ahYnYs be still on the o-ronnd c1ul'ill£!.' the serYe. It is Y()l'Y in1­
~ ~ ~-' 
portant to obserYe this in practice, for in tournaments, the nm­pire \Yill call these ser\·ice faults again.st the scrYer, each fault constitutes a serdce fault. 
Rai~e the ball high oYer the head as possible '.incl hit it as it con1es dov:n. ......\.i111 at the far side of the serYiee court. It is much better to put a serYice out than into the net. Learn to get the first serYice in. 
-±. Strokes. .Accuracy. shonld be the first ai111 of bc!!·inners. 
~ 
Speed will be added later. Place ba11~ along the side lines or at the feet of the receiYer. ...:\1,,-ays play the ball deep-to\Yard back line. 
Both backhand and forelrnncl strokes should be niade \Yith the san1c face of the raeket, shift your grip a little. Follo\Y the ball through \Yith >·onr r~cket. Llon't pu.sh it. Cse your back­hand stroke. don ~t run arcn"!nd the ball to take it on >·our fore­hand. The lob (high return) should be n1acle Bs deep into the receiver's court as possible. 
5. Position. In single~, when serYing:, stand nrar the inid<l11,~ line. That enables you to coYer the court 1nore effc-ctiYely. If you are playing back~ stnnd bc,hin.:1 t11e back rourt line: if you play net, stand three feet inside the serYic:e court. 
In doubles~ the whole ai1n is to "·in the net pcsition. If your opponents are back~ al\yays rn~h the net-stand about three feet inside the serYice line. If your opponrnts haYe gotten to the net, stay back and lob then1 clc:ep, endeaYoring to clriYe the1n bnck so ~·on rnn take the net. ::\fo~t ~·oung pla~·crs grt too r lose to the net. It is an error to hit a baH before it con1cs oYer the net, or to run into or hit the nrt in any \Yay. 
6. Rackets. P ..A... \'"ai1e. the tennis expert of ...:\mcriea~ says: ''Chean raekl'ts are g·enera11Y clear. Don't bnY rubbish.'' ...\ 
.... "-· t. ll 
man should use a 1-! oz. racket, a lady a 13 oz. rnc·ket. Don't use too heaYY a racket: it 111akes for slo\Y strokes. BuY a g·ood 
t ' • ..... 
racket and "·hen the string·s break .YOU can haYe it restnnH?.' and 
'-~ 
it ·will be as g·ood as new. Cheap rackets cannot 'Yell ·stnncl the strain of good strings. It will cost you only $2.50 to haYe ~·our 
Play and Athletics 
racket restrung with the best gut made, and you will be deprived of the use of your racket only one day plus transportation. 
CLASS AVERAGE CONTESTS 
Class average contests are for the .purpose of getting the entire body of students to take part in games and athletics. Since they reach those students who need attention most, such contests should receive every encouragement from the teacher. 
The groups may be on basis of school, grade, age, weight, or height. Where there is competition among several schools for the highest school average, it may not be necessary to make any division as to weight, class, etc., if the schools are anything like the same size and kind. 
At least 80 per cent of a group should be required to take part in each event selected. The average is found by adding the total number of points made in each event, dividing this by the number taking part or by 80 per cent of the group where le88 than 80 per cent take part, and then dividing the sum of aver­ages in the various events by the number of events. The result would be the all-round class or school averag·e. 
There may be competition between classes in a school or be­tween different schools as to highest average maJ.e by any one class. For instance, there may be a contest between the sixth and seventh grades in a school for the highest average, giving a slight handicap in favor of the sixth grade, or in favor of all in either grade who are below a certain weight or height. There may be contests between all the high school grades on the same basis. Several schools may compete for the highest average made by some particular grade, or by a particular weight or height class. 
A plan for a county-wide contest in this most desirable form of athletics was first worked out by Mr. E. L. Allen and adopted by the schools of \\Testchester county, N. Y., in 1910. So successful did it prove and so obvious were its good points that county schools in various parts of the country have recently adopted it. A description of the plan mentioned may be had from the Y. M. 
C. A. Press, at 124 East T\venty-eighth Street, New York, for 10 cents. 
The plan mentioned above is for boys only. Below is given a modified form of the plan, made simpler by reducing the five -yveight classes to three and containing a Girls' Division. 
Bulletin of the Fniversity of Texas 
CLASS .ATHLETICS FOR HIGHEST AVERAGE ST.ANDIKG 
General Rules 
1. 
Eligibi"lity.-Every boy \Yeighing 60 pounds and every girl 9 years old or over is eligible, unless pronounced b:v teacher or physician to be physically unfit, or unless \Yritten objection is ·made by the parent. 

2. 
Every eligible pupil c01npetes in each event. 

3. 
The record in each eYent is found b~· dividing the total number of points inade by all pnpils in a class by the number taking part or by the nn1nber of eligibles. If the number of eligibles is less than 80 per cent of the class, diYicle by the number representing 80 per cent of the class. 

4. 
The records for all eYents, for a class, is found by diYid­ing the sun1 of records in the yarions events, by the number of events, or by four for boys and three for girls. The school record for BoYs' or Girls' Division is found hv diYiding-the sum of the


.... t/ ... _ 
records of the three classes of a division by three. The ...:-'\..11­Round School Record is found by averRging the records of Boys' and Girls' Divisions. 
5. 
For boys, there are three \Yeight classes. as follows: 100-lb. class, or all \Yeighing 60 lbs. and not over 100 lbs. 125-lb. class, or all \Yeighing over 100 lbs. and not over 12;) lbs. lTnlin1ited class, or all \Yeighing over 125 lbs. 

6. 
For girls, there are three classes according to Rge, as fol­lows: 12-year class, or all 9 years old and not 13. 14-year class, or all 13 years old and not 15. cnli111ited class, or all 15 and over. 

7. 
.A.. boy is -Yveighed on the day of the first event. He inust be weighed by the teacher, and inust be in his shirt sleeves and with shoes on. A girl's class is determined by her age on the day of the first event. 

8. 
There are four events for boys and three for girls. It would be well to hold the events in the order given in this bulle­tin. Xo bYo events for one division should be held nearer to­gether than two weeks. 

9. 
Each contestant scoring 50 points in eac11 event will be placed in the I-Ionor List as being up to the average all-round athletic standard, and each boy or girl \Yho scores 100 points in 


Play and Athletics 51 
each event \Yill be placed in the 100-Point Class and should be presented \Yith an appropriate badge. 
10. 
..A_ con1plete record of each contestant sbould be pre­served, and his or her ranking \Yith all the contestants of the school or connty should be made. 

11. 
Chanipionships.-(1) The \Yeight-or age-class having highest r311king in a school is a \Y eight-or Age-Class Chainpion of the School. 


(2) The \Yeight-or age-class haYing highest ranking of all schools in the smne \\·ei£d1t-or ag·c-class Trill be \Yeizht-or ~-1.Q·e­
..__ ~ ..._ .......... 

Class Chmnpion of the County for that \reight-0r age-class. 
(
3) The weig11t-or age-class having highest ranking of all \YeigL ·ht-or ag' ·e-classes of all schools will be ~-\..ll-Round-\Veistht--or Age-Class Chmnpion of the County. 

(
4) The school having highest ranking in Boys' or Girls' Division, of all schools in the county: \Yill be School Cha1npion of the Countv in that division. 


~ 
(
5) The school having highest aYerage ranking in both di­visions 'Xill be AH-Round School Cha1npion of the County. 

(
6) The individual having highest standing in the school in his or her di<;:ision ·wjJl be IndiYidnal Champion of the School for that division. 

(7) 
The indiYidual having highest standing in his class in the county \Yill be individual champion of the county for that class. 

(8) 
The individual having highest standing in the county for all classes \vill be _All-Round Individual Chan1pion of the County. 


BOYS' DIYISIOX 
Events and basis of scoring are given belo\v: 
I-1011 or 
100-lb. class­Pojnts. Standard. 100 Points. Standing broad jl11np .. 3 ft. 11 in. 6 ft. 8 ft. 1 in. 80-ycl. dash ......... . 14 sec. 12 sec. 10 sec. 
') .
Chinning . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._,times 7 ti1ncs 11 tin1es Baseball thrO\\.........100 ft. 150 ft. 200 ft. 
Bulletin of the Univers-ity of Texas 
Honor  
125-lb. Class- Points  Standard.  100 Points.  
Standing broad jump. .  4 ft. 8 in.  6 ft. 6 in.  8 ft. 10 in.  
100-yd. dash. . . . . . . . . .  15 3/5 sec.  13 3/5 sec.  113/5 sec.  
Chinning  ............ .  4 times  8 times  12 times  
Running broad jump ..  8 ft. 6 in.  12 ft. 8 in.  16 ft.10 in.  
Unlimited Class- 
Standing broad jump. .  5 ft. 5 in.  7 ft. 6 in.  9 ft. 7 in.  
100-yd. dash. . . . . . . . . .  14 sec.  12 sec.  10 sec.  
Running high jun1p. . . .  3 ft. 31;2 in. 4 ft. 4 in.  5ft. 41t'2 in.  
Putting 8-lb. shot ...... 22 ft. 6 in.  35 ft.  47 ft. 6 in.  

Points shall be scored as follows: Dashes, for each 1/5 sec. better than minimum..........5 pts. Standing broad jump, for each 1/2 jn, better than minimum .1 pt. Chinning, for each time bett~r than minimum ........121;2 pts. Running broad jump, for each inch better than minimum .1 pt. Running high jump, for each 1t4: in. better than minimum .1 pt. Putting 8-lb. shot, for each 3 inches better than minjmum .1 pt. Baseball throw, for each foot better than minimum ......1 pt. 
GIRLS' DIVISION 
· The events with basis of scoring are as follow·s: 
IIonor 
12-Y r. Class-Points. Standard. 100 Points. Basketball thro\v ...... 12 ft. 22 ft. 32 ft. Potato race ........... 26 sec. 24 sec. 22 sec. Standing broad jump .. 3 ft. 8 in. 5 ft. 9 in. 7 ft. 10 in. 
14-Yr. Class-Basketball throw ...... 22 ft. 32 ft. 42 ft. . Potato race ........... 25 sec. 23 sec. 21 sec. All-up Indian club race. 32 sec. 30 sec. 28 sec. 
lTnlimited Class-Baskethall thro'v ...... 28 ft. 38 ft. 48 ft. All-up Indian club race. 30 3/5 sec. 28 3/5 sec. 26 3/5 sec. 
Bean bag target toss .. 30 points in 65 points in 100 points in 1~i minntes. same time. same time. 
Play and Athletics 
Points shall be scored as follows: Potato race, for each 1/5 sec. better than minimum ......5 pts. Potato race) for each 1/ 5 sec. better than minin1um......5 pts. All-up Indian club race, for each 1/5 sec. better than mini­
mum .............................................5 pts. Standing broad jump, for each 1/2 in. better than minimum 1 pt. 
Bean bag target toss, for each toss give points as per descrip­tion given below. Give no points for a score of not over 30 in the time limit of 1~,4 minutes. 
RULES GOVERNING THE EVENTS 
1. Basketball Throw.-A girl must stand back of the throw­ing line and thro'v "\vith one hand. She must not run before the thro\v. She must not step over the line in throwing; to do so is a trial 'vithont result. Three trials are allovved. 
(2) Potato Race.-This must be run according to the rules for potato race on page 40 of this bulletin. 
3. 
All-up Indian Club Race.-T\vo tangent circles, each 3 feet in diameter, are 30 feet in front of starting line. In one circle are three 1-lb. model BS Indian clubs, upright. A girl runs from starting line, and transfers clubs to the other circle, using only one hand. She returns to the starting line, then makes t\VO more trips, transferring clubs each time. The clubs must be left upright each time. She then finishes in a dash across the starting-line. One trial allovved. 

4. 
B ea;n Bag Target Toss.-Dra\v on the ground three con­centric circles, 'Yith diameters of 2 feet, 4 feet, and 6 feet, respectively. ...!\. girl stands back of a line 10 feet from outer circle, and tosses a bean bag 6 inches square and containing 1;2-lb. of beans. If the bag falls 'vithin the inner circle, it counts 15 points; if bebveen the inner and middle circle, it counts 10 points, and if behveen middle and outer circle it counts 5 points. Only 1~!1 rninutes are allo,ved each contestant. After each thro'v a gir1 must run and pick up her bag and return to thrO"wing-line. T·wo trials are allovved. 


HOW TO PROCEED 
1. After enrolling· your school for the contest, provide the necessary things, such as stop-·watch, measuring tape~ jun1ping pit, basketball, shot, etc. 
Bulletin of the University of Texas 
2. 
l\Iake a short talk to the pupils, explaining the contests. 

3. 
Get prizes offered for the ·winning classes and individuals. 

4. 
V\:reigh the boys so as to give them an idea of -vvhat class they \vill be in. Classify the girls by age. 

5. 
Appoint leaders of the various classes. 

6. 
Hold preliminary contests to let the pupils kno'v what they can do. 

7. 
Provide the follo,ving hlanks, which \vill be supplied on request by the State director: 

(a) 
Individual Record Cards. 

(b) 
Record Card for each Boys' J)ivision. 

(
c) Reco:rd Card for each Girls' Divisi_on. 



8. 
On the day of the contest, vveigh each boy and assign to proper class. 

9. 
Give list of eligibles in each class and list of those ex­cused. '""' 

10. 
In holding the test, be very careful to be as accurate as possj hle. Record each pupil's effort. 

11. 
~Take out complete report of the test as per forms sup­plied, and send to the Seeretary or Director promptly. 


OTHER EVENTS FOR CLASS-AVERAGE COXTESTS 
\Yhere there are several grades or classes in the same school, or several \.vards in a city or to·wn, cornpetitive gan1es may be used for class-average contests. Son1e such games, in \vhich large nlunbers may take part~ are: End ball, corner ball, all­up relay, pass ball relay, shuttle relay, potato shuttle relay, single relay, volley ball, tug-of-,var, pass and goal ball. 
Son1etimes, in order to stimulate interest, it is desirable to have a son1ev:hat different method of finding the class standing than that described above, 1vhere con1petitive games are used. For instance, in such coniests as the relays mentioned above, it may be desirab1e to allo\Y 10 points to the '"inning class in a dua1 contest, and require three games to be p1ayed by each class. If a class ·wins three garnes, its average standing is 30. If a class does not \.Vin a game, its class standing is zero. This n1ethod is sin1pler than others, but not quite satisfactory in de­tern1ining the real a1nount of proficiency sho,vn by each class. 
In Yo11ey ba11, 1arge elasses n1ay he divided and opposing sec­
Play and .A.thletics 
tions in t\vo classes paired off by lot, each side being entitled to all the points it n1akes, and the 'vinner being given five addi­tional points. Basketball may be used jn the same vvay, as also end ball, corner ball, and captain ball. 
VI 

TIIE ATI-ILETIC BA.DGE' TEST 

To encourage the boys of ordinary or undeveloped physical powers to practice to attain greater all-round efficiency, the Playground and Recreation Association of America rec.ently adopted a standard for three different stages of development, and offered a suitable badge to every boy in the United States who would qualify in one of these three classes. Below is given a similar plan, and any boy or girl may obtain one or more of the three badges upon qualifying for the same. Only .one badge may be obtained by a pupil in any one year. 
Class A 
Chinning, 4 times. 
Standing broad jump, 5 feet 9 inches. 
Sixty-yard dash, 9 seconds. 
Class B 
Chinning, 6 times. 
Standing broad jump, G feet 6 inches. 
One-hundred-yard dash, 14 seconds. 
Class C 
Chinning, 9 times. 
Running high jump, 4 .feet 4 inches. 
Two-hundred-twenty-yard run, 28 seconds. 
Provisions as to the Badge Tests.-(1) To secure one of the badges, a boy must be in regular attencl.ance at a school in the University Interscholastic League. (2) He must qualify in all three events in a class. (3) The tests must be made under the direction of the teacher. (4) The teacher must certify to the University '.Director of Interscholastic Athletics that the hoy has qualified for the badge applied for according to the require­ments. (5) For chinning, the rules governing that event found elsewhere in this Bulletin must be observed; so also in the broad and high jumps. Only one trial shall be allowed in chinning, one in the running events, and three in the jumps. 
(6) In the running events, a stop-watch must be used. (7) Only one badge may be obtained hy the same boy in any one year. 
Play and Athletics 
The Ba-dges.-On qualifying in any one of the three classes, a boy may secure from the Executive Committee of the University Interscholastie Jjeague a bronze badge with suitable inscrip­tion, by payment of 15 cents to cover the actual cost of making it. All the badges are of bronze, but of different design. They are inexpensive, but neat, and represent physical attainment, and not money value. Each school in ·which pupils ·win these badges 'vill receive a certificate of the same, containing the names of such pupils, and this ean be hung upon the school wall. 
ATHLETIC BADGE TEST FOR GIRLS 
The Executive Committee of the Interscholastic League also offers similar bronze badges to every girl in a school in the League, under the same general provisions stated for the Boy's Athletic Badge Test, except that the events, "rith the standard in each, are as follo\vs: 
Class ...4­
Potato race, 42 seconds . 
...i\ll-up Indian club race, 30 seconds. 
Bean bag target toss, 100 points in 2 minutes. 
Class B 
Potato race, 39 seconds. 
Basketball thro\v, 36 feet. 
Balancing, "~ith bean bag on head, 24 feet. 
Class C 
All-up Indian club race, 26 seconds. 
Bean bag target toss, 150 points, 2 minutes. 
Basketball throw, 42 feet. 
Special rules for the Girls' ~Athletic Badge Test are: 
(1) 
The rules governing the potato race, basketball thro-,v, all-up Indian club race and bean bag target toss that are given under Class ...i\thletics, Girls' Division, p. 52 of this Bulletin, shall also govern in this Badge Test. 

(2) 
A. beam or piece of timber 2 feet \vide and 12 feet long is used. A. girl must, vYith bean bag on her head, start at the center, \Yalk forward to the end, then without turning she must walk baclnYHrd to the center; then she must turn and walk for­ward to the end, then turn and walk to the center. Only two trials are allo\Yed. The bag must not be touched by the hand. 



Finish of a girls' 50-yd. dash. Notice the hands thrown up so as not to hit the tape with the arms. 
VII 

ATHLETICS FOR GIRLS 

Until recently, little attention vvas given to athletics for girls. But vve recognize no·w the truth that girls' athletics are equally important \vith athleties for boys, although for son1e·what dif­ferent reasons. A. bov 's athletics afford an outlet for his in­
. 
herited fighting instinct, and must be more or less violent and the rivalry keen. But for girls it is not the case. Great harm has been done to girls' athletics by making them n1erely an imitation of boys' athletics. For girls, no events should be included that call for violent effort or great endurance. Inter­class contests are preferable to inter-school contests. Team games are better than individual rivalry, and games in ·which large numbers can take part are most to be encouraged. Vol­ley ball is especially fine for the lffffer grades, but need not be confined to them. The shuttle relay, or single relay, ·when once introduced, vvill have a constant appeal and 'vill enlist large numhers of pupils. ~t\.side from the folk dances and singing games which should occupy a prorninent part on the program, the follovving is suggested as a suitable list of events for a girls' athletic m·eet. By no means should anything like all of the events given be tried in the same meet. Loci al conditions must deter1nine vvhich ones should be selected. 
Fifth and Sixth Grades 
Thirty-yard and fifty-yard dash. 
\Yalking ·with hands suspended from horizontal ladder. 
Relay race (each girl running 30 yards). 
Shuttle relay. 
Potato relay. 
Seventh Grade 
Fiftv-Yard and sixtv-Yard clash. 
t.. " • ... 
\Tolley ball. 
Potato race. 
Basketball throw·. 
\Valking "·ith han<is suspended fron1 horizontal ladder. 
Bulletin of the University of Texas 
Relay race (each running 30 yards) . 
Basketball. 
B·ean bag target toss. 
Potato shuttle relay. 

Eighth and Ninth Grades 
End hall. 
·volley ball. 
Pass ball relay. 
PaRs and goal ball. 
Basketball throw. 
Basketball. 
Tennis. 

Tenth and Eleventh Grades 
Volley ball. 
Pass ball relay. 
All-up relay. 
Shuttle relay. 
Basketball thro-w. 
Corner ball or end ball. 
Pass and goal ball. 
Captain ball. 
Tennis. 

A champion basket ball thrower of the Dallas Public School Athletic League. 
VIII 

CONDUCT OF AN ATHLETIC MEET 

Any athletic meet, whether large or small, should be con­ducted in an orderly manner. Otherwise, little will be aceom­plished, and pupils will fail to get the lesson of discipline which is by no means the least lesson to be learned from athletic train­
.
Ing. 
(
1) Organization.-The following committees for anything like a large meet will be found helpful: 

(a) 
Games Co1nmittee.-The central committee to look after the meet generally, secure officials, and hear reports from the other committees. 

(b) 
Publicity Committee.-To give announcements to the press, get out circulars, and keep the meet before the public in various ways. This committee may also act as an Invitation Committee. 

(
c) Finance Com.rni.ttee.-To sell tickets, keep the gate, take charge of money, and settle bills. 

(
d) Ground Committee.-To see that the ground is properly laid off, and that the necessary equipment is provided. 

(2) 
Officials.-The nec.essary officials, together with their duties, are given in the Constitution and Rules of the University Interscholastic League. If you do not have a copy of this bul­letin, send for one. 

(3) 
Entries, Progra1ns, etc.-The various committees must see that entry blanks are filled out, programs published, and contestants properly numbered. 


A COUNTY MEET 
(1) 
Let the county director call a meeting of the executive committee early in the school year, so that place and time of meet may be set, and steps taken to enlist a large number of schools in the meet. 

(2) 
Send to the schools of the county an announcement of the meet, vvith list of events, prizes, etc., and canvass the schools for entries. Be sure that all rules for the meet are duly an­nounced to all prospective contestants. 


Bulletin of the C niversdy of Texas 
(:3 ) Require every school to send to the Director one week before the meet an entry blank sho-\-ring the nan1e of each con­testant and the events for which he enters. A copy of the entry blank for county meets of the Cniversity Interscholastic League is giYen on page 87 of this bulletin. 
(
4) ..A.s the ti1ne approaches for the meet, the various co1n­n1ittees n1ust set to "·ork to see that the meet is \Yell advertised, officials secured and checked, grounds prepared, etc. Every­thing depends upon having things ready. I\:eep after the yar­ious schools and get all the entries in \vithin the ti111e limit, \vhich should be one week in advance. Do not allow ;u1y entries, or changes in the san1e, after the tin1e is up. To do so \-rill lead to constant confusion. See that all the equipn1ent necessary for running off the different eYents, such as tape n1easure, jumping standards, pit, etc., is looked after in advance. Son1e one person should be inade responsible for the equipn1ent. 

(5) 
..A.. fter the entries are all in, have a co111111ittce !o arrange then1, dnnYing for heats, places, etc. :bet all the dra\"ving for places on the track and for the order of trials in field eYent8 be done in ach·ance, and haye the san1e published in the program if you haYe ti1ne for this. ..A.t any rate, place a copy of the arrangen1ent in heats, etc., in the hands of each official. 

(
6) Publish your prograin showing the exact tin1e the n1eet \-rill be called, order of eYents, nan1es of officials, lists and nun1bers of contestants, with heats and places indicated. Call attention in the program to the i1nportance of everyone being on hand ·w11en his event is called. 

(
7) See that proper provision is made for controlling the spectators, and do not pern1it them to cro·wd onto the field. Xothing \-rill mar an athletic n1eet quicker or n1ore con1pletely than to allo'v spectators to inter£ ere with the running of the different eYents. 

(
8) Finally, see that each official is instructed as to his duties, and is on hand for his pnrt in the nleet. See that matters do not drag, but pull the events off on schedule ti1ne. If con­testants are not on hand for their respective events, go ahead without the111. Do not try to hold a meet by having just one event at a ti1ne. Have separate sets of officials for the track events, the ju111ps and vaults, and the weights, and run thern off sin1ultaneously. 


L..:\.YI~G OFF ~:\.~..:-\.TI-ILETIC FIELD 

(a ) The Track.-If you ha-.;;e the roo111, a quarter-mile track is the inost desirable len!:dh. But a great n1anv fields are too 
'-' ._ 
s111a11 for a quarter-n1ile track. Prob<tbl? the one inost com­1110111~· prac:ticahle is the trac:k \Yith six laps to the inile. To lay off such a track, proceed as follo,,·s : 
On a line :3:22 feet 2 inches long, 111ark off ...:-\. and B, 98 feet 6 inches fro111 each end. \Yith these points as centers describe se111icirdes fac'.ing each other, with radius of 98 feet 6 inches. Dra\Y tangents to these sen1ic:ircles parallel \Yith the orjginal line. These tangents, \Yith the sen1icircnn1ferences, forin the track, hut it is n1ensured on a line 1 foot 6 inches out\Yard from the cir­cu1nfercnc·es and tangents. .A straightaway 100-yard track can be laid off diagonally across the field~ or, better still, if you have roon1~ Jet the 100-yard straighta,Yay be along the side of the n1ain t'a(·k \\·hL:-.rr the finish of other races are, only starting. of course. fnrther back. The 120-:·ard hurdle track should also be a1ong t11is line, and should be straight throughout. There \\·ill 1Je roon1 for ju111ping pits, pole yault, 7 foot circle for shot put~ lrnrnrner, etc.: inside the track. But it is n1uch better to have the lul111111er and discus throw entirely al."nly fro1n the main field. on the opposite side fro1n the crowd. .A.. baseball field can be laid by starting at one end of the longest line across the field, for the ho111e base. ..:\Jso a foot ball £eld can be laid off length­\Yise the fieJd. The best track is a n1ixture of good loan1 \Yith cinders and a little clay. An all-cinder path is not good, as it gets too hard. The ideal path is one that does not get hard and dusty \Yhen dry, nor too soft \vhen wet. 
(b) 
Jumping Pit.-The take-off board should be a joist 8 inches \Yide flush \Yith the ground, and the earth should be dug out 3 inches deep for 2 square feet in front of the take--off. The earth shou]c1 also be loosened in front of the take-off to a distance of 24 feet. The run-\Yay for the running jumps should not be too hard, but the earth shou1d be firn1 enough to give speed. The run-\Yay should be level. 

(c) 
Seven-foot Oircle.-The circle for the hammer and dis­cus, if not off to one side, as suggested above, should be near the 



Diagram of Athletic Field. 
Play and Athletics B5 
middle of the field, the throwing being done i.n the opposite direction from the jumping and vaulting. 
(
d) Baseball Field.-!£ the same ground is used for a base­ball field that is used for track, let the line of home and second base be on the line running through center of field parallel with the tangent as described above. Place the home base 34 feet 10 and 3/s inches inside the field on this line. At the point where track begins to curve, draw a perpendicular to the straight part of track, and 34 feet 10 and 3/8 inches inside track on this line, place first base. On the same lin~, 34 feet 10 and 3/8 inches from opposite side, place third base. From first and third bases draw perpendiculars to the lines going from those bases to home base. These will meet at second base. 

(
e) F'oot ball Field.-The same ground may be used for foot­ball that is used for other events. It may be laid off somewhat diagonally across the track, so as to get the longest distance. After drawing the longest diagonal of the track, measure off on it 360 feet. Draw a parallel to this line on each side 80 feet from it. The resulting rectangle is the field of play. Thirty feet inside each end line, draw a parallel with it. These are the goal lines. The goal posts are on the goal lines, 18 feet 6 inches apart. 

(f) 
Basket-ball, Volley Ball, etc.-These may be laid off in the opposite corner of the field from the jumping pit, etc., as stated above. The dimensions of a basketball court may vary a little, but are usually 50 by 70 feet. A court should not exceed 4000 square feet. Volley ball courts vary in size to suit the number of players, but the standard court is 25 by 50 feet. The details about dimensions, etc., may be found in the 10-cent vol­umes on the various games, published by the American Sports Publishing Company, New York. 


EQUIPMENT FOR ATHLETIC MEETS 
(1) 
General.-To conduct an athletic meet properly, you should have, besides a well laid off ground, the following: Sev­eral good measuring tapes, plenty of lime for marking stakes, hammer, saw, etc., one or more balls of twine, stop-watches, starter's pistol, entry blanks, score cards, programs, flags, relay sticks, competitors' numbers, and megaphone. 

(2) 
Runn:ing.-All straightaway races should be run in lanes, 


Bulletin of tile Cniuersity of Texas 
one for each runner, the lanes being n1arked off with lime or ·white\Yash or \Yith stakes. For the hurdle races, use ten hurc11es for each runner, each being 30 inches high. The hurdles can be yery easily Inade by the students, out of light strips of pine, using t\\·o short strips nt the bott01n of the-fran1e for it to rest on. 
(:3) Jumping.-For the lJroad jnn1p, haYe a board 8 inches wide and 3 feet long sunk flush \Yith the rarth for the take-off board. Fasten the board in the ground ,,·ith bolt~ at least 2 feet long. In the high jun1p. n1ake t\YO uprights as follo\YS: Two spruce or pine poles 2 inches by 2 inches by eig'11t feet long. 1~se for base of each upright two strips 22 inches by 4 inches by 2 inches. L se ordinary shelf brackets to brace the uprig·hts on the bnses. Bon• holes through the uprights 1 inch apart, beginning 18 inches aboYe the ground. .About 4 feet fro1n ground the ho1es should be e\·ery quarter inch. Run a fish cord through the ho1es, and attach two shot bags'-for weiQ:hts. Be sure that cord does 
c_ 
not sag in the middle. It is always best at in1portant meets to use a stick for cross-bar inisteacl of a cord, and the stick should always be replaced \Yith the smne side up. If stick is used, let it rest on sn1all pegs, \Yhich sholi.ld point in the c~irection of the ju1np, and reach not over 3 inches from the uprights. 
(
4) Pole Yault.-'l...pri~~:hts for yaulting Inay be made similar to those for jnrnping. In fact, the same ones may be used, pro­vided the>· are high enough. The pole should be ] 2 or 14 feet long, and the best material is spruce. Earh contestant ought to have his O\Yn pole. 

(5) 
Tfeight Events.-~\ 7-foot circle n1ay he Inade fron1 old w·agon tires. The toe hoard is easily made, and consists of a piece of \Yood four feet long and curving \Yith the circle, and 4 inches high. .As in the case of take-off board, it shonld be firn11y fastened to the ground \Yith long rods driYen down at least 2 feet. 


A shot, hammer, discus, etc., should be furnished by the nu1n­a2:en1ent of the meet. Bnt a contestant mav use his own ma­
~ ~
. 
terials if they are correct in weight, size, etc. 
A FE\\'" DEFI:N"ITIO:NS 
(1) A.matewr and Professional.-Briefly, an amateur is one 
Play and Athletics 
who takes part in athletic contests for the love of them, or for the benefit, physically, or otherwise, to be derived. 
A professional is one ·who con1petes in athletics for a living. 
In order to protect and encourage amateur sport, the ~.:\.mateur .Athletic Union and similar organizations have drav;·n very strict lines bet\Yeen an amateur and a professional, and as a rule those \Yho enter contests under the direction of amateur organizations are forbidden to compete \vith professionals. An an1ateur be­comes a professional when he competes for n1oney or other valu­able consideration, when he becomes connected with a profes­sional club, or when he competes with or against professionals. The detailed rules on this point are found on pages 98 and 99 of No. 12A of the Spalding Athletic Library. 
(2) 
Novice.-A novice is one \vho has never won a prize of any kind in an athletic contest. 

(3) 
Handicap and Scratch.-..A.. scratch race or contest is one in which [!JI contestants have the same chance. In a scratch race, all start from the same line and at the same time. A handicap is an allowance in time or distance in favor of one or more of the contestants. Very often it is desirable to have handicap events. A meet among the students of the same school or town \\·here there is great difference as to ability may be made extremely at­tractive and interesting by having handicap events. For in­stance, suppose in a 100-yard dash there are five boys, and at the time the winner crosses the line No. 2 is two yards behind him, Nos. 3 and 5 and are each 1 yard behind No. 2, and ?\'o. 5 is six yards behina Nos. 3 and 4. Then handicap them as fol­lows: Set N"o. 5 on the line. Set Kos. 3 and 4 six yards back, Ko. 2 seven yards back, and Xo. 1 nine yards back. That gives all an equal chance to finish first. 


IX. 
PLAYGROUND EQUIPMENT 
BY c. c. FOSTER, Principal of Alexander Hogg High School, Fort Worth, Texas. 
The first essential of playground equipment is a play leader. Without the latter, the most elaborate appliances 'vill be a waste of money and effort in obtaining them. Every teacher can, to a limited extent, become a play leader, granted that there is an abiding love for the free, joyous expression of children's lives in play. 
The improvement of the playground should be carefully 
Outdoor exercise at Mooreville Rural School, Falls county, by means of a giant stride made by the pupils and their teacher, R. H. Moodie. 
planned before any work is done on it. Any change in the loca­tion of appratus after it has been erected will be wasteful and expensive, and any change in the distribution of pupils will require a change of apparatus. 
The plan is important in every detail, from the grading and surfacing of the ground and the distribution of the children to the erection of the last piece of apparatus and the planting of trees and flowers. 
Play and Athletics 
The ground should be graded so that it will drain without washing away the surface. If the slope and extent of the ground make a terrace necessary it should be sodded with squares of living grass to prevent the wearing away of the terrace. Level ground is very necessary for any kind of game, or apparatus. A grade of five inches to the one hundred feet has been found satisfactory. If the surface is properly constructed it will be easily kept in good condition with this grade. The best surface is probably the clay and sand combination. Put on pure clay two inches deep after the ground has been graded and well rolled with a heavy roller, a steam roller if possible. After the clay has been leveled with a rake and po\vdered as much as possible, apply a coating of sharp sand-the sand specified in all concrete work. Roll again and sprinkle on more sand. Then sprinkle with water until the clay is moistened and allow to remain till next day. Sand the surface if any clay shows and roll thoroughly. It will be necessary to put a little sand on in low places occasionally, but there will never be any stones to come through. A ground of this kind is suitable for games, drills, dances, and evening entertainm.en ts. 
If the children are kept off of it during extremely wet weather it will dry quickly and there will be no mud and dirt to track in. Furthermore, the saving in shoe leather will pay for the surface­ing in a year or two. 
The distribution of the children should be made according to age and sex, and space provided for their several occupations. Thi5 is not only to protect the weak from the strong, the younger from the older, but because their interests and activities vary according to certain \Yell known principles of child developn1ent. There are stages of development of the play instinct analogous to the stages of mental development of the child. The very young child is content to p1ay alone \Yith his tnys. Later he craves society, as the social instinct begins to develop, and likes to play in groups, but not in a teanL ...lt eleven or t\velve the teain spirit begins to deYelop,-the gang spirit and the gang-­leader. This is fundamental and most important. I-Iere, on the playgTonnd, in their games, leadership and co-operation are Jeanwd <tnd developed, 1nost important functions of citizenship. Therefore ample space and equipment for games involving tea1n ·work should be provided for all the pupils over ten or eleven years of age. Football and baseball require too much space to be considered. Basket ball, volley ball, and playground ball are very popular with both sexes at all times of the year wherever they have been tried. The minimum space for basketball or volley ball is about fifty by thirty f.eet, and for playground ball or indoor ball fifty by one hundred feet. Spaulding supplies the rules for these games. 
Therefore the plan for the playground should contemplate a space for small childr€n, equipped with suitable apparatus, and separate spaces for the larger boys and girls, properly divided off for as many team games as possible and equipped with some apparatus. For the primary pupils the apparatus is of first im­portance; for the larger pupils the game equipment should be provided first and apparatus supplied as funds permit. 
The selection of apparatus and its location on the ground should be carefully planned before any work is done. For small children use the swings, slides, giant strides, see-saws, sand­boxes. It has been found that these children seldom use the horizontal bar if these other things are provided. For the larger pupils the boys like the traveling rings, slides, horizontal bars, vaulting bar, parallel bars, and horizontal ladder; and the girls prefer the swings and horizontal ladder. All ages and sexes like the giant stride. Boys like the trapeze and trapeze rings but they are very dangerous and should never be put up. The large group swing has no plac.e on the playground because it encourages inactivity and laziness. 
Directions for construction and cost of materials for any of the apparatus mentioned above will be found on the following pages. 
EQUIPPING A PLAYGROUND AT LEAST COST 
The exorbitant cost of manufactured playground apparatus places it beyond the reach of most schools. Recently, however, a number of practical teachers have solved this problem of cost by the construction of home-made appliances. }I ome-made ap­paratus has the advantage· of cheapness, but it often lacks that other essential, durability. The problem of supplying realJy serviceable and durable apparatus at the lowest possible cost has been worked out satisfactorily and the descriptions and pictures 
Play and Athlet-ics 'll 
in this bulletin are intended to assist the teachers of Texas in equipping their playgrounds with home-made apparatus. The actual cost of each piece described was from one-third to one­fifth the cost of the manufactured article. The exact cost will vary slightly \vith the varying prices of the material in different localities, but the local dealers can furnish you with this cost if you will take the bHl of goods for the different pieces given below. Boys from 12 to 16 years of age in any school can make any of the appliances if properly directed by their teachers. 
TOOLS NEEDED 
The tools used in the construction of the apparatus were as 
follows: 
Pipe vice large enough for 21/2 in. pipe. 
Pipe cutters large enough for 2 in. pipe. 
Hack saw. 
Set of stock and dies for threading pipe from 11/2 in. to 2 in. 
Two 36-in. Stilson ·wrenches; one 18-in. wrench, one 10-in. 
wrench. (These were rented.) 
Blacksmith's post drill with ;2-in. and 1-in. bits. 
Set of dies for threading 1f2-in. bolts. 
Spirit level. 
Emory wheel. 
Hammers, saw, brace and bits. 
Post-hole diggers, spades, and shovels. 
(Some machine shops charge 10 cents for each cut, 10 cent~ 
for each thread, and 10 cents for each hole drilled. Others charge 
75 cents per hour for each workman einployed on job.) 
GENERAii SUGGESTIONS 
All pipes and pipe fittings used in the following apparatus 
are galvanized, except flange unions and bolts and parts of the 
giant stride. Any iron not galvanized is paintecl with a coat of 
radiator bronze to prevent rust. All bolts should be bradded 
to prevent loss of taps and consequent injury to apparatns. All 
apparatus should be inspected daily and weak places repaired 
when necessary. This may prevent accidents. 
In a11 the concrete work the proportions are 3 sacks of cement 
to a cubic ?ard of gravel. l\fix gravel and cement thoroughly 
Bulletin of the University of Texas 
before wetting and after pouring into holes allow 24 hours to harden. It is 'vell to have sand 3 or 4 inches deep under all the ap­paratus. THE SLIDE. 
The slide (Fig. 1) consists of a 12 ft. vertical ladder, from the top of which two 20 ft. pipes, 12 in. apart, rxtend towards the ground at an angle of about 50°. The lower ends of these pipes are fastened by half-ells to two 4 ft. pipes which are set in 2 ft. of concrete. The ladder is also set in 2 ft. of concrete, leaving 12 ft. clear above ground. 
The slide is of 11;2 in. pipe, sides of ladder of 2 in. pipe, pipe across top of ladder 2 ins. by 18 ins. and connected to ladder by 2 in. ells. This pipe has bvo 1/2-in. holes drilled through it 14 in. apart through which the bolts pass \vhich are to hold the slide, as shown in figure 2. Two 11;2-in. caps are prepared. for the taps of the pipes for the slide by drilling a 1;2-in. hole in the <3enter of each, filling the hole square, into which a carriage bolt 1;2-in. by 3-in. fits. (S.ee fig. 2.) The caps are ready to bolt to the cross pipe. The pipes for the slide are screwed into the caps .after the ladder has been set up in the holes and then the 4-ft. pipes for the bottom of the slide are dropped into place in holes 2 ft. deep and are then screwed into the 45 degree ells at the bottom of the slide. 
The ladder is 14 ft. long, 12 ft. above ground and 2 ft. in 
concrete. There are 7 rounds, 1 ft. apart, beginning 2 ft. above 
ground. Rounds are of 3;i-in. pipe, 20 in. long, tapered at the 
ends to fit into 1-in. holes. The sides of the ladder are drilled 
with 1-in. holes to let in the rounds, and into the holes for the 
top, the middle and the bottom rounds a 1/2-in. drill is inserted 
and holes made for 1nachine bolts, 1/2-in. by 22-in., which pass 
throug·h the rounds and the sides of the ladder and hold it to­
._, 
gether. If these bolts are not easily obtained they may be made 
of 1/2-in. iron rods, threading both ends for taps. 
If this piece of apparatus is not attached to others it will 
need braces on each side of the ladder. These are n1ade of %-in. 
pipe, flattened at the top for 6 inches, bolted to the sides of the 
ladder 8 ft. 6 in. aboYe t11e gTound, and set in concrete 6 ft. 
from the bottom of the ladder. 
If• cap 
Note Ladder run9:s ara 
to be ~·· pipe. 
·DETAl.L OF 5UDE AT Jp1NT WJTl-I LADDER" 
VIEW· 
In / 2 ~ipe 
Note: tTr:.f bolt cap fo pif>e, then screw in pipe for slide . 
.. ISOMETRIC c VtEWc. 
"LADDER" ~.. bLlDE .. Fig. 2.
Fig. 1. 
74 
Bulletin of the University of Texas 
However, it is more economical to construct the slide in con­nection with swings as shown in fig. 3. Here the ladder takes the place of a post supporting the swings, and the slide acts as a brace for the swings, and the swings brace the slide. Where connected to swings the ladder is fastened at the top to the 2~~­in. pipe used for support of swings, instead of to the 2...:in. cross­
.
pipes. 
The holes for the rounds of the ladder must be drilled exactly in line. For this reason it is advisable to have this part of the work done by the people who sell the pipe. 

J-'OMETRJC ~tCTIOt-1 Of .5L1Df:' AHD <'.JWlHGj 
..f-,:,f.CTIOH~ . IZ.. ~WING:> . L .5LIDI:::). 
Fig. 3. 
THE SWINGS 

A 2V2-in. flange union (see fig. 4) is screwed to the end of each post, 2lf2-in. by 14-ft., and the posts are set in holes 2 ft. _deep and concrete poured in, pipes being plumb and the tops 
Play and Athletics 
being exactly in horizontal line. Braces of 31!-in. pipe, flattened at the top, are bolted to the posts 8 ft. above ground and set in 2 ft. of concrete, about 6 ft. from the bottom of the post. (See fig. 3.) The posts are placed in line at intervals of 10 ft. After the concrete has had 24 hours to harden, the pipe for supporting the swing is placed on top of the posts and bolted to flange union as in fig. 4. 'rhis pipe is 21;2 in. by 20 ft. 6 in., with 1/2-in. holes drilled through it in line at intervals, as follows: 15 in., 18 in., 15 in., 18 in., 15 in., 18 in., 36 in., 18 in., 15 in., 18 in., Eye-bolt~, 1/2-in. by 4-in., are put through the holes and bolted. Chains for swings are fastened to these by lap links. Seats are made of pine boards, 1-in. by 4-in. by 18-in., holes being bored 2 in. from ends for chains. Porch swing chains are used. Well chains or open link chains will not stand the strain ; the links spread and chains come apart or break. If porch chains are not obtainable, a heavier chain i,vith welded links may be used. 
Pipes come in random lengths of 19 ft. to 22 ft. Specify a minimum length of 20 ft. and maximum length of 21 ft., and if it comes less than the 20 ft. 6 in. make the first hole less than 15 in. from the end, deducting from 15 one-half the difference between the length of the pipe and 20 ft. 6 in. 
The swings and slides make a good combination as sho\vn in fig. 2. The material for two slides and 12 swings costs from $40.00 to $50.00. 
GIANT STRIDE 
The Dutch swing or giant stride consists essentially of a strong post securely planted in the earth and fitted at the top with a revolving device to which ropes may be attached. 
The post A, fig. 5, is of 4-in. pipe 15 ft. long, imbedded in 3 ft. of concrete. The hole for the concrete is jugged out at the bottom to a diaineter of 3 ft. i,vith only a small opening at the 
top. 
After pouring eoncrete in around post, plumb the post with 
a spirit level and allovY it 24 hours to harden. 
The device set in the top of the post is made from a part of 
the spindle (C, fig. 5) and hub T of a casta,vay buggy. Black­
sn1iths usually charge 25 cents for the old hub and the spindle 
cut off about 18 inches from the shoulder. Have the smith cut 76 
out an iron disc (B, fig. 5) 1/1 in. thick, 5 in. in diameter, with a hole in the center into which the spindle drops to the shoulder. With a cold chisel notch out 4 shoulders on the lower side of the disc to hold it in center of pipe. From the tinner get another disc, J, for the lower end of the spindle. Have this made of heavy sheet metal. Cut it 3o/8 in. in diameter with a square hole in center to fit the spindle, and after pµtting it on 

Pr-R.3Pt-cTJvr V1r:w 
or­0 JANT 3T-R\Df'. 

Fig. 5. Fig. 6. notch out the spindle with a cold chisel (see K, and fig. 5) to hold the disc in place, or have the tinner solder it on. This holds spindle in center of pipe. Place this in the top of post. A ball-bearing washer, F, is then dropped down over spindle, then balls, then another washer F, and then another disc, G. This disc G is not necessary if the hub fits over the ball bearings properly. The hub, T, is prepared by removing the old spokes and 
Play and Athletics 
putting a disc I in their place, drawing together the sides of the hub plates with bolts, H. This disc I is 14 ju. thick, 10 in. in diamater, with a hole in the center sufficiently large to allow the disc to fit over the hub. rrhe bolts, H, hold the disc and the hub tog.ether. 
Four hooks, L, made by the blacksmith out of half-inch rods, are bolted to disc and ropes are attached by means of 2-in. rings. After tying the rope to the ring wrap tightly with wire as shown in cut. The ropes should extend to within 3 ft. of the ground and should be of 1/2-in. or 3,4-in. rope. They may be removed when the apparatus is not to be used. 
Several of these giant strides have been put up in Fort Worth at a cost of approximately $10.00, including post, blacksmith work, and all materials. The ball bearings may be ordered from Flint and Walling Windmill Co., Fort Worth, Texas, if local dealers cannot supply them. Specify 2 washers and a race of 4 balls, center hole in ball race and washers being 11/2 in. to 2 in. in diameter, according to the size of your buggy spindle. 
Where a giant stride is found it is by far the most popular 
piece of apparatus on the playground. 
HORIZONTAL LADDER 
The materials for the horizontal ladder shown in figure 7 cost $10.00. The ladder is 7 ft. high and 14 ft. long. The sides are of 2 in. pipe, the rounds of 3,4 in. pipe. The rounds are 16 in. long, tapered at the ends on an emory wheel so as to fit tight in 1-in. holes. Half-inch rods running through the rounds at ea.ch end of the ladder and in the center hold the parts together. Also, one round is bolted 2 ft. from the ground at each end. 
HORIZONTAL BARS 
The horizontal bars are among the most important of play­
ground appliances for the large boys. 'I1he cost need not be more 
than $4.00 at the outside for one bar, and is about half that for 
each succeeding bar in a set. 
Construction.-For uprights, use 2-in. pipes, and for bars 
use 11/t-in. pipe. Place uprights 5 ft. apart, and bars 7 ft. from 
the ground. Insert uprights in holes 2 ft. deep, fix them plumb 
and fix the bars level. Pour concrete in the holes and allow 24 
hours in which to harden. 
78 
VAULTING BAR 
The uprights, A, of the adjustable bar, F, shown in :fig. 8 are of 2-in. galvanized iron, 16 ft. long, imbedded 2 ft. deep in concrete, and connected at the top by a 2-in. pipe. Half-inch holes are drilled 2 in. apart, beginning 30 in. from the ground, and continuing to 7 ft. The bar, F, is of 11~-in. pipe, with a 
• bOMETRIC G ~VAULTING ,  



./ 
.. J~oMETI?IC, V1Ew.. 
-lwMETk>Jc .. V1Ew, 
PARALLEL BARS
• l-lORIZONTAL .. LADDE~· 
B 	c 
E 


A A 
V1EWc. 


Fig. 7. Fig. 8. Fig. 9. 21h-in. tee, G, at each end. A half-inch hole is drilled through each tee for the bolt, which passes through the tee and the up­right, holding the bar at any desired position. The braces, H, are of %-in. pipe, flattened at the top, I, b()}ted to the upright 10 ft. from the ground, and the bottom imbedded in 2 ft. of concrete. There are no braces on the right upright shown in the picture, it being connected at the top to the large athletic frame ·(fig. 10) at D by means of a 2-in. by 2%-in. bushing. 
Play and Athletics 
PARALLEL BARS 
The uprights for the parallel bars are of 2-in. pipe and the bars of 11/2-in. pipe. The uprights are set in concrete 2 ft. deep and extend 4 ft. above ground. They are connected to the bars by means of ells. The bars are 7 ft. long and the dis­tance between them is 14 inches. 
TRAVELIXG RINGS 
The support for the traveling· rings (see fig. 10) is a 2~~-in. pipe 25 ft. long, 14 ft. above ground, Dnd horizontal, o/q-in. holes are drilJcd through this pipe at intervals of 6 ft. A. o/.~-in. iron bDr, 8haped into ari eye-bolt, is driven through . the hole an~l bolted at the top. (See fig. 10.) From this hook is suspended a ring 2 in. in diameter, to \Yhich a chain 6 ft. long is attached by means of a lap link. Another lap link at the bottom of the chain attaches it to a 4-in. link, through ·which the large ring passes. This large ring is made of iron rod 1 in. in diameter. The inside diameter of the ring is 8 in. The hooks and rings are made by a local blacksmith. The chain is found at the hardware store. It is galvanized.. If the ring is i.n constant use or is taken indoors at night, paint is unnecessary. 
Radiator bronze will protect the bolts and srnall connecting rings from rust and make them conform in appearance to the galvanized pipe of the frame. 
Trapeze rings should not be put up because they are clanger­·Ous. Pupils should not he allowed to climb up on ladder and· catch ring, swinging out from the ladder, because this practice is dangerous. The rings should be Jocked when supervisor is not present to prevent misuse. Pass a ehain through two or three ,l()f the rings and draw them to n htddcr or post and lock the ·ends of the chain. 
THE ATHLE'rIC FR.\~1E 
(Figure 10.) 
The athletic frame is for supporting flying rings, climbing ropes, and slides. It is 14 ft. high, ~O ft. wide at the top, and 25 ft. Jong, not including the fonr slides which extend 16 ft. further at each end. 

' l 80METR!G , Y1EW· ·TRAVELING c 1<1N~'2> AND. t>LIDE§• 
1--~~~~~~~~~~~~--~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~_J 
Fig. 10. 
Play and Athlet,ics 
The ladders £or slides are made as directed for fig. 3, 8xcept they extend 14 ft. above the ground. Two ladders for one end are set up \Yith the outside posts 12 ft. apart. At a distance of 24 ft. the ladders for t11e other end are set up. In line with the outside posts of the two ladders of opposite ends a 2~1~-in. post is set up, being 12 ft. fron1 each ladder. Similarly another post is set up in line \vith the ladders of the other side. These posts are 12 ft. apart, outside measurement. To the tops of the ladders and posts are screwed flange unions, as shown in fig. 4. All of these must be e~actly in a horizontal plane, the spirit level applied to a straight edge placed on top of the flange unions. 
After this part of the frame has been set up and concrete poured in, it should not be shaken or handled in any \Vay for 24 hours, giving concrete time to harden. Cross pipes 20 ft. long are then bolted on top .to the flange unions (fig. 4). In the center and at each end of these cross pipes 2 half-inch holes are bored, 4 inches apart on centers. The 25 ft. pipes (supports for traveling rings described aboYe) are then bolted to these cross pipes by means of lJ-shaped bolts, Inade of 1/2-in. rods, which pass through the holes in the cross pipes. 
These cross pipes are also drilled with 1/2-in. holes for attach­
ing the slides, as described above and shown in fig. 2. These 
holes are at an angle of 45° to the holes for the U-shaped bolts. 
The first hole for slide is 4 ft. 6 in. from the end of pipe and 
the second is 15 in. on centers from the first. 
A climbing rope may be substituted for a ring at any corner 
of the frame. The rope should be 1 in. in diameter or larger and 
should be attached by means of a hook instead of an eye-bolt, 
so that it may be kept out of the weather \vhen not in use. 
MATERIALS NEEDED 
The n1aterials needed for the apparatus shown in the photo­graphs are as follows : 
Horizontal Bars, Bill of 11aterial 
For the first bar 7 ft. high: 2 pipes, 2 in. x 9 ft.; 1 pipe, 1;{i, in. x 5 ft.; 2 tees, 2 in. x 1~4 in. For each additional bar 7 ft. high: . ') • 9 ft 1 . . 11 I . ..... ft 1 t 2
1 pipe, -In. x -. ; pipe, ;-4 In. x :J . . ; ee, in. x 11/+ in. 1 yd. gravel and 3 sacks cement for 12 post holes. 
82 Bulletin of the TJniversity of Texas 
JJiachine Shop Work 
For first bar: 
2 cuts and 2 threads 2 in. pipe. 
1 cut and 2 threads 11/i in. pipe. 
For each additional bar: 
1 cut and 1 thread 2 in. pipe. 
2 cuts and 2 threads 1~4 pipe. 

The Slide, Bill of Jlaterial 
Ladder: 2 pipes, 2 in. x 16 ft. or 14 ft. if for small children. • 3 I ' 20 • 
7 pipes, /± in. x in. 
3 bolts, ~2 in. x (machine bolts) 24 in. 
Sl. l ') b 1 l / . ,.... .

ic e: _ o ts, 12 in. x v 1n. 
2 caps for l~,~ in pipe. 
2 half ells ( 43 degree ells) 1~~ in. 
2 pipes, 1 ~·~ in. x 20 ft. 
2 pipes, 1~12 in. x 4 ft. 

JJ!achine Shop Work 
2 cuts and 2 threads, 2 in. pipe. 
7 cuts and 1 thread, ~i in. pipe, and tapering same to 1 in. 

outside diam. 4 cuts and 4 threads, 1~/2 in. pipe. 14 holes, 1 in. diam ; 2 holes ~'2 in. diam. 
Horizontal Ladde», Bill of Jlaterial 
2 pipes, 2 in. x 14 in. 
4 pipes, 2 in. x 9 ft. 
1-. 3/, • 20 .

o pipes~ ·;:1 in. x · in. 
4 ells, 2 in. -2 in. 
5 bolts, ~,'2 in. x 24 in. 
¥2 sack cen1ent; 1/5 yard gravel. 

]fa chine Shop Work 
6 cuts, 8 threads, 2 in. pipe. 
30 1-in. holes, 10 ~/2-in. holes. 

3;, • •
15 cuts, /! in. pipe. 30 ends 311:-in. pipe tapered to l inch outside diam. (~~i in. is inside diam.) 
Play and Athletics 
Giant Stride, Bill of M.aterial 
1 pipe, 4 in. x 15 ft. ·with coupling attached. 
1 buggy spindle ''Tith 2 ft. of axle, and hub to match. 
1 plate (sheet iron) 14 in. thick, 10 in. in diam., with hole in center to fit hub and 4 1/.:>-in. holes for hooks.
I...., 
4 hooks of 1/2-in. iron ·with shanks 2 in. long (threaded for 
taps) -with taps. 
4 rings 2 in. in diam. 
4 ropes, 31.1: in. in diam., 14 ft. long. 
113 yd. gravel and 3/8 sack cement. 
1 set ball bearings. 
Traveling Rings, Bill of Material 
A support of 2~/:2 in. pipe, 25 ft. long, 14 ft. high (see Fig. 10). 
15 eye bolts o/s in. iron with shanks 5 in. long (threaded for taps) ·with taps. 15 rings 2 in. in diam. 30 lap links, 1 lh in. 15 chains 6 ft. long. 15 rings of 1-in. iron, 8 in. in diani., with 4-in. link of 3/ 16-in. 
iron in each. 
Vaulting Bar, Bill of 'fttlaterial. 
2 pipes, 2 in. x. 14 ft. 
1 pipe, 2 in. x 5 ft. 
1 pipe, 11h x 5 ft. 
4 pipes, ~4 in. x 12 ft. 
2 ells, 2 in. 
2 tees, 21/2 in. x 1Y2 in. 
4 bolts, 3/~ in. x 3 in. ; 2 bolts, 6 in. x 3/8 in. 
1;2 sark cen1ent; )(t yarrl gravel. 
Machine Shop vVork 
3 cuts. 4 threads, 2 in. pipe. 
8 cuts, 2 threads, 11/2 in pipe. 
4 cuts, 4 threads, 3)1: in. pipe. 
52 l/0-in. holes . 
. _, 
4 %-in. holes. 
Athletic Frarne, B·ill of Material 
4 slides (see bjll of inaterial above). 
. •)l/. . 20 f
3 pipes, -12 lll. x · .t. 
3 pipes, 2~,~ in. x 25 ft. 
3 pairs flanges, 21;2 in. 
10 ~~-in. rods: 23 in. long, "·jth taps (rods threaded for taps). 
9 ~1:2-in rods, 30 in. lon.g, ,,,.jth taps (rods threaded for taps). 
Unless slides are attached braces \Yill be needed. 
For braces, 4 pjpes, 2 in. x 16 ft. flattened at one end, for 

bolts. 
1'" ,.....
Sblo ts, /:2 in. x D in. 
jJJachine Shop TVork 
3 cuts and 1 thread, 2~,~ i.n. pipe. 
~6 1/~-in. holes in 21/2 in. pipe. 
~I • l 1 • '), / ' •

1a -·;. 8-1n. w es ln _,~12 ln. pipe. 
38 ~/2-in. bolt threads. 
15 %-in. bolt threads on eye bolts. 

A.PPAR.. 
A.TUS l\IADE OF WOOD 
·BY C. A. JA~IESON, Fannin School, Houston. 
TEETER LADDERS 
The teeter ladder is very substantially n1ade of ·white oak and is 12 ft. long. It is suspended at its middle point by two hangers.. The hangers are made of iron. i\. broad strap ·with an eye is bolted secure1y to the center of the ladder. A rod % in. in diarneter is fitted w·ith hooks and reaches from the ladder to the beam ·where it articulates ·with a hook made of ~~ in. iron. The ladder if properly hung balances almost per­fectly on the t\vo hangers. Pupils grasp the rungs and jump up and do1vn. This device is some-\vhat dangerous, but it gives splendid exercise and is very fascinating to the players. 
SWINGS AND SEE-SAWS 
Erect a frame ·work 24 ft. long and 8 ft. high. Set 3 posts 4 ft. in the earth, and let thern extend 8 ft. above. At the top fasten secure1y a beam 4 in. by 6 in. by 24 ft. :F1or up­rights use beams 4 in. hy 6 in. by 12 ft. Set in line 12 ft. apart. This frame vvork Yi·ill carry 8 S"\vings, allo-\:ving 3 ft. for each. 
Use ~s jn. hangers and set them 18 in. apart. For seats use 1 in. by 6 in. by 22 in. oak or yello-\v pine reinforced. Round off the corners and edge of the seat board and bore two holes in each end. These holes should be two in. from the end and 2 in. apart and should he 2 in. in diameter if a chain is used. If rope is nsecl, borP, t"\,·o ho1es only and put them in the exact center of the board and 2 in. from the ends. 
If the e:xaet length of overhead beam is 12 ft. inside the up­rights, com111encing at the npright on either end bore the first hole 12 in. fro1n the upright and the others as follo-ws: 18 in., 15 in.. 18 in., 15 in., 18 in., 15 in., lS in. (i. e., the second should be 18 jn. from the first. the third 15 in. from the second, and so on). The ~ccond section "\Yill be a duplicate of the first. 
For hangers, procure ~~q~in. holts 10 in. long, cut off the heads and tnrn a hook, using about 3 in. to 4 in. for the hook. They 
·will cost less than 8 eents each. If rope is used, n1etal eyes 
should be used to take the "Tear, or the rope ·will not last long. 

SEE-SAW 
r~rhe old fashioned Se\V··8a1s is quite a favorite ·with the chil­dren and can be constructed very cheaply. Set three 6 in. by 4 in. by 7 ft. pieces 4 ft. in the earth. Surn1ount by a 4 in. by 6 in. beam and fasten to posts ·with iron clamps or log scre,vs. This frame 'vill carry from .four to six boards. For boards pro­cure 2 in. by 12 in. by 16 ft. heart pine. Suspend to frame by t'vo hang-ers made by cuttinz the heads off bolts of suitable
-. ­
length-10 in. for the npper and 8 in. for the lo·wer. Turn the hooks on the ends. 1Jse ~-§-in. bolts. It w·ill be well to reinforce the boards 'vith a piece 2 in. by 12 in. by 8 ft., as the center may be subjected to a very heavy strain. 
~IERRY-GO-ROUND 
A. splendid "merry-go-round" or "flying jenny" ,,-as inade by the pupils of the Fannin School in I-Iouston, according to the directions given by Principal Jameson as follo,vs: 
Set a good strong post in the ground about 4 to 6 ft. Fit the upper end ·with an fron plate and bore a hole through the plate and at least 10 in. in the post. The hole should be at least 1 in. in diameter. The top of the post should be at least 6 ft. from the ground. The oYerhead bean1 should he 4 in. by 6 in. by 12 to 14 ft. Bore a hole l~~ in. in dia111eter through the center and fit an iron plate on beam to take up the 'vear. By means of ropes or hangers attach bars or seats to ends of this beam. r.r·wo or four children ride at a ti1ne 'vhile others push. This plan can be greatly improved if you have the means and so desire. It can easily be arranged to carry four to six beams and t"\vo to four passengers to each beam. To do that, fit the top ·with a revolving device and :fit the post 'vith a plate and a pair of collars. Let the ends of the beams abut upon the post 6 to 8 ft. fr01n the ground. \Vith an iron hand or braces, stay the bean1s in place and support the outer ends \vith rods attached to the revolving device. Attach bars to the beams. The players hold the bars and run until they acquire considerable momentun1 ·when they swing free of the ground for a time. This is good exercise and glorious sport. 
.APPE'.\'"DlX 
:\lODEI.J EXTRY BL\.XK FOR COUNTY TRACK MEET 
Official Entry Blank 
For the Annual Track and Field ::\Ieet of the........................................_...... County Interscholastic League, to be held at................................................,. Texas, on.................................................................. , 191........., beginning at 2 :00· o'clock p. m. 
}lotice to Schcols and Contestants 
1. 
The l\Ieet ·will be under the rules of the University Inter­scholastic League, copy of \vhich 'vill be mailed, on request,. by the 1.Jniversity of Texas, Austin. 

2. 
The l\Ieet \vill be jn five divisions: Girls Junior, Girls Senior, Boys Junior, and Class B IIigh School, Class A High School. Only girls under 14 and boys under 15 are eljgible to their respective Junior divisions. Class B. schools are those not in cities of 600 scholastic population. 

3. 
Enter not over three for any one event, excepting the re­lay, \vhich requires four. Enter the same contestants in not over four running events and not over five all together. 

4. 
An entry fee of. ..........................cents is charged for each event in \Vhich each contestant is entered. 

5. 
Send your entries on this blank, with the fees, to................~ ............................................, Texas~ not later than.............................................. No entries \vil1 be allo\ved after that elate. The list must be signed by the principal or other acting head of the school. 


To the Director of the :Th'leet: 
Please enter the follo·vdnQ.',_ contestants for the events checked opposite their nan1es. I certify that all contestants \vhose names appear hereon are eligible under the rules of the TJniversity Interscholastic T..Jeague. 
Dated, ......................................................, 191.......... 

Sig·ned, .................................................................. 

Principal. 
School.......................................................................................... 

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Play and Athletics 
AGREE::\1E~T FOR ATHLETIC GA:\IES BET\VEEN TWO SCHOOLS 
(Form of contract used by the University Interseho1astic League.) 
......................................................, Texas, ......................................................, 19 ......... \Ve; the undersigned, to \Vit: ...................................................................................., Faculty representative of the.....................................................................School, to be designated in this contract as Party of the First Part, and......................................................................................., Faculty representative of the...........................................................................Sr.hool, to be designated in this contract as Party of the Second Part, do mutually agree to cause the.....................................................tea111s of our respective schools to meet at................................................~ Texas, on ..................................................., 191 ........., and then and there to engage in a game of..................................................., under the conditions specifird belo'v: 
l. The game to be played under the eligibility rules of the 1Iniversity Interscholastic League, and under such other rules of said League as are given for the playing of said game. 
2. 
.A. list of players to he used by each tean1, ·with eligibility certified to by the respective principals, to be exchanged in ad­vance of said game. 

3. 
Party of the First Part to provide a ground: suitably equipped, for the playing of said game. 

4. 
[l\Iark out either (a) or (b).] (a) Party of the First Part to provide suitable lodging and n1eals, free of charge, for ....................................n1embers of the tean1 of Party of the Second Part, for such time as it mav he neces~arY for said team to be in 


• L 
......................................................on account of said game, and also to pay to Party of the Second Part a sum sufficient to rover railroad and other transportation fare of.....................................................n1en from ......................................................to......................................................and return. 
( h) Party of the First Part to pay to Party of the Second Part the sum of.....................................................dollars ($................................. ) , on condition that Party of the First Part shall not be liable for the expenses of the team of Party of the Second Part as speci­fied in Xo. (a) above. 
5. I1nn1eCT.iately after the completion of said game, a busi­ness settlen1ent as per the terms of this contract, to be n1ade at the gate office, or other place designated by Party of the First Part. 
Bulletin of the University of Texas 
6. 
Should either team fail to appear at the time and place specified above for said game, for other reason than unavoid­able delay, 01· refuse~ for any reason, to continue said ga1ne until its con1pletion after it has been begun, the Party to this contract representing said team so of-fending shall pay to the Party of the other part the sum of............................................................dollars ($....................................). 

7. 
Party of the First Part shall make suitable proYision for controlling the spectators at said game and shall use every effort to prevent any interfcrence 'vith the game or \Yith the team of Party of the Second Part during said ga1ne. 


Signed: For Party of the First Part,----·························································---·····--···-----·--·····--· Representing......-
······-
·-··········-······-····-········-··········-·······--Schoo1. For Party of the Second Part, ······--·--
········-
-------···-
--·-··-···········--------------········--··· Representing........................................................................School. 
SlJPPLY HOUSES FOR PLAYGROUND APPARATUS 
A. G. Spalding Co., Chicopee, l\1ass. 
Howard George Playground Supply House, Philadelphia, Pa. 
Narragansett l\Iachine Co., Providence, R. 
I. 
Wilcox Silver Plate Co., :\Ieriden, Conn. 
Ever\Year ~Ifg. Co., Sycamore St., Springfield, Ohio. 
American Playground Device and Swing Co., Terre Haute, 

Indiana. International Gymnasiu1n Supply Co., Springfield, ~fass. Health l\Ierry-Go-Round Co., Quincy, Ill. 
DEALERS AND ::\I.AKERS OF .ATHLETIC MEDALS AXD BADGES 
The Whitehead & Hoag Co., Praetorian Buliding, Dallas. 
T. Hauseman & Sons, Kew Orleans, La. 
C. A. Bryant & Co., Dallas. 
Jos. K. Davison's Sons, 71;) Sanson St., Philadelphia, Pa. 
William C. Dorrety l\Ifg. ~Je\Yeler, 387 Washingion St., Boston, 

~Lass. 
DEALERS I~ ATHLETIC GOODS : 
Cas\Yell & Sn1ith, Austin. 
A. G. Spalding Bros., Dallas. 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
(1) _A_thletics 
The following nun1bers in the Spalding Athletic Library, pub­lished by the .A.n1erican Sports Publishing Company, Xe\\7 York, 'vill be found very helpful. They may be had for 10 cents each except where a different price is given: 
Xo. 12A_. Official ~!\_thletic Rules. 
No. 87. An Athletic Pri111er. 
'T~\O. 2-9 1-IO\V to Sprint.•
0:... 
No. 255. I-low to Run 100 yards. 
No. 174. Distance and Cross-Country Running. 
Ko. 259. IIo"· to Becon1e a \Yeight Thro·wer. 
Xo. 246. _...r\..thletic TrainjnQ.' for School BoYs. 
~ 
., 
No. 231. Schoolyard .Athletics. 
No. 311!. Girls' Athletics. 
Xo. 156. _...--\.thlctes' Guide. 
No. 302. Y. l\1. C. A. _...--\.thletic Handbook. 
No. 1. Official Baseball Guide. 
Xo. 2R. Strokes and Science of La·wn Tennis (25 cents). 
Xo. 2. Official Football Guide. 
No. 324. How to Plav., Football. 
Xo. 2A. Official Soccer Football Guide. 
Xo. 4. Official La\Yll Tcnnjs Annual. 
Xo. 7.A. Official Basketball Guide for \Yon1en. 
Other good books on athleties are: 
Stecher: Guide to Track and Field \Vork. :Jic\7 ey Publish­ing Co., Philadelphia ( 1220 .Archer Street), 50 cents. Clark: Practical Track and Field ....--\.thlctics. Duffield & Co., $1.00. Lee: Track .A..thletics in Detail. Harper Bros., X ew York, $1.25. 
Withington: The Book of A.thletics. 
Lothrop : Lee & Shepard, Boston. $2.00. 
Cro\Yther: Ro\Ying and Track .c\.thletics. jiacmillan Co., X e·w York, $2.00. Ca1np: The Book of Football, The Century Co., N"ew York, $2.00. 
Bulletin of the University of Texas 
Evers: 'rouching Second. Reilly & Britton, Chicago, $1.25. 
L. S. Governn1ent Printing Office: Athletic Handbook for the Philippine Public Schools, 25 cents. 
Han1ner: ....-1.thletics in the Public Schools. The Playground and R.ecreation ~.\..ssociation of America, 1 l\Iadison Avenue, New York, 10 cents. 
·y·aile: ::\Iodern Tennis. Funk & \Vagnalls, New York, $2.00. 
Invalnable for the tennis player.  
Barbour:  Book of School and College Sports.  D. A.ppleton  
& Co., Xe\Y l,..ork, $1.50.  
Dudley & Kellor:  .....\.thletic Games for w ·omen.  Henry Holt  
& Co., Xe\Y York, $1.25.  

Handbooks of the Public School Athletic Leagues of ~ew York, Baltirnore, X e\Yark, Buffalo, and other citles. ..A.merican Sports Publishing Co., New York, 10 cents each. 
EYery teacher \Yho can should read the chapter on High School .Athletics, pp. 429-462, in Johnston's The l\Iodern High School. Scribner 's, Xe"· York. 
(2) Jliscellaneous Ga1nes 
Bancroft: Games for the School. Home, and Gy1nnasium. ~Iacmillan Co., X e\Y York, $1.50. (~.\. most excellent book.) Johnson: Education by Plays and Games. Ginn & Co., N"ew York. 50 cents. Johnson: \\hat to Do at Recess. Ginn & Co., ~ew York, 25 cents. Bulletin on Play and ..A..thletics. Published by State Depart­ment of Education of Virginia. Richmond. 
Stecher: Handbooks of Le~sons in Physical Training and Games, three parts. l\fc-Vey Publishing Co., 1229 Archer Street, Philadelphia, 35, 85, and 50 cents each. 
Kingsland: Book of Indoor nnd Outdoor Gan1es. Doubleday, Page & Co.. Xew York, $1.50. Burchenal: Folk Dances and Singing Games. G. Schirn1er, Publisher, Xe\Y York, $1.50. Angell: Play, comprising games for the kindergarten~ school­roon1, and college. Little. Bro\rn & Co., Boston. $1.50. Car~:--: Pla~~s and Gan1es for Schools. \Visconsin Department of Public Instruction, l\Iadison. Wis. A bulletin. 
Play and Athletics 
State Department of Education of Virginia: Bulletin on Play and Recreation. Richn1ond, Va. Especially valuable for rural schools. 
(3) Play and Playgrounds 
'I'he Playgronnl1a monthly inagazine. Published bv the Plav­
7 u ~ 
grounds Association of ..A.n1erica, No. 1 l\Iadison AYenue, >;ew York. $1.00 a year. JVIero: American Playgrounds. The Dale Association. Bos­ton, $1.50. (Invaluable.) Pamphlets published by the Pla~yground .A.ssociation of ..-1..meica, 1 l\fadison Avenue, New York, 5 and 10 cents each. The follo-wing manufacturers of playground apparatus \Yill be glad to submit plans and prices for apparatus. 
A. G. Spalding, Chicopee, ~Iass. 
Leland & Leland: Playground Technique and Playcraft. F. 

A. Bassette & Co., Springfield, l\:Iass. $2.50. This book and the one by l\1ero mentioned above are invaluable. Curtis: The Reorganized School Playground. Bulletin Xo. 
16 of 1912, U. S. Bureau of Education, \Vashins;iton: D. n. 
Curtis: Play and Recreation. Ginn & Co., Dallas. $1.00. 
l\'.Iiller: Plan for Organized Piay in City Schools. .Article in Education for l\1arch, 1912. Bliss: Organized Play. Article in School Board Journal for February, 1911. Kirkpatrick: Play as a Factor in Social and Educational Reforn1. .A.rticle in Review of Revieu.:s for August, 1899. 
The Playground. A monthly magazine. The Playground and Recreation Association of America, 1 l\1adison Avenue, Xev,r York, $2.00. 
Play in Relation to Character. Article in EdilCation, for l\1arch, 1899. Scudder: Recreation for Rural Communities. W orlcl Book Comnanv. 
(4) Folk Dances and Games 
Crawford: Folk Dances anJ Games. A. S. Barnes & Co., Ke\v York. $1.50. Lincoln: The Festival Boole A. S. Barnes & Co., New York. $1.50. 
Bulletin of the University of Texas 
Hofer: Folk Dances and Games. The Dale Association, Bos­ton. 75 cents. Hofer: Children's Singing Games, Old and ~ew. A. Flana­gan & Co., Chicago. 50 cents. Duryea: Dance Songs of the Xations. The Dale Association, Boston. $2.00. Crampton: The Folk Dance Book. A. S. Barnes & Co.~ New York, $1.50. 
(5) Physical Education, Gyninastics, Etc. 
Sargent: Physical Education. Ginn & Co., $1.50 . 
..A.merican Physical Education Revie·w, a monthly magazine. Published by the Physical Education Association of ..A..merica, Springfield, l\Iass., $3.00 a year. 
Gulick: Physical Education by :\Iuscular Exercise. P. Blak­iston & Sons, 1012 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, 75 cents. Xo. 290. Spalding Athletic Library, Get v,.rell, Keep Well, 10 cents. No. 149. Spalding .Athletic Library, Care of the Body, 10 cents. Xo. 7R. Spalding Athletic Library, Physical Training Sim­plified. No. 208. Spalding Athletic Library, Physical Education and Hygiene. Tyler: Gro-\Yth and Education. The Dale ..A..ssociation, Bos­ton, $1.50. 
U. S. Government Printing Office: Gymnastic Drill Book for the U. S. Army. 25 cents. 
Article on Physical Education in the Cyclopedia of Educa­tion, l\funro. l\1acmillan Co., Dallas.