The University Record. PROFESSOR W. J. BATTLE, Editor-in-Chief. EDITORIAL BOARD: President WM. L. PRATHER, Professor H. Y. BENEDICT (in Professor W. J. BATTLE, absence of Professor Ellis), Professor F. v..r.. SIMONDS, Professor L. M. CASIS, Professor A. J. SMITH, Professor W. B. PHILLIPS, Professor J. C. TowNES, Dr. PIERCE BUTLER, Professor A. C. ELLIS, Registrar JOHN A. LOMAX. THE UNIVERSITY RECORD is published quarterly; subscription, one dollar a year; single copies, thirty-five cents. AdvertisemeBts, one page, $15; half page, $10; quarter page, $7 .50, with 25 per cent. discount on contracts for a year. Address business communications to JOHN A. LOMAX, Business Manager, Austin, Texas [Entered as second-class mail matter at the postoffice at Austin, Texas.] THE UNIVERSITY RECORD. VOL. IV.-JULY, 1902.-NO. 3. CONTENTS. THE CHORUS IN THE NOVELS OF GEORGE MEREDITH ........ LUCY E. FAY ..................... 201 THE DUTY OF THE EDUCATED CITIZEN.....................................JUDGE FRANK C. DILLARD..234 THE UNIVERSITY MAN...... ......... w. H. ATWELL, EsQ............247 SOME PROBLEMS OF TUBERCU­LOSIS .........................................DR. ROLAND G. CURTIN......254 RESPONSE TO THE ADDRESS OF WELCOME ON THE OCCASION OF LAYING THE CORNER­STONES OF A SCIENCE HALL AND A LIBRARY BUILDING ON THE CAMPUS OF BAYLOR.­UNIVERSITY, WACO, MARCH 3, 1902.......................................PROFESSOR W. S. SUTTON ...263 THE UNIVERSITY: Commencement-­The Baccalaureate Sermon, 266; The Sermon Sunday Night, 267; Class Day, 267; Alumni Day, 269; Com­mencement Day, 273; Social Commencement, 276; Songs for Commencement Week ..................................................277 The Catalogue.................................................. , .................281-295 The Report of the President and Faculties .......................295-337 General Notes-Resolutions of the Faculty on the Death of President Foster, 337; Lester Gladstone Bugbee, 338; Lafayette Rubert Hamberlin, 341; Deaths of Students in the Uni­versity, 343; The New President of the A. & M., 343; The Woman's Dormitory, 345; New Relief Maps and Models, 347; The Work of the Committee on Recom­mending Teachers, 349; Some Recent Publications by Members of the Faculty........................... ........................... 350 Student Interests-Fraternity Life, 352; Sororities, 353; The Student's Association, 355; The Women Student's Association, 361; The Literary Societies, 365; The Young Men's Christian Association, 369; The Young Women's Christian Association, 370; Student Publications, 371; Our Oratorical Interests, 372; Music, 374; Auditorium Entertainments, 375; University Hall.. ............................... 376 The Library .................. ..........................................................377 The Engineering Department..................................................378 Notes of the Law Department .............................................. 380 The Medical Department.........................................................381 Athletics........................ .......................................................... 386 The Summer Schools...............................................................392 Transactions of the Board of Regents...................................394 The Texas Academy of Science...............................................402 The Texas State Historical Association..................................405 The Texas State Library Association......................................408 THE UNIVERSITY RECORD. VOL. IV.-JULY, 190~.-NO. 3. THE CHORUS IN THE NOVELS OF GEORGE MEREDITH. [A thesis presented by Lucy E . Fay, to the University of Texas, for the Degree of Master of Arts, May, 1901.] INTRODUCTORY NOTE. The original plan of this paper was to give a general treatment of all the novels of George Meredith. The reading was done with this purpose in view, but the Chorus proved to be so interesting a topic that my whole time and attention have been spent upon it. The idea of a chorus in Meredith was first suggested to me by the marked likeness of the r6le played by Mrs. ]\fountstuart Jenkinson, in The Egoist, to the part played by the Chorus in Attic Tragedy. The philosophic comments of the novelist himself did not suggest an analogy to the Greek Tragic Chorus; but Mr. Moulton, in the chapter on the Chorus in his The Ancient Classical Drama, clearly points out such an analogy. On turning to The Amazing Marriage I found Meredith used the very term Choru.s, whose function there is, after the manner of Shakspere's chorus, to relate events. After working from these suggestions, I discovered that Mr. Le Gallienne speaks of Gower Woodseer, in The Amazing Marriage, as "the epigrammatist always in attendance as chorus in Mr. Meredith's novels.m The Bibliography includes everything that has been read on the general subject of the novels of Meredith. I. HISTORY OF THE TERM "CHORUS." The term Chorus originally meant a dance, then it came to be applied to the song that accompanied the dance. Specifically it was applied to the dithyrambic odes from which the Greek Drama devel­oped. In the early Greek Drama there was a preponderance of the lyric quality over the dramatic; but, as more actors were introduced and the dialogue increased, the chorus had less to do. It was re­ 1Le Gallienne, p. 196. tained "not as a participant in the action, but merely as a sympa­thetic witness"1 of events. This Chorus of Attic Tragedy was imitated or adapted in the Early English Drama, as, for instance, in Gorboduc. Shakspere reduced the number of the chorus, which consisted of from twelve to fifteen people in Greek Tragedy, to a single person who speaks the prologue and explains or comments upon the course of events. But the need for a sympathetic witness to make running com­ments on the events and the characters bas reintroduced something analogous to this chorus into the modern English novel. "Here, while the main points of the story are developed in dialogue, the action can be suspended at any point for the purpose of making philosophic comments, which are a prose analogue to the lyric medi­tations of the chorus."2 We can easily see why the dramatic term Chorus came to be ap­plied to the running comments of the novelist upon the characters and the events of his story. Although chorus is used with reference to the drama in Hamlet, the example therein admirably illustrates the ease of transferring the term to the novel. When Hamlet (III, ii, 255) tells the king the name of the play and its import, Ophelia remarks: "You are as good as a chorus, my lord"; and Hamlet replies : "I could interpret between you and your love, if I could see the puppets dallying." However, the analogy between the cho­rus of the drama and the chorus of the novel is so instructive as to deserve a section by itself (II.). When the term chorus was first used with reference to the novel, it is difficult to determine. The New English Dictionary records, under the date of 1878, the term as used by Henry James (French Poets and Novelists, 1884, p. 231), who says: ''In this tale * * * the poet never plays chorus; situations speak for themselves." In Thackeray's Lovel the Widower (1860-61), p. 1, I find this occur­rence of the term : "Who shall be the hero of this tale ? Not I who write it. I am but the chorus of the play. I make remarks on the conduct of the characters. I narrate their simple story." Mr. Gosse--Questions at Issue (1893), p. 149-also uses the term when discussing the principles of the Naturalistic School. He says: "He who tells the story must not act the part of chorus, must not praise 'Haigh, p. 320. "Moulton, p. 66. or blame, must have no favourites; in short, must not be a moralist, but an anatomist." A very specific example is the one from Moul­ton's The Ancient Classical Drama (1890), p. 66, which was quoted above. Mr. Le Gallienne, in a Postscript (1899) to his George Mer­edith: Some Characteristics, applies the term chorus to a character in one of Meredith's novels (quoted in my Introductory Note). Meredith is "as good as a chorus" in The Amazing Marriage (1895), and not only that, he is the chorus when he heads Chapter I. Enter Dame Gossip as Chorus. In Diana of the Crossways (1885) he uses the term with the significance of "sympathetic wit­ness." Diana enacting the drama of her life feels the need of a chorus to pour forth sympathetic utterances to her and make ex­planations to the world. "She rushed to the arms of her friend, whispering and cooing for pardon if she startled her, guilty of a little whiff of blarney: Lord Dannisburgh wanted so much to be introduced to her, and she so much wanted her to know him, and she hoped to be graciously excused for thus bringing them together, 'that she might be chorus to them !' m And again: "The un­friendliness of the friends who sought to retain her recurred. For look-to fly could not be interpreted as a flight. It was but a step­ping aside, a disdain of defending herself and a wrapping herself in her dignity. Women would be with her. She called on the noblest of them to justify the course she chose, and they did, in an almost audible murmur. And I the rich reward. A black archway­gate swung open to the glittering fields of freedom. Emma was not of the chorus. Emma meditated as an invalid."2 The term chorus, then, has come to be used for that part of a novel where the author himself philosophizes or moralizes; or for that part where the author introduces characters whose sole business is to make running comments on people and events, and who have no genuine part in the action of the novel. The reason for the transference of the word chorus from the drama to the novel is found in the close analogy between the chorus of the drama and the running comments of the author or of his characters in the novel. This transference seems to have begun about 1860, with Thackeray, and to have become firmly established toward the end of the cen­tury. Meredith, in particular, is as fond of the term as of the device indicated by it. 1Diana of the Crossways, p. 67. 'Diana. of the Crossways, p. 95. II. AN.A.LOGY OF THE CHORUS IN THE NOVEL TO THE CHORUS IN THE DRAMA, GREEK .A.ND ENGLISH. Now it will be interesting to make comparisons so as to see more clearly the analogy between the chorus of the drama and the chorus of the novel. In order to do this we must first consider the func­tion of the chorus in Attic Tragedy: "There, while the dialogue is proceeding, it (the chorus) follows the course of events with the keenest interest, but seldom actively interferes. In the pauses be­tween the action it moralizes on the significance of the incidents which have just occurred."1 At the height of Greek Tragedy the chorus appeared, "not as a participant in the action, but merely as a sympathetic witness."2 Without forcing the analogy we may place the Oedipus Tyrannus of Sophocles side by side, say, with The Egoist. In The Egoist, in the person of Mrs. Mountstuart Jenkinson and others, we find a chorus of the novel analogous to the chorus of the tragedy. Com­pare the following extract from the Oedipus with Chapter XLV of The Egoist: Oedipus Tyrannus. Act v, Sc. i. Messenger, Chorus. Mess. Sages of Thebes, most honoured and revered, If e'er the house of Labdacus was dear And precious to you, what will be your grief When I shall tell the most disastrous tale You ever heard, and to your eyes present A spectacle more dreadful than they yet Did e'er behold: not the wide Danube's waves Nor Phasis' streams can wash away the stains Of this polluted palace; the dire crimes Long time concealed at length are brought to light: But those which spring from voluntary guilt Are still more dreadful. Chor. Nothing can be worse Than that we know already; bringst thou more Misfortunes to us ? Mess. To be brief, the queen, Divine Jocasta's dead. Chor. Jocasta dead! Say, by what hand? Mess. Her own. 1Haigh, p. 320. 'Ibid. [The messenger tells at length how Jocasta killed herself and how Oedi­pus, breaking into the room where she lay dead, tore from her side a sharp­pointed belt, with which he put out his eyes.] Ohor. And where is now the poor unhappy man? Mess. Open the doors, he cries, and let all Thebes Behold his parents' murderer, adding words Not to be uttered ; banished now, he says, He must be, nor, devoted as he is By his own curse, remain in this sad place. He wants a kind conductor and a friend To help him now, for 'tis too much to bear. But you will see him soon, for lo! the doors Are opened, and you will behold a sight That would to pity move his deadliest foe. Scene ii. Oedipus, Messenger, Chorus. Chor. Oh! horrid sight! more dreadful spectacle Than e'er these eyes beheld! what madness urged thee To this sad deed? What power malignant heaped On thy poor head such complicated woe? Unhappy man, alas! I would have held Some converse with thee, but thy looks affright me; I cannot bear to speak to thee. Oedi. 0 me! Where am I? and whence comes the voice I hear? Where art thou fortune? Chor. Changed to misery, Dreadful to hear, and dreadful to behold. Oedi. 0 cruel darkness! endless, hopeless night, Shame, terrors, and unutterable woe! More painful is the memory of my crimes Than all the wounds my wild distraction made. Ohor. Thus doubly cursed, 0 prince! I wonder not At thy affliction. Oedi. Art thou here, my friend? I know thy voice; thou wouldst not leave the wretched; Thou art my faithful, kind assistant still. Chor. How couldst thou thus deprive thyself of sight? What madness drove thee to the desperate deed ? What god inspired? Oedi. Apollo was the cause ; He was, my friends, the cause of all my woes; But for these eyes-myself did quench their light­! want not them; what use were they to me, But to discover scenes of endless woe; Chor. 'Tis but too true. Oedi. What pleasure now remains For Oedipus? He cannot joy in aught To sight or ear delightful. Curse on him, Whoe'er he was, that loosened my bound feet, And saved me, in Cithreron's vale, from death! I owe him nothing: had I perished then, Much happier had it been for you, my friends, And for myself. Chor. I too could wish thou hadst. Oedi. I should not then have murdered Laius; then I had not ta'en Jocasta to my bed; But now I am a guilty wretch, the son Of a polluted mother, father now To my own brothers, all that's horrible To nature is the lot of Oedipus. Chor. Yet must I blame this cruel act, for sure The loss of sight is worse than death itself. Oedi. [In a long speech he moans his awful fate and begs his friends]: Bury me, hide me, friends, From every eye; destroy me, cast me forth To the wide ocean-let me perish there: Do anything to shake off hated life. Chor. In most fit time, my lord, the noble Creon This way advances; he can best determine And best advise; sole guardian now of Thebes, To him thy power devolves. Now, keeping in mind only the function of the chorus and not the theme of the play, compare the following extract from Chapter XLV of The Egoist with the preceding extract from Oedipus Tyrannus:­ The Egoist. Chapter XLV. A General Assembly. Mr. Dale; The Pat­terne Ladies, Lady Busshe, Lady Culmer, with Mrs. Mountstuart Jenkin· son [as chorus]. Lady Busshe and Lady Culmer entered spying to right and left. At the sight of Mr. Dale in the room, Lady Busshe murmured to her friend: "Confirmation!" Lady Culmer murmured: "Corney is quite reliable." "The man is his own best tonic." "He is invaluable for the country." Miss Eleanor and Miss Isabel greeted them. The amiability of the Patterne ladies, combined with their total eclipse behind their illustrious nephew, invited enterprising women of the world to take liberties, and they were not backward. Lady Busshe said: "Well? the news! We have the outlines. Don't be astonished: we know the points: we have heard the gun. I could have told you as much yesterday. l saw it. And I guessed it the day before. Oh! I do believe in fatalities now. Lady Culmer and I agree to take that view: it is the simplest. Well, and are you satisfied, my dears?" The ladies grinned interrogatively. "With what?" "With it! with all! with her! with him!" "Our Willoughby?" "Can it be possible that they require a dose of Corney?" Lady Busshe remarked to Lady Culmer. "They play discretion to perfection," said Lady Culmer. "But, my dears, we are in the secret." "How did she behave?" whispered Lady Busshe. "No high flights and flutters, I do hope. She was well-connected, they say ; though I don't com­prehend what they mean by a line of scholars-one thinks of a row of pinafores: and she was pretty. That is well enough at the start. It never will stand against brains. He had the two in the house to contrast them, and . the result! A young woman with brains-in a house-beats all your Beauties. Lady Culmer and I have determined on that view. He thought her a delightful partner for a dance, and found her rather tire­some at the end of the g.allopade. I saw it yesterday, clear as daylight. She did not understand him, and he did not understand her. That will be our report." "She is young: she will learn," said the ladies, uneasily, but in total ignorance of her meaning. "And you are charitable and always were. I remember you had a good word for that girl Durham." Lady Busshe crossed the room to Mr. Dale, who was turning over leaves of a grand book of the heraldic devices of our great Families. "Study it," she said, "study it, my dear Mr. Dale; you are in it, by right of possessing a clever and accomplished daughter. At page 300 you will find the Patterne crest. And mark me, she will drag you into the Peerage before she has done-relatively, you know. Sir Willoughby and wife will not be contented to sit down and manage the estates. Has not Lretitia immense ambition? And very creditable, I say." Mr. Dale tried to protest something. Lady Busshe dropped her voice. She took the liberty permitted to her with an inferior in station, while treating him to a tone of familiarity in acknowledgment of his expected rise: which is high breeding, or the exact measurement of social dues. "Lretitia will be happy, you may be sure. I love to see a long and faithful attachment rewarded-love it! Her tale is the triumph of patience. Far above Grizzel! No woman will be ashamed of pointing to Lady Patterne. You are uncertain? You are in doubt? Let me hear-as low as you like. But there is no doubt of the new shifting of the scene? No doubt of the proposal? Dear Mr. Dale! a very little louder. You are here because-? of course you wish to see Sir Willoughby. She? I did not catch you quite. She? . it seems. you say? Lady Culmer said to the Patterne ladies,­ "You must have had a distressing time. These affairs always mount up to a climax, unless people are very well bred. We saw it coming. Naturally we did not expect such a transformation of brides: who could? If I had laid myself down on my back to think, I should have had it. I am unerring when I set to speculating on my back. . When did the Middletons leave?" "The Middletons leave ?" said the ladies. "Dr. Middleton and his daughter." "They have not left us." "The Middletons are here?" "They are here, yes. Why should they have left Patterne?" "Why?" "Yes. They are likely to stay some days longer." "~odness!" "There is no ground for any report to the contrary, Lady Culmer." ''No ground!" Lady Culmer called out to Lady Busshe. A cry came back from that startled dame. "She has refused him ! " "Who?" "She has!" "She ?-Sir Willoughby?" "Refused !-declines the honour." "Oh! never! No, that carries the incredible beyond romance! But is he perfectly at . ?" "Quite, it seems. And she was asked in due form and refused." "No, and no again!" "My dear, I have it from Mr. Dale." "Mr. Dale, what can be the signification of her conduct!" "Indeed, Lady Culmer, I am in the dark. Her father should know, but I do not. Her door is locked to me; I have not seen her. I am absolutely in the dark. I am a recluse. I have forgotten the ways of the world. I should have supposed her father would first have been addressed." "Tut-tut. Modern gentlemen are not so formal; they are creatures of impulse and take a pride in it. He spoke. We settle that. But where did you get this tale of the refusal?" "I have it from Dr. Middleton." "From Dr. Middleton!" shouted Lady Busshe. "The Middletons are here," said Lady Culmer. "What whirl are we in?" Lady Busshe got up, ran two or three steps and seated herself in another chair. "Oh! do let us proceed upon system. If not, we shall presently be raging; we shall be dangerous. The Middle­tons are here, and Dr. Middleton himself communicates to Mr. Dale that Lretitia Dale has refused the hand of Sir Willoughby, who is ostensibly engaged to his own daughter! And pray, Mr. Dale, how did Dr. Middle­ton speak of it? Compose yourself; there is no violent hurry, though our sympathy with you and our interest in all the parties does perhaps agitate us a little. Quite at your leisure-speak!" [Mr. Dale stammers through a speech and the chorus exclaims again.] "We are in a perfect mrelstrom!" cried Lady Busshe, turning to every­body. "It is a complete hurricane!" cried Lady Culmer. A light broke over the faces of the Patterne ladies. They exchanged it with one another. They had been so shocked as to be almost offended by Lady Busshe, but their natural gentleness and habitual submission rendered them unequal to the task of checking her. "Is it not," said Miss Eleanor, "a misunderstanding that a change of names will rectify?" "This is by no means the first occasion," said Miss Isabel, "that Wil­loughby has pleaded for his cousin Vernon." "We deplore extremely the painful error into which Mr. Dale has fallen." "It springs, we now perceive, from an entire misapprehension of Dr. Middleton's." ''Vernon was in his mind. It was clear to us." "Impossible that it could have been Willoughby!" "You see the impossibility, the error!" "And the Middletons here!" said Lady Busshe. "Oh! if we leave unil­ luminated, we shall be the laughing-stock of the county. Mr. Dale, please, wake up. Do you see? You may have been mistaken." "Lady Busshe," he woke up, "I may have mistaken Dr. Middleton; he has a language that I can compare only to a review-day of the field forces. But I have the story on authority that I cannot question: it is confirmed by my daughter's unexampled behaviour. And, if I live through this day, I shall look about me as a ghost to-morrow." "Dear Mr. Dale!" said the Patterne ladies compassionately. Lady Busshe murmured to them: "You know the two did not agree; they did not get on: I saw it; I predicted it." "She will understand him in time," said they. "Never. And my belief is, they have parted by consent, and Letty Dale wins the day at last. Yes, now I do believe it." The ladies maintained a decided negative, but they knew too much not to feel perplexed, and they betrayed it, though they said: "Dear Lady Busshe ! is it credible, in decency ?" "Dear Mrs. Mountstuart ! " Lady Busshe invoked her great rival appear­ing among them : "You come most opportunely; we are in a state of inextricable confusion: we are bordering on frenzy. You, and none but you, can help us. You know, you always know; we hang on you. Is there any truth in it? a particle?" Mrs. Mountstuart seated herself regally. "Ah! Mr. Dale!" she said, inclining to him. "Yes, dear Lady Busshe, there is a particle." [The discussion goes on in a most sprightly manner until Mrs. Mount­stuart pronounces]: "Each party is right and each is wrong." A cry: "I shall shriek!" came from Lady Busshe. "Cruel!" groaned Lady Culmer. "Mixed, you are all wrong. Disentangled, you are each of you right. Sir Willoughby does think of his cousin Vernon; he is anxious to establish him; he is the author of a proposal to that effect." "We know it!" the Patteme ladies exclaimed. "And Lretitia rejected poor Vernon once more." "Who spoke of Miss Dale's rejection of Mr. Whitford?" "Is he not rejected?" Lady Culmer inquired. "It is in debate, and at this moment being decided." "Oh! do be seated, Mr. Dale," Lady Busshe implored him, nsmg to thrust him back to his chair if necessary. "Any dislocation, and we are thrown out again! We must hold together if this riddle is ever to be read. Then, dear Mrs. Mountstuart, we are to say there is no truth in the other story?" "You are to say nothing of the sort, dear Lady Busshe." "Be merciful! And what of the fatality?" "As positive as the Pole to the needle." "She has not refused him?" "Ask your own sagacity." "Accepted?" "Wait." "And all the world's ahead of me! Now, Mrs. Mountstuart, you are oracle. Riddles, if you like-<:mly speak! If we can't have corn, giTe us husks." "Is any one of us able to anticipate events, Lady Busshe?" "Yes. I believe that you are. I bow to you. I do sincerely. So it's another person for Mr. Whitford? You nod. And it is our Lretitia for Sir Willoughby? You smile. You would not deceive me? A very little, and I run about crazed and howl at your doors. And Dr. Middleton is made to play blindman in the midst? And the other person is-now I see day! An amicable rupture, and a smooth new arrangement! She has money ; she was never the match for our hero; never ; I saw it yesterday, and before, often: and so he hands her over-tuthe-rum-tum-tum, tuthe­rum-tum-tum." Lady Busshe struck a quick march on her knee: "Now isn't that clever guessing? The shadow of a clue for me! And because I know human nature. One peep, and I see the combination in a minute. So he keeps the money in the family, becomes a benefactor to his cousin by getting rid of the girl, and succumbs to his fatality. Rather a pity he let it ebb and flow so long. Time counts the tides, you know. But it improves the story. I defy any other county in the kingdom to produce one fresh and living equal to it. Let me tell you I suspected Mr. Whit­ford, and I hinted it yesterday." This chapter, we see, opens with a narration in dialogue of Sir Willoughby Patterne's action in proposing to Lretitia Dale, by which act Clara Middleton would gain her freedom. The chorus-Ladies Busshe and Culmer and the Patterne Ladies-discuss this event with Mr. Dale. This narration of the action is similar to the Oedipus passage where the chorus and messenger describe what has happened to Oedipus and Jocasta. Mrs. Mountstuart comes in, adds her sympathetic voice to the chorus, and interest in the event increases. When Lady Busshe and Lady Culmer, in a way, take sides against the Patterne Ladies, we may find an analogue to a Greek Tragic chorus where it divides into first and second semi­chorus.1 There is a further similarity ;_Aen the author himself acts cho­rus, and, "in the pauses between the action, moralizes on the signifi­cance of the incidents which have just occurred." Compare the fol­lowing passage from Oedipus Tyrannus with the opening part of Chapter XV of DU:Lna of the Crossways: Oedipus Tyrannus. Act iii, Sc. v. Chorus. Strophe I. Grant me henceforth, ye powers divine, In virtue's purest paths to tread! In every word, in every deed, May sanctity of manners ever shine! Obedient to the laws of Jove, The laws descended from above, Which, not like those by feeble mortals given, Buried in dark oblivion lie, Or worn by time decay, and die, But bloom eternal like their native heaven! Antistrophe I. Pride first gave birth to tyranny:· That hateful vice, insulting pride, When, every human power defied, She lifts to glory's height her votary; Soon stumbling, from her tottering throne She throws the wretched victim down. But may the god indulgent hear my prayer, That god whom humbly I adore, Oh! may he smile on Thebes once more, And take its wretched monarch to his care! In this way the chorus continues through a second strophe and antistrophe. Now turn to Diana of the Crossways, and see how Chapter XV begins : "The Gods of this world's contests, against whom our poor stripped individual is commonly in revolt, are, as we know, not miners, they are 1As in Euripides, Rhesus, pp. 135-36. reapers; and if we appear no longer on the surface, they cease to bruise us : they will allow an arena character to be cleansed and made presenta­ble while enthusiastic friends preserve discretion. It is of course less than magnanimity; they are not proposed to you for your worship; they are little Gods, temporary as the great wave, their parent human mass of the hour. But they have one worshipful element in them, which is, the divine insistency upon there being two sides to a cas~to every case. And the People so far directed by them may boast of healthfulness. Let the individual shriek, the innocent, triumphant, have in honesty to admit the fact. One side is vanquished according to the decree of Law, but the supe­rior Council does not allow it to be extinguished." Thackeray and George Eliot afford examples similar to the latter extract from the Oedipus given above. Without making a search for examples, the citations below, 1 taken at random from the mas­terpieces of both novelists, are good illustrations of analogues to the Attic chorus. [See, further, Section VI.] As the chorus in the English drama is an imitation of the Greek tragic chorus, the modern English novel, especially in the hands of Meredith, Thackeray, and George Eliot, furnishes a use of the chorus similar to the use of the chorus in the English dram.a. In Gorboduc, the chorus-four ancient and sage men of Brittaine -comes at the end of each act to moralize on events; and at the beginning of each act, the dumb show (a chorus in pantomime) comes out and acts a prologue. :Marlowe's Doctor Faustus has a chorus in which we find a likeness to the use in Meredith, Thack­eray, and George Eliot. Kyd's Cornelia. (iii) also affords a good example, which shows the sympathetic witness rather than the nar­rator of events. The chorus in Shakspere, which occurs in Romeo and Juliet, Henry the Fifth (Rumour), The Winter's Tale (Time), Pericles (Gower), does nothing more than foretell and follow events, while the chorus in Meredith has the additional function of "sympathetic witness." Ben Jonson's Every Man Out of His Humour has two characters, Cordatus and Mi tis, who act as cho­rus. Being spectators on the stage, they "criticise, maintain, and explain the action of the piece.m This is more nearly akin to :Meredith's manipulation of the chorus than any of the examples cited from the English drama. In Milton's Samson Aqonistes we 1 Vanity Fair, pp. 79-81, The People's Edition, Boston, Estes and Lau­riat, 1883; The Mill on the Floss, pp. 266-67, New Edition, Wm. Black­wood and Sons, Edinburgh and London. 'Ben Jonson, edit. Brinsley Nicholson, Vol. I, 116, note 1. have a good analogy, for his chorus is modeled strictly on Greek Tragedy. With the history of the term in mind and with a not-to-be­doubted reason for its application to the modern English novel, let us consider more definitely the use of the term as applied to the novels of Meredith. III. USE OF THE TERM "CHORUS" IN THIS STUDY. Outside of the drama, the word chorus is applied in a very gen­eral way to a novelist when he makes remarks to the reader upon his story and characters. On the other hand, when thinking of the term chorus, one usually has in mind the philosophic moralizings of a writer in the midst of his story. In this special study of the chorus in Meredith, there is a more specific meaning to the term,­a meaning really more akin to the definition of a Greek chorus. We mean, when using the word in regard to Meredith, not only the writer prologuing and moralizing, but we mean, in addition, the special characters introduced who have no particular part in the action, but who "contribute to the action through the relation in which they stand to the chief person, most commonly as sympa­thisers, but sometimes also as an antipathetic or neutral."1 IV. THE CHORUS IN MEREDITH: GENERAL STATEMENTS AND ILLUS­ TRATIONS OF ITS KINDS AND FUNCTIONS. From this definition of the term, we get three kinds of chorus, viz. : (1) The novelist moralizing (as chorus) ; ( 2) the novelist in the person of Dame Gossip prologuing (as chorus); (3) the chorus composed of characters who have no particular part in the action, but who make running comments on people. The chorus thus made up of different elements performs several offices. In the first place, the chorus, when it simply comments on events and people, serves to heighten the artistic realism2 of the novel. When Meredith is especially analytical, the chorus acts as demon­strator of the anatomy of the subject. What could be more helpful in beginning the study of Sir Willoughby Patterne's personality 10ampbell, p. 131. •Meredith is never realistic unless he is artistically so. He is a philoso­pher and teaches us "that we are not so pretty as rose-pink, not so repuls­ive as dirty-drab; . . . that the sight of ourselves is wholesome, bear­able, fructifying, finally a delight." (Diana of the Orossways, p. 13.) than to hear Mrs. Mountstuart Jenkinson, "while grand phrasee were mouthing round about him," say: "You see he has a leg"? We may know Sir Willoughby thoroughly from our own point of view; we may form what we think an exact idea of him when Meredith first discloses the canvas; but when the chorus in the midst of the assembled actors says: "He is everything you have had the good­ness to remark, ladies and dear sirs, he talks charmingly, dances divinely, rides with the air of a commander-in-chief, has the most natural grand pose possible without ceasing for a moment to be the young English gentleman he is. Alcibiades, fresh from a Louis IV. perruquier, could not surpass him: whatever you please; I could outdo you in sublime comparisons, were I minded to pelt him. Have you noticed that he has a. leg ?"1-when the chorus says this, then we forget our own estimate of the man and accept Mrs. Mount­stuart's as conclusive. Again, the reality and truth of the novel is heightened when the author himself plays chorus and philosophizes. A plea for this is Meredith's own statement in regard to the Novelist's Art. "The Novelist's Art, now neither blushless infant nor executive man, will have attained its majority when fortified by philosophy. We can then be veraciously historical, honestly transcriptive. Rose­pink and dirty-drab will alike have passed a.way. Philosophy is the foe of both. * * * Philosophy bids us to see that we are not so pretty as rose-pink, not so repulsive as dirty-drab; and that instead of everlastingly shifting those barren aspects, the sight of ourselves is wholesome, bearable, fructifying, finally a delight."2 The author (as chorus), moralizing, not only increases the artis­tic realism of the novel, but through the office of chorus he most successfully conveys his message, if he has one to give. The first and famous chapter of Diana of the Crossways teems with truths on Life, on Romance, on Poetry, on Oratory, on Politics, on Wo­man, on Realism, on Philosophy, on the Art of the Novelist. This chapter is full of choric maxims, and a careful study of it will reveal Meredith's ideas on many subjects. These ideas-and George Meredith is "one of the great thinkers who have definitely con­tributed to the thought of the century"8-could not have been con­veyed through the medium of the characters without retarding the 'The Egoist, p. 10. 'Diana of the Crassways, p. 13. 'Worsfold, p. 89. action of the novel too much and without detracting from the main interest in the actors. "As a form of literature,'' says Mr. Wors­fold, "the novel unites the facts of history and philosophy, and the reflections of the essay, with the element of creation essential to all poetic literature, on a basis of plot, or interwoven action.m What are these reflections of the essay but the moralizings of the chorus, the author delivering his message of truth to the reader? A third office of the chorus is to relate events and actions. In this capacity the chorus usually consists of one person, and is like Shakspere's chorus, e. g., The Winter's Tale, Act IV: Enter Time, as Chorus. The first chapter of The Amazing Marriage reads, En­ter Dame Gossip as Chorus; Chapter II runs, Mistress Gossip Tells of the Elopement of the Countess of Gressett with the Old Buc­caneer, and of Charles Dump the Postillion Conducting Them, and of a Great County Family; while Chapter III is a Continuation of the Introductory Meanderings of Dame Gossip, together with Her Sudden Extinction. "She ceases. According to the terms of the treaty, the venerable lady's time has passed. An extinguisher descends on her, giving her the likeness of one under condemnation of the Most Holy Inquisition, in the ranks of an auto da fe; and singularly resembling that victim at the first sharp bite of the flames she will be when she hears the version of her story."2 Then the action begins, and exit chorus to re-enter at Chapter XIII, An Irruption of Mistress Gossip in Breach of the Convention. Several times the chorus appears in such a manner, and the novel ends With a Concluding Word by the Dame. In addition to heightening the artistic realism of the novel, affording opportunities in which to convey truths, and relating events and actions, the chorus has a fourth function, namely, the arousing of interest in the mind of the reader. George Meredith no less than Aeschylos "can lead the chorus, and through them the audience, to meditate upon these scenes, and realize them with all the emphasis imaginative poetry can afford, precisely at those points of the plot where they will be most effective."3 This is illustrated by the following extract from The Egoist,4 in which the subject of the dialogue is Clara Middleton : 1Worsfold, p. 89. 2The Amazing Ma.rriage, p. 40. 'Moulton, p. 68. •Page 4lf. [Enter Sir Willoughby Patterne, Mrs. Mountstuart Jenkinson as chorus.] Chor. She is a dainty rogue in porcelain. Sir W. Why rogue? Chor. I said in porcelain. Sir W. Rogue perplexes me. Chor. Porcelain explains it. Sir W. She has the keenest sense of honour. Chor. I am sure she is a paragon of rectitude. SirW. She has a beautiful bearing. Chor. The carriage of a young princess. SirW. I find her perfect. Chor. .And still she may be a dainty rogue in porcelain. SirW. Are you judging by the mind or the person ma'am? Chor. Both. Sir W. .And which is which? Chor. There's no distinction. Sir W. Rogue and mistress of Patterne do not go together. Chor. Why not? She will be a novelty to our neighborhood and an animation of the Hall. Sir W. To be frank, rogue does not rightly match with me. Chor. Take her for a supplement. SirW. You like her? Chor. In love with her! I can imagine life-long amusement in her company. Attend to my advice: prize the porcelain and play with the rogue. This introduction to the heroine is certainly calculated to arouse the reader's interest in her. It is a summing up of her in a word; it shows the art of the pen, which, Meredith says, "is to rouse the inward vision, instead of labouring with a drop-scene brush, as if it were to the eye; because our flying minds cannot contain a pro­tracted description. That is why the poets, who spring imagination with a word or a phrase, paint lasting pictures. The Shaksperean, the Dantesque are in a line, two at most."1 V. THE CHORUS IN MEREDITH: DETAILED STATEMENTS .A.ND ILLUS­ TRATIONS OF ITS KINDS .A.ND FUNCTIONS. Having made these general statements about the function of the chorus in Meredith, let us take up more in detail occurrences of the chorus in his first novel, The Ordeal of Richard Feverel (1859); in his best-known, The Egoist (1879); and in one of the latest, The Amazing Marriage (1895). 'Diana of the Crossways, p. 143£. 1. Richard Feverel. In Richard Feverel we find the chorus, in the main, consisting of the author as philosopher or moralist. In the person of Adrian Harley, Meredith introduces an "antipathetic witness" who some­times plays the part of chorus. The first chapter is a prologue, by the author as chorus, and tells of the principal characters who act in the first scene; it also dis­closes the theme of the novel. The action then begins; and Adrian Harley comes in, and at intervals remarks upon the hero and upon the educational system of Sir Austin Feverel, which is the theme of the book. These epigrams of Adrian's give color and vigor to the theme and the characters. For example, "he characterizes this sys­tem" of education that Sir Austin is applying to Richard, "in say­ing that Sir Austin wished to be Providence to his son" ;1 and, again, he remarks of Richard and Ripton : "Boys are like monkeys, the gravest actors of farcical nonsense that the world possesses."2 All the way through the book, the moralizings of the author and the comments of Adrian Harley are so interwoven with the action that it is difficult and not to be attempted to note all the occur­rences. In Chapter X, Richard Passes Through His Preliminary Ordeal, and is the Occasion of an Aphorism; which aphorism is spoken by the author as chorus: "There is for the mind but one grasp of hap­piness: from that uppermost pinnacle of wisdom, whence we see that this world is well designed." The Blossoming Season3 comes, and this calls for some prologu­ing and more moralizing on the part of the chorus. The Magnetic Youth has An Attraction/ and this brmgs about a Ferdinand a;nd Miranda5 scene, at the opening of which the chorus cries from The Pilgrim's Scrip: "0 women! women, who like, and will have for hero, a rake ! how soon are you not to learn that you have taken bankrupts to your bosoms, and that the putrescent gold that at­tracted you is the slime of the Lake of Sin !"6 1R. F., p. 28. 2R. F., p. 38. •R. F., XII, 72-74; 80-81. •R. F., XIV. •R. F., XV. 0R. F., p. 99. The action of the book continues through three or four chapters until we come to the beautiful prose-pastoral chapter, A Diversion Played on a Penny Whistle. Then the chorus, in its usual voice sympathetic with the hero, exclaims: "Away with Systems l Away with a Corrupt World l Let us breathe the air of the Enchanted Island."1 [Richard and Lucy are there. They call each other by their names.] "Those two names are the key-notes of the wonder­ful harmonies the angels sing aloft." * * * " 'Lucy l my bride l my life l' "The night-jar spins his dark monotony on the branch of the pine. The soft beam travels round them, and listens to their hearts. Their lips are locked.2 (Such is the picture when the chorus sings] : "Pipe as you will, you cannot express their first kiss; noth­ing of its sweetness, and of the sacredness of it nothing. St. Cecilia up aloft, before the silver organ-pipes of Paradise, pressing :fingers upon all the notes of which Love is but one, from her you may hear it."3 Richard goes through this first ecstasy, and after a severe illness seems to forget Lucy. Lady Blandish begins to think Sir Austin's system a success: "Theoretically wise Lady Blandish had always thought the baronet; she was unprepared to find him thus practically sagacious." [For him] "she felt soft emotions such as a girl feels, and they :flattered her * * * The autumn primrose :flourished." [The chorus has something to say on the "autumn primrose" as it did on the "spring primrose,'' above, and reads from The Pilgrim's Scrip] : "The ways of women, which are Involution, and their practices, which are Opposition, are generally best hit upon by guess work and a bold word; it being impossible to track them and hunt them down in the ordinary style.'~4 Now, the hero takes a step,5 and a prologue by the chorus pre­cedes: ''Let it be some apology for the damage caused by the careering hero, and a consolation to the quiet wretches, dragged along with him at his chariot wheels, that he is generally the last to know when be has made an actual start; such a mere creature is he, 'R. F., p. 124. 'R. F., p. 125£. 'R. F., p. 127. 'R. F., p. 176. 'R. F., XXV. like the rest of us, albeit the head of our fates. By this you per­ceive the true hero, whether he be a prince or a pot boy, that he does not plot; Fortune does all for him. He may be compared to one to whom, in an electric circle, it is given to carry the battery. W~ caper and grimace a.t his will; yet not his the will, not his the power. "l'is all Fortune's, whose puppet he is. She deals her dis­pensations through him. Yea, though our capers be never so comi­cal, he laughs not. Intent upon his own business, the true hero asks little services of us here and there; thinks it quite natural that they should be acceded to and sees nothing ridiculous in the lamen­table contortions we must go through to fulfill them. Probably he is the elect of Fortune, because of that notable faculty of being intent upon his own business: 'Which is,' says the Pilgrim's Scrip, 'with men to be valued equal to that force which in water makes a stream.'" Richard has taken the step and gone to London with his Uncle Hippias to taste the allurements of city life. Sir Austin, Lady Blandish, Adrian, are all at the train to see them off, and with the hero away from the scene of action, the chorus takes advantage of the opportunity to philosophize :1 "Now surely there will come an age when the presentation of science at war with Fortune and the Fates, will be deemed the hue epic of modern life; and the aspect of a scientific humanist who, by dint of incessant watchfulness, has maintained a system against those active forces, cannot be reckoned less than sublime, even though at the moment he but sit upon his horse, on a fine March morning such as this, and smile wistfully to behold the son of his heart, his System incarnate, wave a serene adieu to tutelage, neither too eager nor morbidly unwilling to try his luck alone for a term of two weeks. At present, I am aware, an audience impatient for blood and glory scorns the stress I am put­ting on incidents so minute, a picture so little imposing. An audi­ence will come to whom it will be given to see the elementary machinery at work: who as it were, from some slight hint of the straws, will feel the winds of March when they do not blow. To them will nothing be trivial, seeing that they will have in their eyes the invisible conflict going on around us, whose features a nod, a smile, a laugh of ours perpetually changes. And they will per­ceive, moreover, that in real life all hangs together: the train is laid in the lifting of an eyebrow, that bursts upon the field of thou­ 'R. F., p. 189. sands. They will see the links of things as they pass, and wonder not, as foolish people now do, that this great matter came out of that small one." Richard gets to London, and finds that Lucy is about to marry Farmer Blaize's son, who has gone to London to meet her. He out­wits Tom Blaize, and with the help of his old friend, Ripton, suc­ceeds in fooling everybody else, and marries Lucy. At the beginning of Chapter XXIX, In Which the Last Act of a Comedy Takes the Place of the First, the chorus philosophizes at some length :1 "A.lthough it blew hard when Oresar crossed the Rubicon, the passage of that river is commonly calm; calm as Ache­ron. So long as he gets bis fare, the ferryman does not need to be told whom he carries: he pulls with a will, and heroes may be over in half an hour. Only when they stand on the opposite bank, do they see what a leap they have taken. The shores they have relinquished shrink to an infinite remoteness. There they have dreamed; here they must act. There lie youth and irresolution; here manhood and purpose. They are veritably in another land: a moral Acheron divides their life. Their memories scarce seem their own! The Philosophical Geography (about to be published) observes that each man has, one time or other, a little Rubicon-a clear or a foul water to cross. It is asked him: 'Wilt thou wed this Fate, and give up all behind thee?' and 'I will,' firmly pronounced, speeds him over. The above named manuscript authority informs us, that by far the greater number of carcasses rolled by this heroic flood to its sister stream below, are those of fellows who have repented their pledge, and have tried to swim back to the bank they have blotted out. For though every man of us may be a hero for one fatal minute, very few remain so after a day's march even: and who wonders that Madam Fate is indignant, and wears the features of the terrible Universal Fate to him? Fail before her, either in heart or in act, and lo, how the alluring loves in her visage wither and sicken to what it is modelled on ! Be your Rubicon big or small, clear or foul, it is the same: you shall not return. On-or to Acheron ! I subscribe to that saying of the Pilgrim's Scrip: 'The danger of a little knowledge is disputable: but beware the little knowledge of one's self!' Richard Feverel was now crossing the River of bis Ordeal. * * * Did he know what he was made 'R. F., p. 233. of? Doubtless, nothing at all. But honest passion has an instinct that can be safer than conscious wisdom." When the news of Richard's marriage to Lucy reached his father, all Sir Austin said was : "It is useless to base· any system on a human being,'' and then completely shut his heart to his son. The chorus truly declares: "If, instead of saying, Base no system on a human being, he had said, Never experimentalize with one, he would have been nearer the truth of his own case. He had experi­mented on humanity in the person of the son he loved as his life, and at once, when the experiment appeared to have failed, all humanity's failings fell on the shoulders of his son. * * * As he sat alone in the forlorn dead hush of his library, he saw the devil."1 Again, " 'Do nothing,' said the devil he nursed; which meant in his case, 'Take me into you and don't cast me out.' Excel­lent and sane is the outburst of wrath to men, when it stops short of slaughter. For who that locks it up to eat in solitary, can say that it is consumed? Sir Austin had as weak a digestion for wrath, as poor Hippias for a green duckling. Instead of eating it, it ate him. The wild beast in him was not the less deadly because it did not roar, and the devil in him not the less active because he resolved to do nothing."2 After a few months' honeymoon on the Isle of Wight, Richard comes back to London alone to try to bring about a reconciliation with his father. But Sir Austin will not see him, and days, weeks, months pass and still Richard stays with the hope of having an interview. All this time he is being led away by various influences until he feels estranged from Lucy. The chorus relates events and moralizes at intervals throughout Richard's separation from Lucy. In the meantime Sir Austin has become reconciled to Lucy and her son, and Richard is wandering idly about on the continent. Enter chorus, Chapter XLII. Nature Speaks. "Briareus redden­ing angrily over the sea-what is that vaporous Titan? And Hes­per set in his rosy garland-why looks he so implacably sweet? It is that one has left that bright home to go forth and do cloudy work, and he has got a stain with which he dare not return. Far in the west fair Lucy beckons him to come. Ah, heaven ! if he might ! How strong and fierce the temptation is ! how subtle the 'R. F., p. 280. 'R. F., p. 283. sleepless desire! it drugs his reason, his honor. For he loves her; she is still the first and only woman to him. Otherwise would this black spot be hell to him? otherwise would his limbs be chained while her arms are spread open to him? And if he loves her, why then what is one fall in the pit, or a thousand? Is not love the pass-word to that beckoning bliss? So may we say; but here is one whose body has been made a temple to him, and it is desecrated. "A temple, and desecrated! For what is it fit for but for a dance of devils? His education has thus wrought him to think. "He can blame nothing but his own baseness. But to feel base and accept the bliss that beckons-he has not fallen so low as that. "Ah, happy English home! sweet wife! what mad, miserable wisp of the Fancy led him away from you, high in his conceit? Poor wretch ! that thought to be he of the hundred hands, and war against the absolute Gods. Jove whispered a light commission to the Laughing Dame; she met him; and how did he shake Olympus? with laughter? "Sure it were better to be Orestes, the Furies howling in his ears, than one called to by a heavenly soul from whom he is forever out­cast. He has not the oblivion of madness. Clothed in the lights of his first passion, robed in the splendour of old skies, she meets him everywhere; morning, evening, night, she shines above him: waylays him suddenly in forest depths; drops palpably on his heart. At moments he forgets; he rushes to embrace her; calls her his beloved, and lo, her innocent kiss brings agony of shame to his face." Thus, we have the reason of Richard's staying away from his wife. He does come later for a. few hours, only to leave and fight a duel in which he is seriously wounded. Sir Austin, with Lucy, hurries over to France, where he is. The physicians forbid her to see him, and she sits outside his door and looks "such awful eagerness." She dies of brain fever, and Richard recovers. Lady Blandish, writing to Austin Wentworth, affords a sort of choric epilogue to the book: "Oh! how sick I am of theories, and systems, and the pretensions of men ! * * * Poor man! [writ­ing of Sir Austin Feverel] perhaps I am hard on him. I remember that you said that Richard had done wrong. Yes: well, that may be. But his father eclipsed his wrong in a greater wrong-a crime, or quite as bad; for if he deceived himself in the belief that he was acting righteously in separating husband and wife, and exposing his son as he did, I can only say that there are some who are worse than people who deliberately commit crimes. No doubt science will bene­fit by it. They kill little animals for the sake of science."1 The author, moralizing, as chorus preponderates in Richard Feverel, as the occurrences given will show. These chorus parts make the book very real. Take, for example, the scene entitled "A Diversion Played on a Penny-Whistle." Rich­ard and Lucy call each other by their names, "other speech they have little," "Love is silent," and how could the reader know of their ecstasy if the chorus did not sing a refrain to the Diversion Played on a Penny-Whistle? Then again, the Cresar and Rubicon passage of the chorus, just before Richard's wedding, affords the reader an anticipatory reali­zation of the ordeal Richard was to pass through. When it says, "Honest passion has an instinct that can be saier than conscious wisdom," it breathes philosophy, and shows us that Richard "is not so pretty as rose-pink, not so repulsive as dirty-drab." Sir Austin's hardness towards Richard is made more emphatic than it would have been otherwise, when the chorus says: "When the experiment appeared to have failed, all humanity's failings fell on the shoulders of his son. * * * As he sat alone in the for­lorn dead hush of his library, he saw the devil." How life-like is the picture we get when Nature Speaks! The chorus leads us to see truly the yearnings of Richard's soul and the anguish of his spirit. Finally, Lady Blandish in a choric epilogue sums up the reader's feeling in the matter: "Oh! how sick I am of theories, and systems, and the pretensions of men !" Besides this added touch of life and reality, the chorus gives Meredith's message,-the moral or purpose of the novel. Of course, the moral is developed both in the characters and events, but the chorus itself plainly states the falsity of such a thing as this unnat­ural system : "If instead of saying, Base no system on a human being, he had said, Never experimentalize with one, he would have been nearer the truth of his own case." The words that the author puts into Lady Blandish's final judgment of the system and of Sir Austin, plainly declare that murder can be done in more ways than one; and that pet theories and selfish determination to execute those theories can and do pierce with the mortal keenness of a Damascus blade. 'R. F., p. 452f. 2. The Egoist. The Egoist presents a chorus more after the manner of the Attic chorus than any other of Meredith's novels. Though here, as in Richard Feverel, the author as philosopher plays chorus, the chief chorus consists of characters in the book, who have no main part in the action. Mrs. Mountstuart Jenkinson, Lady Busshe, Lady Culmer, the Patterne Ladies, all play the role. The book is styled, on the title page, A Comedy in Narrative, and to understand the application we have to remember Meredith's idea of comedy, which he gives in the opening paragraph of the prelude. "Comedy," he says, "is a game played to throw reflections upon social life, and it deals with human nature in the drawingroom of civilized men and women, where we have no dust of the struggling outer world, no mire, no violent crashes, to make the correctness of the repre­sentation convincing." One of the chief means by which "reflec­tions are thrown on this social life" is this chorus of ladies. The author, as chorus, also serves the same purpose. The book opens with a prelude by the author as chorus. In it Meredith tells us his "idea of comedy," a knowledge of which is essential to a right understanding, not only of The Egoist, but of all his novels. Moreover, the theme of this Comedy in Narrative is laid down in the Prelude. The chief member of the chorus, Mrs. Mountstuart Jenkinson, is then introduced as "a lady certain to say the remembered, if not the right, thing." Some of her phrases, uttered previous to the opening of this story, are brought in here and introduce to the reader the characters at a glance. She says of Lretitia Dale: "Here she comes with a romantic tale on her eyelashes ;"1 and of Vernon Whitford: "He is a Phrebus Apollo turned fasting friar." 2 Then comes that famous choric epigram on Sir Willoughby Patterne: "You see he has a leg." Sir Willoughby, hearing of Mrs. Mount­stuart's speech concerning him, smiled and said: "It is at her service." So he conducted her to the supper table, and we are told by implica.tion that there they were infinitely wittier. The great question as to whom Sir Willoughby would marry was discussed throughout the country. "Lady Busshe was for Con­stantia Durham,'' whom Mrs. Mounistuart called the Racing Cut­ 'E., p. 9. 'E., p. IO. ter, while Mrs. Mountstuart favored Lretitia Dale. Lady Busshe said: "Patternes marry money; they are not romantic people ;"1 and this was her argument in regard to Constantia Durham, because she had money. His engagement to Constantia was announced; "all the country said that there had not been a chance for Lretitia, and Mrs. Mountstuart Jenkinson humbly remarked, in an attitude of penitence, 'I'm not a witch;' "2 Constantia Durham eloped with somebody else, a Captain Oxford, and Sir Willoughby seemed to be going in for Lretitia Dale after all when fresh news reached the neighborhood. Mrs. Mountstuart was loud on the sub­ject: "Patterne is to have a mistress at last, you say? But there never was a doubt of his marrying, he must marry; and so long as he does not marry a foreign woman, we have no cause to complain. He met her at Cherriton. Both were struck at the same moment. Her father is, I hea;r, some sort of learned man; money; no land. No house either, I believe. People who spend half their time on the continent. They are now for a year at Upton Park. The very girl to settle down and entertain when she does think of settling. Eighteen, perfect manners; you need not ask if a beauty. Sir Wil­loughby will have his dues. We must teach her to make amends to him-but don't listen to Lady Busshe ! He was too young at twenty-three or twenty-four. No young man is ever jilted; he is allowed to escape. A young man married is a fire-eater bound over to keep the peace; if he keeps it he worries it. At thirty-one or thirty-two he is ripe for his command, because he knows how to bend. And Sir Willoughby is a splendid creature, only wanting a wife to complete him. For a man like that to go on running about would never do. Soberly-no ! It would soon be getting ridiculous. He has been no worse than other men, probably better, infinitely more excusable; but now we have him, and it was time we should. I shall see her and study her, sharply, you may be sure; though I fancy I can rely on his judgment."3 Thus Sir Willoughby's engagement to Clara Middleton was dis­cussed. He described her to Mrs. Mountstuart, who replied: "Let me see her." When she did see Miss Middleton, she proclaimed her "a dainty rogue in porcelain," and the dialogue with Sir Wil­ 1E., p. 15. 2E., p. 18. 'E., p. 30f. loughby (IV, 4) followed. The novelist, as chorus, here comment­ing on Mrs. Mountstuart, says: "Like all rapid phrasers, Mrs. Mountstuart detested the analysis of her sentence. It had an out­line in vagueness, and was flung out to be apprehended, not dis­sected. Her directions for the reading of Miss Middleton's char­acter were the same that she practiced in reading Sir Willoughby's, whose physiognomy and manners bespoke him what she presumed him to be, a splendidly proud gentleman, with good reason."1 At the opening of Chapter VII, The Betrothed, the chorus philos­ophizes, and again in Chapter XI, 78. I would cite pages 110-111 for a philosophic chorus which shows most acute observation and the soundest judgment. Chapter XXIII, which Treats of the Union of Temper and Policy, is, for the most part, devoted to the philosophizings of the chorus. When Clara Middleton has pleaded in vain to Sir Willoughby for a release from their engagement, in desperation she decides to fly from her a.bhorrence. "Fibs, evasions, the serene battalions of white lies parallel on the march with dainty rogue falsehoods. She had delivered herself of many yesterday in her engagements for today."2 The chorus says to this: ''Beware the false position," and continues: "That is easy to say: sometimes the tangle descends on us like a net of blight on a rose bush. There is then an instant choice for us between courage to cut loose, and desperation if we do not. But not many men are trained to courage: young women are trained to cowardice. For them to front an evil with plain speech is to be guilty of effrontery and forfeit the waxen polish of purity, and therewith their commanding place in the market. They are trained to please man's taste, for which purpose they soon learn to live out of themselves, and look on themselves as he looks, almost as little disturbed as he by the undiscovered. Without courage, conscience is a sorry guest; and if all goes well with the pirate cap­tain, conscience will be made to walk the plank for being of no service to either party."8 The egotism of the hero is commented on and moralized upon by the author, as chorus, much too often to be cited here, and so we shall only consider the chorus of ladies, which is the most charac­teristic thing about the book. 1E., p. 43. 1E:, p. 248. 'E., p. 248f. Mrs. Mountstuart, walking with Professor Crooklyn, says: ''My dear Professor, you have in Dr. Middleton a match for you in conscientious pugnacity, and you will not waste it upon me. There, there they are; there he is. Mr. Whitford will conduct you. stand away from the :first shock." Mrs. Mountstuart fell back to Lretitia, saying: "He pores over a little exactitude in phrases, and pecks at it like a domestic fowl." "As for Dr. Middleton," says Mrs. 1\fountstuart, ''he will swell the letters of my vocabulary to gigantic proportions if I see much of him; he is contagious."1 From here (XXXIII) on, Mrs. Mountstuart and the rest of the chorus are on the stage almost constantly. First, Mrs. Mountstuart and Sir Willoughby appear in dialogue. "Sir Willoughby mused. "Like one resuming his instrument to take up the melody in a concerted piece, he said: 'I thought Letitia Dale had a singularly animated air last night.' " 'Why !' Mrs. Mountstuart mildly gaped. " 'I want a new description of her. You know I collect your mottoes and sentences.' " 'It seems to me she is coming three parts out of her shell, and wearing it as a hood for convenience.' " 2 A dialogue between Miss Middleton and Mrs. Mountstuart fol­lows: C. M.] "Will you help me?" Mrs. M.] "!£you are perfectly ingenuous, I may try.'' C. M.] ''Dear lady, what more can I say?" Mrs. M.] "It may be difficult. You can reply to a catechism.'' C. M.] "I shall have your help?" Mrs. M.] ''Well, yes; though I don't like stipulations between friends. There is no man living to whom you could willingly give your hand? That is my question. I cannot possibly take a step unless I know. Reply briefly; there is or there is not.''8 And so, for a chapter, this dialogue runs on; Clara pleading for help and Mrs. Mountstuart returning advice. The scene' changes then to the lunch table, and all the actors and the full chorus (Mrs. Mountstuart, Ladies Busshe and Culmer 1E., p. 339f. 1E., p. 342. 'E., p. 365. •E., XXXVI. and the Patterne ladies) assemble. The conversation is very ani­mated, and the chorus parts are frequent. Exeunt actors and chorus, the scene changes to the lawn, and enter Sir Willoughby and Mrs. Mountstuart (chorus), who do some clever fencing.1 For several chapters after this, the action is carried on without the chorus at hand to pass comment; then there is A Conspiracy of the Elements (XLIII), and Mrs. Mountstuart enters. Coming up to Clara, she whispered : " 'News indeed ! Wonderful ! I could not credit his hint of it yesterday. Are you satisfied?' " 'Pray, Mrs. Mountstuart, take an opportunity to speak to papa,' Clara whispered in return. "Mrs. ]\,fountstuart bowed to Dr. Middleton, nodded to Vernon, and swam upon Willoughby with: 'Is it? But is it? Am I really to believe? You have? My dear Sir Willoughby? Really?' * * * "He fell back saying: 'Madam?' in a tone advising her to speak low. "She recovered her volubility, followed his partial retreat and dropped her voice. " 'Impossible to have imagined it as an actual fact! You were always full of surprises, but this! this! Nothing manlier, nothing more gentlemanly has ever been done: nothing : nothing that so completely changes an untenable situation into a comfortable and proper footing for everybody. It is what I like: it is what I love. Sound sense ! Men are so selfish : one can not persuade them to be reasonable in such positions. But you, Sir Willoughby, have shown wisdom and sentiment: the rarest of all combinations in men.' m In the next scene the chorus changes and is composed of the Patterne ladies, who chant in alternation : "--We are accustomed to peruse our Willoughby, and we know him by a shadow." "--From his infancy to his glorious youth and his established manhood." "--He was ever the soul of chivalry." "--Duty: duty first. The happiness of his family: the well­being of his dependents." "--If proud of his name, it was not an overweening pride; it was founded in conscious possession of exalted qualities." 1E., XXVII. 'E., p. 456. "--He could be humble when occasion called for it."1 This is poured forth to Dr. Middleton and Mr. Dale for several pages, when the door opens and Lady Busshe and Lady Culmer are announced. Then the General Assembly scene opens, which is given above (II), and therein the part of the chorus reaches its height and continues throughout the next chapter, Sir Willoughby's Generalship, when Mrs Mountstuart has a final word, "with her inevitable stroke of caricature,'' on Dr. Middleton: "You see Dr. Middleton's pulpit scampering alter him with legs !"2 At the end, when the curtain falls, Mrs. Mountstuart owns her­self outclassed by Lady Bussbe in regard to the outcome of Sir Wil­loughby's and Clara Middleton's engagement. She says: "Girls are unfathomable! And Lady Busshe-I know she did not go by character-shot one of her random guesses, and she triumphs. We shall never hear the last of it. And I bad all the opportunities. I'm bound to confess I had."3 From these illustrations we have learned the kind of chorus in The Egoist, and we have also learned that a chorus composed of sympathetic witnesses preponderates. But let us again rehearse the function of the chorus in this novel. First, it heightens the artistic realism of the novel; and, secondly, it arouses the reader's interest. It is by this chorus that Meredith makes us see the purely subjective as if it were objective. The comments of these eye-witnesses bring the truth home to the reader much more forcibly than would a description by the novelist or some action of the character. For example, "A dainty rogue in porcelain" from the lips of Mrs. Mountstuart conveys a wealth of meaning, whereas, if the author were writing out a description of Clara Middleton and should compare her to "a dainty rogue in porcelain,'' the simile would not seem well chosen. Clara Middle­ton herself, by any single action, would not give the reader any such idea of herself. But this single phrase of Mrs. Mountstuart's impresses the reader with the fact that the girl is both to be prized for her rareness of type and to be enjoyed for her personal charms. In other words, we have the animated account of an eye-witness, 1E., p. 460. 2E., p. 489. 1E., p. 522f. who conveys the truth more directly than any vivid description the novelist might write. But this chorus does more than heighten the artistic realism of the book; it arouses the interest of the reader. The very vagueness of Mrs. Mountstuart's phrases interests you to the extent of making you read on to see what she is talking about. And, after you have found out, you keep on eagerly to see what her next comment will be. All this time, you catch the spirit of the chorus-interest in the characters-and are led on to "meditate upon the scenes." In these two functions, it seems to me, the chorus is indispens­able to The Egoist. A more perfect way to develop this theme of the selfishness of human nature is inconceivable. We see it in its instinctive nature and not as a quality that some people have and others are free of; and the chorus makes us see it. 3. The Amazing Marriage. The Amazing Marriage not only opens with a part by the chorus, but the very term Chorus is used in the heading of the opening chapter, Enter Dame Gossip as Chorus. For three chapters, as the novelist's mouthpiece, the Dame relates events that have happened and gives the environment of the story to follow. Not until Chap­ter XIII does she appear again, and then for two chapters she relates events concerning this amazing marriage. Again, in Chapter XXIII, the chorus comes upon the stage, and the Dame says, in regard to the great event: "This was a marriage high as the firmament over common occurrences, black as Erebus to confound; it involved the wreck of expectations, disastrous eclipse of a sovereign luminary in the splendour of his rise, Phae­thon's descent. to the shades through a s;moking and a crackling world. Asserted here, verified there, the rumour gathered volume, and from a serpent of vapour resolved to sturdy concrete before it was tangible. Contradiction retired into corners, only to be swept out of them. For this marriage, abominable to hear of, was of so wonderful a sort, that the story filled the mind, and the discred­iting of the story threatened the great world's cranium with a vacuity more monstrously abominable.'" Three chapters2 later, the chorus re-enters, and tells of the excitement over Protestant England caused by Lord Fleetwood's 1.A. M., p. 289. 2.A. M., XXVI, p. 34lf. going over to the Jesuits. Again Dame Gossip ejaculates: "Young men are mysterious! and bowl us onward." "No one ever did com­prehend the Earl of Fleetwood," she says; ''he was bad, he was good; he was whimsical, he was steadfast; a splendid :figure, a mark for ridicule; romantic, and a close arithmetician; often a devil, sometimes the humanest of creatures."1 The Dame tells of The Ride of the Welsh Cavaliers Escorting the Countess of Fleetwood to Kentish Esslemont.2 "'A striking scene,' Dame Gossip says; but raises a wind over the clipped adventure, and is for recounting what London believed about it. Enough has been conceded for the stoppage of her intrusion; she is left in the likeness of a full charged pistol capless to the clap­ping trigger."3 "The Dame collapses," and the novelist takes up her role and gives her some philosophy: "There is little doubt of her having the world to back her in protest against all :fine, filmy work of the exploration of a young man's intricacies or cavities. Let her not forget the fact she has frequently impressed upon us, that he was 'the very wealthiest nobleman of his time,' instructive to touch inside as well as out. He had his share of brains, too. And also she should be mindful of an alteration of English taste likely of occurrence in the remote posterity she vows she is for addressing after she has exhausted our present hungry generation. The pos­terity signified will, it is calculable, it is next to certain, have studied a developed human nature so far as to know the composition of it a not unequal mixture of the philosophic and the romantic, and that credible realism is to be produced solely by an involvement of those two elements."' The Dame is resuscitated, and recounts a few more events before she says her last, which concludes the novel: "So much I can say: the facts related, with some regretted omissions, by which my story has so skeleton a look, are those that led to the lamentable conclu­sion. But the melancholy, the pathos of it, the heart of all England stirred by it, have been-and the panting excitement of it was to every listener-sacrificed in the vain effort to render events 'A. M., p. 374. 2..4.. M., XXXIV. 'A. M., p. 453. •.A. M., p. 501. as consequent to your understanding as a piece of logic, through an exposure of character. Character must ever be a mystery, only to be explained in some degree by conduct; and that is very depend­ent upon accident; and unless we have a perpetual whipping of the tender part of the reader's mind, interest in invisible persons must needs flag. For it is an infant we address, and the story-teller whose art excites an infant to serious attentions succeeds best; with English people assuredly, I rejoice to think, though I pray their patience here while that philosophy and exposure of character block the course along a road inviting to traffic of the most animating kind." The function of the chorus in The Amazing Marriage has already been noted in IV, and calls for no further special treatment. As simply relating events, it is the least interesting kind of chorus, and also the least effective. However, where the author philoso­phizes in this novel, the reality of the story in undoubtedly height­ened. VI. THE CHORUS IN THACKERAY AND IN GEORGE ELIOT. As has already been pointed out (II), the chorus occurs in the novels of both Thackeray and George Eliot. I cannot recall, how­ever, a single parallel, in the novels of either, to Mrs. Mountstuart Jenkinson, nor is there an instance of a case similar to Enter Dame Gossip as Chorus. Both Thackeray and George Eliot sus­pend the action of their stories, whenever they see fit, to make phil­osophic comments, which, as Mr. Moulton says, "are a prose ana­logue to the lyric meditations of the chorus." Of such a chorus there are abundant illustrations in the novels of both. Without quoting any illustrations, I would refer to the citations given in II as good examples. VII. CONCLUSIONS. We have noted the history of the term chorus, and have seen how an analogy, in function, to the Greek Tragic Chorus has caused the name to be applied to the phenomenon in the novel. In the novels of George Meredith there are three kinds of chorus: the "sympathetic witness" chorus; the philosophizing chorus; the prologuing chorus. The chorus, sometimes of one kind sometimes of another, performs four functions. First, the chorus heightens the artistic realism of the novel; secondly, it conveys the message of the novelist; thirdly, it relates events; fourthly, it arouses the interest of the reader. Illustrations from the chorus parts in Richard Feverel, The Egoist, and The Amazing Marriage support this deduction. The chorus is not altogether peculiar to George Meredith, for Thackeray and George Eliot have the philosophizing chorus to as great an extent. Doubtless other modern English novelists, to say nothing of foreign story-writers, use the chorus. The "sympathetic witness" chorus, however, is peculiar to Mere­dith, and is one of the chief factors in the development of The E,qoist. Meredith's novels of action-The Adventures of Harry Rich­mond, Evan Harrington, Vittoria, etc.-have but few chorus parts, and these belong to the philosophizing chorus. In Meredith's subjective novels-The Ordeal of Richard Feverel, The Egoist, Diana of the Crossways, One nf Our Conquerors, The Amazing Marriage-the chorus rivals in importance the characters and the subject under development. Its importance is due to the fact that, by it, the novelist conveys to the reader the subjective in the form of the objective, and keeps alive the reader's interest. For Meredith himself says: "Character must ever be a mystery, only to be explained in some degree by conduct; and that is very dependent upon accident: and unless we have a perpetual whipping of the tender part of the reader's mind, interest in invisible per­sons must needs flag.m BIBLIOGRAPHY. l. Works by Meredith. The Novels, 18 vols., Scribner's uniform edition, New York. A.n Essay on Comedy and the Uses of the Comfo Spirit, London, 1897. II. Other Works Read. Ba,rnett, L. D.: 'l'he (}reek Drama, London, 1900, Ba,rrie, .J. ~L: "Mr. George Meredith's Novels," in 'l'he Contemporary Review for October, 1888, pp. 375-386. Ca,mpbell, Lewis: A Guide to Greek Tragedy, New York, 1891. Crnwford, F. M.: The Novel: Whiew for November, 1897, pp. 673-678. Warren, F. M.: A History of the Novel Previous to the Seventeenth l"lentury, New York, 1895. Worsfold, W. B.: Judgment in Literature, London, 1900. THE DUTY OF THE EDUCA'l'ED CITIZEN. [Address delivered on Commencement Day, June 11, 1902, by Judge Frank C. Dillard, of Sherman.] Young Ladies and Gentlemen of the University, Ladies and Gen­tlemen: Standing here today to address young men and women, some of whom are just on the eve of going out from these halls to take their places in the same busy world from which I come to speak to them, others of whom are still to pursue here those studies which are to prepare them to enter upon their life work later on, it has seemed well to me, inste::id of selecting a subject of purely literary inte,_.est, to choose one of practical moment. The generous youth, fnll of noble purposes and worthy ambitions, urp-0n whom the mantle of citizenship is soon to fall, well may pause to note the conditions about him and to ask himself how he can aid in his country's advancement. I have therefore taken as our theme today "The Duty of the Educated Citizen." To the contemplative mind the trite saying, "History repeats itself," is ever proving true; yet one would study the past to little purpose, would contemplate the social phenomena of the present with little insight, if he did not recognize that in this day we are Rurrounded by conditions differing from those with which the past had to deal and which call for comprehensive study and wise and firm action. In the life of a nation there must be progression or retrogression. There can be no standing still. Let a people cease to go forward and there comes to it swift decadence. Let the world cease to go forward and fast comes the night of the Middle Ages, desolate and starless. Today we of this Union must go forward or we must go backward. Which it shall be depends upon its citizens and largely upon its educated citizens-upon their hopes, their aims, their pur­ poses, their endeavors. Problems new and mighty confront us. In an able address delivered before the Yale law class a few years since, Mr. Justice Brown of the Supreme Court of the United States emphasized the fact, frequently noted, that conditions of life have been radically changed by the inventions of the past century, and especially by those having to do with the agencies of steam and electricity. The thought is worthy of attention at this hour; the fact could not be passed unnoticed in the treatment of the subject we have in hand. If any age is examined it will be found that not only can its degree of civilization be told by its advancement in the mechanic arts, but that such arts, in turn, have much to do with its life and progress. No great forward movement is made in these arts that there is not a new adjustment of social affairs. More than by any teachings of ·philosophy or religion, more than by any wars or rumors of wars, more than by any governmental policies or efforts of diplomacy, has the life of the past hundred years been given thought and form and color by discoveries and inventions relating to the mechanic arts. We live today as truly in the age of steam and electricity a8 ever man lived in a Neolithic age, and the line which divides the Neolithic man from the man of history as to social conditions is in many ways scarcely more distinctly marked than that which divides the man of today frbm the man of the eighteenth century. It is quite common to say time and distance ha>e been annihilated. This is more than a metaphor; it is almost literal truth, and the great fact which stands out in this annihila­tion of time and space is that all the world has been brought into oneness. Let us again follow the thought emphasized by Mr. J us.tice Brown. One hundred years ago Europe was very far from us. Today, were a crime committed in St. Petersburg, the footprints of him who did the bad deed would scarcely grow cold at the place where it was enacted before an account of it would be heard in far-off parts of the world. One hundred years ago a trip no greater than from this city to the northern limits of the State would have been an arduous undertaking. Now, each summer thousands cross the ocean for a holiday's outing. One hundred years ago all news traveled slowly. Now, each day, one can read the happenings of the previous day in almost every part of the earth. The result of this unification of the world has been to make the world's discontent, the world's unhappiness, the world's woes, the common property of the world's citizens. Nor is this all. One hundred years ago there were no large fortunes with us. Now they are common. One hundred years Dgo, in this country at least, habits of luxury were little indulged in. Now they are widely prevalent. One hundred years ago, in this country at least, there was little ostentation of wealth. Now we meet it in forms so gross as to grate on the sensibilities of all save those who exhibit it and at times to drive almost to madness certain classes of the people. One hundred years ago but a small part of this country was inhabited; vast areas of fertile land, untouched by the husbandman-nay, unexplored-lay stretching from east of the Mississippi to where the Pacific spends its waves on the shores of the Golden West-lands inviting the discontented of other countries to come and build new homes, begin life again and lose their discontent in effort crowned with success. Today, the tide of life has flowed westward until nearly all the arable lands have become the property of individuals, and :finding no abiding place in great arid plains, has begun to ebb toward the centers of popu­lation, disappointed and restless. One hundred years ago we had no great cities, and as the town began to grow the surplus popula­tion could move toward the West to found new cities or enter the great army of husbandmen. Today, in the farthest West, are large cities, and in all the great towns it frequently happens that there are numbers of unemployed-first idle, then vicious-fit subjects to whom to teach any creed subversive of law and order. One hun~ dred years ago the ~mmigrant brought with him no doctrine of anarchy, no religion of socialism. Now he comes the propagandist of these tenets. These, then, are the conditions which surround us. Do they portend the downfall of this Republic? I believe it not, ii we are true to ourselves. These are the shadows on the picture, but upon it are lights which have in them the very rose tints of a pure dawn. If this day stands as the ''heir of all the ages," and has for its heritage the world's wide misery; if this land is Time's last off­spring, above which the star of empire has culminated, and where the fifth act now playing has in it much of tragedy; this day, too, has inherited from the past much that makes life brighter, and the act now playing gives promise of a happier ending than in a tragedy of blood and sorrow. In the unifying of the world, in the spread of its discontent and misery, there have been spread many blessings which increase the comfort and happiness of living. There has been a greater diffusion of knowledge and it is more accurate and varied. The horizon of the people has been widened. These things · make for the stability of government and the upbuilding of national life. But that which more than aught else gives heart of hope, that which more than aught else gives assurance that this Union shall endure and fill the highest destiny ever marked out for any nation, is that the great body of the people are conservative in their tendencies; is that with the great mass of the people, behind their discontent and restlesrness, when these exist, are a true love of country and an earnest desire fo :find out the right ways. Should these feelings cease to find lodgment in the hearts of our people or to influence their conduct, then, indeed, may we despair of the Republic; for then, just so surely as a planet from which the influ­ence of gravity has been withdrawn would be hurled into space and shattered into fragments, just that surely would this government be destroyed. To allay the feeling of unrest of which we have spoken, to make dissatisfaction give place to content, to teach the misguided that anarchy is the reign of disorder and socialism the destruction of individual freedom and individual manhood, to foster a spirit of conservatism, to beget a love of country where it does not exist and to cause it to strike its roots deeper where it is found, is the duty of the patriotic citizen, the opportunity of the educated citizen. It has been so often said that this is the best government that the world has ever seen, that, now, when one so declares it has become fashionable in some quarters to exclaim, "Platitude!" Platitude! It is no platitude, and shame be to the American who so esteems it. It is a great, burning truth, which shines out among the other truths of history like Sirius from among the stars. To show to those less well informed than himself that this is, indeed, the best government man has devised, that it has done far more than any other system of government to bring prosperity and contentment to its people and to give them the highest freedom consisent with law and social order is the duty of the educated citizen. Young ladies, young gentlemen, as you go to your life work, go educated, equipped, to teach this truth to all who know it not or recognize it not. When you :find one who says that democracy is a myth, that the system established by our fathers is a failure, point him to all the past and show him that he errs. Point him to those governments "Where the gorgeous East with richest hand Showered on her kings barbaric pearl and gold,'' but where the people knew not even the meaning of the word free­dom. Point him to Greece, the mother of art and literature, the home of oratory, the nurse of soldiers, the mistress of the seas, but rent asunder by internecine strife and destroyed by the mutual jealousies of her people. Point him to Rome, with her castes and her classes, her patricians and her plebeians, her masters and her slaves; greedy of conquest, ambitious of power, lustful for wealth, first rendered weak and then destroyed by her avarice and her habits of luxury. Point him to any government from Odoacer to Charles V. Point him to any government of the days of the Spanish Inqui­sition. Show him that spirit of religious intolerance, fostered and encouraged by government, which scowled from the dungeons of Aragon and glowed in the embers of Smithfield, which sought for victims by the waters of the Loire and stayed not its steps at the bounds of the German Ocean, which tinted the streams of the Low­lands with the blood of innocents and gave to the world the horrors of St. Bartholomew. Point him to the France of the "Grand Monarch,'' to the France of the revolution, to the France of him who in the desolation of nations made anew the map of Europe, to the France of today, which, after having passed through fire and blood, is solving as best she may the problem of free government. Point him to the Austria of the earlier Hapsburgs, the Austria of Metternich and the system, the Austria of Francis Joseph-always with its selfish, grasping policy, having chiefly in view the aggran­dizement of the reigning house. Point him to Russia, lying close beneath the Pole star, fit emblem of the unswerving policy of her monarch to rule, the absolute dictator of the lives and fortunes of his people-Russia, with her knout, her black dungeons, her Sibe­rian mines, her long line of political prisoners, who, with faces turned from home and family forever, redden with the blood of weary feet the snows of a subarctic winter. Point him to Ger­many, struggling for national unity, to Germany under the hand of the "Iron Chancellor,'' to the Germany of William II, with her standing army, at once the menace to the peace of Europe, and the consumer of the sustenance of her own people. Point him to grand old England, where freedom has long loved to dwell and where the arts and sciences have found a congenial home, but where a mon­arch reigns by right of inheritance, where laws of primogeniture prevail and where gradations in society are :fixed by the accident of birth. Having made this survey, then point him who has said that this government is a failure to the history of our own country. Point him to 3,000,000 of people fighting for principle against the might­iest power of their day, and through the travail of war and sacrifice and suffering achieving the birth of a nation. Point him to that nation, without aid, without precedent, forming a Constitution whose foundation was liberty and whose framework was freedom of thought and speech and action. Point him to the early pioneers, going forth with rifle and ax to battle against the savages, to hew down the forests, to open the wilderness.and found homes for mil­mions from other lands. Point him to this country growing so rapidly in population and material prosperity that it would not have been hard to imagine that some Aladdin had brought it under the influence of his magic lamp. Point him even to those dark days when the hand of brother was raised against brother, and the death angel brooded over every home. Point him to this nation emerging from the horrors of that sad time, and to its children clasping hands over the graves of their dead and going forward together in the rehabilitation -Of their common country. Point him to the nearly four decades of national growth and advancement since then, and then point him again to that Constitution, which, established in the beginning, has stood during all these changes the repository of the liberties of the people. When this complete survey and this com­parison are made, well may the heart of the American fill with pride. Then full well does he know that if this government should perish tomorrow it would yet stand out in history as the noblest of human institutions on account of the blessings it has already brought to mankind. But it is not sufficient to glory in the past. It is not enough to show that this government, more than any other, has secured the liberties and the happiness of its people. Ever and anon, perils surround it, dangers threaten it, and the duty of the good citizen demands that he labor to free it from those perils, and perpetuate it in its strength and its beauty, to continue to future generations those blessings it has brought to him. Wherever there is aught of democracy in government is found the man who endeavors to deceive the people and accomplish his ends by appealing to their passions and their prejudices. While this country was new and its people were scattered, the opportuni­ties of the demagogue to do harm were few. Now, when the strug­gle of life is sharp; when the pressure of population and competi­tion is such that every man in his fight for success is constantly jostling his neighbor; when every complaint finds quick echo in the breast of some disappointed bread-winner near-by, the demagogue, by his appeals to passion, to prejudice, to envy, to the gospel of hate, may put in motion forces which, unchecked, would shake the government to its foundations and might cause it to totter to its fall. There are men, too, whom it would be unjust to call dema­gogues, men who really love their country and earnestly desire her welfare, yet who, for the purpose of winning popularity and secur­ing official position, yield too far their convictions and their inde­pendence. When the people are overwrought and imagine that some particular thing is a great evil toward them, it is easier to tell them they are oppressed than to tell them they are mistaken, easier to tell them they are deprived of just rights than to tell them what they seek would be hurtful to themselves and their country. In a time like this, what is the duty of the educated citizen, who, taking a broad view, knows the truth? It is to rise superior to any fear of loss of popularity, to rise superior to any ambition save the noblest, to do right, and to boldly say to the people that they are wrong and to show them wherein they are wrong. He who does this will sometimes become unpopular, will sometimes suffer in his business, will sometimes fail of much-coveted political preferment, but he will never lose his self-respect, and he will always have the pleasing consciousness of having done his duty faithfully. When the storm has given place to the calm, the clouds to the sunshine, and clear thought and just judgment again assert their sway, as they will, for the people will not always be deceived) he will receive grosser but honorable reward in the way of increased popularity and higher preferment. The cry is too often heard that there must of necessity be enmity between capital and labor. At times there are great labor strikes. Sometimes thousands of dollars worth of property is destroyed and even loss of life is involved. Armed and excited men march the streets, incendiary speeches are made, and sometimes even those in official position denounce the courts because they permit the law to be invoked to stop rapine and plunder. In times such as these-­ nay, before the happening of times such as these, and in order that they may not happen-it is the duty of the educated citizen to make plain to the working people, little given to studying the law of political economy, that so far from there being necessary war be­ tween capital and labor they should be the best of friends, and that only in such friendship can either survive; that without labor there can be no capital, and without the accumulation and wise invest­ ment and expenditure of capital there can be no adequate reward for labor. But were it said that capital is never unfair, never oppressive, it would be uncandid. From the days of Cain until this hour selfish­ ness and greed have existed in the world. This spirit of greed has devised many means for breaking down competition, stifling trade and making the many pay tribute to the few. Sometimes these conditions are more easily brought about by the passage of laws bearing unequally on the people. The duty of the educated citizen is to teach that the true function of law is to protect every citizen in his pur1mit of happiness and his acquisition of property, so bear­ing upon all that the rewards of labor and industry may flow in channels made for them, not by statute, but by economic laws. It has ever seemed to me that one of the loftiest privileges and highest duties of the educated citizen is to inculcate peace prin­ciples and to teach that international disputes should be settled otherwise than by the arbitrament of arms. I know there have been wars which were justifiable on account of the aggressions of one of the belligerent parties, and I know that until the world becomes far better than it now is such wars are yet to be. It is, therefore, right that our young men should be instructed in the art of war and taught how to make good soldiers that they may repel aggressions against their country. But the day should come when no war !:hould be justifiable, because rendered unnecessary by the desire of all nations to treat each other with perfect justice and by the estab­lishment of an international tribunal with powers wide enough to settle controversies when the interested nations can not themselves agree as to what is just. The day should come when that nation which forcet: war upon another will receive the anathemas of all other nations. War in all its forms is terrible. It is the disturber of commerce, the destroyer of wealth, the desolator of homes. It makes the land that was fat with plenty gaunt with hunger; the field that was rich with the golden harvest to bring forth the bramble and the thistle; the garden that bore the rose and the vio­let to become the nursing place of the wild brier. Of happy wives it makes widows; of loving children it makes orphans. It drives away the smile with the tear; laughter with weeping, and the sun­shine of the heart with a grief that knows no surcease. To the ear rightly attuned, the fall of the blacksmith's hammer upon the anvil is a more grateful sound than the notes of fife and drum leading an army to the field of conflict, and sublimer-I believe I use the word advisedly-than the shout of battle and the roar of cannon are the thousand signals in an industrious land each morning call­ing its working people to their appointed tasks and discharging them at evening to their well-earned meals, their peaceful homes, their happy families, their firesides, where contentment dwells and love sheds a holy light. Young ladies and gentlemen, to no nobler duty can the educated citizen devote his life and his efforts than in hastening the day when nations shall settle their differences in a "parliament of man," "·hen wars shall cease from the earth forever and peace shall abide in every land, finding a sure resting place, like the dove which returned to the earth after the angry waters had subsided. We might well here conaider the duties of the educated citizen to those lands whose fate has been entrusted to us by the result of the Spanish war, but I forbear to speak at any length on this subject at this time, only remarking that it is our sacred, our bounden, duty to secure to them a stable government and the highest bless­ings of peace, of education, of religion and of freedom. Thus far we have spoken of the duty of the educated citizen as regards those things which pertain more particularly to his public life. In doing this we have not. attempted to touch upon many subjects which readily suggest themselves. We have endeavored only to place a few finger-boards which we trust will be of some service to these young people here today in pointing them to the paths of duty which open for the educated citizen. Let us notice for a little that in private station, in every day walk and work, the educated citizen owes a duty to society and can be of inestimable value to it. Whatever trade or profession he chooses he should endeavor to make it not merely an occupation for per­sonal gain, but one, as well, by which he may add to the good of his fellows. Take, for example, the business of farming. The young man who has taken a course in scientific agriculture, and chosen farming as his vocation, should not merely expect to plow deep and cultivate well, to plant in the spring and harvest in the autumn. He has studied the history, the theory, the science of agriculture. When he comes to the practical work of farming, he should bring to it wisely and discriminatingly the knowledge he has acquired and seek the very best results from its application. He should en­deavor by his own labor and his own experiments to add something to the knowledge of how wasted lands can be restored, how fertile lands can be kept from waste, and how soils can be made more pro­ductive. Does the educated young man become a physician? What duties, what opportunities, await him? In the last fifty years the advance in medicine and surgery has been so great that it sometimes almost seems as if the very secret of life could be laid bare by the surgeon's knife and the fleeting spirit wooed back to the body by the physi­cian's care. Within that time, chiefly through scientific surgery and medicine and the adoption of sanitary measures taught by them, five years have been added to the average of human life. All that makes for the amelioration of human suffering, the development of human health, the lengthening of human life, should be the good citizen's care and is the duty of the educated citizen who has chosen medicine or surgery for his profession. Does the educated citizen become a lawyer? He should in his life and character prove to the world that the Quirks, the Gammons, the Snaps and the Uriah Heeps are not typical of the profession which gave to the world Mansfield and Marshall, and which in our own State has given us the revered names of Wheeler and Hemphill and Lipscomb. He should show that the true lawyer loves the law, not because under its forms the guilty sometimes escape and wrong is sometimes done, but because it is the guardian of liberty and the protection of the weak against the strong. He should endeavor to bring about its improvement where it is faulty, to inculcate a love and respect for it, and to make it ever, not the refuge of the rascal, but the conservator of the people's rights. Will you permit me to pause here to pay a tribute to the memory of one whom the legal profession of this State respected and loved -one who in my judgment was one of the very greatest lawyers who has ever sat upon the bench of Texas? I would point the young men of the legal department of this University to him, as an honest man, a true gentleman, an able advocate and an upright judge-a fit example for their emulation. Today, young gentlemen, in all the broad acres of God's green earth, there sleeps the dust of no truer, purer, nobler, better man than him of whom I speak, John W. Stayton. Does the educated citizen become a teacher? Here the duties that lie before him are sacred and imperative. In childhood and youth, with rare exceptions, the character of the after man is formed. How important, then, the duty of the teacher to imbue his pupils with right principles, to teach them the truths of history and science and philosophy, and to instill into them a noble ambi­tion, a true love of country, so that under their willing hands the foundations of government shall be so broadened and deepened that the waves of unre>'t shall beat upon them in vain. Does the educated citizen become a minister? No profession has ever called for higher duties from those who espouse it, and now, more than at any other time, is there need for an educated, enlight­ened ministry. It is the day of battle between faith and no faith. To many the life and works of the lowly Nazarene are hidden in the mists and shadows of fable. To many the light which once blazed from all the hills and valleys of Judea is veiled in clouds and thick darkness. It is an age of doubt and materialism. From a thousand throats, from a thousand anguished hearts, the cry goes up "But what am I? An infant crying in the night, An infant crying for the light, And with no language but a cry." The educated citizen should go forth to show the doubting that between Christianity and learning there is no incompatibility, be­tween science and religion no conflict. He should go forth to teach that that nation which receives its highest inspiration from the teachings of Christianity and has its strongest belief and surest hope in the assurance that the grave does not snuff out the candle of virtue, but that beyond this limit and circumference of time there is a purer and nobler life, is the wisest, the most virtuous, the happiest nation. And, now, what shall I particularly say to the young ladies of this University? I know not what to say. Words fail me. In the presence of the goodness and purity of the true, noble women of earth I stand with bowed and uncovered head, while my heart sends a prayer of thanks to God for his greatest boon to the world. There is more eloquence, believe me, in the loving words of a mother to her children than in all the sonnets of earth. There is more beauty in the love-light which the good wife sheds on the hearthstone of home than in the blushes of the morning or the star-decked coronet of evening. Stronger is she to bind us to good than a fourfold cord, and her sympathy is our sweetest solace in life's sorest hour. The night is never so dark that her gentle presence does not pierce its gloom with some rays of light. The storm is never so high that she can not lead us to calm and peace and rest beyond its raging fury. But enough of example, enough of illustration. I trust I have said enough, young ladies and gentlemen, to indicate to you, in a measure at least, what is the duty of the educated citizen in either public or private station. Along whatever lines your life may lie, bring to the tasks that are before you an intelligent appreciation of the work to be done and an unbending determination to do it well. If it so happen that by the gifts of nature and propitious surround­ings you become a great man or a great woman, this is well; but if it so happen that your life shall be circumscribed within narrow limits, still within those limits put forth your best endeavors. Should the moon and stars refuse to shine because their light is dim when compared with that of the sun one-half the day would be impenetrable gloom instead of being hallowed by a light of sweet and gentle beauty. Whether, then, the light of your life beacon afar or whether it shine only for those close about you, let its rays be pure and steady. "Look how the floor of heaven Is thick inlaid with patins of bright gold. There is not the smallest orb which thou behold'st But in his motion like an angel sings, Still quiring to the young-eyed Cherubim. Such harmony is in immortal souls; But whilst this muddy vesture of decay Doth grossly close it in, we can not hear it." Prepare to meet bravely whatever may betide. Sorrows will come, disappointment will come. Often effort will be unavailing, often love will be wounded, but persevere. It is better to have one good act bear fruit and a thousand come to naught than to do no good act at all. It is better to have a love that embraces all man­kind, though you pay for it with a Gethsemane and a Cross, than not to love at all. Love your country. Be true to her always. If wars need rnust come, let it be sweet to be with her in the time of victory, but sweeter yet in the hour of defeat. Let it be sweet to be with her when laurels crown her armies, but sweeter yet when cypress and myrtle cover her graves. Let it be sweet to be with her in triumph and joy, but sweeter yet when she is clothed in sack­cloth and ashes, mourning for her dead. Let your steps be ever onward, ever upward. Let each young man, each young woman, here today, say to himself, to herself: "Build thee more stately mansions, 0, my soul, As the swift seasons roll, Leave thy low vaulted past; Let each new temple, nobler than the last, Shut thee from heaven with a dome more vast, Till thou, at length, art free, Leaving thine outgrown shell by life's unresting sea." THE UNIVERSITY MAN. [Address delivered before the Alumni Association, June 10, 1902, by W. H. Atwell, Esq., of Dallas.] To you, Mr. President, and you, members of the Faculty, and ex-students, to you, and ladies and gentlemen, to you, one and all, I beg to acknowledge the pleasure this occasion affords me. To live again for a few moments the springtime of life is an opportunity ever welcome. There can be no more pleasing task than that of talking to those who taught you, and to those with whom you spent a part of your school days. When we meet upon these occasions and walk again University's halls, recollection multiplies itself into a myriad of forms, and the many things th.at we ought not to have done, but did do, and the many things that we left undone, but should have done, become small in comparison with the high places of delight upon which we spent those happy days. Being uninformed as to the statute of limitation which must of necessity protect the student from chastisement for college-time offenses, I find myself in the condition of the reformed sinner, who, after having spent the major portion of his life among the brambles and bushes of the world, sought surcease from a troubled conscience among the counsels of the godly. Upon one occasion, when telling his experience and recounting the multitudinous sins of his life, he said that there were many others things which he could tell, but would not, because the grand jury of the county was in session, to which a brother from the amen corner suggested that the great Lord would forgive him, and the penitent replied that that was doubtless true, but that the Lord was not a member of the grand jury. An institution of learning is wealthy in proportion to its age, be­cause its principal asset is its graduated student body, and its use­fulness and influence multiply in proportion to the usefulness and successes which its ex-students accomplish and meet in the busy marts of the world. A powerful alumni association is more potent for the upbuilding of an institution than a plethoric bank account, and as the State University, with its magnificent State patronage, adds to its years of existence, its former students will more assuredly interest them­ selves in its growth and in its exercises. The graduate of this commencement beholds only the great world that lies out before him, but as he advances into its fields and pas­tures, mountains and rugged places, the picture of his beloved alma mater grows in distinctness upon his mind, and after years and years of toil and labor he longs again for its happy precincts and associations. The hand of time places many marks upon the blackboard of one's existence, and with the same regularity erases all save those which portray the greater events and happenings. May it please the molder of our individual destinies to never permit the impressions made upon us by this institution of learning to grow so dim that the map of our individual courses will ever fail to show our sojourn here. I can not conclude this preface without a pardonable reference to my own class: There were twenty-six graduated; there are not so many now; three of them have ceased their earthly labors to join hands with their peerless instructor, the Old Alcalde, who must be in the midst of the Texas patriots, upon the battlements of heaven, this hour, breathing benedictions to these commencement exercises. My friends, lest this hour be devoted entirely to the pleasures that we experienced while here, and to the sorrows that have come to us since those days, I desire to speak to you and ask your con­sideration of us and ours. In February of this year it was my good fortune to visit the city of Boston. I inspected Hancock's court and entered the room where the American revolutionists prepared themselves for their tea-spill­ing excursion; I trudged through the snow to Bunker Hill, and from that eminence beheld the great city in all its beauty and grandeur. The picture of aboriginal America forced itself upon my mind, and along the great highway, trod by civilization from those times to the present, appeared distinct and clear cut the mighty accomplishments of man. It is not so many years since the doctors of great universities knew nothing of the shape of the earth upon which they lived, and never dreamed that it swung in the heavens and revolved around the sun; it has not been so long since man's sole aid in the doing of his work consisted in the cunning of his arm; but a short time since steam and electricity and mechanics were unbroken colts in the great pasture of possibilities, and though they each now wear the harness and livery of servitude, the full extent of their powers appears yet to be untried. In that age caravans and pack horses and the backs of men conveyed a lim­ited commerce to a limited market; streams were unbridged, moun­tains untunneled; minerals and the riches of earth undiscovered; restless seas and oceans knew nothing of the steel conquerer; forests were untouched; plains unplanted; religious devotees assembled as best they could in rude log houses of worship, and without the aid of instrument, pitched the tune upon the wings of which their souls communed with their Creator; professions were in their primers; at night, save for the tallow dip, rooms were in darkness and deaths and births were ascertained weeks and months after they occurred, while wars were heard of after peace had been made. The actual conditions of those days appear the veriest legends to this day's man. He is rocked in a cradle made of metal; he goes to Bchool in a great edifice made of iron and steel and granite; he goes to his daily labor upon a car pushed by electricity; passes under cities, through tunnels made of steel; transacts his businei:is at a desk in a building made of steel; talks thousands of miles to his customers over copper wires, and, at the ending of the day, when the great luminary of the universe has pulled the curtains of the night over his abode, he walks in the lighted splendor of the carbon pencil until he reaches his home, where, in his library, he reads of all the happenings of all the earth for all the hours of that busy day. He journeys from San Francisco to New York City over mountain range, rushing river and heated plain, in a vestibuled train that runs upon a track of steel; in two minutes he ca.n speak to the Em­peror of China, the King of England, all the potentates of Europe; learn of his Mexican neighbors and converse with the mother of his sick child who lies a thousand mileil from him, being ministered to by the skill and ability of the profession whose accomplishments in biblical times would have been miraculous. There are no impassa­ble mountains to the men of this generation; there are no untrod seas, no unexplored countries, no unspanned rivers. Head and shoulders above all other peoples in the subjugation of the elements, and their conversion into the handmaids of civiliza­tion, stands the American citizen; it was he who first converted the lightning's flash into the ministering angel of his wants; it was he who builded wheel within wheel, until labor could straighten its back; it was he who wrestled with nature until her stores were freely given to meet all of the exigencies and comforts of a multi­plying people with multiplying wants. I love the passages in the Bible which tell of the creation of the world by the word of God. The thought gives rise to method in all of our great accomplishments, and we understandingly appreciate tha.t each material and condition has a use and a purpose. While these great reformations and revolutions of original con­ditions have been taking place, the systems of governments for the different nations of the earth have been undergoing radical and absolute change. The nations of the East-England, Spain, France and Germany-have seen their civilizations flower, and they are now in what may be considered the destructive or reformative peri­ods. Before enlightenment had encircled the globe, a nation, after having passed through the organizing period, the period of dis­solution, and reached the destructive or reformative age, could and did successfully work out its reformation by and through the blood of barbaric peoples, as, for instance, when the effeteness of the Old World was replaced and nations rebuilded by the invasion of the Goths and Vandals. The great English power, which for so many years dominated the commerce and militarism of the world, is now fast approaching the evening of its power. Spain long since passed its zenith of glory, while France is now hump-shouldered and bow­legged with a moralless condition. The German-speaking races have all of their land populated, and the only two powers that are today left to dominate the world seem to be the great government of the United States and the Russian Empire. The Czar of Russia holds dominion over one-seventh of the earth of the globe; his peo­ple are in the age of husbandry; civilization's sun is but rising to them. The unveiling of the Rochambeau statue in the District of Col­umbia and the proposed erection of a statue of _Frederick the Great are but recognitions by France and Germany of this country's great world influence. Our statesmen understood this years ago when the Monroe doctrine was given to the world as the protectorate of all the people of this hemisphere. Among the political children of the United States may be numbered all of the countries of the Amer­ican continent which are independent of European domination. After its Constitution and laws all the Spanish-American people, from :Thfexico to Patagonia, have fashioned their Constitutions and. charters; and Cuba, so lately born into the federations of the earth, is merely the latest political progeny of this government, and but followed the example of the 1\fexicans, the Peruvians, the Chileans and the rest of the Latin people of the Occident. No nation in the world's history, not Athens, Rome, England or any other country, has influenced the corporate birth and the development of so many people as has the United States. In reaching this national eminence it not only builded for others, but it deliberately fashioned and planned and made secure, without any uncertainty, the meaning of its own government. Washington and Hamilton contemplate•} what we today see; they beheld in futurity a great nation; their ide1s were embodied in con­stitutional form; they were the architects for the American people. Their plans and specifications for this national edifice were adopted, but the contractors employed from time to time as the people's rep­resentatives to build the government in accordance with the plans often had different and other visions, which difference was so assid­uously asserted from time to time that the horrible war of the six­ties resulted, but when the smoke of the battles had cleared away and men's eyes were raised from the sights of their guns they be­held, clear and distinct, in no unmistakable proportions, the great building as it had been fashioned and planned by the original arch­itects. There is now no uncertainty as to the meaning of this vesti­bule, as to the purpose of this room; as to the dimensions of this hallway; as to the glory and grandeur of the mighty dome which spans the entire building; upon its front steps, against its great pillars, beneath its mighty shadows and in its consoling shades, all people, all beliefs, all religions, all men, find a home. Riding on a vestibuled train from Washington City west we came into the grandeur of mountain scenery. Way up the side of one of these mountains there began a tiny rivulet, which hurried and rushed down the rugged slope, bursting its head against the rocks and boulders, gathering strength and volume and velocity until upon the righthand side of the track was a river in volume and green in color. Upon the other side of the track, having its birth and inception in the same latitude, in the same climate and surroundings, was another stream, and it rushed down the mountain side, to pass be­neath and over the great blocks of granite growing with every step until upon the right-hand side of the track was a river differing from the other only in color, this one being red; and so for miles we hurried along between these two streams until at last we rushed across a steel suspension bridge and both the rivers were forced into the same channel. It seemed that I could see in the whirlpools and eddies the titanic struggles of each to keep up its separate distinct­ness and individuality, but at last, in its granite bed, the stream flowed on, partaking of the characteristics and color of each of its sources until it emptied itself into the grand, commerce-carrying Ohio. And I said to myself: "How truly has nature illustrated the divisions that once existed between the people of the United States; for a time separate and distinct in opinions and ideas, until at last they were forced into an awful ordeal, the impregnable boundaries of which held them fast and certain until they emerged hefore the nations of the earth as one people, indissoluble, indivis­ible and civilization-carrying." The fact that the world failed to doff its hat to us until after the Spanish war does not mean that our prestige comes from that vic­tory, for while one of the results of successful war is national re­spect, the victories of strife a.re much lower than those of peace, which follow as the result of intelligence and morality. Charles Sumner said that "the truest grandeur of human govern­ment is the diffusion of the greatest happiness among the greatest number, and that passionless, god-like justice, which controls the relations of the State to other States and to all the people who are committed to its charge." Our victories in the material and governmental words are due to intelligence and morality. We also know that the education of the intellect of all people prevents the appearance of a great over­shadowing mind. When all are educated each thinks for himself and disastrous revolutions are impossible and anarchy finds few, if any, fit fields. Had Lucifer been of a low order of intelligence his followers would have been fewer-his revolt less potential. The University man has an important role in the drama of the world which is but now being staged. If it is true that the United States is destined to be one of the two great world powers, it is also true that this power will bring greater responsibilities and the tri­umphs from now on will be a test of the individual merits of her citizens. Broad and not narrow must be our conception; thought and not prejudice must be our guide; individual study and research must be the basis of every man's actions. The diplomat will be our trav­eling man of war and the intelligent voter our standing army. By the cultivation of the intellect we render powerless the ooun­try's demagogue, and in his stead place representatives who will faithfully and fearlessly not only perform the functions of indi­vidual right citizenship, but also of efficient officialism. If there appears to be a danger of the commercial spirit and con­sequent terrors of aggregated wealth, there also appears to be an easy remedy. When th€ people are intelligent and moral-that is, when the heads and hearts are alike educated, no problem can arise and remain long unsolved. The broad democracy of our institutions afford opportunities for every man, and the same spirit that conquered the elements and pushed this nation into prominence will be nothing daunted at individual poverty, and the same respect that he will insist upon being enforced for his possessions he will give to the possessions of others. With an unstinted, unlimited education for all the people, there can be no classes and no masses, and the occupation of the man who continuously asserts their existence will be gone. Our individual and collective tasks sometimes appear to be more than we can accomplish, but time and events move with an irre­sistible and perpetual tide; like the great waves of the ocean, they move continuously, and the mariner needs but to keep the intelli­gent and firm hand upon his wheel to be eventually carried into the port of his destination. In moving down the St. Lawrence river you come at once into the presence of the Thousand Islands, each differing from the other, some miles in breadth, others but a span across; but by keeping an unerring way and permitting the great craft to move in answer to the throb of the mighty engines and giving intelligent obedience to the pilot's wheel, your way into the channel is at last found. Here again you move over marvelous depths, until at last you come to the rapids, but by using the same ready intelligence you pass in safety over and through each and all, and there bursts into full view Mon­ treal, with its harbor of safety, with its mountains and battlements of stone, and here you may rest secure and safe from all storms. And so the great craft of this nation moves upon the waters of time, placed into being and furnished and machineried by the spirit that made the universe, and those who are in charge need but to use their best lights, their best intelligence, to carry it safely through the obstacles and obstructions that appear to teem in its path and to finally land it in the harbor of perfected human government. SOME PROBLEMS OF TUBERCULOSIS. [A lecture delivered before the Medical Club of the Medical Department of the University of Texas, by Dr. Roland G. Curtin, Philadelphia, Pa.] I can hardly express to you my pleasure in being in this hos­pitable city, and the happiness which I esteem it to appear before the students of an institution with which we in Pennsylvania are daily becoming better acquainted, and which we have watched with interest from the time of its foundation until now, when it can compare most favorably with any of the older schools-no matter in what part of the country they may be situated. The relations of Pennsylvania with Texas are closer now than ever before. The oil fields of Pennsylvania were the first to be dis­covered, and those of Texas were the last. Within the past few months, many experienced oil men have come down to you from our State, to give you the benefit of their experience; and from common report, much of the currency formerly in local circulation has found its way into Texas oil stock, at two cents a share. To night it is my purpose to speak to you particularly upon three subjects relating to Tuberculosis. Comprehensively they may be grouped under the following headings: 1. The Attitude of the State and the Public Toward Resorts for Tubercular Subjects . .2. The Attitude of the Physician Toward Marriage Between Tubercular Subjects. 3. Pulmonary Birthmarks versus the Contagiousness of Phthisis. I have selected these themes for your consideration, not because they are all new or have not already received the proper amount of attention; but because, personally, I feel that there are some phases of the subjects that have been totally ignored, and that at present it is wiser to adopt a position midway between those who entirely disregard existing conditions and those who-by registration and otherwise-are trying to deprive this unfortunate class of a part or of the whole of their personal liberty. In view of these facts, I have thought it best to speak to you from the experience obtained in many years of practice, rather than by appealing to your judg­ment by means of numerous references to current and out of date literature, or by presenting long columns of statistical figures, which serve only to make the subject more complicated than it really is. After a locality has been used as a climatic resort £or persons suffering from phthisis, is it best to disturb existing conditions by enacting new laws? Another question, which naturally arise:::. in considering this point, is: To what extent is tuberculosis com­municable? We are told at the present time that it is a very com­municable disease; and the medical world is endeavoring to dis­cover something to prevent its spread. It has been proposed to make laws that will accomplish this end; various other suggestions have been offered; anti-tuberculosis societies have been formed in different parts of the world; and people have been educated to use proper means to stay the progress of the disease, by limiting the spread of the germs in the atmosphere. We are all agreed as to the usual prophylactic measures, such as the disinfection or the destruction of the germs in the sputum or other discharges. In this the patient has the remedy in his own hands. Soiled clothing should be disinfected; and it is a good plan for the patient to have his own china, napkins, etc. The ordinary information upon this subject, you have heard from your profess­ors; so I will not tire you with details with which you are already familiar. It is a matter that has been considered in every country, since Koch discovered the tubercle bacillus, in 1881-82. Destruction of the germs of tuberculosis is a far more rational procedure than restricting the liberty of tuberculous patients. The latter is a question which should be studied in all its phases. It is doubtful whether any locality that produces tuberculosis is free from the cause of this disease. As to those regions that are ac­cepted as being immune, owing to peculiar conditions of climate, etc., it seems to me that a locality which can cure the disease can purge itself from any contaminating infiuence remaining after­ward; therefore, that danger is removed. To pass laws designed to prevent the influx of patients to a designated locality would be a positive evidence of the want of faith, evinced by the persons resid­ing there, in the curative properties of their climate. When we look at the consumption camps of the past, in Minne­sota, Florida, Colorado, and Southern California, we do not dis­cover in their statistics anything serving to indicate that the healthy part of the community has suffered materially, if at all, from tuber­culosis. Has such population benefited such localities? It would seem that it has; for their inhabitants are active, energetic and law­abiding. The invalids, also, have observed the natural resources of these regions, have informed their friends and relatives, and have induced these to settle there too; and the friends have brought with them capital to assist in opening mines, developing farms, irrigating arid districts, and introducing new means of producing manufactures-and consequent wealth. This is especially true of the places above named. This new population has established civil­ization, law and order, in districts that were formerly inhabited only by the hunter and the outlaw; and they are now communities of industrious and intelligent people. The sick may bring many persons with them who are without tuberculous tendencies. Therefore, before legislating so string­ently as to drive away from our State this valuable and influential class, it is well to consider this subject from an economic point of view-especially as, if your climate is a curative one for such cases, it will itself correct any evil which may seem to be threatened. Keep out the diseased and you keep out those who accompany them. Almost all of Colorado's thrift is due to the cured con­sumptives. If they had been well they would not have been driven away from home, and would not have carried with them their capi­tal, their education, and their influence, which have ended the reign of the Indians, }fexican greasers, and cowboys. If they had had good health, they would not have taken up their residence in these arid, sandy districts. If we, or any member of our family, should become infected with that dread disease, we should consider it indeed unfortunate if we were not able to avail ourselves of these climatic advantages which some States possess. How much more rational and humane is a beneficial change of climate than isolation, at home, from our friends and relatives, without break until such time as a sure death relieves us of our suffering. Legislation does not always accomplish what is desired. For example, in the City of Mexico, I am informed that the statistics concerning deaths there were not very accurate, as the laws relating to interments were very strict, and included considerable expense in their enforcement. The lower classes, therefore, I was credibly informed, would bury bodies in their back yards, concealing them from the officers of the law. Make severe laws; and, as a result, some of the people become law-breakers. Thus laxity in any direc­tion opens the door for danger. Are there any localities that have become so infected by the pres­ence of patients as to endanger the healthy portion of the com­munity? You must remember that, as the population becomes more dense, a dry atmosphere is moistened by irrigation, vegetation, street sprinkling, steam, gases from factories, etc. ; and that an antiseptic locality thus becomes contaminated. As homes become more comfortable and luxurious, the population lives indoors out of the sunlight for a greater part of the time; and as the people become more anxiously occupied in money-making, they also be­come more sedentary. All of these factors assist in increasing the danger of the people; and perhaps some of the cases noted as being due to infection may have been produced by one or more of these causes. Do not attribute them all to the presence of the patients and their excreta. Dr. Bancroft, an old resident of Denver, told me, in 1890, that he had lately seen cases of tuberculosis originate in that city, which he had never seen any do previous to that time. He further stated that the people had begun to fear "colds" in a way that was unknown a few years before. The high buildings cut off the sunshine and pure air; and the late hours of social life, the fight for wealth, and many other factors are brought into play. A poor girl called at my office about a year ago, with a sad face and tears in her eyes, stating that she was in charge of a room in a shoe factory, and that this was her only means of support. She had had a cough for about a month; and bad been told by her propri­etor that the girls under her charge bad complained to him that she had consumption, and that they would leave the factory if she were not discharged. I examined her carefully, and found that she had an acute catarrhal bronchitis. I prescribed for her, and in a short time she was quite well. This statement shows the state of the pub­lic mind, and the injustice that is sometimes done to those who are not suffering from the di$ease. Here is another instance, which occurred in Philadelphia: I was riding in a street car one day, when a man who had a severe cough entered. There were in the car, at the time, several ladies, who began to glare at him each time that he coughed. At the next cor­ ner the car was stopped, and half of the ladies left it; and as we went up the street, I saw them waiting for the next car. I relate this instance to show the sentiment against the poor consumptive which exists, and which has now reached such a height that he is avoided by his family and the public, and is generally relegated to the third story; or is put in some consumptives' retreat, far from home, family and friends. In regard to the contagiousness of tuberculosis, I am not in ac­cord with the majority of advanced enthusiasts; I fear that the ultra ideas of the day go too far in sounding the alarm to the pub­lic. I have judged the subject from all points of view, and I will give you the results of my observations. I acknowledge that the disease may be contagious; but when it comes to a hard crusade against this large army of invalids, I think that we should weigh the subject carefully, and not treat the poor sufferers with inconsid­erateness. Give them a chance to recover-a chance to which they are justly entitled, so long as it is without injury to others. Some of the instances of seeming infection may be explained by some illustrative cases that I will give you in this paper. I shall submit to you some data that will, I think, convince you that the danger is not so great as it is generally stated to be. First, if the disease is so contagious, what excuse have physi­cians for living to advanced life? They are constantly being brought into contact with the germs. In the Philadelphia Hospi­tal, one patient with an ulcerated lung lived constantly, for several years, in a ward with eighteen to twenty-eight consumptives, and yet he did not develop the disease. The ground was apparently a good one in which to plant the tubercular germs; but they did not grow. The man's sputum was examined more than a hundred times, without bacilli being found. After death his lungs were carefully examined microscopically, and no trace of these organisms was discovered. In the Medical Examiner for 1899 we are told by Dr. Pollock, who quotes Dr. Williamson, of the great Brompton hospital for consumptives, that, as regards the contagiousness of tuberculosis, in nearly fifty years of the existence of that large institution, "there have not been, among the nurses, among those who scrub the floors, or among the physicians, house-physicians, dispensers and others, more than four cases." It is reported by Dr. Brehmer that since 1854 there have been more than ten thousand consumptives in Gerbersdorf, ejecting sputum in the paths and byways; and yet, in twenty-six years, consumption in the native population has been diminished more than one-half. These facts prove, I think, that the disease is not so communicable as many state. While on the subject of the communication of tuberculosis, I W;(mld state that I have seen a number of cases of cured pulmonary trouble, of the bacillary kind, that, later on, was transmitted, not only to children, but also to husbands and wives that had an anti­tubercular history. One man with a history as indicated, married four times, and each wife died of tuberculosis within a few years of marriage. He said that he would have married again, but the ladies were all afraid of him. I have known of another case, in which a man had three wives, all of whom promptly died of phthi­sis, and he had a history of early pulmonary disease. Still another man had a chronic tubercular disease of the ear. He lost three wives quite promptly, but was stopped in his career by his inability to obtain another. I have seen a number of similar cases, in which one or two wives seem to have been infected in like manner. In these instances, the probability is that the person producing the infection has had a condition in the chest which, without cough, was casting off tubercle bacilli; and that the contamination took place readily, owing to the intimate relations of husband and wife. The children are more likely to become infected later in life, show­ing an hereditary tendency to take the disease, rather than by direct contagion. The statistics that have been compiled in some of our older cities, from wards in the poorer sections, in which the main streets have been given up to business convey an erroneous impression. The main street being no lo:nger used for homes, the population is obliged to live entirely in the courts and alleys, surrounded by high walls, which exclude the sunlight and air. These famalies have a poor heritage, being largely composed of those who are the descend­ants of the tuberculous, of drunkards, and of persons exhibiting the stigmata of vicious disease. Added to these primary constitutional faints, many are profligate, overworked, poorly fed, and the victims of cruelty, and are compelled to live in badly ventilated rooms at night, and in crowded factories by day. HEREDITY AND PULMONARY BIRTH-MARKS. The following observations may help to explain why children of tuberculous parents so often contract the disease, even when they are not exposed to any known source of infection. In an experi­ence of over thirty-six years of active practice, I have had oppor­tunities for observing families through two or more generations; and I have been led to believe that family defects, in the form of pulmonary lesions or scars in unusual situations, are transmitted to the progeny of persons with drseased or sound lungs. The par­ticular form of defect upon which I wish now to lay particular stress has apparently never been described; and I intend to call it by the not unappropriate name of the pulmonary birth-mark. My attention was first called to this condition, many years ago, by the fact that in a number of families in which either the father or the mother had physical signs of tubercular disease situated in unusual localities in either the right or the left lung, especially if the disease occurred in early life, the children, although apparently healthy, would present physical signs of defect in localities pre­cisely corresponding with those in the diseased parent. This impressed me as being more than a mere coincidence, and I now have the histories of a sufficient number of cases to establish firmly the fact. I think that abnormal conditions of the pulmonary tissue may be transmitted, just as other defects and characteristics of easily demonstrable form and of everyday occurrence. CASE 1. The history of this is as follows: The patient had long since had a cough, in early life, which had been cured. He had evidence of consolidation at the right apex. Later on he mar­ried and had six children. When three of these arrived at the ages of twenty to twenty-two-at which period of life the father was first affected-they developed locally, at the right apex, tubercular disease, which ran its course and ended in death. Of the remaining children, one had, at the same point, an induration, without the history of a cough, until arriving at maturity, when she died of tubercular lung disease. Another daughter had the same condition and finally died. All of the children in this family remained at home. When thirty-eight years of age, the mother developed tuber­cular disease of the spine. 'rhere was no tubercular history in her family. It would seem, therefore, that this man, apparently cured, was able to communicate the disease directly to his wife, and heredi­tarily to his children. CASE 2. Mrs. H., at the age of thirty, contracted a cough, accompanied by great weakness and emaciation. This lasted for several months, during which time there occurred a number of hemorrhages. The disease was apparently located entirely in the apex of the left lung. Two years after this cough had commenred, and one and a half years after the symptoms had disappeared, she gave birth to a son. This boy had dull percussion and diminished vesicular murmur over the region affected in his mother. He is now twelve or fourteen years old, and entirely free from any evi­dence of pulmonary trouble, except the physical signs before noted. In this case, the child was evidently marked in utero by the latent disease in his mother. CASE 3. Dr. C. died at about fifty. He had had a chronic cough for about twenty years, during his child-bearing period, in which time he had had several profuse hemorrhages. He finally succumbed to exhaustion, the result of the continuous loss of blood. Upon post-mortem there was found, one inch below the right apex, a cavity, irregular in shape, dry, and lined with successive layers of fattily degenerated epithelium. Early in childhood his daughter had had a serious cough, which had disappeared. When twenty­nine years old, after the birth of a child, she had symptoms of pulmonary trouble, with hemorrhages and rather profuse expecto­rations. The physical signs indicated disease at the right apex. At the post-mortem examination there was discovered, at the apex of the right lung, an old cavity, of the same shape, in the same situation, and of a.bout the same size as was found in her father's right lung. In addition, miliary tubercles were discovered over the whole of both lungs. Another child of this man had hemor­rhages at twenty, with physical signs in the same location as those recognized in his father and sister; a third had tubercular disease of the spine; and still another had pneumonia of the right lung, from wqich he died. Here is an example of prenatal marking of the pulmonary structure of the children, similar to that found in the parent. CASE 4. The next instance which I shall mention is that of a family with a slight tendency to tuberculosis, inherited from both branches. The mother and father were both apparently free from any tubercular disease. They had eight children, all girls. As soon as these children were old enough, they were sent away from home, to service in different parts of the United States, and did not again visit their home. They were all healthy, fat, and strong until they reached the age of twenty-eight or over; but they all died of acute tuberculosis before completing their thirtieth year, some lasting but six or eight weeks. The longest case ran its course in about a year. If they had been living at home, every one would have considered this to be an example of contagion; but, living as they did, we are forced to the conclusion that it was a case of heredity alone. When they were ready to receive the tubercle bacillus they found it-no matter where they resided. These cases certainly show that acquired pulmonary defects in the parent, before the birth of children, ·may leave their impress upon the pulmonary tissue of the offspring, and also a condition of these tissues favorable for the cultivation of tubercle bacilli. Whether these areas in the lungs which for years fail to give evi­dence of active disease always contain tubercle bacilli, or are merely areas which, on account of structural changes, offer a lessened resist­ance, I am not able to say, as I have never known a case to come to autopsy. These instances show the results of marriages between those of hereditary tubercular constitutions. It has occurred to me that the instances of what is called cured apical tuberculosis, so frequently found in post-mortem rooms, may have some connection with such a condition as we find in Case 2. The question naturally arises as to whether legislation should be enacted to prevent such marriages. Legislation, if at all needed to meet any phase of the tuberculosis problem, should be in this direction; but even then we 11re confronted with difficulties. To enforce such a law it must be proven without a doubt that the appli­cant is suffering with phthisis. Should he know it or suspect it himself, he will perhaps descend to any and all kinds of trickery to deceive the examiner, or he will apply for an opinion to one whom he knows to be ignorant, or to one who is unscrupulous enough to make his opinion fit the desire of the applicant. These facts, taken in connection with the common knowledge of how easily and how often less obnoxious laws are evaded with impunity, force us to the belief that it would be useless and unwise to enact laws that it would be absolutely impossible to enforce. 1902.] The University Record. RESPONSE' TO THE ADDRESS OF WELCOME ON THE OCCASION OF LAYING THE CORNERSTONES OF A SCIENCE HALL AND A UBRARY BUILDING ON THE CA~1PUS OF BAYLOR UNIVERSITY, WACO, .MARCH 3, 1902. BY W. S. SUTTON, PROFESSOR OF EDUCA'£ION IN THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS. Responding gladly to the invitation to take part in these inspiring ceremonies, and appreciating your welcome, generous in both word and act, the faculty of The University of Texas desires to express its interest, deep and sympathetic, in this occasion, and to rejoice over an event so big with hope to higher education in the South­west. Even were the members of the faculty, whose representative speaks these words, governed by low motives, they should yet find pleasure in your prosperity. Short-sighted, indeed, is he who does not know that the fostering of colleges and universities by any agencies whatever throughout the length and breadth of Texas, will inevitably contribute to the development of that great school which, as the head of her public school system, she has, in the most solemn and emphatic manner, commanded to be loyal to the highest ideals of culture and character. But our rejoicing over your good fortune is not born of selfish­ness. The true university spirit by which-and you will allow it to be said modestly-we desire to be guided, is at enmity with all forms of jealousy, envy, and self-seeking. We, therefore, bid Bay­lor Godspeed, believing that, with the increased facilities to be afforded by the buildings whose cornerstones are laid today, she will greatly enlarge her contributions to the intelligence, the patri­otism, and the virtue of our commonwealth. Again, we congratulate our sister-university because one of the buildings soon to be erected on her campus is to be dedicated to instruction in the natural sciences. Certainly here is found a con­vincing proof that educated people no longer consider religion and science as two alien forces whose functions are hate and strife. "True science and true religion," as a great scientist has said, "are twin sisters, and the separation of either from the other is sure to prove the death of both." Martin Luther also, a profound student of education, did not believe that science is the foe of religion, as may be easily gathered from this paragraph, written by that great leader of the Reformation: "We are now in the morning-dawn of a better life; for we are beginning to recover that knowledge of the creation which we lost through Adam's fall. By God's grace, we are beginning to recog­nize, even in the structure of the humble.st flower, his wondrous glory, his goodness, and his omnipotence. In the creation we can appreciate in some measure the power of Him who spake and it was done, who commanded and it stood fast." Another important fact to be noted is that your science building is to contain what is of far greater value than the building itself; it is to be equipped with modern laboratories, which in vur day are a means second to none for the promotion of sound learning and true mental development. It has long since passed beyond the realm of debate that, among the really great achievements of mod­ern education, are to be reckoned the dignity accorded the natural sciences and the adoption of truly scientific method in the teaching of those subjects. Baylor, then, is in line with educational prog­ress, and is rendering invaluable service in bringing students face to face With the living truth as exemplified in things, and in afford­ing to young people such training as will lead them to search earn­estly and patiently for that truth, and to be honest enough and courageous enough to accept it when found. Blessed is such teach­ing, for by it is unquestionably promoted freedom of thought, with­out which education is a delusion, democracy is a failure, and the best civilization is an impossibility. In the third place, because of the fact that private philanthropy has, furthermore, furnished the means for erecting here a building to be devoted to library purposes, the faculty of the State Univer­sity experiences peculiar satisfaction, that type of satisfaction which is enjoyed by the faculty of your own university, and which may not improperly be termed exultant-if it ever be allowed a univer­sity faculty to become enthusiastic over any affair pertaining to current history. In all new countries the one greatest defect of universities is to be found in the absence of large, well-selected and well-managed librarie;:. Now, it is po3sible, but by no means desir­able, to conduct a high school, or even a college, without extensive library facilities, for research is not a distinctive feature of either of these kinds of schools; but a university, where text-book teaching is the very least of its functions, can no more exist without libraries than without laboratories, museums, and other forms of illustrative apparatus. The truth is that the library is a great laboratory in which all the students of the real university must work. An addi­tional truth is that those institutions in which library equipment is practically wanting, may be universities in name; they are any­thing else in fact. What we need in Texas, is for the great educa­tional public to learn the priceless value of the library as an instru­ment of higher culture, and, learning this, to make correspondingly generous provision for placing within the reach of the ambitious youth of this State thousands and thousands of the best books, ancient and modern, in all the fields of human learning. Not until this provision shall have been adequately made, can the universities of Texas hope to rank with the first-class universities of America; not until then can we with entire justice censure our more gifted young men and women for seeking in other States the opportunities for pursuing at least their graduate studies. Lastly, the faculty of the State University is rejoiced that Baylor University, in common with many other institutions under the con­trol of religious bodies, breathes the 'breath of the modern spirit in education, and is pressing toward the mark for the prize of the high calling of a university.. In our free America, where the church has no state, and where the state has no church, there is no excuse, because there is no occasion, for bitter strife between eccle­siastical and political institutions. There is certainly no ground for contention between State universities and those under denomi­national management, for no institution is worthy to bear the name university if it levels down to the work of mere propagandism. In the true university there must ever obtain two fundamental prin­ciples, called by the Germans lehrfreiheit and lernfreiheit-free­dom of teaching and freedom of learning. It is by the continuous and conscientious application of these principles in educational institutions, managed by state or by church or by private indi­vidual, that the world is to be taught truth in its larger and deeper relations. rrhis is the one great triumph, the triumph of truth; compared with this triumph no endowment, no building, no library, no laboratory, no great faculty, no large student-body is more than "sounding brass and tinkling cymbal." It was this triumph which the world's greatest teacher had in mind when he declared, "Ye shall know the truth, and the truth shall make you free." THE UNIVERSITY. COMMENCEMENT. THE BACCALAUBEATE SERMON. The opportunity of speaking to such an audience as that which filled the Auditorium on Commencement Sunday must surely be welcome and inspir­ing to anybody, preacher or layman, who has something to say to his fel­lowman. All those people, even if careless and worldy, were yet ready, as people always are, to listen to eloquence and sincerity. Some disorder there was towards the rear of the hall, as there always is, but beyond spoil­ing the sermon for those in the immediate neighborhood it did not mar the occasion. Of course, it was hot. Commencement Sunday always seems the hottest of the year, and now that the East Wing has been built the amount of breeze that finds its way into the Auditorium is hardly noticeable. Elec­tric fans seem the only relief. Perhaps we may hope for these when the Electrical Engineering plant is established. The services were conducted by the Rev. W. D. Bradfield, Pastor of the Tenth Street Methodist Church. They began with the Doxology. Then, after the Invocation, the Glee Club sang the hymn, "The Son of God Goes Forth to War," to Nevin's superb tune. Next came "Holy, Holy, Holy, Lord God Almighty," a reading from the Scripture and the hymn "Begin My Tongue, Some Heavenly Theme." Prayer was offered by the Rev. T. B. Southall, Pastor of the Highland Presbyterian Church, and Miss Mayme Jackson sang with power and expression Schnecker's "Still with Thee." The sermon was preached by Bishop Charles B. Galloway, of the Metho­dist Episcopal Church, South. Bishop Galloway is a man of fine presence and magnetic personality. He spoke fluently and without notes, his rich, resonant voice making itself easily heard. His subject was The Man of Galilee-unique, unequaled, divine. In detail he drew out the many-sided life and character of Jesus, showing with' great force the claim which such a character and life make upon our homage and imitation. It is to be regretted that so strong a treatment of so noble a theme can not be pre­served to be read as well as heard. Like all masterpieces of literature and art a great sermon reveals new beauty and new thought at every Teading. Bishop Galloway, when asked for a copy of the sermon for THE RECORD, replied that the sermon was unwritten and the near approach of his depart­ure for Japan on a missionary journey prevented him from complying with our request. The sermon over, the Glee Club sang the anthem "King of Kings," by Lyon, and then came "America," and the Benediction. The University is deeply indebted to the Glee Club and to its leader, Dr. Penick, for the conduct of the music. Such faithful work, such vigor and life were good to see. So large a hall, however, calls for an instrumental accompaniment. In the absence of an organ we might surely have an orchestra. Next Commencement Sunday, let us hope, will see in the Audi­torium a band of musicians at least as strong as that of Commencement Day. The occasion, the hall, the dignity of the University alike demand it. w. J.B. THE SERMON SUNDAY NIGHT. The Sunday night services were supposed to be conducted by the Chris­tian Associations of the University, but if there were a dozen members of either organization in the house, no one knew it. They should all be there, and in a body. The music was in charge of the Glee Club, a sufficient guar­antee of its merit. The Rev. T. B. Southall had charge of the service and the Rev. Dr. Clyce, President of Austin College, preached an excellent ser­mon. The audience was comparatively small because of the counter-attrac­tion in a down-town church. The morning preacher should not be asked to preach at night, but all should again unite in the University services. The Christian Associations should take more interest in their exercises by hav­ing the words of their hymns printed, by being present in large numbers, by striving to arouse an interest in their organizations among the citizens and the students. D. A. P. $ $ $ CLASS DAY. The exercises of Class Day were more interesting than usual. To begin with, the fact that the Senior Laws were to take part roused people's curi­ osity. What would these sunflower wearers do? So a large congregation was there. To be sure, the Faculty were not to be found, but it was under­ stood that they were at that moment engaged in working for the two classes and they were pardoned accordingly. In the next place the various speakers had prepared themselves more carefully than their predecessors last Class Day. The file might have been used to advantage here and there, but pains had clearly been taken to make the occasion a success. The faithful Band began its stirring march in the neighborhood of ten o'clock and the two classes marched from the Y. M. C. A. room to their places, if not with stately tread, at least with a semblance of order. Once seated, the classes answered to their names in roll call. H. W. Key was Secretary of the Academic Class, W. C. Liedtke of the Law. The first address was to have been by President R. H. Hays, of the Laws. He was detained by sickness in his family, and Vice-President E. R. Camp­ bell took his place. It is always hard to take another man's place at the last minute, but Mr. Campbell proved himself not unequal to the task. As Academic Class orator .Edwin E. Bewley in a neat little speech called the notice of his fellows to the joy of their opportunities. No Texan had a right to be a pessimist. The Fathers of the Republic had laid the founda­ tions well. They had worked not for themselves alone. The men of today represented the fulfillment of former ideals, but did they not feel bound to create new and greater ones? Young Texas must not rest content with what it now is. "Like Emerson, we live in happiness and in hopes. Happy in our present possessions in the world of today, and hopeful for the future. Hopeful that we may live to do our duty, to accomplish our purpose, and to aid in the realization of our ideal." The Academic Class Quartet-Audrain, Potts, Marquis, Widen-then sang twice to the great satisfaction of the audience. Their encore was even hap­pier than their first effort. The most notable of the day's speeches was W. N. Foster's Law Class Oration. Mr. Foster discussed the "Relation of Law to Society." Law and society are nearly, perhaps quite, coequal. The general tendency of law is towards an adequate expression of the civilized life of the people. Yet law moves with slower step than society. But not merely is law traceable to other SQCial forces and phenomena, but it in turn has influenced them. This reflex influence of law on society is plainer when we consider the laws themselves and their administration. When the law and its officers are what they ought to be people yield willing obedience. "On the other hand, when the laws are unwholesome and ineffectual, when the integrity, ability, or morality, of the courts and the bar is questionable, when justice fre· quently miscarries by reason of mere technicalities, and long delays are incident to numerous trials; the people show contempt for the law, sus­picion of the courts and distrust of the bar, and often whole communities professing to administer summary justice become thoroughly lawless. Who can doubt that the manifestations of the mob throughout the country, and so alarmingly frequent in our own State and the remainder of the South, is due in some measure at least, and I believe in no small measure, to the state of our laws and the conditions which prevail in their administration? We cannot but believe that these outbreaks of violence constitute a terrible indictment of our laws and the legal profession and its methods, as well as the darkest stain on the civilization of the South. "As we enter the profession I speak especially to my class. This is a question which deserves our serious consideration. The duty of removing this prevalence of the mob society from our midst rests more heavily on the bar than on any other class of citizen, for every lawyer is by his oath a conservator of law. Let us, then, look at this question sanely without sen­timent and without sectional bias. Because unfriendly critics may hold us up to shame, let us not apologize for or excuse the mob. It is no defence to show that the mob operates elsewhere. The beam in our own eye is not removed by pointing to the mote in the eye of another. Our sectional pride may make this course hard to follow, but it is the rational thing to do. We are of the South and love her. We are proud of her history and tradi­tion, of her civic greatness and her martial renown. These are a part of our heritage. vVe claim them as a part of our glory. But let us admit, though it be with sadness, that the frequent occurrence of mob violence in our midst is in part our disgrace. Let us recognize the shame and resolve to do what we can to wipe it out." The duties and opportunities of the lawyer, concluded the speaker, are great. In the work of advancing civilization the lawyer enjoys the broad­est opportunity and is charged with the highest duty; for his profession, more than any other, is identified with the science and practice of govern­ment. Yet his service must be largely unselfish. His reward will be the consciousness that he has done good service in the advancement of mankind. Miss Laura Williamson's prophecy was greatly enjoyed. She could not speak at length of the life of each of the fifty odd members of her class, but she wasted no words and none of the class had reason to complain of his future; none of the audience to wish the prophecy shorter. Then came the presentation of the Key of Knowledge to the Junior Class. In a few well-chosen sentences Harry P. Steger commended the Key to the Juniors. He and his classmates had done their best. The Juniors were now instrusted with the .honor of the institution. George S. Wright, for the Juniors, took his opportunity seriously. He complimented the Seniors on their record, but hoped that the Juniors would not fail in their duty. The Class Song, composed by Harry P . Steger, was then sung by the Aca­demic Class and Class Day was over. W. J . B. ALUMNI DAY. The regular annual meeting of the Alumni Association was held June 10th. The attendance, as compared with that of former years, was large, and was the more encouraging for the reason that it was less conspicuously local than usual, and because there was present a fair sprinkling of repre~ sentatives from the earlier classes. The program consisted of the regular morning business meeting and public address and of a banquet in the even­ing. The Business Meeting. In the business meeting the Secretary announced that the recent election, conducted through the mail, had resulted in the choice of the same officers for another term: C.H. Miller, President; Miss Mary Decherd, Vice-Pres­ident; Miss Helen Hornsby, Secretary; J. W. Maxwell, Treasurer; and J. E. Pearce, Member of the Executive Council. All of the officers reside in Austin. Cullen F. Thomas, of Waco, was chosen to deliver the Alumni Ora­tion for 1903. The Treasurer's report showed that the membership of the Association was 1150. He had only been able to collect dues, however, to the amount of $444; and of this $200 had been paid out for scholarships and $171 for stationery, printing, and incidentals. There was still in his hands a bal­ance of $73. It was announced that the As~ociation owed Miss Ney a balance of $375 on the busts of Sir Swante Palm and Governor Roberts, which were pre­sented to the University by the Alumni in 1901, and the meeting resolved itself into a debating society to discuss ways and means of discharging this debt. In the end, part of this sum was made up by subscription, with the understanding that subscribers should be exempted from annual dues in the future to the amount of their subscription. After tendering to Prof. W. J. Battle and Mr. Lomax a vote of thanks for their work in preparing the Alumni Catalogue, the meeting adjourned to the Auditorium to hear the annual address. The .al Board, was over 90. One of the number made an average grade of ·96}, the highest average of any applicant before the board. "Department of Law. " Special attention is called to the report of the Dean of the Law School. The work in this School appears to have been more satisfactory and the Faculty are of opinion that the quiz-masters should be continued. "It is believed that the hour and a half period for lectures and recita­tions in this department should be discontinued, and that two periods daily of an hour each, with an intermission, should ·be adopted instead. An hour and a half is too long a period, both for the professor and the stu­ dent. Greater effectiveness, it is confidently believed, will be attained by a change to two periods of an hour each for lectures and recitations. The entrance requirements, both in the Law and Medical Departments, are too low and should be gradually raised. The four years' course in the Medical School partially remedies the lack of the requisite disciplinary training in those desiring to enter upon professional training. In the two years allowed in the Law School, however, no adequate opportunity is afforded for correcting this deficiency. The result is that many of those who take only the prescribed two year's law course come to their profession lacking much of the training that is essential for success in their chosen calling. The matriculate in the Law School should be better grounded in History, should be more thorough in English, and it would be advantageous if he were better versed in the sciences than is at present required. Before he enters upon the study of Ia w as a science, he should have an understanding of the origin, growth and development of institutions and their relations to society and government. It is believed to be impossible to crowd more into the two years' course than is already included, and it, therefore, seems necessary either that higher requirements for entrance should be demanded or a longer time be given for completing courses leading to graduation. It is my judgment that the entrance requirements should be strengthened and that the courses should be re-arranged and re-organized into a full three years' course, beginning with the session of 1903-1904. It is not deemed wise to attempt this change too suddenly, but it is believed that an urgent demand exists for this advance. "Department of Medicine. "Attention is called to the reports of the Dean and of the several pro­fessors of the Medical College. During the past year the Medical College building has been remodeled and rearranged so as to better subserve the purposes for which it was intended. The lowering of the roof and the large extension of the skylight in the operating room and in the anatomical lec­ture rooms have proved to be of great advantage. The re-equipment of the several laboratories of the Medical College have greatly increased the con­venience and efficiency of the work of the teaching force. The quarters of the School of Pharmacy have been materially enlarged by cutting off part of the room heretofore devoted to the School of Chemistry. To each of the desks in the School of Chemistry have been added another drawer, which practically doubles the capacity, so that no inconvenience has been real.ized by the School of Chemistry on account of surrendering part of its floor space to the School of Pharmacy. "A new laboratory for the Chair of Medicine has been fitted up, installed and equipped in what was the old negro hospital, which was removed to make room for the new brick negro hospital. This old negro hospital has been remodeled and converted into a home for the nurses. The equipment of this laboratory for the Chair of Medicine was a much needed improve­ ment. "A permanent home for the nurses was also a much needed improvement, since they have had no place they could call their own since the storm of 1900. "The two-story new brick negro hospital, which has just been completed and is situated on the same block with the John Sealy Hospital, will here­after furnish ampler provision for taking care of the negro patients than we have ever had. "The negroes of Galveston, as a token of their appreciation of this generous provision made for their race, have contributed by voluntary sub­scriptions some $600 towards furnishing this new hospital. It is expected, also, that this new negro hospital will furnish additional clinical material, which has been greatly needed by the Medical College since the storm. The laboratories of Chemistry, Pharmacy, Physiology, and the laboratories and museums of Pathology and Anatomy have been greatly improved and" enlarged by the acquisition of new and additional apparatus, specimens, and illustrations. The Medical College has never been in so good a condi­tion for doing satisfactory work. "The Library has also been much improved by the funds appropriated, and it now numbers about 4,000 volumes, which are being catalogued and placed upon the shelves. Heretofore, on account of lack of funds, little has been done for the Library. It is now hoped that it will prove of much greater value, both to the students and Faculty. The lack of adequate funds for the support of the College next year has necessitated cutting down the appropriations for the laboratories of the several Schools to a point that it is feared their efficiency may be somewhat impaired. "University Hall has been restored and will hereafter be used as a home for the women students of Medicine. "Mrs. Emma Lee Cartmell. "On January 5, 1902, Mrs. Emma Lee Cartmell, Clinical Instructor of Nurses and Superintendent of Nurses in the Medical College, was removed by death. Mrs. Cartmell came to her position at a time of stress and anxiety immediately following the great storm of 1900, when the Training School, aside from the disturbances of that time of danger and excitement, was already in straits on account of the absence for a number of months of a regular Superintendent. Her willingness, under such difficult condi­tions, to undertake the guidance of the classes, was strong evidence of her spirit of loyalty to the school of which she was herself a graduate, and the efficiency of her efforts was soon evident and continued unabated until the end of her life. "Mr. George Sealy. "It is fitting that I should here record the great loss sustained by the Medical College during the past session in the death of Mr. George Sealy, who, since the establishment of the John Sealy Hospital, has been a repre­sentative upon its Board of Managers, chosen by the Board of Regents of The University of Texas. Mr. Sealy was recognized by all as an extra· ordinary man. It is only the great who can be so simple, so modest, and yet so worthy. As a member of the Board of Managers, he at all times manifested the deepest interest in the workings and condition of the hospi­tal, and generously contributed his time, his thought, and his means to the promotion of its welfare. In all his relations with the hospital and the College he was the great-hearted, broad-minded, judicious counsellor and friend, whose wisdom and generous helpfulness was ever apparent. He was, indeed, nature's nobleman, an honor to his city, to his State, and to his race, and fortunate, indeed, is this University to have had the services of such a man. He has passed to his reward, but verily his works do follovt him. "Prof. David F. Houston. "Prof. David F. Houston, Professor of Political Science and Dean of the Academic Faculty, has recently been elected President of the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas, and his acceptance of this position takes him away from the University after the close of the present session. It is a matter of universal regret that the University will lose Professor Hous­ton, but our loss will be the gain of our sister institution, to which he goes as its head. li1s high character, his scholarly attainments, and his organizing ability, give promise of a splendid career in the great work he has undertaken. The compensating thought in our loss is that the services of Prof. Houston will not be lost to Texas, but will only be transferred to another and broader sphere of activity in the great field of education. I desire to record my high appreciation of the services which Prof. Houston has rendered the University during the entire time he has been connected with the institution. As a teacher, he has been wise, able, and effective; as an associate and friend, he has been courteous and true; as a disciplinarian, he has striven to maintain high standards among the students, and as a man he has borne a character without reproach. He carries with him the confidence and esteem of his associates in the Faculty and of the student body, and the warmest wishes of all for his future happiness and success in his new field of labor. "In conclusion, I desire to commend the spirit of devotion to the Univer­sity manifested during the past session by the teaching force and all the officers and employes. There has been a genuine spirit of service and co-op­eration on the part of all, for which I feel sincerely grateful; and this has secured another year of successful work in the career of The University of Texas." REPORTS OF THE FACULTIES AND OFFICERS. The reports of the Faculties and officers are in general arrangement alike. A list of courses with their enrollment comes first, remarks upon the year's work follow, and then recommendations are made about the future. The reports are many and some of them long. Severe condensation is, there­fore, imperative. Personal recommendations are omitted. BOTANY. Botany comes first. Of his courses Dr. Bray calls special attention to the work in Forestry, which is new here. "With one exception, the students were young men who, quite uniformly, cultivate a vital interest in Texas forestry. It is expected that a number of them will receive the appoint­ment of Student Assistants in the Government Bureau and be assigned to summer field work this season." During the year the staff in Botany "has consisted of an Adjunct Pro­fessor, an Instructor and two Student Assistants. With this force, it has been possible to carry on the courses with fair satisfaction." "Special Litnes of Study and Contributions. ''During the year, considerable progress has been made in the pursuit of botanical investigations-especially in the field of Texas flora. We have hitherto complained of a lack of advanced students to take up the work. That disability is being rapidly removed. We have now a corps of very enthusiastic and efficient advanced students.. "In this connection, I beg to call attention to our lack of a medium of publication for contributions designed to be of local and practical use, rather than purely technical. We have, for example, a student who is mak­ing a study of the Mistletoe, with reference to giving instruction as to its habits, its destructive effects, and methods of exterminating it. Similarly for the 'Spanish moss' and other harmful or useful plants. Such contribu­tions ought, in my opinion, to come from the University as its contributions to the welfare of the State. "No such difficulty exists with regard to the more purely technical con­ tributions. In this field, also, some work has been done. * * * "Further investigations have been made into the forest resources and conditions of the State, and the range of territory visited has been vastly extended. This has been made possible by co-operation with the National Bureau of Forestry. By utilizing the Thanksgiving recess, the Christmas holidays, the winter term examination week and other single holidays, I have been able to explore the following territory: "l. The Red River bottoms and uplands near Texarkana. "2. The Trinity river bottom lands in Leon county. "3. The shortleaf pine lands about Kilgore and Garrison. "4. The several types of forest along the line of the Houston East & West Texas Railway. "5. The Trinity river bottoms in Liberty county. "6. The swamp forests about Beaumont. "7. Longleaf pine lands about Olive, in Hardin county. "8. The live oak, and the cedar brakes of the San Bernard, in Brazoria county. "9. The cedar brakes near Austin and on the Colorado northwest of Burnet. "The results, in part, have been embodied in an extended and fully illus­trated bulletin of which the manuscript has just been sent for publication to the National Bureau of Forestry. * * "The funds placed at the disposal of the School of Botany have been expended with reference to increasing the efficiency of courses now being given, and in accumulating equipment for more advanced special lines of work. * " .,, The changes in courses for the year 1902-1903 are next explained, and a budget added of appropriations needed for their conduct. The last section is devoted to a general statement of the aims and policy of the School. Not deterred by present deficiencies, Professor Bray looks far forward into the future. "We propose, in the first place, to make the School an efficient agent in giving instruction in the several phases of Botany specified in the Cat­alogue; first, for the disciplinary value of the study; and, second, for the contributions such a study will make toward the development of the State's resources. This involves expenditure in furnishing the laboratories with all those appliances which make possible a high degree of efficiency. It involves further, ample museum facilities, and green house and garden space for the cultivation of plants used in investigations. "We propose further to enlarge the scope of our operations to embrace a thorough botanical survey of the State, and to study every element and aspect of the flora and its relation to soil and climate as economic ele­ments or as indications of possible developments in economic lines. "This would involve not only a continuation and extension of present investigations in the timber resources, and the working out of a rational system of forestry or forest policy for the State, but would involve also the necessity of carrying on field work in other lines comprehended in a botanical survey, much of which could be done economically, by co-opera­tion with other Schools of this institution or with government survey corps." CHEMISTRY. Concerning the courses in Chemistry, Dr. Harper remarks that the time of the teaching force has been fully taken up by the work of the School and that the students have received all the attention possible under the conditions presented here. "Several researches have been in progress during the year, the results of which will soon be ready for publication. They represent real contribu­tions to chemical knowledge. * * * * * * * * * * "During the past year the Chemical Laboratory of The University of Texas Mineral Survey, under the supervision of the head of this School, through the work of the Assistant Chemists, has contributed a large mass of chemical facts concerning the resources of Texas. The extent of this work, its nature and its importance, will be communicated to you by Dr. Wm. B. Phillips, Director of the Mineral Survey. "The wisdom of the generous action of the Board of Regents which made it possible to carry out the plan submitted for remodeling the interior of the Chemical Laboratory has been fully exemplified in the improved condi­tions under which the work of the school and the chemical work of the Mineral Survey have been done during the session. The results obtained during the session now about to close could not have been accomplished under the pre-existing conditions. * * * * * * * * * * * * "This session witnesses the 'passing' of the course in P. & H. For sev­eral years the conduct of this course has been divided between the heads of the Schools of Zoology and Chemistry, and its removal from the University is a decided relief to the responsible heads of these two Schools. The classes have been very large, and the work has been laborious, burdensome, and enervating. In spite of the difficulties which beset the work the course has done a real service to the State in elevating the standard of the work in this topic given in the secondary schools of Texas. As its influence in this direction will continue, its retirement from the University is fully justified. "The library of the School of Chemistry has been strengthened during the year by the addition of complete sets of The Analyst, and the Zeitschrift filr physikalische Chemie." Dr. Harper then argues earnestly and at length for the earlier purchase of chemieals and for an increased appropriation. ENGLISH. Dr. Callaway, always systematic, divides his report most formally into five heads. I. Enrollment of Students and Distribution of Worl<7. "To sum up the matter: during the present session ten courses have been offered and one of these has been divided into ten sections and another into three. Six hundred and forty-four students have been enrolled, of whom 344 are Freshmen and 300 upper-classmen. Fifty-three hours a week have been devoted to class-room instruction, and at least thirty to confer­ences. And this work has been done by five teachers and one assistant." II. Courses of lnstruetion. A detailed analysis of the work of the School is given, too elaborate to be copied. The work as a whole is encouraging; especially is there im­ provement in the Freshman work. "As a rule, the students taking it are better prepared to begin their work, -a fact partially due to the somewhat stricter, but by no means strict, enforcement of the entrance requirements by the committee having charge thereof. The time devoted to class-rom instruction has been more than doubled: for several years past the course was allowed but one hour a week for the year; this session it has been given three hours a week for the first two terms and one hour a week for the third term. Despite the larger number of students taking it (344), the classes have been smaller than formerly; we have had ten sections this year instead of last year's eight, so that each section has had an average attendance of slighty over thirty. Owing to the increased time allotted the c;ourse, the instruction has been more largely based on the first-hand study of literary masterpieces than hitherto ; this has lent additional interest to the work. The frequency of the practical exercises and of the personal conferences has been of incal­ culable benefit. Owing to these reasons and to the one given in the follow­ing paragraph, the number of withdrawals has been considerably decreased this year and the number of 'passes' materially increased." Section III deals with the Theses for the Master's Degree; Section IV with the English Library. Under Section V come the recommendations. These are an office for consultation, cases for papers, books, and an addi­tional tutorship. FRENCH. Is the insertion of this report under French instead of Romance Lan­guages an intimation that before long French will stand alone ? Mr. Villavaso's report is the shortest on record. The registration; seven lines of comment-no more. A hit, a palpable hit. "The work on the whole has been satisfactory, much more so than that of the two previous years. The total enrollment shows a small increase in numbers ; I feel justified in saying that there has been a more marked improvement in quality. "The work done in the various courses was substantially as outlined in the Catalogue." GEOLOGY. Dr. Simonds describes each of his courses. Of Course 1, he says that it was so large that two sections were required; in the winter term, three. During the spring term Dr. Simonds, in addition to his usual work, gave a course of lectures on Mines and Mining, "the registration in which reached twenty-two. The great interest manifested by this class cannot fail to indicate the growing demand for, and appreciation of, this kind of instruction in the University." After noting the usual excursion to Granite Mountain and Marble Falls, Dr. Simonds says that "for the study of Geology and Mineralogy the loca­tion of the University is unexcelled. The Cretaceous outcrops in the vicin­ity of Austin are both numerous and varied; their fossil contents are in an excellent state of preservation and of a wide range-from the Fera­minifera to the Vertebrata; faulting, resulting from those displacements of the strata whereby large blocks of the earth's crust have been raised or depressed, are well shown; and the topography of the region affords a sub­ject of still further interest. To all this there remains to be added the Llano country, sometimes called the 'Central Mineral Region,' which, with its variety of mineral wealth and older stratified rocks, lies but a few hours from our door. Truly, it may he said that nowhere in Texas, if, indeed, in the South, is an institution so favorably situated for the study of Geology and Mineralogy." Various relief maps and lantern slides, a camera, and a pair of field glasses have been added by purchase to the equipment of the School, and a number of interesting shells have been presented. For the coming year the School needs new seats for the lecture room, models, maps, and blow­pipe apparatus. GREEK. Professor Battle finds the year's work encouraging, the spirit of the classes good. The small sections of Course 1 proved very helpful. A new course was added-in New Testament Greek. As to next year when the new B. A. degree does not require Greek, Dr. Battle anticipates largely decreased. numbers. New Testament courses he hopes to see developed, as meeting a general need, but especially in view of the establishment here of the new Presby­terian Theological Seminary. "It has given me great pleasure to offer this work through President Sampson to the students of the new Southern Pres­byterian Theological Seminary to be opened in Austin the coming fall. The New Testament will be studied purely as Greek without any theologi­cal bias. This is universally recognized as legitimate work for colleges and universities apart from divinity schools. As a phase in the history of the Greek language and as literature the books of the New Testament are of unsurpassed interest. Moreover, to give this work in the University will relieve the Theological Seminary of the need of establishing a chair for this purpose, and so will enable better and more extended instruction to be given in Theology. It should be, and, I take it, is, the policy of the Uni­versity to encourage in all ways possible the establishment here of semi­naries by the different denominations for the training of their clergy. As a State university, we can not have a theological seminary of our own, but if the churches shall undertake to supply the deficiency, great good will result in broadening the sympathies and outlook of the clergy by bringing them into contact with our manifold and vigorous activities and in raising the tone of our own religious life by the infusion of the enthusiasm and high moral ideals of students of divinity." Last year's contingent appropriation was devoted to the purchase of lantern slides illustrating Greek art. "With the appropriations granted I have had made for the University a set of slides aggregating, if we count those ordered but not delivered, more than nine hundred in number. Add­ing to these those already possessed by the University and those presented by Dr. Mather, we have a total of over a thousand slides illustrating Greek art, besides some two hundred more in the Mather collection illustrating Egyptian and Assyrian art and Greek private life. I have taken great pains to select representative subjects and to secure satisfactory slides. With the results I am reasonably satisfied. For the study of Greek sculp­ture and architecture we have now an excellent series of illustrations and a beginning has been made with painting. I do not believe any institution in the South has so good a collection on these subjects. "Lantern slides, however good and however numerous, reach only a small class. The influence of casts is far more potent. They may be seen at any time by anybody, and being in form exact copies instead of mere pictures they give a much better impression of the originals. My judgment is that nothing would do more to elevate the standard of taste among us, nothing more to vivify our appreciation of the real greatness of the Greeks in art, than a well-chosen collection of casts. It would seem as if the great hall on the fourth floor of the Main Building were intended for just this pur­pose. For anything else it has only been made available by temporary and unsightly partitions of wood. A large part of the space is at present occu­pied by the University Mineral Survey, but for this use it is unsuited and unsatisfactory, and it is to be hoped that the day will soon come when the Survey will have rooms more worthy of its excellent work. When that time comes I would suggest that this great area, when unencumbered by partitions, a striking and handsome hall, be consecrated to a Museum of Casts. With purchases out of appropriations from time to time, with dona­tions from kindly-minded friends, with memorials left by successive Senior classes as pledges of their love for alma mater, a collection will be built up in no long time of which we need not feel ashamed." With a note about two former classical Fellows of the University, the report concludes: "Donald Cameron, once Fellow and Tutor in Greek and Latin, now holds at Harvard an Edward Austin Fellowship, worth $500, and has just been appointed for next year to a Parker Traveling Fellow­ship of the value of $700, one of the highest honors that Harvard bestows in the Graduate School. C. C. Rice, a four years' student of the School of Greek and sometime Tutor of Latin, was at first a student of Comparative Philology at Harvard, but has now transferred his allegiance to the Modern Languages, and so excellent has his work been that he was a year ago appointed Professor of Modern Languages at the University of Oregon, with a year's leave of absence to enable him to complete his doctor's work at Harvard. Townsend Scholar last year, he now holds the more valuable Shattuck Scholarship." HISTORY. The halls of History have been crowded as usual. Next to English and Mathematics it is the most populous School in the University. In South­western History, Professor Garrison thinks that "the University of Texas has a real opportunity in its favorable situation for the development of this subject. It is apparent that the great institutions of the North and East are looking to the Universities of Texas, California, and Stanford to take the lead in working up this hitherto almost neglected field, and this Uni­versity has, in some respects, decidedly the advantage of the other two. "The most pressing necessity just now for the promotion of the work mentioned is additional help in classifying and putting in order the vari­ous collections of manuscript and other material now stored in the vault of the University. Mr. Johnson, one of the Student Assistants in History, has been occupying himself about six hours per week during this session with the classification of the Bexar Archives. These papers consist mainly of military and civil correspondence, and Mr. Johnson has been arranging the letters by dates, and when this is done a sub-classification by places to or from which they were written will be attempted. When this has been completed, the search for any given document in the Archives will be com­paratively easy; but in their present condition it is almost a hopeless task to find any paper known to be among them. "Besides the Bexar Archives, the University now has in its vault the Austin Papers, the papers of the Texas Veterans' Association, and the Rob· erts Papers, all of which demand classification, binding, etc. This work should be pressed far more energetically; but to do so would require more help. Of the two Student Assistants in History for this year, one gives his attention to the Archives, as already stated, while the other helps in the teaching work by examining maps, reading certain kinds of papers, and performing some routine duties in attending to the class rolls, etc. Either a specific appropriation to pay for the services of some one who might be employed to complete the classification, or the appointment of an additional Fellow or Student Assistant, would greatly hasten the comple· tion of the task of ordering these papers and making them really available for investigation." The School's contingent fund was expended with great satisfaction for collateral reading books, Spanish dictionaries for use in the vault, and map repairs. "The year has brought a sad misfortune to the University, and espe· cially to the School of History, in the loss of Professor L. G. Bugbee, who died at Pleasant Point, Johnson county, March 17th. The very effective work of Professor Bugbee, both as teacher and as investigator, demand the special acknowledgment of a record in this report. The marks of his efforts and influence on the inner life and development of the University are deeply cut, and will not soon disappear." LATIN. Professor Fay is pleased with the fact that his last year's prophecies about the increase of his School were measurably fulfilled. "By the appointment of Miss Roberta Lavender as Tutor, the School of Latin was put into excellent condition for effective work, and, in conse­ quence, for the first time since my connection with the institution began, the Freshman class has enjoyed adequate instruction in sections not so large as to be unwieldy. "The courses of study of the past year have not differed materially from those of previous reports, but with the Freshman class an interesting expe· riment was tried. It is the policy of the School of Latin to admit no stu­ dent to classes above the Freshman, without examination, and merely on affiliation. But some of our best schools, notably the Ball High School of Galveston, give much more than the three years' modicum of Latin now required of the affiliated schools. Accordingly, this year, for the first time, the Freshmen who had enjoyed a strong four years' preparation in Latin were put into an advanced section, to which, in the third t<~rm, pupils of high rank in the other sections were promoted. The experiment has worked not badly." As to the needs of the School it is clear that lantern slides are desired for a course in Roman Life, but the details are reserved for a special exhibit not printed. MATHEMATICS. Four hundred and sixty-six is the total of Mathematics students among us. Here, too, the condition of things is good. Like Dr. Callaway in Eng­lish, Dr. Halsted finds the preparation of those entering Mathematics per­haps a shade better than in previous years. "The work in Course 1 is being modified slightly from year to year in an attempt to fit it more closely to the average Texas high-school curricu­lum. In particular, more stress is being laid upon Plane Geometry at the expense of Solid Geometry in the firm conviction that the former is of greater benefit to our students and unrivaled as mental discipline when properly taught. Original exercises are a prominent feature of the course. In Algebra, finding our students fairly well prepared in the standard ele­mentary topics, we are emphasizing the graphical and numerical sides, being thus in accord with the best modern tendencies and making much of the work in Trigonometry far more effective." The course in Astronomy stands in urgent need of $60 for globes and charts. "This year a course on the Teaching of Elementary Mathematics (Course 12) was given for the first time by :Mr. Rit'e, of which he writes as follows: " 'This year I offered a course for the benefit of those expecting to become teachers of Mathematics in the State. None were allowed to enter the class who had not had Course 1 in Mathematics. On account of this prerequisite several who wished to attend were excluded from the class. However, several Freshmen attended the lectures, although they received no credit for their work. There were eight who were properly enrolled. " 'In my experience in public school work, I found the greatest difficulty of those teaching Mathematics, in a lack of a proper conception of the fundamental principles of the science. So many teachers do not know just where they are in the development of the subject they are teaching. It has Leen my purpose in this course of lectures to trace the growth and develop­ment of Mathematics in such a way that the teacher may clearly grasp the subject as a whole and be able to teach from a much more intelligent point of view. " 'In this way I believe the University can greatly benefit and assist the teachers of the State. Each teacher going out from the University will be able to help many others with whom he comes in contact.'" ORATORY. Professor Shurter sets forth first the general scope and nature of the work. Then as to needs he finds, first, the School has not a sufficiently large instruction force ; second, the course for Law students should either count for a degree or the work be discontinued. Pending the inauguration of a three years' curriculum in the Law Department, he suggests that Ora­tory be made an alternative to the requirement in Political Science for Law students. A third need is a small contingent fund. In the section on Public Contests in Speaking, after giving a history of the year's activities, Professor Shurter adds: "The work of the students in debating has far exceeded that of any pre­vious year. The work of preparation has been more systematically organ­ized, so that we have had all interested working together towartls a common end. In the course of preparation, a large mass of official documents were studied, over five hundred letters to Congressmen and public men were written, and we had at least ten students who had a thorough and com­prehensive grasp of the question for debate. * * * We cannot, of course, expect to be uniformly victorious in such contests, and the decision of the judges, I take it, is not, after all, the thing of most value. In any event, we are developing a debating plant here that will enable us to furnish debaters who will worthily represent the University in public discussion with students from other institutions. I thoroughly believe in debating as a form of public speaking ; the special investigation and public discus­sion of living issues is of great value in training students for the duties of citizenship." PHILOSOPHY. Professor Mezes's report emulates that of the Instructor in French. The School prospers. "The completion of a card catalogue (begun under Professor Ellis's direc­ tion two years ago) of articles in English scientific periodicals dealing with Philosophy and Education, puts in our hands the most effective instrument for doing really solid work that we possess. It remains to complete the cat­ alogue for our too scant supply of foreign periodicals, and then to keep it up to date." PHYSICS. Professor Mather records an increase of one hundred per cent. in enroll­ ment if students are counted only once. "As a whole, the work of the year has been very satisfactory, consider­able progress having beeu made in several directions. A small amount of apparatus has been purchased and more made in the workshop, and the second-year courses much enlarged and strengthened. The additional labor­atory, made available through the courtesy of the Department of Engi· neering, has been fitted up in part and the congestion that was previously manifested in our advanced laboratory classes much relieved thereby. * * * * * * * * * * * * * "It is with pleasure that I record the gift of $150 by Major Ira H. Evans for a Fellowship in Physics during the coming year and the appoint­ment of Mr. C. Shuddemagen to the position. * * * "In connection with the future development of the School I call to your attention the importance of a consideration of the relation of the School of Physics to the recently created School of Electrical Engineering. As is well known, electricity, pure or applied, is merely a branch of Physics, and the success of the engineer depends largely upon the security and breadth of his knowledge of the general principles of the parent subject. It is, therefore, essential that the School of Physics should be so equipped that it may offer those courses which are not only of large value to the general student, but are prerequisite to further study of the subject on its practi­ The Univm-sity Record. [July, cal side. In view of these facts it is especially gratifying to note the recent appropriation of $3000 for the purchase of apparatus from abroad and the expressed determination to provide the additional equipment that is neces­sary. Numerous orders have already been placed and our plans are fully matured for the opening in the fall of full courses in Physics leading to the degree of Electrical Engineer. The completion of these plans is, of course, dependent upon the further appropriation requested, and I earnestly hope that it may be made available at an early date. When this is done the work of the School will be placed on a high plane of efficiency, able to meet the demands placed upon it." POLITICAL SCIENCE. Professor Houston reports that the work of the students of this School was as usual reasonably satisfactory, and that the facilities for instruction were more ample than heretofore, still they were much hampered by the lack of adequate library facilities. "Some question seems to have been raised as to the propriety of gil'ing courses in the School of Political Science in International Law, General Jurisprudence, and Civil I,aw. I do not see on what grounds this question can legitimately be raised. Such subjects furnish an appropriate part of academic training, and if they are not given at all in the Law School or are not given under such conditions as to permit Academic students con­veniently to take them, I am of the opinion that they should not only be given in the Academic Department, but should be extended. "The work of the Junior Law Class in Economics for the year was more satisfactory than it has ever been, but was still, as compared to that of the Academic class, unsatisfactory. I think the reason for this is mainly that the Law students have not sufficient time to give to it as the Law course is now arranged. Of course there is the further fact that they have not yet as a whole realized that it is essentially a proper part of their training as lawyers. I am glad to say that the Law Faculty has done what it could to bring the Law students to a truer realization of the value of this work and have, therefore, furnished me substantial support." PSYCHOLOGICAL LABORATORY. Professors Mezes and Ellis say regarding the work of the year: "Preliminary laboratory work was given this year to fifty-two students in the Psychology of Education and twenty-six students in Pure Psychol­ogy. Advanced work was given to ten students in Experimental and Abnor­mal Psychology, and t-0 three graduate students in special investigations. All of this work has been as successful as could be hoped for under such overcrowded conditions." For the future they need apparatus and books. SCIENCE AND Al\T OF EDUCATION. Professor Sutton takes up the work of the courses elaborately. "Adjunct Professor Ellis was granted by the Regents a leave of absence for the fall term in order that he might devote himself exclusively to the completion of an educational work upon which he has been engaged for some years. His classes in Psychology for that term were taught by Dr. Mezes, who had generously offered to assume the extra duties involved, and who was assisted by Tutors Fletcher and Shipe and by Fellow Turner. * * * * * * * * * * * * * "The gain in the efficiency of the instruction given in the School of Edu­cation this year has been marked by reason of the fact that a Tutor and a Fellow have rendered valuable, and it may be said necessary, service in holding frequent conferences with students." Under "New Courses" a list is given of ten subjects which "have just claims for consideration." "With the present teaching force of the School of Education it is out of the question to consider seriously the introduction of new courses; but the list of educational courses was presented above in order to call atten· tion to the very great work which lies before the University in the pro­fessional training of teachers. It is a work of great magnitude and great diversity. That it is the function of the University to undertake it and accomplish it, the thoughtful student of education has no doubt. The pro­fessional ideals of the teacher, whether in kindergarten, elementary school, secondary school or college, should be high, and the highest ideals are gained through training in university ways of dealing with things. Our University, being the head of the public school system, has no greater function than to dignify the profession of teaching by contributing yearly to its ranks many men and women, who, in addition to such culture as all educated people shoufd enjoy, have given serious study to questions per­taining to that calling, which, for want of such study and the strength and dignity afforded thereby, has through the long centuries been degraded to the level of a mere trade. The University herself will not only justify her claim to leadership in education by rigorously exercising her function in this direction; she will also reap rich benefit therefrom. It is a well­known fact that the growth of every great university has been largely pro­moted by those of its alumni that have gained distinction as teachers. Another fact to be taken in this connection, is that the development of the School of Education will minister to the growth of all the other Schools of the University. That School, in the very nature of the case, can be jealous of no other School, were jealousy at all compatible with culture and character. The University School of Education, properly directed, will promote without ceasing the cause of sound learning in every legitimate field, ancient and modern. Seeking for the enjoyment of none but legiti­mate privileges, it will always contend for its rights and dignity. It will strenuously resist any and all efforts to degrade the study of Education from the position now accorded it in modern universities to the plane it occupied in medireval times, and to which it would even now be cheerfully and everlastingly condemned by occasional medireval-minded men of this generation. The occasion for such opposition will seldom arise, for oppo­sition to the professional training of teachers for all grades of schools has within the last quarter of a century been well-nigh destroyed, and the study of education has, along with other modern subjects, been accorded by uni­versities the academic dignity with which every worthy subject should be honored." The recommendations for next year, aside from those affecting the in­struction force, are for an appropriation of $100 for a contingent fund. Professor Ellis's report, added after Professor Sutton's, is singular for its frankness. "While much good work has been done by the classes this year, so much has been half done and so much left undone that as a whole the work has been very unsatisfactory to the Instructor in charge. In spite of the valu­able services of the Tutors and Fellows in the Departments of Psychology and Education, a part of the time of each of whom is allotted to me, I find the amount of routine work required in teaching and outside commit­tee duty so consumes both time and energy that it is impossible to give to advanced classes the attention needed by them and demanded for any orig­inal investigation. The lack of this work of investigation has a most deadening effect upon the Instructor, and even upon the preliminary courses in the School. We now have several well-trained students able and anxious to pursue the work of investigation so much needed in the field of the Science of Education: there are many problems we can not attempt because of lack of library facilities and of a practice and experiment school, but many other problems which are within the range of our equipment can not be touched from sheer lack of any time in which to work at them or direct others in such work. "I see no hope for relief from this situation until the resources of the University are such as to justify the appointment of another professor to take charge of part of the work now given in Psychology, and to add to the advanced work now offered. I consider this one of the imperative and immediate needs of the University." SPANISH. Miss Casis finds that the prevailing spirit has been commendable. "With the exception of the course in rapid reading, which was offered after consultation with the Dean, all the courses given were carried on as set forth and outlined in the Catalogue for 1900-1901. The above-men­tioned exception, Spanish 4a, was meant to meet what was believed to be a just demand; however, since the teaching power of the School is some­what taxed, it seems wise not to continue this extra course unless the demand becomes still greater. * * * "No important external change is contemplated in the work, because the chief need of this young School now seems to be to build it up internally as carefully as possible, giving it vigor and good traditions and ideals, and doing as thoroughly as is practicable all that is attempted. The most decided drawback to the best results in the beginners' course is the large size of the classes: there is a great mechanical difficulty towards making the work sufficiently practical in language teaching, when a beginners' class consists, through the year, of between thirty and forty individuals. I rec­ognize that perhaps this is a necessity of present conditions, borne by all the foreign-language work, but whenever our sections can be made smaller, the results of the modern language teaching will necessarily be very much more satisfactory." The School's contingent fund of $100 was disposed of for books. A sug· gestion is made for the appropriation of $200 for a set of Romania, a jour­nal for the study of Romance Philology. TEUTONIC LANGUAGES. The courses are described minutely and the students are said to have done excellent work. The class in Scientific German Professor Primer singles out for a special commendation. Mr. Wild's report shows what has been done: "The class in Scientific German read three sciences during the year: Chemistry the first term, Geology the second, and Mathematics the last. About 250 pages were read in each. The work in class consisted in trans­lating into English orally the German text. The constant object in view was to get the thought of what was read. No attention was paid to gram­mar, except where it helped to make clear the meaning of the sentence. Special emphasis was placed on the correct translation of the German scientific terms. Sometimes, when the lesson was difficult, short written abstracts or outlines of the lesson were asked of the students to be pre· pared before the recitation, in order to make sure that the text was under· stood. In addition to the class work each student had to do some outside reading each term. For this purpose scientific articles and essays in Ger­man were offered by the different Sch~ols of Science. Each student then reported on what he or she had read, either orally or in writing. Thus the entire amount of reading done by each student equals a little over 900 pages. The spirit of the class is to be especially mentioned, being a very commendable one. The class was earnest, sincere, and conscientious in its work." Recommendation is made for the purchase of Die A.Ugemeine Biographie. ZOOLOGY. After sections on Courses of Study and Attendance, and Instruction, the proposed changes in the courses are explained. The equipment added during the year consists of chairs for the lecture room, cases for specimens and materials, microscopes and other instru­ments, a mannikin, and a number of lantern slides. The School's quarters Professor Wheeler finds cramped. "Only one course remains open to the School, unless more room is provided in the near future -to limit the number of its students. While this might improve the qual· ity of the students, it would be diametrically opposed to the wishes of the teaching staff, for of a.JI the subjects taught in the University none should be made more accessible to all the students than Biology. Even during the past year we have had to advise students to take other subjects, as the space in the laboratory was inadequate." The lack of a library is the chief defect of the School. "Investigation which might otherwise extend over a wide field is necessarily limited to a rather narrow channel. Even the identification and description of our com­mon Texas animals is accomplished only with difficulty or not at all." A museum, too, is a desideratum. "Situated in the very midst of a very rich and varied fauna, the University of Texas possesses great natural advantages for the proper development of a collection, which should repre­sent in a clear and instructive manner the whole fauna of the State. A more favorable location for such a collection could scarcely be conceived than at the capital city of the State and in its University, where it will be alike accessible to the students and to the general public. Such collec­tions stimulate the community to a study of nature, and are invaluable adjuncts to institutions like the Texas Academy of Science." Section VIII, on a State Zoological Survey, should appeal strongly to Texans. "A State Zoological Survey is naturally suggested in connection with the Mineralogical and Botanical surveys, and should be planned in such a way as to co-operate successfully with these. The vast territory of our State makes much greater demands on us in this direction than do the smaller States of the Union, many of which have already made great prog­ress in their zoological surveys. The additional expense of keeping one or two zoologists constantly in the field in connection with the Mineralogical Survey would be slight, and would answer all purposes. It is to be hoped that the School of Zoology may be enabled to undertake this work as soon as the Mineralogical Survey is well under way and has demonstrated its great value in the investigation of the natural resources of the State." During the past year the School has been active in research work. A list is given of no less than fourteen contributions from the Zoological Laboratory of the University of Texas published in the past year, and eleven now in preparation. The report ends with a recommendation of an increase in appropriations for the next year. THE COMMITTEE ON AFFILIATED SCHOOLS. Professor Sutton gives first the names of the seven schools affiliated this year for the first time, and of the twelve affiliated in particular subjects. Applications for affiliation have been received from thirty-six schools, the names being given. "Ten of these schools have for one reason or an­other been refused affiliation, while the necessary steps leading to the affili­ation of each of the remaining schools have not yet been completed." Twenty-eight schools, also named, that were affiliated in former years, applied for affiliation in additional subjects. "The necesary steps for the affiliation of many of these schools in these subjects are yet to be taken. In a number of instances the committee has been unable to consider the question of affiliation in the natural sciences because of the fact that ade­quate means for laboratory instruction is wanting. In other instances the courses submitted could not be approved. This is the first year in which opportunities for affiliation in the modern languages and natural sciences have been offered to the schools. The applications above enumerated are sufficient evidence that, at least, a beginning has been made in the encour­agement of the proper teaching of these two great groups of human learn­ing. It is confidently believed that, through the active co-operation of the superintendents, high school principals and school boards of the State, the teaching of the modern languages and natural sciences in Texas will be placed upon a plane as dignified as that occupied by English, History, Math­ematics, Latin, and Greek. "During the year affiliation was withdrawn from four schools on account of the fact that sufficiently high standards were not maintained. Five other schools were informed that it was necessary that improvement be made with respect to instruction. These five schools will submit examin­ation papers to the committee next year, and will, furthermore, be again inspected. Should the reports concerning the papers, and should the report of the inspector be favorable, these schools will not forfeit affiliation." During the year a large number of schools were visited by members of the Faculty. Upwards of seventy working days were consumed in this way. The work of the committee increases constantly. That it may be better done an enlarged appropriation is suggested. THE GYMNASIUM FOR WOMEN. The essential part of Miss Norvell's report is as follows: "While we have had to face the same problems of space and ventilation as last year, the thought that this would perhaps be the last experience in these quarters has kept up our courage and made it possible to record at the close of this session a decided improvement over former years. In addition to the large class of Freshmen, more upper class students took advantage of the Gymnasium, showing by their voluntary attendance the importance they give to exercise. Even with that encouragement, it is plain that gymnastics for girls will never be the success it should be until some credit, though small, be given for the work. Just because they need the exercise and are benefited by it, is not inducement enough for them to give the time and attention they should to their physical development. And many of them slight their work here to do that for which they do receive credit. "The same method was carried out as last year,-the physical examina­tions given and the work plotted from them. The exercises in classes con­sisted mostly of light gymnastics and games. While some students showed an interest in the heavy work, it was not considered advisable io give it to the class as a whole, because their strength was not sufficient. No series of class games was played in basket ball. But a 'Varsity team was chosen to represent us in the contest with the Austin girls. The game was won by us with a score of 7 to 4. "There is no set of Anthropometric Apparatus for this gymnasium, so our physical examinations were made under difficulties. The one belonging to the Mens' Gymnasium was borrowed, but it could not be kept long enough to examine all the students. Those made, however, were used to compute the average and judge the standing. Every measurement shows an increase, pronounced in some cases, while small in others. The greatest gain was in the lung capacity-37.8 cubic inches. The chest also shows good improvement. Gain in girth of chest natural, 1~ inches; inflated, 3 inches; waist, 3.7 5 inches. "The results of these tests are encouraging. With such a favorable gain under rather adverse conditions, we expect a still greater improvement when once in the new building. To make these examinations as they should be, a complete set of Anthropometric Apparatus is necessary, a full list of which I enclose. I recommend that these instruments be purchased during the summer, so they may be ready for use at the opening of the next session. The number of lockers is entirely too small to accommodate the students using the Gym11asium. Another tier could be built in the south­west corner similar to the one already in use; these, with the screens to go with them, would add much to our comfort, and partly do away with the unhygienic conditions existing at present by crowding so many suits into each locker. The expense would not be lost, as they could be moved into another Gymnasium." THE GYMNASIUM FOB MEN. Mr. Curtiss's report, like Miss N orvell's, deserves to be given practically in full: "The appropriation granted this· department by the Board of Regents last spring enabled it to increase its equipment by adding fifty regulation lockers to the Gymnasium dressing room, and forty-eight large double lock­ers for the use of the athletic teams, and to purchase parallel bars and mats for the Gymnasium. The lockers were all built by the work shop during the summer, and were ready at the beginning of school, but delay in securing the locks prevented giving out the lockers until some time after the work had begun, and to some extent delayed the work of examining the men and getting the classes organized. "Regular class instruction began October .14th, with 213 Freshmen and irregular students, and 54 students from other classes, making a total of 267 at the beginning of the season. Comparing this number with the num­ber at the beginning of last season, it shows an increase of ·113 men, or 73.37 per cent. During this term there were fifteen regular classtls per week, with an average daily attendance of 91 and an average weekly attend­ance of 455. This is a gain of 65.45 per cent. over the average daily attend­ance for the same period last year. "After Christmas there was, as usual, a large increase in the number taking regular work. The roll increased from 293 at the close of the fall term to the remarkable number of 357. As only 213 of these men were required to take the work, it shows that nearly 150 men took the regular work voluntarily. This immense number of men, whose daily attendance averaged over 100 and frequently rose to over 130, overtaxed the capacity of the Gymnasium and permitted only tbe most elementary (although the most important) body-building work to be carried on. The crowded condi­tion of the rooms during the past season demonstrates once more, and more emphatically than before, the entire inadequacy of the quarters provided for this work, and imperatively demands a separate building of large size if the benefits of this work are to be advantageously presented to the immense number of students applying for it. The men could not have been handled this year by the Director alone, and it was only with the efficient aid of Assistant Dibrell that the work was accomplished. With his assist­ance the number of classes was increased from fifteen to twenty-four per week, and an increased number of men were given special work. "After the first of April all but one of the regular classes were discon­tinued, and voluntary outdoor work was taken up on the athletic field. The class meeting from 5 to 6 p. m. was continued under the direction of Assistant Dibrell until May first, when all class work was discontinued and individual work was continued for the balance of the year. "On February 8th a wrestling contest for the championship of the Uni­versity was held in the Gymnasium, amid much enthusiasm. On March 21st the second annual gymnastic contest took place in the Auditorium, before a large audience. Both these contests were successful, and were well attended, and served to arouse interest in the work among the people of the city as well as among the students. "Some people_not familiar with the aims of this work or with the meth­ods employed, and seeing only these contests, might get the idea that the object of physical training was to develop bar performers, acrobats and tumblers, and that the Gymnasium was run as a training school for the circus arena. Therefore it is with pleasure that I take this opportunity to disclaim any such purpose. The public contests are exhibitions of skill and courage upon the part of a comparatively few men who are especially inter­ested in advanced work. They represent merely one phase of the recreative side of the work, and not its aim. Physical training seeks to develop the highest type of physical manhood. It corrects bad physical habits, bad postures, develops weak tissues, deepens and broadens the chest, strengthens the heart and lungs, develops will power, courage and self-mastery. In short, it joins hands with intellectual and spiritual training in an effort to develop the all-round man. It seeks physical and mental health first, then control and self-mastery. It aims to make men, not acrobats. "Physical Ea:aminations. "One of the most important features of the work of this department con­sists in giving each student a thorough physical examination and prescrib­ing special exercises to remedy the defects found. It is easy enough to make the examinations and prescribe the exercise in each case, but to teach each individual the exercises prescribed and impress him with their import­ance so that he will practice them regularly, is a matter that requires a great deal of time, patience, and some tact. The time of the Director has been so taken up with routine work that could have been done by assist­ants that this individual work has not been brought out as strongly as is desirable. To make the individual plan effective, the Director needs to be relieved of the routine work as far as possible, and in this connection a recommendation will be presented in the proper place. "The accompanying chart shows the average gain made by the class in a few essential points namely, age, height, weight, girth of chest, normal and inflated, depth of chest, and lung capacity. The average gain in weight was 6.25 pounds; height, 16mm. (! in.); chest, normal, 28 mm. (over H in.) ; depth of chest, 9 mm.; lung capacity, 30 cubic inches. "The class as a whole averages slightly smaller than the class last year, and the extremes are greater. The average height is one-fourth inch shorter, the weight nearly five pounds lighter, and the lung capacity seven cubic inches smaller than the entering records of the class last year. In spite of this, however, and owing largely to the emphasis placed on deep breathing throughout the course, the average gain in lung capacity was nearly twice as great as the average gain last year. And not only was the gain greater, but the actual capacity, which was seven cubic inches less at first, increased until it averaged five cubic inches greater than last year. This demonstrates clearly that the extra time and attention devoted to lung gymnastics bas been decidedly beneficial and has amply justified the prominence given to it in our system of work. "lndvidual Oases. "The results obtained in a few of tbe cases of individual work are given below. "Picture No. 1, Mr. R. E. McC., of Denton county. This is a common type of "student stoop." His development was classed as very poor. The first picture was taken the last of October, the second the middle of Jan­uary, and the last in April. His second measurements show a gain of 12 pounds in weight, l! inches in chest, normal, and l! inches in chest, inflated, i of an inch in depth of chest, and 34 cubic inches in lung capacity. His last measurements, taken in April, show still further gains as follows: weight, 17 pounds ; chest, normal, 2i inches; chest, inflated, 2 inches; depth of chest, i inch; lung capacity, 50 cubic inches. His normal heart rate was reduced from 112 to 98 per minute. "Picture No. 2, Mr. A. R. S., of Austin. This is a case of depressed chest, with pronounced round shoulders and an exaggerated forward curve of the spine at the waist line, with a consequent protruding stomach. The lack of energy in the first pose is especially noticeable. A man who stands like this seldom bas self-confidence or courage, and can not look you squarely in the eye. In the second picture the chest and shoulders have improved and the poise is better, but the stomach is still too prominent and the lumbar curve is too pronounced. The pictures were taken October 9th, January 9th, and April 19th. His measurements show gains as fol­lows: girth of chest, normal, 11 inches; depth of chest, ! inch; lung capac­ity, 34 cubic inches. There is consumption in this man's family, on his mother's side. "Picture No. 3 shows the gain made by a typical case of "hollow" or "creased chest" in two months' time. At the time the first picture (A) was taken (November) be was thin and anemic and bis development was classed as "very poor." There was a cup-shaped depression in the chest on each side, one over the stomach, and one over the liver, about where the seventh, eighth, and ninth ribs join the costal cartilage. These depressions were nearly half an inch deep and were as large as a tea saucer. They can be seen in the picture as a shadow just below the nipple. The shoulder blades projected sharply, the inferior angle being an inch and a quarter from his back. There was scarcely an indication of the presence of the rhomboidia, and the trapezius was merely a thin band under the skin and hardly distinguishable from it. The second picture (B), taken in Decem­ber, just before the holidays, shows the improvement in the shoulders as well as in the chest. The depressions are not quite eliminated, but there is a marked improvement. He has gained 11 pounds in weight, 2! inches in girth of chest, normal, l inch in depth of chest and forty cubic inches in lung capacity. This man's father died of nervous prostration and the­son was in a fair way to follow him in a few years, but we hope to develop him to resist this tendency, and the results already obtained are encour­ aging. "Picture No. 4. This is a case of perfectly flat chest. His blood is in very bad condition, and he is poorly developed. While a child he had scarlet fever, diphtheria, and typhoid fever. The first picture was taken November 7th, the second January 7th, and the third May 30th. He gained 13 pounds in weight, ! of an inch in depth of chest, 2i inches in girth of chest, normal; and 52 cubic inches in lung capacity. "In examining these pictures it should be remembered that the poses are not the best possible postures the patient could assume, but are the habit­ ual ones. The desire has been to show how the habitual postures have been improved and not how well the patient can stand when trying. "Picture No. 5 shows three typical cases of bad posture and poor develop­ ment." THE LIBRARY. Mr. Wyche's report covers a period from May 18, 1901, to April 19, 19'02. "There are now in the General library and in' the various departmental libraries, making no deduction for withdrawals and losses, 36,136 volumes. During the year 2161 volumes have been added from the following sources: purchase, 1124 volumes; gift, 627 volumes; binding, 410 volumes. "Out of the Library appropriation, $2500, the Library Council ha~ so far authorized the following expenditure: "General periodicals .... .. .... . ....... .. . . . .... .. .. . . . ..... ..$ 150 00 General reference books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 00 Expensive sets .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 850 00 To each of seventeen schools, $70. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,190 00 "There has been an increased use of reserved books, but apparently no increase in general reading, which is due, doubtless, to the absence of a general fund for the purchase of the best current literature outside of tech­nical lines. In view of the lack of library facilities both in Austin an,d in the larger proportion of the homes from which our students come, it would seem desirable to encourage the reading habit by expending annually a small amount for the purchase of this class of literature. "The services of a trained cataloguer have enabled us to take 'up in a systematic way this most pressing need of our Library. Miss Wandell began work October 8, 1901, and up to this time, in addition to the time spent in instructing the library training class, has catalogued, shelflisted and put in order 5352 volumes. This work is necessarily slow, but, once done, it will never need to be done over, and it will, of course, bring into availability, particularly the subject part of the catalogue, a large amount of material heretofore almost unknown. * * * * * * * * * * * "Undoubtedly the greatest need of the Library at present is a proper catalogue--a work which we have been hoping to achieve for four years, but which has been impossible, owing to the rapid growth in numbers of students and to our increased book accessions. * * * "Where perfect freedom to the shelves is granted, which, owing to the lack of help and the incomplete condition of the catalogue, has been neces­sary here, it is only natural that some books should be misplaced and some "disappear"-to use no harsher term. This practice is growing too com­mon, for in either case we lose the use of a book when it is most needed, much to the annoyance and loss of time to all concerned. * * * In view of this evil, it seems desirable that access to the books be restricted to those who really have need to see the books in the shelves, and supply all ordinary calls by having students apply at the loan desk for books wanted. * * * * * * * * * * * "Since the work of the loan desk has already outgrown one person, and as under the proposed <'hange more help will be needed, I earnestly ask, in addition to the services of Miss Wandell as cataloguer, the appointment of three student assistants. * * * * * * * * * * * "When we remember that the Library is the working laboratory of the whole University, the expense of its equipment, and its large opportunities, it follows that any effort to care for and make more available its resources, to enlarge its usefulness, or to make it more comfortable and attractive, is worthy of the most careful consideration. If by means of this additional help we can accomplish the first of these results next year, no doubt the others will follow in due season. * * * * * * * * * * * * "An outline of the work in Library Training will be found in the Uni­versity Catalogue for the current year. Though a number of students applied for the course, it was found necessary to limit the class to six, because of lack of room and equipment. Considering this lack and the lateness of beginning the work, the progress made has been satisfactory. Miss Wandell, whose training well fits her for this work, has given the technical instruction, giving to the class a total of 143 hours. Each stu­dent did from six to nine hours of apprentice work per week in various departments of the Library under my supervision. It is the purpose of this course to emphasize the important phases of the work rather than to undertake the more extensive courses offered in the various library schools. But if the University is to do its duty in advancing the Library interests along the lines already laid down, some equipment will be necessary. The furnishing of the room is inadequate to its needs, much of the furniture having been borrowed from one place and another. A good beginning has been made in the way of a bibliographical collection, but there is still much that is needed in that line. There is no doubt much need of a course in Library Training in this State to meet the growing demands of the fast­multiplying libraries, and no place seems more meet for such training than the State University, but, unless the Library staff is increased and suitable equipment provided, it is a question if it is wise to offer the course next year, or until the catalogue is nearer completion." A list of donors of books is given as an appendix. THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. Professor Fay's report is short and to the point. Two of the paragraphs are of general interest : "The general scheme of apportioning the Library fund was somewhat altered during the past year, a decrease being made in the allotments to the schools, and an increase in the general fund, the latter being chiefly devoted to the purchase of rare and expensive sets of periodicals. Along this line lies the most urgent need of the Library. With this need in view, a strong plea was made in the report of last year for an increased appro­ priation to the Library. "A university library is not a young people's reading room of diverting literature; it is the working room of the serious student, whether pupil or professor; and such a library must aim to furnish a control of the history, methods and results of research in each subject of study in which the Uni­ versity attempts to give instruction. It is a modest estimate to say that an expenditure of $2500 to $3000 per am,num for ten years, exclusively devoted to the purchase of works of learning and research, and not to diverting literature and belles lettres, will be necessary before we shall acquire even a moderate control of past specialistic research. An annual sum at least equal to the present appropriation of $2500 would also be necessary to provide for current periodicals, general reference books, special reference books needed by PROFESSORS am,d STUDENTS for NEW COURSES, and for the general equipment and growth of the Library." THE WORKSHOP. Mr. Gruber, the Foreman, reports that the facilities of the workshop have been greatly increased during the year by the addition of two ma­chines, one a tenoning machine for woodworking, the other a small metal­turning lathe, besides a number of small tools. Owing to the crowded con­dition of the floor of the workshop, he does not think it advisable to add any new machinery at this time; but, instead, recommends that the dif­ferent parts to the machinery which the shop now has be purchased in order that each machine may be worked to its fullest capacity. The question of supplies and the appropriations is discussed and recom­ mendations are made. The report ends with a detailed statement covering nearly six pages of the work done by the workshop. THE UNIVERSITY RECORD. Professor Battle, editor-in-chief, reviews the work of the year, explaining particularly the preparation of the Historical Catalogue of Alumni that made up two numbers in one. He thinks that the coming year "the Record should follow the lines already laid down. On the historical side it might be well to make the chief feature of the year the publication of biographies of the Regents and Faculty not now connected with the University. The work of these men is worthy of this commemoration, and each year the difficulty of procuring the necessary information increases." "As regards the finances, Dr. Battle is not hopeful that the collection of subscriptions will justify the omission of the usual appropriation." UNIVERSITY HALL. The passages of general interest in the report of Manager Lomax are as follows: "The Rall is under the general supervision of a committee of ten stu­dents, who board and room there. This committee is made up of two from each of the three floors, denominated the floor committee; two chosen at large to preserve order in the dining room, called the dining room com­mittee; and a president and secretary chosen at large. This committee has met regularly and discussed questions of order, diet, service, and all mat­ters pertaining to the general interests of the Hall. There have been remarkably few cases of serious breach of discipline. Early in the session, two students were requested to leave on account of disorderly conduct in the dining room. Save that single occurrence, the cases of misconduct have been trivial. Not one instance of malicious mischief or destruction of property has occurred. Drunkenness, card playing, and rowdyism have been unknown. The 8tudents have come to look upon the Hall as their home; they have protected it as such, and have required others to observe its rights. The committee has this year been composed of the following students: R.H. Hays, president; J. T. Brown secretary; F. T. West, L. F. Rigby, Frank Mann, W.W. Vann, C. Nowlin, J.B. Hatchitt, Spurgeon Bell, and E. W. Dabney. They have faithfully, impartially, and wisely fulfilled the functions for which they were elected, and the present good name of the Hall is most largely due to their prudent foresight and conservatism. They have given their time and thought to the enterprise without any com­pensation whatever. "The price of board has been uniformly ten dollars per month. From the present outlook, there will be only a very small margin at the close of the session--enough, it is hoped, to leave the Hall in good repair for another year. "All the supplies for the Hall are bought at wholesale prices, and awards for furnishing them were made from competitive bids. Fish and oysters have been shipped to us direct from the coast, berries have been obtained from Alvin, and potatoes, chickens, and eggs procured in quantities from country dealers. Other contracts for groceries, dairy products, bread, vege­tables, etc., have extended throughout the year. Bills against the Hall have been met promptly and it has established a good credit. I have per­sonally looked after all purchases of supplies, and audited and approved all accounts. * * * * * * * * * * " "The number of student boarders in the Hall, including the fourteen student employes, has varied from 165 to 180. The rooms have accommo­dater from 110 to 120 at a time. Except for this last month, the demand for places has largely exceeded the supply, as many as twenty-five appli­cants being in waiting at once. This has suggested the remodeling and rearranging of the tables in the dining room so that 200 students may be seated at once. Such an arrangement can be easily effected by making the tables uniform in size. * • * * * * * * * "The experience of the Hall this year, it seems to me, has demonstrated: "First. The practical wisdom of absolute student control of all the affairs of the Hall, including matters of discipline. "Second. The feasibility of ten-dollar board. (This price has been main­tained, despite the fact that all supplies have been from ten to twenty per cent. higher than is customary.) "Third. The need of another men's dormitory. A second men's dormi­tory, constructed and managed similarly to University Hall, would, in my opinion, be filled the first year. From the associations of dormitory life we must look most in the future for the unification of student interests in University affairs and for the conservation of University ideals and spirit. "When Mr. Brackenridge first gave the Hall to the University, he declared his purpose to be to afford an opportunity for the poor boy to get an edu­cation. I believe that purpose is now being fulfilled. Many students who pay one dollar per month for room rent (room rentals range from $1 to $4 per month) and their total boarding expenses are therefore only $11 per month each, or $93.50 for the session of eight and one-half months. Fif­teen young men get their board free in return for their service as waiters and assistants. Among these are some of the best students in the insti­tution. Their capable service and intelligence have been large factors in making the Hall a success. * * *" The Students' Executive Committee add a special report of their own: "l. We believe the discipline, which is regulated by the students them­selves, is entirely satisfactory. "2. Our experience has demonstrated that reasonably good board can be had at the Hall for ten dollars per month. "3. With regard to room reI\t, we believe that it should be so regulated as to meet the necessary expenditures of the Hall and create a small but safe surplus. "4. By far the most serious problem with which we have to deal is the servant problem. Service in the dining room and kitchen during the past year has not been satisfactory. This, we think, is due chiefly to the lack of unity of control and fixedness of responsibility. We believe that the most efficient remedy for this would consist in placing the servants and service completely under the control of the steward, giving him at all times when desired, the assistance of the d.ining room committee. We believe, also, that if it be thought necessary by the steward, there should be an assistant steward. We believe the steward and the assistant stewarg should be elected by the Executive Committee of tl.te Hall .Association in conjunc· tion with the Faculty Committee on University Hall matters, and tllat they be responsible to the Executive Committee of the Hall .Association. We desire to stress the point that much care be used in the selection of these officers. "5. .Another point is in regard to heat in the Hall. There seems to be a sufficient amount on the first and second floors, but on the third floor there is much complaint.on account of the deficiency. "In conclusion, we desire to say that the management of the Hall during the past year has been more satisfactory than any year before in its his­tory, and we attribute it all to student control. But we still believe there is room for improvement, and we believe that with our present experience we know how and can make such improvement." DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING. This report bears two signatures, those of Professor Taylor and Mr. Bantel. After an explanation of how the drawing students were accommodated and how the field work is conducted, the need of an engineering building and of an instructorship in mechanical drawing is set forth with much force. "In order to mitigate the crowded condition of the School of Physics, the Department of Engineering relinquished the room in the basement used as a hydraulic and cement testing laboratory. This room was given up to Physics l10t because Engineering did not need it, but because the needs of Physics seemed greater than those of Engineering. * * * "During the current session the students of the department have been of service to the University and to the State. By request of the State Pur­chasing Agent, through the President of the University, surveys were made for the establishment of a pipe line from the State Lunatic .Asylum to the nearest points on the I. & G. N. and the H. & T. C. railroads. Much useful information was thus obtained and oil is now being economically conveyed from the railroad to that institution over one of the lines surveyed by the students. By request of the President there was also made a complete topo­graphical map of the University campus and the streets adjacent thereto. Surveys and profiles were made for the location of a new water supply system. Much assistance was given during the execution of the extensive grading improvements on the east side of the campus and on the "perip­atos" and information obtained for guidance in the further prosecution of this work." .A budget of generous proportions is proposed providing for an instructor in drawing, various instruments, sundry woodwork, two student assistants, and contingencies in general. MINERAL SURVEY. Professor Phillips gives first the personnel of the Survey, which is the same as· when organized on May 4, 1901. "The act that provided for the establiRhment of the Survey also trans­ferred the collections, cases, books, apparatus, etc., of the former Geological Survey, which came to an end in 1892, to the University, and these were at once removed and installed. Work was at once begun on the prepar­ation of a Bulletin on "Texas Petroleum." It was issued the latter part of August and the demand for it has been so great that we distributed 4000 copies by the first of May, 1902, and have now no more on hand. Mr. Hill and myself went into the field again early in August, traversing the Univer­sity and other public lands in the eastern part of Pecos county. I returned to the University in September, while Mr. Hill continued the observations in El Paso and Reeves counties. The results of these observations were pub­lished in our Bulletin No. 2, February, 1902, entitled "Report of Progress for l!lOl. Sulphur, Oil, and Quicksilver in Trans-Pecos Texas." The de­mand for this Bulletin has also been active and of the 3000 copies issued we have no more on hand. "I visited the asphalt regions of Montague and Cooke counties in Novem­ber, and the quicksilver district of Brewster county in December, and the asphalt regions of Uvalde county in April and May. Mr. Hill completed some observations in El Paso county in February and in March we went into the quicksilver district again and Mr. Hill has been there ever since. We are preparing a special report on this quicksilver district, and it will be accompanied by a topographic map. The report will be made by Mr. Hill, the map by M.r. Arthur Stiles, topographer for the United States Geological Survey. We were fortunately able to secure the active co-oper­ation of this Survey not only in Brewster, but also in Montague county. In addition to the special map of the Terlingua quicksilver mining district, we are preparing, in co-operation with the United States Geological Sur­vey, a topographic map of an area of about 600 square miles, covering the southwestern part of Brewster and the southeastern part of Presidio coun­ties. During the last few months, beginning with November, 1901, we have been preparing ·a Bulletin on "The Coals, Lignites and Asphalt Rocks of Texas," and this is now in press. We hope to issue it in June. "Chemical Work. "During the year we have conducted chemical work in connection with the Survey and finished 556 analyses to the end of April, 1902. This work comprised almost every kind of chemical determinations, assays of ores, analyses of asphalt rocks, oils, clays, water, coal, etc. "Correspondence and Distribution of Printed Matte·r. "The correspondence necessitated by the affairs of the Survey and deal­ing with the. mineral resources of the Sta.te has been quite extensive. Ih addition, we have distributed a large number of the publications of the former Survey, which were turned over to us. "The amount of mail and express matter that has gone out from this office is shown in the following statement: Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,845 Petroleum Bulletin (Bulletin No. 1 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,990 Trans-Pecos Bulletin (Bulletin No_ 2) .. . . .. . . . . . .. .. . ..... . . . ... 3,650 Miscellaneous (publications of former Survey, etc.) . .. . ......... .. 1,700 Total ....................... ..............................12,185 "Lectures at the University. "Owing to frequent and protracted abRences demanded by the exigencies of the field work, I was able to deliver but eleven lectures during the year, seven during the Fall Term and four during the Spring Term. These lec­tures dealt with various matters connected with Economic Geology and the prosecution of the Survey. "Relation of the Survey to the School of Mines. "The action of the Legislature in authorizing the removal of all the mineral collections, etc., from the capitol to the University and in estab­lishing the Survey under the care of the Board of Regents may be taken as evidence of its intention to connect the University in the most intimate manner with the development of the mineral resources of the State. The work of the Survey and the instruction in the School of Mines fall natu· rally together. Students who have pursued, for the last two years, the courses of instruction leading to the degree of Engineer of Mines, have access to the large and valuable collections transferred to the University and increased from time to time. These collections illustrate the economic geology of the State and could not be duplicated without very considerable expense. No such collection of what the State has to offer can be found elsewhere, and its value for educational purposes can hardly be overesti­mated." TllE DEPARTMENT OF LAW. After giving the distribution of the work among the teaching staff, Dean Townes explains the uses of a quizmaster, the department this year having had two. ".Attendance. "There have been 92 matriculates in the Junior class and 74 in the Senior class this session. Total, 166. This is a falling off from last year of 40-­23 in the Junior . class, 5 in the Senior class, and 12 in the Graduate class. This is due in part to the abolition of the Graduate class and in part, as we believe, to the scarcity of money. As a large percentage of the students in this department are self-supporting, financial depression is felt in it more quickly than in others where more of the students have their expenses borne by others. I do not think, however, that the falling off in numbers can be regarded as permanent, and in all plans for the future provision must be made for a greater attendance than we have now. "Work. "The work of the department is being made more thorough each year. The Faculty has raised the passing grade in all law topics from 75, as it has stood for a number of years, to 80. The relief given the professors by the quizmasters has enabled them to give more and better attention to teaching than heretofore. "Deportment. "There has been a marked advance in the spirit and actions of the stu­dents of the department in regard to cheating and similar offenses. These are among the most difficult problems with which the department has to deal. The Faculty is very sure that the respective classes can control these matters more effectively than any other agencies. The Junior class has put itself on record as absolutely opposed to such practices, and has been quite vigorous in its efforts to suppress them. The Faculty feels hopeful as to the effectiveness of this action." The need of books and money for rebinding is very great. The Dean hopes that at least the dollar reserved from the library deposit of Law students can be devoted to rebinding books in the Law Library. "The decreaee in numbers this year has partially relieved the congestion from which we suffered so severely last, but it is apparent that this relief is temporary, and in the very near future a separate building will be abso­lutely necessary. As it takes a good while to plan for and complete a structure such as required by the department, common prudence and busi­ness sagacity combine in requiring that the matter be seriously taken up and some definite plan of action be determined upon and put into immedi­ate effect. It is impossible to carry on the work of the department effect­ively in our present quarters with an attendance as large as that of last session. There is every reason to believe that this attendance will be reached again, if not next year, in the very near future. It should be pro­vided for in the meantime, if possible. The removal of the department would give additional room for use by the other departments of the insti­tution." The government and development of the department are discussed at length and certain changes relative to the deanship are proposed. The report ends with a carefully constructed budget, a schedule of work being added as an appendix. THE DEPARTMENT OF MEDICINE. In Dr. Smith's report an analysis of attendance comes first. "This year, as for several years past, the average grade of educational attainments presented by applicants for admission to the school has been higher than in the early years of the operation of the institution, although there hM been a notable decrease in the number of college graduates in the entering classes. idore of the students have pursued a partial course of university or college study, there are more graduates of high schools, and more possessors of first-grade teachers' certificates than formerly; and there has been a distinct diminution in the number both actually and pro­portionately who have been required to undergo the formal entrance exami­nation of the school. I attribute these changes, in the first place, to the higher and more uniform development of the educational system of the State and in the second place, to the disinclination on the part of the individual student to devote as much as eight years to the acquirement of a college and a professional education if by any means it is possible to evade a year or more of study. Thus men either curtail their attendance in the college or, having obtained a collegiate degree, seek schools of medi­cine willing to grant exemption for a year of professional study upon the basis that the degree represents in the possessor both unusual attainments and ability to make good such loss as may have been occasioned by the year's exemption without conflict or prejudice to the advanced work to which the student is admitted. This I believe to be a mistake, but the practice actually prevails. I do not believe under the present system of separation of the Medical Department from the Academic and Scientific Departments other arrangements than those already provided can properly be made in the University of Texas. Of the existing provisions, however, no student has as yet availed himself, and I believe more publicity should be given this proposition before such students of the main department as may contemplate the study of medicine. "During the past year a number of notable improvements and additions have been made to the plant of the school. The remodeling of the Medical College by the Regents has been very satisfactory save in a few minor details and has added much to the convenience of both students and teach­ers, and has made the building much more suited to the purposes for which it was originally intended. The building authorized by the Board of Regents to be built upon the northwest portion of the hospital block for wards for negroes has been erected by the building committee appointed by the Board of Hospital Managers with a fund of $18,000, given the latter board for this purpose by the New York Board of Trade and the Galveston Central Relief Committee. This building, a large brick structure, arranged in two handsome wards and a number of special rooms, is ready for occu­pation, and will be formally presented to the University Regents as part of the University at the approaching Commencement exercises. The pro­vision of this negro building having made available the old frame structure formerly used as negro wards for other use, this building has been remod­eled by the Regents, and is now being equipped as a home for the students in the Training School for Nurses. It should be finally occupied before the actual close of the term at. the end of the present month. The portion (east end of first floor) arranged as a Laboratory of Clinical Technology for the Chair of Medicine lias been occupied and utilized for class-work since January last. The removal of the nurses from the building known as Asclepiad Hall, on the southeast corner of Tenth Street and Strand, opposite the Medical Hall, will free this building for the use originally intended as a club house for students; and during the coming vacation the Board of Managers appointed last spring by the Board of Regents intend arranging and furnishing it so that it may hereafter be utilized as in­tended." In the internal management of the college proper several matters have received satisfactory treatment: First, the correspondence, matriculation cards and receipted bills from the foundation of the department in 1891 have been carefully arranged. Second, a uniform system of matriculation cards has been adopted, with otber stationery for formal purposes. Third, formal janitor rules have been adopted. Fourth, the old custom of renting towels has been superseded by one of purchase, with greater comfort and appreciable saving of expense. Fifth, much furniture has been repaired. Sixth, .the Catalogue was issued early and no less than 4500 copies distrib­uted before May 1st. * * * * * * * * * * * * "Of the total appropriations by the Regents to the development of the Library, amounting to $6600 ( $6000 from fund for repairs and re-equip­ment and $600 from fund for maintenance for current session), there have been expended to date a little more than $3000, leaving about $3500 to the credit of the Library at this time. This money has been employed almost entirely in the purchase of standard text-books and books of reference. It is the intention of the committee charged with the Library matters to utilize the most of the remainder for the purchase of files of standard medical and other scientific journals for reference purposes, although some portion will doubtless be used in purchasing other texts and monographs. The further purchases will be made during the early part of the summer, and it is expected that upon the opening of the coming session this depart­ment will show much further development. There were credited to the Library at the close of the last session 2815 volumes; at the present time the accession books show the addition of 1080 volumes during the current session (representing the above-named expenditure). During last session there was little call for the volumes on hand, but twenty-three books hav­ing been borrowed from the shelves as far as shown upon the register. The new books have been in the Library only during the latter portion of the present term, but the registration cards show that up to the present time there have been two hundred and thirty volumes taken from the Library for study or consultation, and daily consultation of volumes in the reading room is made by many individuals without the formality of registration. In the reading room, too, the examination and more or less careful perusal of the files of journals show marked appreciation of the opportunities afforded the students and teachers. Miss Magnenat, elected as stenographer to the Dean's office and Librarian, has been almost con­stantly engaged in arranging, marking and cataloguing these new books, and the labor of completing the proper accessioning, cataloguing and index­ing the books on hand and those to be purchased will be likely to run over a number of months, possibly several years. For the present, in view of the desirability of placing the Library in a well-systematized state, I have as far as possible excused her from active clerical work in the office of the. Dean. "During the session the same success as heretofore has attended the co-operative plan of student control of the dining hall in connection with the University Hall. The cost of board has been a little higher than last year, running slightly over ten dollars each month as an average, mainly because of the unusually high price of foods in this city for a number of months past. It is unlikely that such prices will always prevail; but even with the present rate the price of board of the same quality is everywhere else in Galveston higher than the rates at the HalL The actual value of the club to the students should not, moreover, be estimated entirely by the ability to thus obtain satisfactory board at a reasonable rate; it should be remembered that a number of the men (about ten in number) who are financially unable otherwise to meet their expenses at school are thus pro­vided, in return for service of one or other form to the club, with their board, and are thus materially aided in gaining their education. Probably the greatest feature of all, however, is the demonstration to the students themselves of the business methods of economical living; a phase of edu­cation which should be of no little value in after-life. Inasmuch as the difficulties in the way of obtaining sufficient and suitable quarters for the students are materially less than two years ago, when the storm of 1900 had devastated so much of the property about the college, it is believed that the ladies of the Board of Managers of that part of the institution will be in position to restore the dwelling portion of the Hall to the women students as originally intended, and I am informed that this is their expressed intention." As recommendations the Dean suggests: first, that a repair fund be cre­ated and certain special repair appropriations be made; second, that a labo­ratory be organized for students of Pharmacy for use in Botany; third, that the Legislature be urged to pass a law granting to medical schools, as material for dissection, surgical demonstration and autopsy practice, all unclaimed dead bodies requiring burial at the public cost-a matter vital to the institution; fourth, that the several sums needed by the different chairs be voted. ANATO!llY. Professor Keiller declares the work of the first two years unusually good; that of the third almost a failure, owing to the lack of sufficient subjects for dissection. He finds the new roof lighting of extreme value. Various repairs and improvements have been provided. For the next year certain woodwork and specimens are desired and an increased fund for cadavers. CHEMISTRY. Professor Morris reports the work thorough and very satisfactory. He describes the changes in the laboratory and addR: "The generous appropriations to this department during the past two years have been expended in the purchase of new apparatus for lecture teaching, principally in Physics and Chemistry, and at the present time we are in better condition to teach these subjects than we have been at any time during the history of the institution." MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS. Professor Randall concisely and clearly tells of the work of the three years under his charge. In the main it is good. MEDICINE. To the work of the School of Medicine, says Professor McLaughlin, a new and exceedingly important addition has been made. "The establish­ment of the Laboratory of Clinical Medicine by the Regents of the Univer­sity marks an important epoch in the life history of the School of Medicine and furnishes another fact in evidence that the Regents are determined that the School of Medicine shall be abreast of the most advanced schools in the best methods of teaching medicine. "Unfortunately the opening of the laboratory to .the students was delayed until near the close of the session by tardiness in the construction of the building in which the laboratory is located. But the short time the labo­ratory was open was sufficient to impress the students with the importance of the work and to stimulate a desire to profit by the opportunity that was offered them to learn practically how to make examinations of the blood, urine, sputum, freces, stomach contents, etc., as a means of correctly diag­nosing diseases. The laboratory is now domiciled, fairly well equipped, and only needs a Demonstrator to make its machinery complete." The nature of the work in medicine is explained and the unusual recom­mendation is made that the Demonstrator of Clinical Laboratory Methods, who now serves without pay, be advanced in rank without pay or be given a suitable salary without advancement. OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY. Professor Paine devotes his report to a technical explanation of the work under his charge. Henceforth Obstetrics will be restricted to the Junior and Senior years. PATHOLOGY. The usual work, says Professor Smith, has been carried out during the p'.lst session with a fair degree of efficiency. Besides the work in Pathology proper no less than nine courses of lectures on various topics have been given by the professor and his assistants. "There has been distinct improvement in the work of the laboratories of Normal and of Pathological Histology, for which credit is due the Demon­strators of Histology and Pathology. The improved condition of the Lab­oratory of Bacteriology has made possible for the first time in the history of the School a practical course of instruction commensurate with the importance of the branch. * * * * * * * * * * .. * * ·• "Owing to a lack of post-mortem subjects because of the small hospital population of the past term, the practical work of the class in Autopsy Making has been decidedly less than it should be for the interests of the students, and less than has been afforded during any of the sessions pre­ceding the term of 1900-1901. * * * The last paragraph of the report asks for various small appropriations. PHARMACY. Professor Cline reports a prosperous year. The Texas State Pharmaceutical Association Prize has been continued. "The field work in Botany has not been what it should be, nor can it be made so unless some provision be made for growing many of the medicinal plants. "The flora on Galveston Island is just beginning to resume its condition prior to 1900 storm. The late appearance of wild plants, together with unusual weather, has prevented as many excursions in the fields as should have been made. 'l'he lack of apparatus and laboratory space for vegetable microscopy is, if it be possible, more keenly felt now than in the past. The course in Botany can be made highly interesting and productive of much good to students of all departments, as well as to the School, if a small amount of money be set aside to help build up this depart­ment. * * * "* * This department can and should prepare an herbarium show­ing specially the medicinal plants of Texas. The campus can be very much beautified by planting flowers in fence corners, along the division fences, and in corners of the building. With this idea in view I have been collect­ing samples of flowers and shrubs, which I shall gladly turn over to the School if provision be made for their care and growth. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * "Of the forty-seven students in the first year of the School of Pharmacy, ten are high school graduates, six have first-grade teachers' certificates, and eleven have had almost complete academic education at the University of Texas, Agricultural and Mechanical College, Southwestern University of Georgetown, Henry College, or Baylor, leaving only twenty out of forty­seven who had to stand the entrance examination. A comparison with pre­vious years shows a constant and rapid increase in the percentage of stu­dents who do not have to stand our entrance examination. The same remarks apply to the fourteen students in the Graduating Class of the School of Pharmacy. I have exacted of both classes a larger amount of work, work of a more advanced nature, and with both classes have begun some research work, and, notwithstanding such requirements, the results from both classes have been much more gratifying than in past years. I have specially pushed the members of the Junior Class so that they are about one and one-half months ahead of last year's Junior Class." The enlarged attendance, the increase of work in both classes, the under­taking of research work, justify, thinks Professor Cline, a larger appro­priation than hitherto. PHYSIOLOGY. "The instruction in this branch," says Professor Carter, "during the pres­ent session has been far more satisfactory than heretofore. This is partly due to the more practical methods of teaching made possible by the recent equipment with apparatus, and in part to the assistance of a Demonstrator. Without the latter the former would be of little use." In Chemical Physiology the equipment of twelve tables with complete sets of physiological apparatus for practical exercises now permits the work of the laboratory to be done by the students themselves to their great advantage. SURGERY. Professor Thompson reports that the School of Surgery has advanced materially in its equipment. "There has been an efficient X·ray apparatus installed in the Sealy Hos­pital, which is capable of executing work of the best quality. It has been of great service to the students, not alone in the study of diseases, but also, owing to great advancement along the line of X-ray therapy, the students have been practically instructed in the uses and limits of the machine for various diseased conditions. Owing, however, to the fact that the only electric current of sufficient strength to do fine skiagraphic work is avail­able at night, this part of their education has necessarily been neglected. "The Eye and Ear Department have also been equipped properly for the first time in the history of the institution. Work in this department has been of very great excellence. The clinics have increased in quality and in the number of patients. This department has never been better managed. "A number of cystoscopes have been purchased for the Genito-Urinary Department. These being all modern instruments of the best type, will prove a great acquisition. "The didactic teaching has progressed satisfactorily in every way. The clinical teaching has been somewhat interfered with by the want of accom­modation for colored patients. As the colored hospital is now completed there will not be in future any such la.ck of clinical cases. Considering the depressed condition of the city and the diminished number of inhabitants, the falling off of the clinics has no particular significance. Next year will see affairs in the old condition." W.J.B. GENERAL NOTES. RESOL"GTIONS OF THE FACULTY ON THE DEATH OF PRESIDENT FOSTER. \VIIEREAS, Lafayette Lumpkin Foster, President of the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas, has passed from an active and useful life into the rest that comes to all ; therefore, be it Resolved, by the Faculty of the University of Texas: 1. That in the death of President Foster the educational interests of The University Record. [July, Texas have lost a strong and energetic champion, and the State itself a loyal citizen and a capable leader of men. 2. That the sympathies or this Faculty are hereby extended to his fam· ily and to the Faculty of the College. 3. That copies of these resolutions be furnished the principal daily papers of the State for publication. Respectfully submitted, GEORGE P. GARRISON, w. s. SUTTON, JOHN C. TOWNES. December 14, 1901. .. .. .. LESTER GLADSTONE BUGBEE. The death of Adjunct Professor· Bugbee, on March 17th, last, from tuber­culosis, was a great shock to his associates in the Faculty and to a wide circle of friends among the students and ex-students. To many of the lat­ter who were not in close touch with the University, remembering only the strong man whom they had known, the announcement must have seemed almost incredible. His more intimate friends, however, were in a measure prepared, albeit the progress of the disease was very rapid. Mr. Bugbee became convinced of the serious nature of his illness at the beginning of the session of 1900-1901, and immediately put himself under the best of treatment. In March, 1901, the Regents granted him a month's leave of absence, which he spent in Kimball county, and from which he returned very little improved. He continued his work in the University, however, to the end of the session; and then, against the advice of his friends and his own better judgment, taught in the University Summer School until the end of July. The Regents had at their meeting in June already given him leave of absence for the following year, and he now began his quest for renewed health. He visited Mexico and New Mexico, and finally settled at El Paso, Texas, where he remained until the latter part of January, 1902. Fearing by this time that his case was hopeless, he left El Paso and spent the remaining weeks of his life with his father and sis­ter, in Johnson county. Mr. Bugbee was an exceptionally effective teacher and was perhaps the most truly popular man in the University. He possessed in a remarkable degree the faculty of establishing close personal relationship with the stu­dents in his classes, and his nice power of discrimination enabled him to tum this to the greatest advantage in inspiring them with his own high ideals of scholarship and character. This power of influence which was his came largely, no doubt, from natural endowment; but it was also due in no small measure to his thorough familiarity with and lively interest in every phase of University life. Five years as a student had given him the stu­dent point of view which he retained to the end, only adding to it and harmonizing with it his later experience as a member of the Faculty. The esteem in which he was held by the Faoulty is seen in the report Rub­mitted April 1st by the special committee appointed to draw up suitable resolutions. On Monday, March 17, 1902, Lester Gladstone Bugbee died of tubercu­losis at the home of his father, near Pleasant Point, in Johnson county. Born in Hill county, on May 16, 1869, his childhood was spent upon his father's farm and his early training was obtained in a country school. Later he attended Mansfield College and in the fall of 1887 entered the University of Texas. In this institution he stood among the first in schol­arship and was prominent in many student activities. He was not a man to attract attention at first sight, but the sterling merit of his character, the soundness of his information, and the sanity of his judgment, all com­bined to give him a place of mark among his fellow students. He was an influential member of the Athenreum, laboring effectively for the best inter­ests of that society and :fighting continually against the injection of im­proper politics into its management. A faithful member of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon Fraternity, he enthusiastically strove to keep the life of the chapter upon a high plane. As editor-in-chief of the University of Texas Mazagine he labored wisely to place that publication upon a proper basis. Dropping out for a year to teach he returned to the University in 1890, graduating with the degree of B. Lit. in 1892. In June, 1891, he was appointed Fellow in History, a position created by the Regents that year, and in 1893 took the degree of Master of Arts. Obtaining a Fellowship in History of Columbia University he spent the two years of his incumbency in study at that institution, returning to the University of Texas in 1895 as Tutor in History. Promoted in 1896 to an Instructorship he was grad­ ually advanced in salary, ,until in 1900 he was made Adjunct Professor of History. Hardly had he received this merited reward when he was threat­ ened with tuberculosis, the disease appearing in definite form in February, 1901. A month's leave of absence scarcely checked his decline, and in June, 1901, he was allowed one of a year. A visit to El Paso proved of no ben­ efit, and in December he returned to his old home to await death there. This he did with great fortitude, attending to the most minute things con­ nected with the welfare of those he loved. On the morning of the day of his death he conversed quietly with his friends and at two in the afternoon passed peacefully away. He was buried next day at Pleasant Point by the side of his mother, near the old school house where he had studied as a boy and taught when a man. One of his old teachers delivered the funeral sermon, which was an appropriate and appreciative account of Bugbee's life and work. A great concourse was gathered from all the country side, the children from the school came in a body, and several of his old college friends and students were present. Dr. H. Y. Benedict and Mr. J. A. Lomax, on the part of this Faculty, brought a floral offering of some beauty. The life of Lester Gladstone Bugbee was pre-eminently one of usefulness. As teacher, as investigator, as a man of administrative capacity, he showed both the will and power to serve his State, to elucidate her history, to uplift her youth. As a student and investigator he had given unusual promise. In him industry, a judicial mind, accurate habits of thought, combined with a style simple, clear, direct, to produce work that has won appreciation and cordial approval within and without the State. Before the coming of ill­health he had planned a life of Stephen F. Austin in two volumes, the first of which is left not far from completion. His published articles are as follows: "The Old Three Hundred." A list of settlers in Austin's first colony. Texas Quarterly, I, 108-117. "The Real Saint-Denis." lb., I, 266-281. "What Became of the 'Lively.'" lb., III, 141-148. "Some Difficulties of a Texas Impresario.'' Publications of the Southern Historical Association, April, 1899. "The Texas Frontier, 1820-1825.'' lb., March, 1900. "The Archives of Bexar." THE UNIVERSITY RECORD, October, 1899. "Slavery in Early Texas.'' Political Science Quarterly, XIII. This seems to be the proper place to record the services of this young Texas scholar to the Texas Historical Association, of which he was Secre­tary and Treasurer. More than any one else, he placed this society upon a solid financial footing, evincing that sound business sense that last year enabled him to put into effect a successful scheme for the management of Brackenridge Hall, a work of some difficulty and delicacy. But it was as a teacher that he most excelled. Enthusiastic, clear in exposition, patient in explanation, knowing just how much to try to im­part, he won golden opinions from his students. Thoroughly acquainted with Texas educational condition and with the needs and wishes of the stu­dent body, he was first of all practical in his teaching, but in being prac­tical he-did not fail to be also inspiring. No one loved the University more heartily than he, no one ever served it with more sincerity and singleness of purpose. In recognition of his services your committee recommend that this state­ment of his life and work he spread on the minutes of this Faculty and that the following resolutions be adopted: 1. In the death of Lester Gladstone Bugbee this Faculty has lost a valued member, the L'niversity a teacher of real power, Texas history a faithful and promising student. 2. The noon hour of Wednesday, May 14th, is hereby appointed for memorial services in his honor. 3. The Secretary is hereby directed to send a copy of these resolutions to the bereaved father as a testimony of appreciation and sympathy. 4. A copy of these resolutions shall be furnished THE UNIVERSITY REC· ORD for publication. H. Y. BENEDICT, G. P. GARRISON, W. J. BATTLE, J. A. LOMAX. A large audience attended the memorial exercises held in the Auditorium in accordance with Resolution 2. Addresses were delivered by Professors Garrison and Benedict on behalf of the Faculty, and by Mr. A. F. Weisberg on behalf of the students. Prof. Garrison, as a teacher, spoke of his excel­lent work as student and instructor; Prof. Benedict, his intimate friend, classmate, and fraternity brother, of his lovable social qualities, his loyalty to the University and his eager, many-sided interest in its advancement; Mr. Weisberg of his thorough comprehension of student difficulties and aspirations. E. C. B. * * * LAFAYETTE RUPERT HAMBERLIN. On Thursday morning, April 24th, Professor L. R. Hamberlin died at Richmond, Virginia, whither he had gone on a furlough. The news brought sorrow to many a heart in Austin, where he lived and worked for seven years (from October, 1892, to June, 1899). He had been desperately ill for two months; anil death brought relief to a worn body, and transferred a rare spirit to a more congenial sphere. But his translation makes the world poorer by the loss of a gifted teacher and a singularly maniy man. The son of the Rev. J. B. Hamberlin, Professor Hamberlin was born at Clinton, Mississippi, on February 25, 1861. He was educated at Mississippi College and at Richmond College, Virginia; he remained four years at the former (1877-1881) and two years at the latter (1882-1884). In each of these colleges he won the prizes in composition and in oratory. Subse­ quently he studied his specialty, Elocution, in Hamill's School of Elocu­ tion (Chicago) and in Curry's School of Expression (Boston) ; at both of which institutions he distinguished himself. Later still, he spent a sum­ mer at the University of Chicago ( 1898) and a year at Harvard University ( 1899-1900) in studying the history of the English language and litera­ture. At Harvard he held an "Austin" scholarship. After teaching in secondary schools for several years, in 1890, Mr. Ham­berlin was called to Richmond College as Instructor in Elocution, where he remained two years. During the winter of 1891 he was, also, employed part of the time at the University of North Carolina. In October, 1892, he came to the University of Texas as Instructor in English and Expression; and in 1894 he was promoted to an Adjunct Professorship, which position he held until June, 1899. As we have seen, the session of 1899-1900 was spent at Harvard University as "Austin" scholar. In October, 1900, he was elected Adjunct Professor of Elocution in Vanderbilt University, the position held at the time of his death. Professor Hamberlin was one of the most painstaking, accurate, and conscientious of teachers. So faithful was he in small things as well as in great that he might well have written the essay on "Blessed Be Drudg­ery!" He spared neither himself nor his pupils. To the less observant, no doubt, he at times seemed to be tithing mint and anise and cumin; but the enlightened among his students seldom failed to realize that his ex­treme care came from the high ideal that he set himself as well as them; these admired and loved him, and will be deeply pained to learn of his death. Mr. Hamberlin was a devotee of the kindred arts of music and poetry. He was a life-long student of the greater English poets, especially Shakes­peare, to the presentation of whose plays he brought such keen and pene­trating appreciation. He published several volumes of verse, some of which is of no mean order. He was virtually the poet-laureate of Richmond College. But Professor Hamberlin's strength lay rather in the interpretative than in the creative field. In bis own chosen specialty, Elocution, he was a master; and he was often invited to appear before the National Association of Elocutionists. Born with the instinct of an artist, he had cultivated this gift by long and unremitting study until he stood in the very front rank of the vocal interpreters of literature. The writer will never forget the exquisite pleasure received at Professor Hamberlin's readings and reci­tations, especially In bis masterly presentation of Richelieu. The strength of bis renditions lay in the eminently sane and sympathetic presentation of bis selections ; these be had so thoroughly mastered that in his reading every faculty of body, mind, and soul beat in unison with bis theme. And this mastery came of bis belief in "the holiness of beauty," to the service of which be dedicated bis life. But the man overtopt the artist. And, as the artist was dominated by bis belief in "the holiness of beauty," so the man was dominated by his belief in "the beauty of holiness." To some, holiness means an easy-going, negative sort of piety; this be bad not: he could never sit on the fence. To some, it means such a form of devotion to God and man as must find vent in talk as much as in work; this be bad not: his next-door neighbor knew of his benevolent deeds only from the lips of others. To some, it means insistent denominationalism; tbis be bad not: though he was an active member of the Baptist church, be was far from believing that his denomination bad a monopoly of truth. To others, holiness means to carry into every word and act of life the spirit of absolute truth as revealed from on high; this he had and this he exemplified to a degree rarely found among men. Here, too, it is probable that he was occasion,ally misunder­stood; for to some be seemed too unyielding. But those who really under­stood the man knew that, if be did not yield, it was because of bis absolute devotion to truth. The world is full, on the one band, of people who believe in the worship of beauty, but who are deaf to the call of holiness, and, on the other band, of people who believe in the worship of holiness, but who are blind to the appeal of beauty. Surely, the world can ill afford to lose one who, in the words of Lanier, bad come "to that stage of quiet and eternal frenzy in which the beauty of holiness and the holiness of beauty mean one thing, burn as one fire, shine as one light within him." In December, 1898, Professor Hamberlin married Miss Lily Wilson, of Richmond, Virginia, who is so pleasantly remembered by her Austin friends. Besides bis widow, Mr. Hamberlin leaves a father, the Rev. J. B. Hamber­lin, of Healing Springs, Alabama; and. a brother, Mr. J. C. Hamberlin, of Dallas, Texas. These stricken relatives have the deepest sympathy of all who really knew Professor and Mrs. Hamberlin during their stay in Austin. -MORGAN CALLAWAY, JR., in The Texan, April 30, 1902. DEATHS OF STUDENTS IN THE UNIVERSITY. During the past session three students have died. Miss Helene Augustine Nagle, of Austin, was born December 4, 1883, and died November 20, 1901. Miss Nagle was a member of the Freshman class and a graduate of the Austin High School. Her short career in the Uni­versity permitted but a small circle to learn to know the loveliness of her character. Joe William Poindexter, a member of the Sophomore class,, was born February 21, 1883, and died December 15, 1901. Mr. Poindexter had already taken a high standing among both students and Faculty as a most promising student and. an exemplary character. He was a member of the Phi Delta Theta Fraternity and was active in the work of the literary societies. James Nicholas Goldbeck, a member of the Senior class in Law, was born February 14, 1880, and died January 12, 1902. Mr. Goldbeck had been a student of the University for four years, spending a portion of his time in the Academic Department. He was a member of the Sigma Chi Fraternity and was prominent in all college affairs, being at the time of his death manager of the baseball team. A host of friends deplore his loss. * * * THE NEW PRESIDENT OF THE AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE. David Franklin Houston, elected President of the Agricultural and Me­chanical College of Texas, April 7, 1902, was born at Monroe, in Union county, North Carolina, February 17, 1866, and is, therefore, thirty-six years of age. His family afterward moved to South Carolina, where he was prepared for college at St. John's Military Academy, at Darlington, one of the finer types of the old time preparatory schools which were conducted by university men of ability and scholarly attainments. From this insti­tution he entered South Carolina College, taking advanced standing upon examination. He graduated in 1887, and for one year thereafter pursued graduate work, holding meanwhile a salaried position on the staff of the Collegian, the college monthly. In 1888 he was elected Superintendent of the city schools of Spartanburg, South Carolina, where he remained for three years. He was re-elected, but resigned to pursue graduate work in Political Science and Government in Harvard University. He spent three years in this work. He held a $500 Fellowship in Political Science during two years and a part of another, the appointment coming as a recognition of his promise of attainment in this special line of research. In 1892 he received the degree of Master of Arts from Harvard. While in Harvard he was President of the Graduate Club, an influential student organization. In 1894 he was appointed Adjunct Professor of Political Science in the University of Texas; was promoted Associate Professor in 1897; and in 1899 received a further promotion to a full professorship and at the same time was made Dean of the Faculty of the Main University. He was mar­ried to Miss Helen Beall, of Austin, a grad.uate of the University of Texas, in 1895. They have one son. Prof. Houston has made a number of contributions to the literature of his specialty in leading magazines. He has also published in book form "A Critical Study of Nullification in South Carolina," and has edited the "Secession Papers" for the Old South Leafi,ets. He has a clear, vigorous style as a writer. Recently he has been asked by several publishing houses to write books which were in demand; and, unless his time is too inuch taken up with other matters, much good work may be expected from him as an author. As a teacher, he instantly won the respect and esteem of the students of the University of Texas. Full of his subject, alive to its practical bearing on the problems growing out of our rapidly evolving commercial and indus­trial Americanism, he has not forgotten to call attention to the importance of considering questions of particular State interest. His advanced stu­dents have been encouraged to investigate the records of the State Depart­ment, to study the reports of the Railroad Commission, the Comptroller, the Commissioner of Agriculture, Insurance, Statistics, and History, and other branches of the State government in order to secure data for an intelligent appreciation of questions of peculiar interest to Texas and of importance to her future growth and development. In all his work he has had the true teacher's instinct. A subject is presented in its different bearings; the truth is set forth from every pos$ible standpoint; freedom of personal opinion is not only permitted, but encouraged, and conclusions are then left to take care of themselves. Thus, while his subjects have had an immediate bearing on questions at issue in partisan politics, and espe­cially so during recent years, no student of whatever political faith has had just reason to charge him with partisanship. He doubtless entertains very definite opinions on all important questions; these opinions he has not seen fit to foist upon his students, but they have been left free to follow their own convictions in the light of history and the progress of economic and political thought. It is but just to say, upon the testimony of those best able to judge, that no man· in the Faculty of the University of Texas outranks him as a teacher of individuality and power. He is at once well posted in his subject, conservative in its exposition and sympathetic and approachable with the students. But Prof. Houston's sphere in the University has been larger than the class-room. The administrator has overtopped the teacher. As Dean his work has brought him into contact with every member of the Faculty also. In this capacity he has handled breaches of discipline, questions of admin­istrative policy, changes in the curriculum, and many other matters of vital concern to the internal welfare of the institution. An unfailing tact, con­sideration for others, a wise conservatism, and above all, a sane and prac­tical attitude on all matters, have won for him, despite the delicate situa­tions he has been called upon to face, an undisputed place in the hearts of the large university family. Frank, candid, generous-hearted, holding to few pet theories, preferring rather the solid earth of reality, he has no war to make on deep-grounded prejudices, when a matter is referred to him for consideration. When a student is convicted of a breach of discipline, he does not preach nor join in his tears of repentance; but, however grave the offense, no student goes away from the interview who does not respect him as a man. When the news came that Professor Houston ha.ti been elected to the presidency of the Agricultural and Mechanical College, the stuaents were proud of the honor that had been bestowed upon him, yet is was rather grief at the necessary separation that was most manifested and the cheers that greeted his appearance in the corridors had a touch of sadness in them. The regret at his withdrawal from the University was universal, and its expression was genuine and sincere. The Agricultural and Mechanical College may well be congratulated in its newly elected President. She has taken from the University the man who is popularly regarded as its favorite. He bring~ to the position the wisdom of experience in handling educational matters and in dealing with students. That he will succeed in building up a great industrial and tech­nological school for Texas no one who knows his calibre and temper enter­tains the slightest doubt. It is equally certain that the manly strength of his character will continue to be a powerful inspiration to the youth of Texas, as they will surely win for him a commanding place in the hearts of all who a.re specially devoted to the interests of the Agricultural and Mechanical College. J . A. L. * * * THE WOMAN' S DORMITORY. The idea of a woman's building for the University originated during the administration of President Winston and grew out of the repeatedly ex­pressed wish of parents that their daughters should have a home while stu­dents, under the immediate supervision of accredited University officials. To some, even in University circles, the thought of a college dormitory for girls was looked upon with disfavor, and many objections were raised to the plan. These objections were reiterated by members of the Legislature when approached on the subject, and, having been answered, the same mem­bers took refuge behind the constitutional inhibition of appropriations from the general revenue for buildings for the University. After repeated dis­appointments during the summer and autumn of 1901, with the aid of the Women's Federated Clubs of Texas a movement was started which in politi­cal parlance might be not inaptly termed a campaign of education. The women of the State, through their clubs, gave the pla.n enthusiastic and emphatic endorsement, published letters and memorials on the subject and quietly and persistently sought the support of their local representatives in the Legislature. Mrs. Percy V. Pennybacker, President of the State Federated Clubs, was especially active in the matter. Her tact, resource­fulness, and persuasive intelligence in behalf of the rights of the young women of Texas contributed largely towards achieving ultimate success. When the question came up for consideration at the hands of the law­makers the chief opposition arose in the House. The bill had been so framed as to meet the constitutiol!al question involved ; but this did not restrain the opponents of the measure from using all means-not stopping at appeals to prejudices-to defeat the appropriation. The bill, carrying an appropriation of $50,000, passed the House by a very close vote, but encountered little opposition in the Senate, and was approved by the Gov­ernor. President Prather visited a number of leading colleges for women in the North to study the problems of economy, comfort, and sanitation in dormitories. When, after his return, the final plans were adopted, it WPR found that the appropriation was inadequate for the building needed. Regent Brackenridge thereupon agreed to advance the necessary funds. The building when completed will cost $75,000, exclusive of furnishings. Messrs. Coughlin & Ayres, of San Antonio, were selected as architects. On April 18th, the contract was awarded to Wattinger & Ledbetter, of Austin; on Thursday, April 24th, ground was broken, and the work of five years at least found fulfillment. The construction of the building is now moving rapidly forward. The contract provides for its completion by January I, 1903. The building will be erected on the west side of the Main University building. Its outline is to be L shaped, and it is built so that additions may be readily put on. Its outside dimensions are 123 feet on front by 39 feet on the east and 75 feet on the west. The walls will be constructed of Austin yellow pressed brick with white limestone trimmings. The roof will be of Spanish metal tile. The building throughout will be constructed of fire-proof material, the floors, windows and doors being the only wood work used. The basement will be divided into a gymnasium·, swimming pool and locker room, the height of the ceiling being eighteen feet. The principal space will be occupied by the gymnasium, and it will be equip­ped with the latest and most approved apparatus in charge of a skilled instructor. Regular gymnastic exercises are already required of the entire Freshman class in the University. The swimming pool will be from three to six feet deep, and will be built of white enameled brick. In addition to this, shower baths will be provided for the gymnasium. The gymnasium equipment will also contain a series of steel constructed lockers. On the first floor, entering through a large arch, there will be a reception room for visitors; on the left the1·e will be an assembly room, and on the right will be the dining room. The connections between these rooms are also arranged so that on occasion of large receptions they may be thrown together. All the rooms will be handsomely finished in wainscoting and pilasters at the sides of the walls. The ceiling will have beams paneled in cypress and ornamental ceiling. Each room will be adorned with a hand­some fire-place. Next to the dining room will be a large store room, which will enter into the kitchen, fitted up in the most modern type. The serv­ants will also be provided with a dining room from which a back stairway will lead to the upper stories. The second, third, and fourth floors will be divided into bedrooms suffi­cient to accommodate more than one hundred young women. On the second floor three rooms are to occupied by the officers of the building. Here will be lodged the matron, housekeeper, and other a~sistants. On the fourth floor at one end of the building a secti-On has been reserved for a hospital, which will include a diet kitchen, doctor's room, nurses' room, dispen~ary, and several bedrooms. This will be fitted up in the most modern style for the purpose of properly caring for the sick. The building will have an electric push button safety control elevator constructed so that it cannot be moved except when ihe elevator is closed. This type of elevator is used a great deal in apartment houses, and can be run with safety without an attendant. The plumbing throughout the entire building will be of the latest im­proved type; the bath rooms will be tile and all the floors will be equipped with gas, electric lights and electric bells. Such is a brief description of the building which is to be the University home for girls. Its administration will be as economical as may be pos­sibly had consistent with comfort and good health. It will afford an oppor­tunity for many young women of small means to get an education who otherwise would have been denied this privilege. During the past year University Hall, a similar building for men, has accommodated 175 stu­dents whose expenses for board and lodging varied from $11 to $14 per month. In addition, fifteen young men obtained their board in return for services rendered as waiters, etc. It is hoped that the new woman's dormi­tory will likewise provide opportunity for the poor and ambitious young women of the State who desire University training and culture. The spirit of the institution is intensely democratic, and the only aristocracy recog­nized or countenanced is the aristocracy of intellect, of endeavor, of sacri­fice, of high achievement. The structure now in process of erection, espe­cially designed and equipped for the purpose, will be no inconsiderable factor in providing a means for the realization of these ideals for the young women of Texas. J. A. L. NEW RELIE~' MAPS AND MODELS. The following are descriptions of t.he Relief Maps and Models recently added to the equipment of the School of Geology: I. Relief Map of the Grand Canon of the Colorado River of the West and the Cliffs of Southern Utah. Modeled by Edwin E. Howell. True scale. "This model, colored to show the different geological formations, repre­sents an area in Southern Utah and Northern Arizona 144 miles square. There is probably not another portion of our globe of equal extent that combines so much of wonder to the beholder, and of interest to the geolo­gist. No other field exhibits erosion so graphically and on so extensive a scale. The Colorado river is seen flowing through a gorge or cafion which it has cut for itself a mile in depth for the distance of 225 miles, some por­tions 6200 feet below the general surface. The long lines of cliffs-still greater monuments of erosion-show the succession of the geological forma­tions are above the other from the Archrean granite at the bottom of the cafion to the Tertiary in the highest plateaus, which represents a thickness of 20,000 to 25,000 feet of strata. The Virgin and Beaver Dam Mountains, which appear on the western border of the map, exhibit in a striking man­ner the difference between mountains eroded from upturned and folded strata, and the plateau or table-topped mountains eroded from horizontal beds. A few volcanic cones and numerous craters of more recent origin afford another type for comparison. "This region is traversed by immense faults and folds, all of which are shown very clearly in the sections on the sides of the model, which extend downward to sea level. "To assist the mind in grasping the magnitude of the Grand Canon, a small corner of the model is devoted to representations, on the same scale, of Yosemite Valley, and the gorge at Niagara Falls. "The structure of the region and the lessons taught are fully discussed in Powell's 'Explorations of the Colorado River of the West.' Size 6 feet by 6 feet.'' II. Relief Map of the Henry Mountains of Utah, colored to show the Geological Formations. Modeled by G. K. Gilbert. True scale. "By a happy accident one of the most distinguished names that American science has known was bestowed on a mountain group of transcendent interest to the geologist. The Henry Mountains are of volcanic origin, but the lavas were all injected among the strata and cooled in bubble shaped bodies, called lacoolites, which were afterwards exposed to view by erosion. There was no eruption, properly speaking, but irruption only, and the strata lying above the zone of irruption were bent up in arches and domes. The domes are numerous and in different ones every stage in the process of denudation is shown. This peruliar structure was discovered by Mr. G. K. Gilbert, who made a special study of the mountains in 18i6, and has pub­lished a report on their geology (U. S. Survey of the Rocky Mountain Re­gion). This model was made by him and besides showing the laccolites gives careful expression to the peculiar type of land sculpture which char­acterizes the Colorado Plateau region. It exhibits also in a striking and beautiful manner a monoclinal flexure and its influence upon the topogra­phy of the country. Size, 5 feet by 3 feet 7 inches." III. Stereogram of the Henry Mountains. Modeled by G. K. Gilbert. "This is a companion to the preceding, and represents the same district of country, as it would appear if all the eroded strata up to and including the Bluegate Sandstone were restored to their original places. The .country was displaced by the laccolites; -and by the rains and rivers it was eroded. The Stereogram shows the result of the displacement separated from that of the erosion. No. II shows the net result of displacement and erosion together, or the actual condition. "This model is an instructive and valuable illustration of that scientific method which selects from a great body of facts those of a certain kind and by combining them by themselves ascertains their laws. Size, 5 feet by 3 feet 7 inches." IV. Relief Map of the Henry Mountains and Vicinity. Colored to rep· resent the Geological Formations. Modeled by G. K. Gilbert. True scale. "This map is half as large as No. II and its scale is several times smaller. It represents an area five times as great, including, besides the Henry Mountains, the whole of the Water-pocket Flexure and the Kaiparo­wits and Aquarius Plateaus. It illustrates especially the subject of incon­sequent drainage or the relation of drainage lines to uplift, and it shows how clearly the geological structure of an arid regiofl. is portrayed in· the topography. In the northwest corner unconformity of the Tertiary upon the lower formations is shown. Size, 3 feet 6 inches by 3 feet." V. Stereogram of the Henry Mountains and Vicinity. "This is a companion to No. IV, and bears the same relation to it that No. III does to No. II. The displacements exhibited include the Henry Mountain domes, the Water pocket group of fiexures, and several members of the great group of faults to which the peculiar topography of the High Plateau region of Utah is due. Size, 3 feet 6 inches by 3 feet." VI. Mining District of Leadville, Colorado, modeled for the U. S. Geo­logical Survey, on the true scale, 1 inch to 800 feet. "No geologist needs to be told of the careful detailed work in this field by Dr. Emmons, and illustrated in this model. "The configuration of the surface, ore beds, faults, etc., are shown only as a model can show them." This model is "divided into 15 rectangular blocks by sections run through the center, two north and south, four east and west. "These blocks are placed on a frame a short distance apart, so that the sections and surface can be studied at the same time, or single blocks may be taken up for more careful examination." • * * THE WORK OF THE COMMITTEE ON RECOMMENDING TEACHERS. One of the great functions of universities is to supply competent teach­ers to the elementary, and especially to the secondary schools. It has been, of recent years, clearly discerned that the one great defect in American education is the large percentage of poorly equipped teachers in the lower schools, and that, until this defect shall have been removed, the Freshman classes of the higher schools will be encumbered with large numbers of stu­dents unable to accomplish satisfactory results. As the results of this in­sight the modern university has come to recognize the importance of prac­tical measures for bringing into the school rooms men and women possess­ing a reasonable degree of academic training and other professional quali­fications. In order that the University of Texas might systematically and satis­factorily serve the schools of the State, and at the same time minister most effectively to its own development, a committee of the Faculty was en­trusted with the duties incident to the recommendation of students qual­ified to fill educational vacancies. This committee is composed of Profess­ors W. S. Sutton_, Chairman; W. T. Mather, W. J . Battle, and Geo. P. Garrison; Mr. J. A. Lomax, Registrar of the University, serving as secre­tary. Briefly summarized, the work of the committee during the spring term of the session of 1901-1902 consisted of recommendations of students after­wards elected to these positions: 1. The superintendencies of the schools in Belton, Port Arthur, and Sulphur Springs. 2. The high school principalships in Cisco, Hillsboro, Hubbard, Mc­Gregor, and San Saba. 3. School principalships in Manor and Sulphur Springs. 4. Teachers' positions in the high schools of Amarillo, Beaumont, Bel­ton (2), Bonham, Brenham, Cuero, El Paso (2), Gonzales, Italy, Llano, Milford, Terrell, and Victoria. 5. Teachers' positions in the elementary schools of Algoa, Austin, Cam­eron, Comanche, Godley, Granger, Honey Grove, Sulphur Springs, and Tyler. Of the thirty-four positions above named, sixteen were secured by men, eighteen by women. The committee has, furthermore, recommended some of the more dis­tinguished graduates of the University for professorships in the new nor­mal school to be established in San Marcos. On the whole, the 1abors of the committee this year, which have been performed without cost to school boards or to prospective teachers, have been successful beyond expectation, so successful as to justify the wisdom of including the Committee on Recommending Teachers among the stand­ing committees of the Faculty. W. S. S. * * * SOME RECENT PUBLICATIONS BY MEMBERS OF THE FACULTY. H. E. Bolton: "The Place of American History in the High School." The School Review, October, 1901. C. T. Brues: "Two New Texan Ants and Termites Guests." Entomo­logical News, June, 1902. "Notes and Descriptions of Texan Dipterous J,arvre." Psyche, .1902. Morgan Callaway: "Lafayette Rupert Hamberlin." The Texan, Austin, Texas, April 30, 1902. Reprinted in THE UNIVERSITY RECORD, July, 1902. F. Horner Curtiss: "Gymnastic Training of College Men." The Texas Medical News, Vol. XI, No. 5, March, 1902. A. Caswell Ellis: "The Normal School Course in Psychology: What it Should Exclude, What Include." Proceedings Southern Educational As­sociation, Columbia, S. C., Meeting, December, 1901. George Bruce Halsted: "The Popularization of Non-Euclidean Geome­try." American Mathematical Monthly, Vol. VIII, February, 1901, pp. 31-35. "The Appreciation of Non-Euclidean Geometry." Science, N. S., Vol. XIII, No. 325, March 22, 1901, pp. 462-465. "A Class-Book of Non­Euclidean Geometry. American Mathematical Monthly, Vol. VIII, April, 1901, pp. 84-87. "Biography of Franz Schmidt." American Mathematical Monthly, Vol. VIII, May, 1901, pp. 107-110. "Biography of Charles Her­mite." American Mathematical Monthly, Vol. VIII, June-July, 1901, pp. 131-133. "Report on Non-Euclidean Geometry." Science, N. S., Vol. XIV, No. 358, November 8, 1901, pp. 705-il7. "Supplementary Report on Non­Euclidean Geometry." American Mathema.tical Monthly, Vol. VIII, No­vember, 1901, pp. 216-230. "Report on Non-Euclidean Geometry." Popu­lar A8tronomy, December, 1901, pp. 555-558: J anuary, 1902, pp. 26-30. "Some Fallacies in 'Ventworth's Geometry." American Mathematical Monthly, Vol. IX, February, 1902, pp. 37-39. "Biography of Eugenio 1902.] The University Record. Beltrami." A.merican Mathematical Monthly, Vol. IX, March, 1902, pp. 59-63. "The Betweenness Assumptions." Amerfoan Mathematical Monthly, Vol. IX, April, 1902, pp. 98-101. "Proving the False." American Mathe­m,atical Monthly, Vol. IX, May, 1902, pp. 129-131. "A Non-Euclidean Gem." American Mathematical Monthly, Vol. IX, June-July, 1902, pp. 153-159. "La geometrie Non-Euclidienne." Science, N. S., Vol. XV, No. 390, June 20, 1902, pp. 984-988. "A New Treatment of Volume." Pitts­burg Meeting of A. A. A. S. Science, N. S., Vol. XVI, No. 395, July 25, 1902, pp. 131-132. "A New Founding of Spherics." Pittsburg Meeting of A. A. A. S. Science, N. S., Vol. XVI, No. 395, July 25, 1902, p. 135. Henry Winston Harper: "A Contribution to the Chemistry of Some of the Asphalt Rocks Found in Texas." Bulletin of the University of Tewas Mineral Survey, No. 3; of the University of Tewas, No. 15, Chapter V, 1902. J. F. McClendon: "The Life History of Ulula hyalina." American NaturaUst, June, 1902. A. L. Melander: "A New Silphid Beetle from a Simple Insect Trap." Psyche, April, 1902. "Notes on the Acroceridre." Entomological News, .June, 1902. W. T. Mather: "A New Apparatus for Determining the Relative Veloci­ties of Ions; with Some Results for Silver Ions." American Chemical Journal, December, 1901. William B. Phillips, Director: "Report of Progress [The University of Texas Mineral Survey] for 1901." "Sulphur, Oil, and Quicksilver in Trans­Pecos Texas." Bulletin University of Tewas Mineral Survey No. 2; of the University of Tewas, No. 9, 1902. "Iron Resources of Texas." Proceedings Engineers' Society of Western Pennsylvania, March, 1902. "Coal, Lignite, and Asphalt Rocks." Bulletin of the University of Tewas Mineral Survey No. 3; of the University of Tewas No. 15, 1902. Augusta Rucker: "The Texan Koenenia." American Naturalist, August, 1901. Frederic W. Simonds: "The Texas Academy of Science." Science, Feb­ruary 21, 1902. "Dr. Ferdinand von Roemer, the .Father of the Geology of Texas: His Life and Work." American Geologist, March, 1902. "The Texas Academy of Science." Science, August 1, 1902. William S. Sutton: "The Determining Factors of the Curriculum of the Secondary Schools." Tewas School Magazine, February and April, 1902. "An Address in Behalf of the Faculty of the University of Texas at the Laying of the Corner-stones of a Science Building and a Library Building on the Campus of Baylor University." Baylor Bulletin, Vol. V, No. 2, 1902. William Morton Wheeler: "Microdon Larvre in Pseudomyrma Nests." Psyche, July, 1901. "The Parasitic Origin of Macroergates Among Ants." American Naturalist, November, 19Ql. "An Extraordinary Ant GuE:st." American Naturalist, December, 1901. "A New Agricultural Ant from Texas, with Remarks on the Known Species." American Naturalist, Feb­ruary, 1902. "A Consideration of S. B. Buckley's 'North American Formi­cidre.'" Transactions of the Tewas Academy of Science, Vol. IV, Pt. 2, No. 2, 1902. "Review of P. Bachmetjew's 'Temperaturverhiiltnisse by Insekten. Experimentalle entomologische Studien vom physikalisch-chemischen Stand­ punkt aus.'" American Naturalist, May, 1902. "A Neglected Factor in Evolution.'' Science, May 16, 1902. "'Natural History,' 'Oecology' or 'Ethology'?" Science, June 20, 1902. Caroline Wandell: "The Typewriter for Card Cat alogs.'' The Librar1f Journal, May, 1902. F. W. S. * STUDENT INTERESTS. FRATERNITY LIFE. The past year bas been characterized by considerable activity lll irater· nity circles, of more or less interest to the members themselves, to the stu­dent-body in general, and to the authorities, an of whom appreciate the importance of secret societies in college life. The long-cherished desire among the girls to establish sorority chapters in the University was gratified on the 19th of February, 1902, by the estab· lishment of Texas Alpha of Pi Beta Phi, with ten members, and on the 12th of May by the installation of Beta Xi of Kappa Kappa Gamma, with eleven charter members and six initiates. As was to be expected, various opinions were held concerning the desirability of these clubs. Suffice it to say that, despite the disapproval and fears in some quarters, these sorori· ties are here, are welcomed by many, and are wished prosperity by all. It is hoped by every one that they will be conducted so as to conduce to the highest interests of their members and of the University at large. It is very true that these groups of girls, acting collectively, can do great good among us and materially raise our social ideals. It is also true that, mis· managed and made subservient to petty politics and obnoxious exclusive­ness, they can become a source of much ill. So far their conduct has been most meritorious, and much good may reasonably be expected of them. Among the fraternities things are not so well. Competition in securing new men has become so keen that the early part of the Fall Term is greatly given over to "rushing," resulting in great detriment to study and other important interests. New men are sought with such eagerness and initi­tiated in such haste that fraternity ideals are suffering deterioration. Men are taken into the chapters in such haste that neither initiates nor chapters can be sure of what they are doing. Mistakes are inevitable. It is melan­choly to think of chapters wishing themselves rid of certain members and of members wishing themselves out of their own chapters and into others. Such things, of course, can not acquire much of publicity, but they tend to sap chapter life in very deadly fashion and are the direct result of the present intense and unhealthy competition. Another bad result of this competition is the wrong point of view im­pressed on the initiate at the beginning of his fraternity career. In place of esteeming his invitation an honor and his fraternity a dignified and worthy organization, possessed of an exclusiveness of some value, he is likely to imagine that it is he that is conferring the honor and not the chapter, a view that does not tend to the elevation of either his own or his fraternit;y ideals. In order to assist the chapters in curing the numerous evils of too early initiation, the Faculty appointed a committee to confer with the chapters and to seek a remedy. The Faculty hoped that an agreement among the chapters, neither to pledge nor initiate new men before the 1st of January, could be reached and would prove effective. Three months would give enough time for the forming of acquaintances and the segregation into nat­ural groups. Most of the fraternities favored such an agreement, but some feared that alumni members of those chapters who were not heartily in sympathy with the agreement might be used to break down the whole agree­ment, which, of course, could bind only active and not alumni members. This fear, born of a certain spirit of distrust, effectually prevented alllY progress and a remedy for the present, rushing season is still to seek. Practically the chapters have refused to help themselves and external pres­sure upon them is open to many objections. Yet nearly every one agrees that something ought to be done. In marked contr.ast to this, the two sororities have already entered into an agreement not to pledge or initiate any one before one week from the opening of the second term. In addition, they have agreed to invite only by letters sent by a special messenger, to which a reply must be returned in the same manner. .As usual, fraternities have mingled in politics, but perhaps not to such an extent as in some previous years. Such mingling is the bane of frater­nity life, produ~ing opposition without and division within. Yet it is extremely hard for a chapter to keep out altogether, as any one at all versed in human nature must know. It remains to note the two halls now being built for the Kappa Sigmas and the Phi Delta Thetas. These are to be large, handsome houses of residence for a large part, if not all, of the chapters owning them. They will undoubtedly be followed by others, and it will soon be plain to him who runs that student life in the University of Texas has entered upon a new phase. H. Y. B. * * * SORORITIES. Among the noteworthy occurrences of the session just closed should be mentioned the establishment in the Universit;y of women's fraternities. From time to time for several years past, there had been, on the part of some of the young ladies, various efforts tending towards this end; this year, notwithstanding the fact that there still remained among the authori­ties some doubt as to the entire wisdom of the innovation, circumstances combined to render such efforts successful. .As a result, Texas Alpha chap­ter of Pi Beta fraternity, and Beta Xi chapter of Kappa Kappa Gamma fraternity have both been established. Both these fraternities are avowedly social in character. Texas Alpha of Pi Beta Plli was established February 19, 1902, the installing officer being Mrs. Ida Smith Griffith, of Lawrence, Kansas. Fol­lowing are the names of the ten charter members: Miss Jamie Armstrong, of ~'\.ustin; Miss Flora Batholomew, of Palestine; Miss Vivian Brenizer, of Austin; Miss Elsie Garrett, of Brenham; Miss Ada Garrison, of Austin; Miss Aline Harris, of Austin; Miss Attie McClendon, of Laredo; Miss Minnie Rose, of Austin; Miss Loula Rose, of Austin; Miss Anna Townes, of Austin. The fraternity held its first initiation March 31, 1902, the initiates being Miss Edith Clagett, of Dallas, and Miss Myra Foster, of Denison. Pi Beta Phi fraternity was founded at Monmouth College, Monmouth, Ill., on the 28th of April, 1867. At present the fraternity has thirty-one chapters, distributed through the following States: California, Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mich­igan, Missouri, Nebraska, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Texas, Vermont, Wisconsin. There is also a chapter in Washington, D. C. On the 12th of May, 1902, at the resdence of Mrs W. L. Bray, Beta Xi chapter of Kappa Kappa Gamma was installed by the Grand President, Mrs. William Warner Penfield, of New York City. Those installed as char­ter members were: Miss Olatia Crane, of Dallas; Miss Helen Devine, of San Antonio; Miss Fannie West Harris, of Henderson; Miss Alma Jones, of El Paso; Miss Minnie Pettey, of Henderson ; Miss Marian Rather, of Huntsville; Miss Katherine Searcy, of Brenham; Miss Eva Sodekson, of Mineola; Miss Lucile Wathen, of Dallas. At the first initiation, held Ma.y 17th, Misses Annie Joe Gardner and Grace Gould, of Palestine; Miss How­ard Hearne, of Dallas; Miss Lois Lake, of Palestine ; Miss Helen Simkins, of Austin, and Miss Virginia Rice, of Dallas, were admitted into the fra­ternity. Miss Bessie Austin, a Kappa Kappa Gamma of Cornell, was also affiliated with the chapter. Kappa Kappa Gamma, founded October 13 1870, ranks, like Pi Beta Phi, among the oldest women's fraternities. It has twenty-nine active chapters, and, until the establishment of Beta Xi in Texas, had preserved a policy of non-expansion southward, confining its activities to the universities of the East and West. On the 7th of June, 1902, the young ladies of both chapters, charter mem­bers, subsequent initiates and pledged members, at the suggestion of a committee from the Faculty of the University, drew up and signed a docu­ment wherein they pledge themselves and their respective chapters not to invite, pledge, or initiate any prospective or first-year student until one week from the first day of the second term of the session. The aforesaid contract sets forth clearly the particulars concerning the formal invitation to be issued, as to time and other conditions specified, it is to be signed by every new initiate, and a similar agreement to be made binding on any new woman's fraternity which may be organized in the University. The young ladies deserve commendation for taking this prudent and conservative step early in the career of their fraternities. Such a course of action, faithfully followed, can but benefit the organizations involved. L. M. C. THE STUDENTS' ASSOCIATION. For a number of years past, the desirabilit;y of closer organization among the students has been frequently discussed. Associations for special purposes, such as promoting athletics, oratory, and other student interests existed and proved very helpful in their several spheres, but each was limited to some one phase of activity and none of them taken together afforded any effective means for general combined stu­dent energy and life. As aptly said by one of the Faculty, "We have a large body of students, but no student-body." The feeling in favor of a general organization, of which all bona fide students should be members, and which should be empowered to deal with more or less authority with all matters of general interest to the University, has gradually increased. A year ago it was thought to be strong enough to justify such an organization and an attempt to organize was made. It proved unsuccessful. The friends of the movement were not discouraged and soon began to agitate the mater anew and, profiting by their former experiences, they avoided some of their former mistakes, and on the 24th of May their efforts met with success in the adoption, by a massmeeting of the students, of the constitution given below. Like all such instruments, this constitution is a compromise. Quite a number favored a broader scope for the organization, others not so broad, and some opposed the whole scheme: but the constitution was adopted by a fair majority and was then accepted in good faith by the others. While the organization is not ideal, it is a great improvement over the existing conditions. Formerly the President of the Final Reception (sometimes called Final Ball) was elected by the male students at an election called by a designated number of students. There was no fixed time or place or manner of con­ducting the election. Opportunities for misunderstanding and party politi­cal schemes were abundant. The Board of Electors of the Cactus was elected by the Athletic Association. The editors of the Magazine were selected by the several literary societies which they represented on the board. The Texan and other papers were run as private concerns. It is contemplated that the Association shall take charge of all these. The first comes under its jurisdiction absolutely and at once, and the others as soon as satisfactory arrangements can,be made with the several present manage­ments. The time and manner of selecting the persons to have charge of these enterprises are fixed by the constitution, and opportunity for mis­understanding and confusion is thus to a great extent cut off. While these matters are important, probably the creation of the Execu­tive Committee, with its specified functions is of still greater significance. This committee consists of sixteen members, viz., the President of the Asso­ciation, who is ex-officio chairman, and five students from each of the three departments of the Main University. These are chosen by their respective departments and together constitute a fairly representative body. In almost all matters coming before them they act together, each having an equal voice. In some matters this was not deemed best. Paragraph (d) , Section 3, Article III of the constitution provides for separate action by the committeemen from each department in cases of ''breach of the honor system," such as cheating in class or on examinations. As to this matter great difficulty was found. Conditions in the several departments differed. In the Academic and Engineering Departments stu­dents are not all required to take the same courses. A large number of subjects are elective and a student is ranked as of a certain class on the basis of courses he has passed. It therefore occurs that students of differ­ent classes recite together and no two bodies of students that go to reci­tation together are the same. This effectually prevents "class action" on such matters and renders some other organization necessary. In the Law Department the course is prescribed and each student takes the work in its regular order and hence each law class throughout the session is always the same body, composed of the same students, and their respective organi­zations are permanent and stable. These conditions seemed to forbid uni­formity of action in these matters in the several departments, at least for the present. As an adjustment it is provided that matters of this kind in the Academic and Engineering Departments are left to the committeemen from said departments respectively, the action to be reported to the com­mittee as a whole and by it to the Faculty. The constitution makes no change in the manner of dealing with these matters in the Law Department. The Junior Law class of last year, which will be the Senior of next, had organized itself for the purpose of suppressing cheating and had taken fairly effective action. It was thought wise not to interfere with this, but to let the class carry out its previously declared sentiment through its own organization. It was also believed that the incoming Junior class would be influenced by the example set and act in the premises so as to suppress this heinous offense. So next year we will have the oppartunity for com­parison of methods of student control of cheating, the Academic and Engi­neering Departments acting through their committees and the Law Depart­ment through its classes. It is greatly hoped that generous rivalry in good works may obtain and that this most unmanly and disgraceful practice will be eliminated from University life. The results of the Student Association ought to be most salutary in many ways. The University is maintained by the State for the develop­ment of good citizenship, and training in self-government is essential to good citizenship. This opportunity is afforded by the Association in a marked degree. Changes in it will doubtless be desirable, as its practical workings are tested by experience, but patience and wisdom will overcome these objections, and in a short while we should have an organization adjusted to our needs. J. C. T. * * " COXSTITUTION OF THE STUDENTS' ASSOCIATION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS.-ADOPTED MAY 24, 1902. PREAMBLE. \Ve, the students of the University of Texas, in mass-meeting assembled, in order to effect an organization of the student-body, do hereby adopt the following constitution: ARTICLE I. The St·udents' Association. SECTION l. This organization shall be known as the Students' Associ· ation of the University of Texas. SEC. 2. Every bona fide student of the Main University shall be a mem· ber of this Association, and shall have a voice and vote therein. SEC. 3. The officers of this Association shall be a President, a Vice­President and a Secretary-Treasurer, and an Executive Committee. SEC. 4. (a) It shall be the duty of the President to preside at all meetings of the Association and at all meetings of the Executive Committee as hereinafter provided for. ( b) It shall by the duty of the Vice-President to act as President in case of the absence or inability of the President. ( c) It shall be the duty of the Secretary-Treasurer to keep a correct record of the proceedings of the Students' Association and of the Executive Committee, and to receive and keep all money belonging to the Association, and to pay the. same out only on order of the President. On or before the seventh day of June of each year he shall present to the Executive Com· mittee, for auditing and publication, an itemized account of the receipts and disbursements made by him on behalf of the Students' Association, and shall render a similar account at the end of his term of office. SEC. 5. Two hundred students shall constitute a quorum to do business. ARTICLE II. Functions of the Association. SECTION l. The. Association shall elect a President of the Final Recep· tion. SEC. 2. The Students' Association shall assume control of the University publications. (a) l. The Students' Association shall take control of the University of Texas Literary Magazine as soon as satisfactory arrangements can be made with the societies. 2. The Association shall elect a business manager and a board of editors consisting of an editor-in-chief and eight associate editors, of which number three associate editors or the editor-in-chief and two associate editors shall be women. 3. It i;hall be the duty of the business manager to secure subscriptions and advertising, and to attend to all matters pertaining to the printing and publication of the Magazine, for which services he shall receive all the net profits up to two hundred dollars and fifty per cent. of all above that amount, provided, that in no case shall he receive more than three hundred and fifty dollars. Not later than the first day of June of each year the business manager shall submit to the Executive Committee, for auditing and publication, an itemized statement of all receipts and disbursements made on behalf of the Magazine, and he shall turn over to the Secretary­ Treasurer of the Association all funds received by him in excess of hie remuneration, as hereinbefore provided for. 4. It shall be the duty of the board of editors to collect and prepare all literary matter for the Magazine, and to turn the same over to the busi­ness manager not later than the tenth of each month. (b) 1. The Students' Association shall have control of the Cactus. 2. The Association shall elect a business manager and an editorial board which shall consist of an editor-in-chief and eleven associate editors, of whom three shall be women; provided, that the Athletic Association shall retain the business and financial control of the Cactus for the coming year, or until the other two publications herein provided for have been acquired by the Students' Association. 3. It shall be the duty or the business manager to secure subscriptions and advertising and to attend to all matters pertaining to the printing and publication of the Cactus, for which services he shall receive thirty per cent. of all the net profits; provided, that in no case shall he receive more than two hundred dollars. The Cactus shall be ready for distribution not later than the 10th of May, and on or before the let day of June the busi­ness manager shall submit to the Executive Committee, for auditing and publication, an itemized statement of all receipts and disbursements made by him on behalf of the Cactus, and shall turn over to the Secretary­Treasurer of the Association all funds in his hands in excess of his remu­nerafion as herein provided for, taking receipt for the same, at which time he shall turn over all unsold and undelivered copies of the Cactus to the President of the Association. 4. It shall be the duty of the board of editors to collect and provide all matter for publication in the Cactus, and to turn it over to the business manager not later than the 1st day of March. (c) 1. The Students' Association shall assume control of the Texan as soon as satisfactory arrangements can be made with the proprietors. 2. As soon as such arrangements shall have been made, the Association shall elect a business manager and an editor-in-chief. The editor-in-chief shall select associate editors and reporters from the various departments as he shall see fit. 3. It shall be the duty of the business manager to secure subscriptions and advertising, and to attend to all matters pertaining to the printing and publication of the Texan, for which services he shall receive fifty per cent. of all the net profits ; provided, that in no case shall he receive more than four hundred and fifty dollars. Not later than the first day of June of each year he shall submit to the Executive Committee, for auditing and publication, an itemized account of all receipts and expenditures made on behalf of the Texan, and he shall turn over to the Secretary-Treasurer of the Association all funds received by him in excess of his remuneration as herein provided for. -l. It shall be the duty of the board of editors to collect and provide all matter for publication and to turn the same over to the business manager not later than Monday of each week. (d) The net proceeds of the Students' Association ansmg from the management of the foregoing publications shall be distributed by the Asso­ciation in such manner as may be equitable to all interests concerned, to the Oratorical Association, the Musical Association, and the Athletic Asso­ciation, provided that in no case shall the Athletic Association receive less than sixty per cent. of such proceeds; and provided, further, that the neces­sary expenses of the Students' Association shall first be deducted. ARTICLE III. The Executive Committee. SECTION 1. There shall be an Executive Committee, which shall consist of sixteen members, including the President of the Students' Association, five to be chosen from the Academic Department, five from the Law Depart­ment, and five from the Engineering Department. Each department shall elect its own representatives on the Executive Committee. SEC. 2. (a) The President of the Association shall be ex-officio chair­man of the Executive Committee, but shall have no vote therein, except in case of a tie. (b) The Secretary-Treasurer of the Students' Association shall be ex­offi,oio 'Secretary-Treasurer of the Executive Committee, but shall have nei­ther voice nor vote therein. SEC. 3. (a) The Executive Committee shall make contracts with the business managers of the various publications subject to the regulations provided for in Section 3 of Article 2. ( b) The Committee shall submit and publish the accounts of the receipts and disbursements of the Secretary-Treasurer of the Association, and of the business managers of the various publications and shall see that all provisions of this constitution relating thereto are observed. ( c) The Committee shall furnish bond for the publication of the Cactus, and shall furnish such other financial backing for the publications as shall be necessary. (d) The members of the Executive Committee from each department shall constitute a subcommittee for the purpose of investigating all breaches of the honor system on examination arising among the men in that depart­ment, and shall report their findings to the general Executive Committee, and it to the Faculty; provided, that this provision shall not apply to the Law Department. ( e) The Executive Committee shall have control of all student arrange­ments for· the celebration of University holidays. (f) It shall be the duty of the Executive Committee to represent the interests of the student-body in securing favorable rates from railroads, laundries, etc., and to deal with all other matters that may be referred to it by the Students' Association. (g) The Executive Committee shall fill all vacancies that may occur, and such appointees shall hold office until the next regular meeting of the Students' Association, or until their successors are duly installed. A.IlTICLE IV. Miscellaneous Provisions. SECTION 1. Meetings of the Associat.ion.-There shall be three regular meetings of the Students' Association during each scholastic year. These meetings shall be held at three o'clock on the third Tuesday in October, January and May. In addition to regular meetings the President shall call the Association together in special meetings at such time as he may deem necessary, or whenever he shall be petitioned to do so by five of the members of the Executive Committee or by fifty members of the Students' .Association. SEc. 2. Time of Elections.-( a) The President, Vice-President, and Secretary-Treasurer of the Association shall be elected at the regular meet­ing in May, and shall serve for one year or until their successors shall be duly installed; provided, that at the first meeting to be held on Friday after the adoption of this constitution these officers shall be elected to serve until the regular meeting of the following May. ( b) The members of the Executive Committee shall be elected by the several departments in separate meetings for the purpose, which shall be held at three o'clock on the Monday just preceding the regular meeting of the Students' Association in October, and shall serve one year, or until their successors are duly installed; provided, that at such departmental meetings to be held at three o'clock on Thursday after the adoption of this constitution, Executive Committeemen shall be elected to hold office until the regular election of the following October. ( c) The business managers of the various publications hereinbefore pro­vided for shall be elected at the regular meeting in May of each year, to serve for the following scholastic year; provided, that the manager of the Magazine for the coming year shall be elected at the first meeting to be held on Friday after the adoption of this constitution. (d) The editors of the Magazine and the Ter.c111n shall be elected at the regular meeting in May and sha.U serve for the following scholastic year; provided, that the editors of the Magazine for the coming scholastic year shall be elected at the first meeting to be held on Friday after the adoption of this constitution. ( e) The editors of the Cactus for each year shall be elected at the regu­lar meeting in October. (f) The President of the Final Reception shall be elected at the regu· Jar meeting in January. ARTICLE V. Amendments. This constitution may be amended at any regular meeting of the Associ­ation by a two-thirds majority of the students present and voting; pro­vided, that no proposed amendment shall be considered by the Association unless signed by fifty students and posted on the bulletin board at least two weeks prior to such meetings. THE WOMEN STUDENTS' ASSOCIATION. The organization of the Women's Council, officially known as the Women Students' Association of the University of Texas, was the outgrowth of a desire on the part of some of the maturer, more thoughtful women of the institution that the University should be of the greatest help possible to the young women students. These women were imbued with the idea that the purpose of the University, as far as the young ladies are concerned, was the making of women worthy of their opportunities and heritage. They thought that all that .co11ld and should be done was not being done; that the problems were not those with which the Faculty conld deal, but problems which must be met and solved by the women themselves. The conditions confronting them were these: A great number of young women, or, rather, girls, enter the Freshman class each year, remain for the one session, then return home, never to again enter the institution. Many of these young women, too many by far, owing to lack of experience, timidity or what not, never really enter into and enjoy true University life; they come in contact with but few of their own classmates, and only exc~tionally are associated with the older and more experienced women of the upper classes. In consequence, they do not get out of their Univer­sity life what they might and, becoming dissatisfied or indifferent, do not return and are thus cut off forever from these great opportunities. There are some, however, who would return but circumstances prevent. Among these some of the most promising material often is found, and it should be the pleasure, as well as the duty, of the older wome.n of the University to find out any in this condition and see what can be done to help them. There are some, again, who, from lack of home culture, need the refining, broadening influence of the strong women of the University to make of them women capable of getting the most of life, of being of great value to the State in their quiet, unassuming way, women worthy of the institution which has sent them forth. Furthermore, there are a few young ladies who come to the University not for its educational advantages primarily, but rather for the social life -the social prestige that they can win. For the benefit of these, as also for safeguards of the rights of, and in justice to, the serious young women, it becomes necessary io declare the intention of "fostering and maintaining the highest standards and ideals of conduct and schol'arship" among the young w9men of the University of Texas. All who are not so disposed do not belong to University life and should and must seek their environment elsewhere. In order to accomplish these ends it seemed wisest to have an organi­ ?.ation of the young women of the UnivP.rsity, thereby increasing the effi­ ciency of the efforts put forth. With this idea in view a massmeeting of the women was called by Mrs. Kirby, at the request of several interested in the movement, for the purpose of considering the advisibility of effecting such an organization. It was unanimously agreed to form a women's coun­ cil, and a committee for drafting a constitution was elected. This com­mittee was composed of two women from the teaching force of the Univer­sity and one representative from each class. The representatives were: from the Faculty, Miss Roberta Lavender and Miss Maud Shipe; graduate student, Miss Margaret Holliday; Senior, Miss Felton Walker; Junior, Miss Helen Devine; Sophomore, Miss Susie Hammond; Freshman, Miss Elsie Garrett. This committee drafted and reported the following consti­tution, which was adopted: CONSTITUTION OF THE WOMEN STUDENTS' ASSOCIATION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS. ARTICLE I. The name of this organization shall be the Women Students' Association of the University of Texas. ARTICLE II. The purposes of this Association shall be, through self-government., to foster and maintain the highest standards and ideals of conduct and schol­arship, to promote better acquaintance among its members, to bring about a greater unity and fellowship among the women of the University, and to organize the upper-class women in such a way that systematic work may be done each year in aiding the women of the incoming class. ARTICLE TU. SECTION L All women registered as students in the University of Texas are active members of the Association. SEC. 2. Associate membership shall be open to the ladies of the Faculty and the wives of the gentlemen of the Faculty. SEC. 3. Honorary members shall be the Lady Assistant to the Faculty, the wife of the President of the University, and the ex-Presidents of the Association. ARTICLE IV. SECTION 1. Active members only shall have the power to vote. SEC. 2. Associate members shall have the power to attend all the meet­ ings of the Association and to counsel the Association on any matter that may be considered by the Association. SEC. 3. One-fourth of the active members of the Association shall con­ stitute a quorum in all cases not otherwise provided for. ARTICLE V. The legislative power shall be vested in the Asociation. ARTICLE VI. SECTIOX 1. The executive power shall be vested in an Executive Board, which shall consist of the President, the two Vice-Presidents, the Secretary and the Treasurer of the Association. SEC. 2. There shall be an Advisory Board consisting of ten members of the Association, two representatives from each class and two from the graduate students. SEc. 3. The officers of the Association shall be elected annually, by signed ballot, by the members of the Association on the first Friday in May, and shall enter upon their duties immediately on the conclusion of the elections. SEC. 4. The Advisory Board shall annually be elected, by signed ballot, two members from each incoming class and two from the incoming graduate students, to be elected by the women of each class in separate assembly; the upper-class women shall hold their elections on the first Friday in May, the Freshmen on the first Friday in November; the term of service in each case to begin immediately after election. SEC. 5. To elect an officer of the Association or a member of the Advi­ sory Board a majority vote of one-fifth of the members present shall be required. S1<:c. 6. Only graduate students and members of the two upper classes are eligible to office and therefore to membership on the Executive Board. ARTICLE VII. SECTION 1. It shall be the duty of each member to assist in every pos­ sible way in maintaining high standards and ideals of conduct and scholar­ ship, and to co-operate with the superior officers. SEC. 2. The duties of the President shall be to call and preside over all meetings of the Association and of the Executive Board. SEC. 3. The duties of the Vice-Presidents shall be to assume the duties of the President in the absence, or at the request, of the President, and to be chairman of working committees. SEC. 4. The duties of the Secretary shall be to keep the minutes of the Association and a list of its members; to post notices of meetings; to attend to the correspondence of the Association and to be chairman of a working committee. SEC. 5. The duties of the Treasurer shall be to care for the money of the Association and to spend the same in accordance with the will of the Association, under the direction of the President, and to be the chairman of a working committee. SEC. 6. It shall be the duty of the Executive Board to carry out the will of the Association as expressed in the constitution and by-laws and in such resolutions as the Association may from time to time adopt. SEc. 7. It shall be the duty of the Advisory Board to advise with the Executive Board and to be the members of working committees. The offi­ cers of the Association shall be the chairmen of the said committees. SEC. 8. The Executive and Advisory Boards, in their efforts to foster and maintain the highest standards and ideals of conduct and scholarship, shall have the power to exercise their judgment and discretion in advising with any women of the University of Texas on any matter relative to her University life, and in extreme cases to make recommendations to a com­mittee, consisting of the Lady Assistant and two lady teachers, who shall be elected by the Association on the first Friday in May, the same regula­tions holding as in the electron of officers. SEC. 9. The President shall have the power to call a meeting of the Association at any time, and must call a meeting at the request of ten members. The President shall have the power to call a meeting of the Executive Board at her will, and must call a meeting at the request of two members; the President shall also have the power to call a joint meet­ing of the Executive and Advisory Boards at any time, and must call a meeting at the request of five members of the said Boards. SEc. 10. The chairman of the Advisory Board, elected by the Board, shall have the power to call a meeting of the Board at her will, and must call a meeting at the request of three members. SEC. 11. The chairman of the committees for self-government in the vari­ous halls shall act with the Advisory Boara on matters that come under the jurisdiction of the Women Students' Association. ARTICLE VIlI. Should a vacancy occur in any office of the Association, or in the Advi­sory Board, it shall be filled as soon as may be, by special election. New members of the Executive Board shall first be elected, corresponding in number to the vacancies, and subsequently the new officers shall be elected by the Board from among its o'wn members. ARTICLE IX. There shall be an annual fee of twenty-five cents for each active member. ARTICLE X. This constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote of the members present at a meeting called on petition, signed by one-tenth of the active members of the Association. Soon after the adoption of the constitution another massmeeting was called and the officers of the Association elected, as follows: President, Miss Margaret Holliday; Vice-Presidents, Misses Ethel Rather and Susie Ham­mond; Secretary, Miss Julia Ideson; Tr~asurer, Miss Ethel Oliphint. The committee provided for in Article VII, Section 8, is composed of the follow­ing members: Mrs. Helen M. Kirby, Miss Casis and Miss Lavender. The outlook is bright, but earnest, serious and faithful work must be done, not only by the officers of the Association and the members of the Advisory Board, but by each and every woman in the University. The officers expect this support, since every women who matriculates in the University in the future thereby assumes the duty of "assisting in every possible way in maintaining high standards and ideals of conduct and schol­arship, and of co-operating with the superior officers." M. H. THE LITERARY SOCIETIES. The Athenreu1n. The close of the session of 1901-02 in the University marked the close of what was probably the most successful year in the history of the Athe· nreum Literary Society. Probably, it is said, because each of the sessions of which the writer has knowledge have been so successful that it is hard to distinguish between them. During the year the active members of the society, some fifty in number, displayed an earnestness of purpose which has been good to see. The ques­tions for debate have been in almost every instance wisely chosen, often relating to Texas, and the debaters have seldom come up qnprepared. The result has been gratifying. And who amongst us can say that as a result of all this the members of the Athenreum will not be moi;e useful citizens and better men in the years to come ? During the year we had four Presidents: W. N. Foster, who succeeded W. P. McGinnis, the latter not returning to the University this year; T. Fletcher, E. A. Camp, and C. W. Ramsdell. Under the guidance of these men the society meetings were all harmonious and many improvements were carried out: two tables were purchased for the use of the debaters; an annual banquet on the night of the Ross-Rotan medal contest was agreed upon, the first one being most successfully carried out on the night of May 8th; and a new constitution adopted which has so far given entire satis­faction. If it is true that the worth of an institution like ours can be judged by the deeds of its members, by the honors conferred upon them, we are for­tunate in being Athenreum men. Of the four men who represented the University in the debates with Tulane and the University of Colorado, we furnished E.T. Moore, Jr., and J. B. Dibrell, Jr., for the former and W. S. Moore for the latter, and the University won both debates. E. T. Moore won the $100 Scarbrough prize in Debating, J. B. Dibrell, Jr., won the $50 DuBois prize in oratory, W. N. Foster was the Senior Law orator on class day, and E. E. Bewley Senior Academic orator for the same occasion. Along more distinctly literary lines we have been equally successful. We furnished the Cactus two assistant editors, E~ T. Moore and T. Fletcher, and of the three editors-in-chief of the Texan during the year, B. H. Powell, H. M. Whaling, Jr., and A. Deussen, all three of them came from us. Fur­thermore, A. Deussen won the Hancock fellowship in Political Science. Our Magazine editors were C. Brown and S. Neathery for the first term, and G. C. Embry and E. E. Bewley for the second term. The contest for the Ross-Rotan medal, offered each year by Mr. Rotan, of Waco, to the best orator in the society, was an exciting one, in which the judges, after much deliberation, gave first place to J. B. Dibrell, Jr., with G. S. Wright a close second. During the year it was our great misfortune to have the Messenger of Death beckon to one of our members, and as a result, our meetings have never been quite the same. In singling out Joe Poindexter, death took from us a true man, one who always did bis duty, were that duty the making of a course, or the helping on of a friend in need. We have few men like Mr. Poindexter and we can ill afford to lose one of them. L.H.H. The Rusk. For the Rusk Literary Society the past year has been perhaps the most useful and the most prosperous in its annals. The active membership rose to the unprecedented number of 107. On account of this large roll it was found expedient, for purposes of debate, ·to divide the society into three sections, each adjourning to a separate hall and having a separate debate on the same question. By this contrivance the disadvantages arising from so large a membership were avoided, members were enabled to appear on the program with proper frequency and the society has been in a position to gather into its fold a much larger brotherhood than has either of the literary societies heretofore, thus holding out to its members the benefits of wide friendships and associations, yet retaining all possible opportuni­ties for the most effective work. In the way of victories the session of 1900-01 is easily the most glorious on the records of the society. That year the Rusk debated the Athenreum in the intersociety debate and furnished for 'Varsity three of the four inter­collegiate debaters, the winner of the DuBois prize in oratory, the repre­sentative in the Southern Interstate Oratorical contest and the editors-in­chief of the Texan and Magazine. Three-fourths of the hon(lrs went to the Rusk. This past year the men of the Rusk have fully sustained the splendid record then established. In the interollegiate debates, W. H. Slay, J. E. Hackett and W. L. Bishop proved themselves worthy sons of their proud society; in oratory W. P. Allen for the second time carried away the high­est honor in the University-that of representative in the Southern Inter­state Oratorical contest; and in literary lines F. T. West was editor-in­chief of the Cactus, the most important literary distinction within the gift of the student-body; J. B. Benefield was editor-in-chief of the Magazine during the whole year; S. R. Ashby was elected editor-in-chief of the Maga­zine for next year, and a large proportion of associate editorships on both of the above publications :and the Texan also were held by Rusk men. But the highest attainment of the year is the congeniality and good-fellowship that has grown up among its membership, and the splendid spirit of resolve that has taken hold of each one of them. There is not one of its members who will not always treasure up as the most pleasant recollection of his University career the Saturday night meetings of this genial, earnest intel­lectual fraternity. Fired with this new vigor and determination the future is bound to hold in store for the Rusk still wider usefulness and still more magnificent achievements. There is one matter of great interest to the Rusk that might very appro­ priately engage the attention of its patriotic alumni. The lamented Sen­ ator Coke tendered the Rusk an annual medal, but, owing to an oversight in the will, no provision was made for its permanent establishment and hence it has been discontinued. This unfortunate circumstance is much to be regretted, since it is extremely desirable that some prize be offered in oratory or debating-or prizes in both-which shall be open only to Rusk men. The Athenreum has such a prize in oratory for its members and it is sincerely hoped that the Rusk also will be able to secure one during the coming year through the generosity of some friend and educational philan­thropist. Why should not some of the Rusk alumni come to the aid if their society ? A. F . W. The Ashbel. The session just closed has been a most successful one for the Ashbel Society. It has ever been the boast of all Ashbels that to belong to the Ashbel is sufficient testimony as to the worth and ability of any young woman in the University, and during the session of 1901-02 none of the society's aims and standards have in any way been lowered. On the con­trary, the girls have proved themselves worthy members of the society and have added new laurels to her renown. Eagerly do the new girls await an invitation to become a member, and it is with still greater eagerness that the "old girls" receive the new can­didates. The Ashbel seldom opens her doors to first-year students, for it is deemed best to see how a girl stands before placing her name upon the roll. For '01·'02 the roll was complete, and several names stood upon the "waiting list." The first term officers for 1901-02 were: President, Lulu Bailey; Vice­President, Fanny Prather; Secretary, Marian Rather. The second and third term officers were: President, Marian Rather; Vice-President, Mmnie Petty; Secretary, Mattie Hines. The literary work done by the society was most helpful and interesting. The social occasions of the season were the Valentine tea given at the home of President Prather, and the open meeting held in the auditorium May 14th. The open meeting was complimentary to the Faculty and students of the University. A mixed program was car­ried out and the modern girl, with black skirt, her Gibson shirtwaist, pique stock and high hair made a striking picture and vied with the powder and patches of the minuet dancers for the applause of the audience. The following is the program: THE COLONIAL GIRL VERSUS THE MODERN GIRL. Music . . . ..... .... .. . .... ... . .... . ... . .... .. . .. ... ... . .. . .. ..Octette. "The Virginians" ............... .... .. .......... Virginia Rice, Colonial. "A College Girl's Letters" ....... ......... .........Julia Ideson, Modern. "A Plea for the Colonial Girl" ......... ........ ..........Nella Douglas "A Plea for the Modern Girl" . ... . . . .. .. ... . .. . .. . . ... .. .. .Olatia Crane. Song . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......Elizabeth Simkins. Music ............... ....................... ......... ........ Octette. The Ashbel is the proud owner of twenty-five handsome mahogany chairs. Next session the girls hope to have a room in the Woman's Building, and the chairs are only a small beginning in the way of fitting up a handsome club room for the Ashbel. E. C. The Sidney Lanier. In October last, the Sidney La.nier Society began its second year's work. The failure of several of the members to return to the University thinned the ranks considerably; nevertheless, those who did return bad sufficient energy and determination to take up the society's work where it bad been left off at the close of the previous year. Before long, new members were chosen to take the places of those who had dropped out, and by June the active membership was about twenty-five. In order that the effort expended in preparing the various programs may be productive of real good, and that the habit of gathering together smat­terings from various sources may not be fostered, the society bas provided in its constitution that there shall be selected at the close of each session a general subject for study the next year. While each program may, and generally does, contain other topics than those suggested by the general subject, this forms the core of each program. The first year of the society's organization it was thought advisable to study something of the life and work of the poet for whom it was named. So interesting was the study of Sidney Lanier's poetry that a desire to know more of Southern poetry a~ a whole was aroused. Accordingly the subject for the past session was Southern poetry. Owing largely to the faithful and untiring efforts of the President, Miss Hattie "Whitten, the bi-weekly programs were so arranged as to give a comprehensive view of poetry in the South from its beginning to the present time. More, perhaps, could have been accomplished if each member bad been able to study the whole field; but since that was impracticable, each mem­ber carefully prepared, as her turn came, some phase of the subject, and was able, through the work of the others, to relate it properly to the whole. While there were few papers that could have been called brilliant, they were, as a rule, interesting and instructive to the other members, as well as to those preparing them. If full and accurate scholarship bad been the end toward which the year's work was directed, so little were the results achieved that it would have been a failure, but this was not the end in view. 'Vhat was hoped for was such an appreciation of the :really good poets who have lived and written in the South, that the members of the society would care to know them better, would have a real interest in them. From this view-point, the year's work has been highly successful. One of the most interesting meetings of the session was the one in which the program consisted of a talk from Professor Sutton, "An Hour with Sidney J,anier," in which be set forth, with true understanding and appre­ ciation, the main points in the life of Sidney Lanier the man and the poet. One of the society's objects has been, from its foundation, the establish­ ment of a students' loan fund. Before such a fund can accomplish much, it must be larger than the amount the Sidney Lanier now bas to its credit; for it consists, as yet, only of the excess of the annual dues over necessary expenses. But so long as the income exceeds the expenditure, the fund will grow, and will, in time, be sufficiently large to be put io good use. Small as the sum now is, it has already been devoted to the purpose for which it was intended. Altogether, the year's work indicates progress: there has been an increase in interest as well as in numbers. And the prospect is good for greater growth next session. M. M. S. * * * THE YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION. The efforts of the University Y. M. C. A. during the year 1901-02 met with a fair degree of success. In point of numbers the association is weak, for only about seventy out of the several hundred Christian students of the University haYe belonged to the association during the past year. The devotional meetings, held throughout the year on Sunday afternoons, and the Bible classes were very well attended by the enthusiastic few. The Sunday meetings consisted of singing, prayer, reading of the Scriptures and short talks. The talks were made by students and gentlemen of the city alternately. The latter usually had subjects assigned them, which were arranged in series. For example a merchant, a lawyer or a physician was asked to give an address on the benefit of the Christian life in his profes· sion. When a student gave the talk, the membership joined in the dis­cussion. There were two Bible classes this year. The one under Professor Townes pursued Old Testament studies; the other, under Instructor Kuehne, took the life of Christ for its subject and used as a text the "Harmony of the Gospels." The Y. M. C. A. during the past year was represented at two conventions. Mr. L. Will Welker was sent in February to the Mission Volunteer Con­ vention held in Toronto, Canada; four delegates, F. M. Tatum, Stuart Penick, Spurgeon Bell, and Clement Howard, were sent to the State Con­ vention at Cleburne. All delegates went with a purpose and on their return gave the Y. M. C. A. many useful suggestions in their reports. Rob­ ert Knox and Dick Morgan will represent the association at the State Con­ ference to be held this summer at Italy. In March of this year the Board of Directors was chosen and now con­ sists of .Judge ,T. C. Townes, Chairman; Dr. D. A. Penick, Secretary; Dr. W. J. Battle, Treasurer; Judge J . B. Clark and Carl Hartmann. The sub­ject of .the building fund was the Board's chief care, but action in regard to it was postponed. The final meeting of the year was led by Dr. Thomas S. Clyce, President of Austin College, Sherman, who delivered a helpful and inspiring address, urging the men and women of the Y. M. C. A. and of the Y. W. C. A. and of the University in general to "stick to principles." The social side of the Y. M. C. A. must not be passed without mention. The members succeeded in having a good time in m:any ways. The recep­tions, both at the opening and the close of the session, have become a per­manent feature of 'Varsity life and great interest is manifested in them. The last reception, given at Mrs. Kirby's residence, in conjunction with the Y. W. C. A., was pronounced a decided success. In another way the association strives to come before the students and at the same time renders them a useful service. The Y. M. C. A. Hand­Book, which was ably edited last fall by W. P. Hargrove, is issued at the opening of the session and always contains much valuable information, especially to new students. The association's plans for next year, if successful, will be far-reaching in their effect. During the last two months of the past session subscrip­tions were taken sufficient to engage a paid secretary for the coming year. It is the ambition of the Y. M. C. A. to become self-supporting, and it is hoped that a membership sufficiently large for the purpose can be attracted. With a good college secretary and loyal and hearty support of the stu­dents, there is reason to believe that the Y. M. C. A.'s field of usefulness will be enlarged until it shall fulfill its mission in the moral and spiritual advancement of University life. C. H. * * * THE YOUNG WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION. The Young Women's Christian Association has had, on the whole, a suc­cessful year. The membership is not large, but it is earnest, and even a few earnest and interested people can do much. This year, as last, the time of the weekly devotional meetings was a.lmost wholly taken up in the study of the life of Christ as outlined in the Blakeslee system; the course, which was begun last year, being completed. Miss Lavender, under whose direct supervision the study was carried on, possesses qualities which have added much to the interest as well as to the value of the study. Besides a thorough knowledge, based on much past study of the subject at hand, she gave to each lesson such preparation as to enable her to guide wisely those who were studying. The hour chosen for the meetings, from four to fiye on Monday afternoon, was unfortunately needed by many of the girls for gymnasium and laboratory work, so that some who otherwise would have attended could not do so; but it was found impossible to fix an hour more suitable. Of course, those who attended every meeting and prepared each lesson received the greatest amount of good. Still, the less fortunate ones who could neither attend regularly nor prepare the lessons beforehand also derived pleasure and benefit from the meeting. In the social life of the University the Y. W. C. A. took its usual place. There was at the beginning of the session its annual reception to the new girls, held this year, for the first time, in the University building, which was well attended and much enjoyed. Then at the close of the session was the reception, held at the home of Mrs. h..irby, and given jointly with the Y. M. C. A. to the entire Faculty and student-body. Last, but not least, is to be mentioned the influence for good, quiet and unassuming, but very real and powerful, exerted by the little band of women who are trying to show in their own lives the principles learned in their study of the life of the Master. M. M. S. STUDENT PUBLICATIONS. There was a time, within the memory of man, too, when one student publication sufficed to represent every college interest. Now three barely cover the field: the Texan for politics, athletics, and daily happenings; the Magazine for literary efforts; and the Oactus for remembrance. A weekly newspaper in a college has a hard task to make of itself a fresh, interesting, and, at the same time, unbiased record of events. The students, ever eager and interested in discussing the daily occurrences of their world, are prone to be disappointed at finding the same things chron­icled in their paper. The Texan has striven against this difficulty, and has been particularly alert to catch and bring to notice everything pertainiJ!g to student affairs. This year the paper has been under the management of H. Lee Borden and George S. Wright, and the editorship successively of B. H. Powell, H. M. \Vhaling, Jr., and A. Deussen. It remains to add that the editors of the Texan have conducted the paper with a due regard to dignity as well as to interest, and have displayed an energy in gathering and a talent in presenting their matter that would have been a credit to much more experienr.ed heads in the business. The University of Texas Magazine has been this entire year under the guidance of Mr. J. B. Benefield as editor-in-chief. The value of the Maga­zine as a field for training ·in the art of writing English can not be too highly emphasized. The tales of S. R. Ashby, of Clinton Brown, and of Miss Helen Raley are especially worthy of commendation. Stories from some of the contributors deal with incidents too remote from their experi­ence or feeling to gain an air of verisimilitude; and in style Poe has too often been a model-a model rather unsuited to beginners. In the matter of essays the il1.agazine has advanced much since the days when it printed flowery and fervent patriotic effusions under that title. The chief fault of this class of contributions now is that their subjects are almost too invari­ably literary and that they expand too inevitably a skeleton model provided by the text-book or instructor in English. The freshest in that it departs from the trodden paths of subject-matter, and follows its own inclination in development is "The Passing of the Tale," by Mr. Longino. The edi­torial pages for the year have much more vigor and snap than have gen­erally been infused into them. Though many collegians may feel that their financial circumstances do :iot admit of subscription to the Magazine or the Texan, very few there arc who willingly leave their alma mater, perhaps forever, without taking along a Cactus. The province of this annual is to recall in after years, when memory has grown dimmer, "the days that are sped, the old dreams, the old deeds." This year the Oactus has been published by the Athletic Asso· cation with the co-operation of the Medical Department at Galveston. While it seems a pity that the entire student-body should not be repre­sented in its management, it must be allowed that the limited portion who have taken up the responsibility of producing the Oactus have acquitted themselves well of their task. Every class, fraternity,-for the first time there appear among these the names of two sororitics,-club and organi­zation is represented here; and due spaee is allowed for a selection of the best original matter. The original drawings are particularly good this rear; but are all the young ladies of the Ashbel Society as long-headed as the representative on the page consecrated to them? The editors and man­agers of the Cactus have very gracefully dedicated this volume "to Mrs. Helen Marr Kirby in grateful remembrance of kindly sympathy." E. M. * * OUR ORATORICAL INTERESTS. The session of 1901-02 may be counted notable in the history of The University of Texas for its oratorical triumphs. Both at home and abroad our debaters and orators have reflected credit upon themselves and honor upon their alma mater. This long-desired condition was due in a large measure to the thorough a;1d effective methods pursued by the professor in the School of Oratory, anci. farther, the close competitive contests which he has been so largely instrumental in inaugurating. It is due again, perhaps secondarily, to the generous prizes· offered by friends of the University and lastly to an awk­ward enthusiasm and interest among the whole student-body to the value of debating and oratory. Whatever be the reason assigned, it is sufficient to state that we have been successful, signally so; and Mark Twain somewhere epigrammatically remarks that "you can't argue agin a success." The first and most important debating event of the college year was the contest for the Scarbrough prize of $100 and the selection of our Tulane and Colorado representatives. This had been preceded by numerous pre­liminary contests in which Slay, Bishop, Hatchitt and Hackett had been successful in the Rusk, and Moore, Dibrell, Ainsworth and W. S. Moore in the Athenremn. It was, therefore, an interesting and ably conducted debate which was held on the night of February 8, 1902, in the well-filled auditorium. The honors were divided between Moore, Slay and Dibrell. We quote here from the Texan of that date: "Mr. Dibrell's speech, from the standpoint of delivery, was the best of the evening, and had his rejoinder been as smooth and forcible as his first speech, bis effort would have been a masterpiece. Indeed, as it was, he was a dangerously close second. "Mr. E. T. Moore, Jr., in his usual clear, logical and forcible style, devel­oped a strong line of argument in support of his proposition, and while his voice was not as good as that of some of the other speakers, his ease of manner and smoothness of delivery made his speech most effective. "Mr. Slay's argument was a direct reply to Mr. Moore's speech, and after he warmed up to his subject he made a strong and earnest argument. Indeed, the intense earnestness and force of his delivery, as well as his skillful handling of statistics made his speech one of the most effective to a popular audience." The above defines pretty clearly the points of excellence among the tliree leading men. Moore was declared winner of the $100 prize, and Dibrell and Moore were named as representatives to defeat Tulane--a task they later accomplished very happily. Slay and W. S. Moore were chosen to go to Colorado and the story of their victory is now history. Bishop and Hackett were named as alter­nates and their services to the principal debaters were invaluable. The next public contest was the Wooldridge contest in declamation, in which a prize of $25 was offered. This contest resulted in a tie between Alec Weisberg, of Waco, and S. W. Fisher, of Austin. The Texan of that date says: "The prize was divided between the two speakers, whom the audience had picked for winners. * * * Both these young gentlemen are very popular in the University, so the announcement of the double winning was greeted with tumultuous applause." Among the other contestants who deserve special mention were Miller, Burnett and Hardy. This declamation contest was followed by the DuBois contest and the selection of the representative to the Southern Interstate Oratorical Con­test, which convened this year at Lexington, Ky. This contest was the chief oratorical event of the year and it was pre-eminently the best DnBois contest we have ever had. The contestants were Bewley, Hardy, Dibrell, Allen and 'Vright, and Dibrell was declared the winner of the DuBois prize of $50, while Allen was sent to Kentucky. Wright was a close con­testant in this race and bids fair to become the leading orator of the Uni­versity. Dibrell's unique treatment of "Napoleon, Murderer and Patriot" was the strongest and most original oration of the college year. The Athenroum Society held a strictly society contest in oratory at her annual banqud at the Driskill and here; too, Mr. Dibrell was successful. And now come on those two victories which give us more pleasure than any of the year-the Tulane triumph and Colorado. Tulane sent two of her strongest men over to Texas and they came with splendid speeches. Tompkins .and DuChamp, with Dart and Drefus, were all here to see Texas bite the dust. But when Moore and Dibrell had finished all knew but one verdict could be rendered and that a favorable one to Texas. It was, indeed, favorable, for it was unanimous, and the defeat of the year before had now been avenged. The Texan tells of the next event as follows: "The debate with Colorado at Boulder, Colo., resulted in adding fresh laurels to the proud record of Texas. It was hard fought, however, and Colorado fully sustained its high reputation in debating, the decision being by a vote of 2 to l. "'Varsity"s representatives made a magnificent fight. They exhibited a broad and deep mastery of the question; they were strong, earnest and straightforward in their delivery, .and their argument was arranged and presented in a crisp, striking manner, so as to be readily understood." At Lexington, Ky., we were not successful, but the Pl:Jllowing clipping from a Lexington paper shows that the Texas orator was well received: "Mr. Allen, of the University of Texas, had a very carefully prepared and very smoothly delivered speech; he had a clear, incisive voice, polished delivery and graceful and dignified bearing. He spoke of the groWth and 374. The Uni-versity Record. [July, influence of American thought and American ideals in shaping the future destiny of Europe. His speech, 'The American Invasion,' was one of the best of the evening and it is but just to the talented young Texan to state that he had many followers in the audience who thought he should have had the prize." All in all, then, it has been a great year and we have just cause to be proud of our oratorical and debating triumphs. For a long time these were neglected in the University of Texas, but that time is past, and that we shall have in the future our share of oratorical and debating victories, along with our other intellectual and athletic victories, is now a foregone conlusion. * * * MUSIC. Never before in the history of the institution have the musical interests of the University been so prominent and enjoyable a feature as during the past session. The musical organizations, consisting at present of the Uni­versity Glee Club, the University Band and the University Octette, have not only grown in importance and activity, but have likewise developed a considera.ble degree of excellence, and, best of all, have come to be an inte­gral part of University life, a part which none wouid willingly miss. This gratifying result is due to the faithful and enthusiastic practicing of the members, and, in a large measure, to the unselfish efforts of the musical directors, Dr. Penick, Mr. Schoch and Dr. H. E. Baxter. An attempt was made during the year to organize the various musical societies into a Uni­versity Musical .Association, whose officers should, in matters of general concern, act together with the Committee on Musical Organization from the Faculty, but nothing definite was done. Some such action seems desir­able, for, thus organized, these societies could develop a systematic policy and become to a still higher degree a recognized and potent factor in the soeial life of the institution. This past session, the music on all public occasions at the University­ and that a music of no mean order-was furnished exclusively by the eniversity musical organizations, usually the Glee Club, or the Band, or both. Briefly mentioned, the chief of these occasions were the following: the formal opening, October 3, 1901; Texas Independence Day celebration (in which all three organizations took part) ; the oratorical contests, nota­ bly the Evans prize contest, the Texas-Tulane debate, the DuBois prize con­ test, and the contest for electing a representative to the Southern Orator­ ical Contest at Lexington ; the memorial services held on May 14th in memory of the late Professor Lester G. Bugbee; finally, the services on Commencement Sunday and the Commencement exercises on June 11th. ~Iusic was likewise furnished on other minor occasions. In addition to these appe...rances, there were several concerts given in the "Cniversity Auditorium. Of these, the most important were a concert giYen by the Glee Club, Band and Octette on November 26th, a Glee Club concert on February 22nd ; a complimentary concert in May by the Octette, assisted by local artists, and a joint concert by the Glee Club and Octette on June 7th. All these concerts were very creditable and much enjoyed; they were usually fairly attended. In regard to the Band, special mention should be made of the serenades and open-air concerts during Commencement week, and of the open-air con­certs on the campus given on Saturday evenings during the spring term, from March 29th to May 10th, inclush-e. This latter new and delightful feature was, of course, very popular, and should, if practicable, be repeated year by year, not only for the sake of the students, but because it attracts attention to the campus in a commendable way. Such measures may indi­rectly do much to foster proper relations between the students and the townspeople. Th•l Band took onP. short trip to San Antonio, playing at the fair. It is almost unnecessary to mention that it was most generous with its music on athletic occasions and at student celebrations. Here the Band is now an invaluable, nay, almost indispensable adjunct. There is one more item of interest under this head: the purchase by the Band early in the session of a fine $1000 set of instruments ; the debt incurred by this they are rapidly paying off. The Glee Club made two trips. The first, in February, was rather extended. In its course the club gave concerts in Denton, Bonham, Sher­ man, Denison, Dallas and Taylor. The trip was successful, and the audi­ ence good, particularly at Denton and Denison. Another short trip, April 20th to 23rd, was the occasion of concerts given in San Antonio and Laredo. On both trips the Glee Club was assisted by a string sextette formed from the Octette, and by Miss Mayme Jackson, of this city. In San .Antonio the concert was given before a house of nearly a thousand people. Everywhere, the musical organizations made a good impression, and the concerts were well thought of. L. M. C. * • * AUDITORIUM ENTERTAINMENTS. Besides the entertainments given by the University organizations, several others worthy of mention were held in the University Auditorium during the session. Of these occasions the most notable was the appearance, on January 17th, of Madame N ordica, who rendered an excellent and, on the whole, pleasing, program before a very large audience. Madame Nordica's presence in Austin was due to the efforts of the Matinee Musical Club of the city, and among the conditions under which the University authorities granted the use of the hall, arrangements were made whereby the students enjoyed the privilege of hearing the world-famed artist for a very moderate price indeed. It was gratifying to see how thoroughly the ~tudent-body proved their appreciation of the opportunity afforded them. Under the auspices of the University Glee Club, the Spanish Octette, which had won so much well·deserved praise on its previous appearances in the University Auditorium, was again presented, and again gave great pleasure to the rather small but appreciative audience. Again, on February 15th, another rare musical treat was afforded by the concert given by Miss Leonora Jackson, the distinguished violiniste, whose exquisite playing so charmed all those who heard her. This concert was under the joint auspices of the Matinee Musical Club of the city and the University untsical organizations; Miss Jackson was ably assisted by her accompanist, Mr. Joseph Bauer, and by Mr. Harry Fellows, a tenor singer. In conclusion, mention should here be made of the readings given on January 15th and 16th by Mrs. Bertha Kunz Baker. who ranks with the best readers of the day, and enjoys the reputation of being the best woman reader in the United States. Mrs. Baker appeared once in a lecture on poetry, and, besides, gave two readings which amply demonstrated her ability. Probably her rendition of Rostand's "L'Aiglon" proved the most artistic portion of the program, although all she gave was enjoyed. The proceeds from these readings, with those from Mrs. Sherwood's art lectures of last year, have been used as a small beginning toward a fund for pur­chasing pictures and other objects of art for beautifying the halls of the University. This movement, which is in its infancy, deserves to be encour­ aged. L. M. C. * * * UNIVERSITY HALL. The transformation of University Hall has been remarkable. Patrons of former regimes will be amazed, doubtless, when they learn that apologies are no longer in order when a man alludes to the Hall as his domicile. That long category of complaints which have ever come from this quarter, the arduous details of the Hall's discipline and management-in fact, all of its vexing problems-have been met and answered by one simple solu­tion,-student control. This happy plan, it should be remembered, origi­nated with the lamented Mr. Bugbee, and to him chiefly is due all the credit of its inauguration. The discipline of the Hall is now vested in a committee of eight mem­bers, with a President and Secretary elected by a massmeeting of the. resi· dents. It must be said, however, that the su'ccess of the year's management was but little due to any especial zeal on the part of this committee, for that came solely from the mental attitude of the inmates towards the Hall. :Everybody seemed to realize that he was a part and parcel of the mech­anism of the institution, and that his welfare was dependent upon the common weal. During the past session one hundred and fifty students were afforded good, substantial board at the low rate of ten dollars per month. That the fare and service were satisfactory is attested by the scramble made by out­siders for admission as vacancies occurred from time to time. Acknowledgment must be made of the services rendered by Mr. J,omax, who, as steward, gave much of his time outside office hours to the affairs of the Hall, without pay. The low rate of board was in no small part due to his careful business methods. While there still remains room for improvement, all must admit that conditions at the Hall during the past year were by far more satisfactory than at any other previous time in its history. This every one attributes to student control and all are earnest in their desire that the plan be made permanent. J. B. H. THE LIBRARY. The closing session witnessed substantial growth in the University Library. In addition to the acquisition of 2161 volumes by purchase, bind­ing and donation, there has been received by the will of the late Dr. AshbQl Smith, first President of the Board of Regents, a valuable library of about 4000 volumes. These books will not be unpacked until the new metallic shelving which is hereafter to be used is in place. This unexpected influx of books brings to the tront the question of shelving and cataloguing, both of which, in a growing library, are problems of no small moment. The 'first of these needs will be met by the instal­lation of three improved metallic bookcases for the purchase of which the Regents have provided a small appropriation. While these are more expen­sive than wooden cases a,t the start, it is hoped that it will eventually result in a saving. There will be less danger from fire, they occupy less space, are more ornamental, and can be used in the new library building which is now recognized as a pressing need. Unfortunately, our shelves are not always overflowing with the books of greatest need. There are now in the library several thousand practically dead books, so far as use here is concerned. Many are editions long out of date, some are useless dupli­cates, others are for varioirs reasons little less than cumberers of the ground. A careful weeding of these shelf fillers and dust catchers and their removal to some store room not too remote for a possibly occasional call is to be desired. And if their places could be filled with books of per­ manent value there would be cause for rejoicing. The second problem which the increase of books brings-that of cataloguing-is just now for the first time receiving proper recognition. This work was begun in Octo­ ber last and was carried on througli the college year by Miss Wandell. During the months of June and July the work has been done as fast as possible by a staff of six, five of whom were members of this year's Library Training class. After cataloguing the accessions of the last two years the following have been finished: periodical sets, oratory, collective biography, pedagogy, nistory (except American), English and American literature. With the opening of the session the work will be resumed. Cataloguing is at best a slow and expensive unaertaking, and one that the uninitiated find hard to understand, but the outlay is amply repaid in the increased service of the library. The cataloguing problem is likely, however, to be rendered less burden­ some in the near future through the distribution of catalogue cards by the Library of Congress. This library is printing cards for all its acces­ sions, copyright and other, and is as rapidly as possible doing the same thing for all the books in its vast collection. These cards are offered to subscribing libraries at ten per cent. above cost. A fltep further has been taken in having designated depositories at various library centers for all the cards printed. The University of Texas, through the aid of the Hon. A. S. Burleson, has been selected as one of these depositories. Already some thirty thousand cards have been received and this number may be increased to a hundred thousand by the end of the year. The condition upon which these cards are received is that they shall be arranged alpha­betically in suitable cases accessible to the public. The expense to be incurred in caring for these cards, which will increase at the rate or about 50,000 a year, will be considerable, but the advantages to be derived are numerous and evident. The students have made a larger use of the library this year than ever before. In fact, the growth of the library, both in number of volumes and patrons during the past five years has been remarkable. The accessions during this time have more than doubled and with the Smith collection we shall have, in round numbers, 40,000 volumes. Just how to make these books do the greatest service now is one of our problems. The catalogue adds much along this line. Our next need is in the way of reference work with the students, very few of whom understand the use of the catalogue and the various reference books. A few explana­tory talks on these subjects have been given to groups of students for several years. But this reaches only a small number, and not being intel­ligently followed up by those who attend, is soon easily forgotten. An increase in the staff is urgently needed, so that time will be left to meet the students personally when they come in to look up topics and assist them to find what they want. At present it is often only possible to point out the case in which books on a given subject are shelved and let the student find what he can. If directed to look in the catalogue, students of several years standing frequently look around in wonderment, not even knowing the location of the catalogue cases. At present this fruitful part of the work has to Le slighted because so much of time is taken up by exacting mechanical and routine details which a sixteen-year-old boy could look after. The purchase of the following sets has been authorized: Barnard's Amer­ican Journal of Education (to complet~ set); Dryden's works, 18 volumes; Literatur blatt fiir Germanische und Romanische Phililogie, Hefte 1-12; Bulletin de Statistique, 41 volumes ; Zeitschrift fiir Instrumentenkunde, 18 volumes; Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, 46 voh1mes. A list of other expensive sets purchased this year will be found in a previous number of THE RECORD. The library has had an unusually large patronage during the summer school. That the teachers are awake to the .importance of libraries, espe­cially in schools, was manifest at the Library Round Table conducted by the Librarian of the University for their benefit, June 28th. The University had the honor of entertaining the first meeting of the State Library Association, the most important meeting of the kind ever held in Texas. An account of this gathering will be found-elsewhere in this number of THE RECORD. The University Library is doing what it can to foster the library spirit and elevate library standards. B. W. $ $ .JC THE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT. The emphatic growth in civil engineering during the last session again called sharply the attention of the University authorities to the necessity of rising to the occasion and meeting the demands of the people by pro­ 1902.] The University Record. viding for the additional subject of electrical engineering. Mining engi­neering has been started and quite a number of students are regularly in line for the advanced courses in the School of Mines. A glance at the Registrar's mail will soon convince any one of the need oi electrical engi­neering in the State and the Board of Regents of the University has by its recent a_ction assured the Texas boy that he will no longer have to go outside of Texas for a complete and high order of training in the subjects of civil, mining and electrical engineering. The necessary equipment for inaugurating the courses in electrical engi­neering for present needs can be supplied for ten thousand dollars. A service plant to supply our own lighting, etc., will round out the plant and supplement the apparatus and serve to illustrate and make tests in the subject of engines and boilers as given by Mr. Bantel in the civil engineer­ing course. The session of 1900-01 filled the north drawing room till it ran over and standing room only was available. The session of 1901-02 filled the north drawing room (the only one up to this time) with Freshmen, and left Sophomores, Juniors and Seniors outside of the breastworks. At this junc­ture several professors concentrated and combined in such a way as to relinquish the southwest room on the first floor and this was immediately filled with drawing desks and the advanced students started to work about November 1st. Thus the same force that the year before handled some forty students in class work, drawing and seven field parties, had to man­age double the number of students in class room and drawing room and twelve field parties. The addition of electrical engineering to the subjects already taught in the Department of Engineering will demand more space, which will be sup­ plied by the engineering building that the President recommended in his annual report to the Board of Regents. This building, properly constructed for the three branches of engineering mentioned, will probably cost $60,000. As it will be impossible to erect this building before the opening of next session, it will be necessary to double up the instruction at the drawing desks. This will require changes by adding another drawer to each desk and providing a drawing board for each student. The changes in the desks and the addition of the drawing boards will all be made by the opening of the next session. The feverish demand for our civil engineers is no greater than will be the demand for our graduates in mining and electrical engineering. The State is now in the throes of the birth of a great industrial advance and Texas-trained men will be gladly received. In the past two years not only our advanced men have been in demand but men have been taken out of our Freshman class. The following is a hastily prepared and incomplete list of the summer ( 1902) vocations of some of last year's men: C. N. Campbell, C. K, assistant engineer Texas Railroad Commission.; F. W. Cater, C. E., chief engineer of a tap railroad, Texarkana; J. R. Johnson, C. E., with Waddell & Hedrick, bridge engineers, Kansas City; T. J . Palm, in charge of field party, Pittsburg & Gulf Railroad; N. T. Blackburn, field draftsman on the Frisco; A. A. Cother, on field party of the Choctaw Rail­road; Frank Thompson, on the I. & G. N. Railroad; Adly Jessen, drafts· man on the I. & G. N. Railroad, at Marlin; C. E. Haberer, topographer on the Frisco; W. 0. Washington, on the Texas Mineral Survey. :Mr. Bantel, Instructor in Engineering, is spending the summer at Johns· town, Pa., with the Cambria Steel and Mining Company, in obtaining draw­ings, photographs, maps and descriptions of the most modern methods of mining coal. He is also collecting a complete set of illustrations of new developments of structural steel workings from the pig to the complete fabricated member. T. U. T . .J& .J& .J& NOTES OP THE LAW DEPARTMENT. The session of the department just closed has not been remarkable in any way. The numbers were less than during the session before. This was due partly to the abolition of the graduate class and partly to the prevalent financial depression. It may be also that fewer young men are studying law than heretofore. From correspondence with a large number of the clerks of the district courts throughout the State this seems to be so. The falling off was principally in the .Junior class, so we had about the usual number of graduates, sixty-nine having secured the degree of LL. B. The work of the department was good. The Faculty a year ago requested the Regents to appoint three quizmasters in the department, whose duties would be to quiz the classes on the topics gone over by the professors, and to read and grade the written work of the students, doing this, of course, under the immediate supervision of the professor. Two young men were appointed and entered upon the work. It proved a great success and dem­onstrated the practicability of this plan of teaching the law. It gives to the professor much more time to devote to the development and presenta­tion of his topics and relieves him to a great extent of the drudgery of examination. It is the best preventive of cramming we have found. The grading in the class exercises has been more regular and closer than heretofore, and the work of the students show a corresponding degree of diligence. The course as given was a very heavy one for two years and left but little time for the average student to be idle. The abolition of the graduate class and Professor Batts's retirement from the :Faculty necessitated a partial readjustment of the undergraduate work. Judge Gould took charge of Partnership, Bills and Notes, and International Law with the Seniors, and Judge Lewis took Real Estate, which had for­merly been taught by Professor Batts. Dr. Huberich took Criminal Law. Colonel Simkins supplemented his course on Equity with a number of lec­tures on Equity Practice in the Federal Courts. I had some additional work in State Practice. So the year was a busy one. Still we found time for some fun and 1901 will ever be remembered as the natal year of the far-famed Perigrinus-that most delightful, though pewliar, creature of Equity, which, being partly man and bird and beast, is wholly unlike them all. He must be seen in his hannts to be appreciated with due reverence. For the first time in some years the department took part in Class Day at Commencement. Our representatives severally acquitted themselves with due credit. We still decline to don the cap and gown, and appear on Com­mencement Day in our modest sunflower, so there is no difficulty in distin­guishing an LL. B. from a co-ed. or her academic fellow. In his annual report to the Regents, the President recommended the extension of the law course to three years, to take effect with opening of the session of 1903-04. The Regents accepted the suggestion and the change was ordered. The department is not yet advised what changes in the cur­riculum are desired nor with what subjects the law students will be occu­pied during the additional year. Presumably some of the present topics will be extended so as to cover more time and additional law topics be taken up. The President also recommended to the Regents that the reci­tation period be changed from one exercise daily of one and one-half hours duration to two exercises daily of one hour each. What the Regents did in this matter has not yet been communicated to us. Judge Yancey Lewis was elected Dean of the Department. He has not yet entered upon the discharge of .the duties of the position. I very earn­estly hope that he will, as there is much that should be done, both in carry­ing on the'regular work and adjusting the department to changed conditions awaiting it in the near future. We are much disappointed at the apparent postponement of the law building. We feel very sensibly the limitations and unsuitableness of our present quarters in the basement and had anticipated that the next build­ng would be for our benefit, but we note that the President has recom­mended otherwise and our hearts are again sick with hope deferred. The Regents provided for twp quizmasters for next year and J. W. Law­hon and Robert Hefner were recommended by the Faculty for these posi­tions. Edwin Dabney and J. D. Walthall were suggested for librarians, and A. B. Lacy for stenographer. These will make a good corps of assist­ants to the Faculty. We will enter upon next year with a fixed purpose to make the depart­ment the highest success in every way that is in our power. J.C. T. THE MEDICAL DEPARTMENT. For the following account of the Commencement of the Medical Depart­ment we are indebted to the Galveston News of June 1st: Sixteen young physicians, fourteen pharmacists and eleven nurses were ushered into their real life's work last night at the Grand Opera House when they accepted their diplomas of graduation from the Medical Depart­ment of the University of Texas. By years of study they earned their degrees, and now they go forth into the world leaving behind them an hon­orable college career' and thoroughly prepared to meet and conquer the new difficulties that will beset their pathways. At 8: 15 o'clock the classes in cap and gown marched into the opera greatest fortitude of soul will often be more successful than the man of superior intellectual attainments. "You know and believe that the issues of life and death are in your hands, that upon your skill hangs the mortal existence of the sufferer who turns to you the glance of mingled hope, entreaty and dread. Let your pre· scription, your incision, be the right one, and life and safety will follow. One wrong ingredient, one wrong turn of the knife, as surely lead to cer­tain death. "Here come in your courage and your fortitude. Courage to undertake and execute what you believe necessary; fortitude to control every thought of failure, every tremor of nervous anxiety. To fit ourselves, then, to exer­cise this faith, fortitude and courage you must have yourselves well in hand by the constant practice of self-control with self-abnegation. Cool­ness and presence of mind in presence of great danger or critical moments are not evidences of indifference or cold-bloodedness on the part of the phy­sician, and are not acquired at once, but are evidences of supreme self­control and training, enabling him to bring into use his faculties of mind and body. "Your passions, your weaknesses, all slothful or self-indulgent propensi­ties, must be habitually kept under and brought into subjection to reason and temperance. How can any man whose nerves are unstrung by dissipa· tion, whose moral sense is dulled and perverted by debauchery, be a devout believer in himself, and his works, or hope to inspire confidence in those who know how he abuses his powers and misuses his opportunities? The temperate, sober, chaste and upright young doctor, with his eye bright and clear, his conscience pure from evil deeds, his hand steady and his heart strong, is the one who is likely to inspire confidence in anxious parents, ill and fretful children, or any sufferer who may desire his professional aid. Sympathy and even love for one's patients are also valuable endearment for a practitioner. When once the ill man or woman feels that the doctor sympathizes with him or her, and that he is particularly interested in their case, that he regards them with a friendly, affectionate feeling, he has made an important advance toward gaining their confidence and inducing them to exercise their own wills to assist his remedial agencies. "There is just one other suggestion and I will close. Do not be beguiled into following false gods. Side issues, such as hypnotism and other medical fads should be eschewed. Practice straight, legitimate and scientific medi­cine and pharmacy. Avoid the ways of the mountebank and charlatan and you will reap your reward. "Tonight you have obtained the height of your ambition-the goal to which you have anxiously looked forward. The great panorama of life with its kaleidescopic changes is before you, and you perhaps do not dream of the stormy roads and pitfalls which ensnare the unwary. Let me en­treat you not to fall by the wayside, to resist the temptations to which you as young doctors may be subjected and which, if yielded to, though they may not be discovered, will leave an everlasting stigma upon your con­science. "This, then, my young friends, is the last discourse to which you will be compelled to listen. From now on the relation heretofore existing between us as teachers and students changes; you are full-fledged, wearing the toga -virilis-and henceforth we welcome you as colleagues, and let me assure you that the Faculty of the Medical Department of the University of Texas, whom I have the honor to represent, will always be interested in your welfare, and are gratified beyond expression with the high standard you have set for those coming after you in your recent examination before the State Board of Medical Examiners. They extend to each one of you individually their congratulations, and to paraphrase the famous message of Lord Nelson : the University of Texas always expects each one of you to do his full duty." After the close of Dr. Randall's address and the applause had ceased, Dr. J. E. Thompson arose apd in a few words presented the new negro hospi­tal to the Board of Regents of the University. In making this presenta­tion the doctor gave a limited description of the building and the cause of its erection, stating that the colored population of Galveston was greatly interested in its erection and maintenance and had already contributed some $600 for its equipment. Major F. M. Spencer accepted the building for the Regents and in turn presented it to the managers of the Sealy Hospital. Mr. Spencer spoke feelingly for several minutes and told of the advantages and help the build­ing would give to the hospital corps and its numerous patients. As the speaker 'took his seat he was greeted with rounds of applause. Following the presentation exercise came that part of the p1ogram most interesting to the forty-one young men and ladies and their friends, the presentation and acceptance of diplomas. For four years they had been working for those pieces of parchment and now the height of their ambi­tion was about to be gratified. Dr. Smith arose and as he called off the names of the graduates they ascended to the platform, saluted the Presi­dent, and took their place in line. Then their names were again called, each stepped forward and receiveli at the hands of President Prather the document they had so long studied for. The class in Medicine came first, then the class in Pharmacy, followed after by the class of Nurses. As each name was called the audience applauded, a little more forceful at times as the name of an acquaintance was spoken. President Prather made a short address to each class, admonishing them to continue in their study to fit themselves for the high position in life they were expected to occupy, not forgetting to warn them of the many temptations that would fall to their lot to overcome, the yielding to which would blot their character and ruin their prospects. Turning then to the audience, the President gave a short history of the Medical Department of the University. It was established eleven years ago by an appropriation of $50,000. Later another appropriation of $25,000 was made and today the University property situated in Galveston is worth the sum of $250,000 in brick and mortar alone. Back as early as 1851, said the President, did the Republic of Texas decide to educate its children and a medical school was then considered. Today we have one which can not be equaled in the South. It was the first medical school to establish a three-years' course and the first to establish a four-years' course. To show the efficiency of the course now pursued the President cited the case of sixty applicants for positions with the United States Marine Hospital Service. Out of the sixty who took the examination, only twenty passed, and of these three were graduates of the Medical Department of the Texas University, and they ranked first, third and sixth. Of the present graduating class eight took the examination before the Texas State Board of Medical Examiners two weeks ago and all passed with first rank, averaging a fraction over ninety per cent. Taking up the subject of education in general throughout the State of Texas the speaker told of the fostering care of the pioneers of the Republic who would not consent to Texas becoming a part of the Union unless it should keep all its lands. Of this great territory, said the President, one-half was contributed to the school .fund. In conclusion he thanked the people of Galveston for their interest in the University and complimented them upon their public-spiritedness. The exercises closed with the President's address. Following are the names of the graduates who closed their school life in the city last night: Medicine: Wilmer L. Allison, J. S. Anderson, Henry M. Austin, Cyrus D. Cantrell, John R. Elliott, Lea Hume, Joseph S. Jones, David H. Law­rence, Oscar D. Plant, Wallace Rouse, Milton R. Sharp, William .A. Shields, Edward M. Steger, James J. Terrill, John B. Thomas, Moses H. Wheat. Pharmacy: J. H. Aiken, John Burson, Frank Clark, W. C. Cookenboo, Lee 0. Donold, 0. E. Jacobs, J . C. Kemp, E. J. H. Meier, W. R. Neville, E. F. Roeller, L. B. Sanders, F. Skrivanek, S. H. Spruiell, Rush Thomas. Nurses' Training School: Julia Bertram, Lucy Brunson, Florence Fer­guson, Elizabeth Fontaine, Lottie Harden, Nellie Howard, Ethyl Kennedy, Pattie Lockwood, Jennie Perkins, Minnie True, Pearl Wood. Oscar H. Plant, James J. Terrill and John B. Thomas in the class of medicine; J. 0. Kemp and F. Skrivanek in pharmacy; and Elizabeth Fon­taine and Pearl Wood, nurses, graduated with high honors. JI JI JI ATHLETICS. FOOTBALL. The football season was in some respects a great disappointment. While the record of the team was not so good as the year before, yet the scores of the games were not discreditable to either the men or their excellent coach, Mr. Thompson. We easily defeated every other team in the State, evened up on Missouri with another victory, and were barely defeated by Kansas by a series of mishaps in the last minutes of a well-played game. The game with the School of Osteopathy should not be considered, as, from the accounts of all the teams which played them, neither their players or officials are fit to rank as amateurs-to put it mildly. The following is the schedule of the season: 'Varsity vs. Houston, October 7th, Austin, 32-0. 'Varsity vs. Nashville, October 12th, Dallas, 5-5. 1902.l The University Record. 'Varsity vs. Oklahoma, October 19th, Austin, 12-6. 'Varsity vs. Agricultural and Mechanical College, October 26th, San Antonio, 17-0. 'Varsity vs. Baylor, October 29th, Waco, 22-0. 'Varsity vs. Dallas Athletic Club, November 9th, Austin, 12-0. 'Varsity vs. University of Missouri, November 16th, Columbia, 11-0. 'Varsity vs. School of Osteopathy, November 19th, Kirksville, 0-48. 'Varsity vs. University of Kansas, November 23rd, Lawrence, 0-12. 'Varsity vs. University of Oklahoma, November 25th, Norman, 11-0. 'Varsity vs. Agricultural and Mechanical College, November 28th, Aus­tin, 32-0. The cause for disappointment and discouragement on account of this team grows out of the fact that over half of the players left the University before the close of the academic year, and several left immearticularly (1) to relate the history of the expeditions sent out from Mexico in 1689, 1690 and 1691 to explore the country east of the Rio Grande and to establish missions among the Tejas Indians; and (2) to suggest the probable causes of failure of these early missionary efforts. Mr. Clark has used a larger number of sources than has any other writer on the topics; in fact, he has used nearly all the known material. I. J. Cox contributes an article on "Father Edmond John Peter Schmitt." It is a fitting review of the life of Father Schmitt, whose early death at San Antonio in May, 1901, closed a useful, though brief, career. Father Schmitt had uncommon fitness for historical investigation, and, in spite of manifold other duties, had already written a number of scholarly papers, several being on Texas history. Forty pages of this number of The Quarterly consist of a reprint of rare original documents bearing on the Mexican and Indian raid into Texas during the spring of 1878. The April Quarterly contains a seventy-seven page article (the most extended article in Volume V) by W. Roy Smith, entitled "The Quarrel tietween Governor Smith and the Provisional Government." It is the first complete survey. of the question in the light of original sources. The author's most important materials were the "Journal of the Proceedings of the General Council," "Journal of the Consultation," and "Ordinances and Decrees of the Consultation," "Provisional Government of Texas and the Convention." Besides writing a careful narrative of the quarrel, Mr. Smith shows clearly the very disastrous effects of the divided counsels upon the conduct of the war for independence. The literary character of the paper would be somewhat improved by putting into the notes some of the material that is in the essay. The remammg signed article is a "Genealogical and Historical Register of the First General Officers of the Daughters of the Republic of Texas, Elected in 1891," contributed by Mrs. Adllle B. Looscan, Historian, D. R. T. The amount of space devoted to book and magazine reviews is gradually increasing. H. E. B. $ $ $ THE TEXAS STATE LIBRARY ASSOCIATION. Those interested in libraries in Texas have felt for some time the need of an organization for the furtherance of this, in Texas, comparatively new, but rapidly growing educational movement. As a preliminary step representatives of the University library, the State library and the Feder­ation of Women's Clubs, through its president, held a meeting at the State library December 18, 1901. It was there decided to enlist the co-op­eration of library people from various parts of the State in sending out a. call for the organization of a i::;tate Library Association. The enthusiastic reception which this suggestion received found expression in the following call, which was sent out from the University Library under date of May 8, 19'!l2: AUSTIN, TEXAS, May 8, 1902. DEAR SIR: The growing interest in libraries suggests the desirability of an organization for co-operative effort for the furtherance of this important educational movement in Texas. Organizations of this kind have been productive of much good in the twenty or more States where they have already been formed; surely, Texas, so progressive in other educational lines, can not afford to be backward in a movement that aims to reach all ages and conditions of people. Among the results obtained in other States from the work of these associations might be mentioned: L The stimulus and aid given to the library and other educational interests of the State by bringing together, in occasional meetings, for the exchange of ideas and experiences, those interested along these lines. 2. Furthering the scope and usefulness of the State library. 3. Securing the legislation necessary for the establishment of a library commission, or central bureau, which shall have the oversight over the whole public library system, collecting and imparting information, and presenting the best standards of library work ; in fact, promoting in every way possible the establishment and proper administration of local and traveling libraries throughout the State. 4. Acting in the capacity of such a commission or bureau until thie necessary legislation is secured for its organization. Thne are very few libraries in Texas as yet, consequently the field of usefulness of an association of this kind is large, uniting, as it should, in its membership, librarians, trustees of libraries, teachers, and others interested in the cause, and especially the women's clubs, the pioneers in libl"uy work in this State. With this end in view, the undersigned hereby make a call for a meet­ ing of those interested in the subject, to be held in the library of the University of Texas at 3 p. m., Monday, June 9, 1902. Will you not do us the kindness to send us the names of those whom you think we might interest in this organization, and also inform us if you expect to attend. A good program is being arranged, copies of which will be sent to all indicating an interest in this meeting. On account of the Uni-versity Commencement, reduced rates may be secured on the railroads for trains arriving Saturday and Monday, June 7th and 9th, good for return until July 26th. Very respectfully, C. W. RAINES, State Librarian, Austin, Texas. MRS. P. V. PENNYBACKER, Pres. Texas Fed. of Women's Clubs, Austin, Texas. Miss RosA LEEPER, Librarian, Public Library, Dallas, Texas. MRs. HENRY EXALL, Dallas, Texas. MRS. CHAS. SCHEURER, Librarian, Carnegie Library, Fort Worth, Texas. MRS. J. C . TERRELL, Fort Worth, Texas. JUDGE W . T. AUSTIN, Trustee of Rosenberg Library, Galveston, Texas. MRS. H.F. RING, Houston, Texas. BENJAMIN WYCHE, Librarian, University of Texas, Austin, Texas. Address Benjamin Wyche, University of Texas, Austin, Texas. This circular letter was followed in about two weeks by a program and invitation, mailed to all who were thought most likely to be inter­ested in the cause. In spite of the warm weather between fifty and sixty were in attendance at the first meeting, June 9, representing nearly all the larger and several of the smaller cities of the State. Temporary organization was effected by the election of Judge Raines, of the State Library, and Benjamin Wyehe, of the University, as president and secre­tary, respectively. Every one whose name appeared on the program was present ana ready to take part in the meeting. The words of welcome were spoken by P.resident Prather. He expressed deep interest in the work being undertaken, and called attention to the course of Library Training which the University is offering. Judge Raines read a carefully prepared paper tracing the history of library legislation in Texas. While the Legislature showed early interest in libraries, its efforts took the form usually of small appropriations for books for the State Library. Almost the only general legislation ever ively, the term is applied to a system of circulating these books, sending them from some central library to individuals, clubs and associate libra­ries, in communities round-about. "Perhaps nowhere on earth is human existence more hopeless than in the numerous small, often decaying, hamlets of the United States, which are isolated from the strenuous life of more prosperous communities. The mental horizon of the majority of the people in such a village is narrow, their lives aimless, their aspirations dwarfed. Even to the boy in the city slums few more incentives are offered to low-thinking and to actual vice, for in the city there are at least enough other lads from whom to pick his company, whe:i:eas at the crossroads the vicious and the good are thrown intimately together, with the gossip of the postoffice, the corner store, the saloon, and the railway station, as their sole mental terminus. The advent of a good traveling library into such a community is a god­send, bringing hope, inspiration and loftier ideals of life. Nothing more encouraging in modern reforms has been witnessed than the marked change already wrought by this single and comparatively inexpensive agency in scores of wretched villages which hitherto had been dead spots in our American civilization. The presence of a traveling library in a town is an object lesson, which often creates the desire for a permanent library, and probably on the whole more local libraries have been estab­lished through this agency than any other." The closing address of the afternoon was given by Dr. A. C. Ellis, of the University, on "Library Possibilities in Texas." He spoke of the work of a State library commission,-how it might render great service by recommending library legislation, by publishing lists of worthy books on special topics, by sending out plans and suggestions for library build­ings, by promoting traveling libraries. If the State would give some­thing to start traveling libraries no doubt individuals would supplement this sum. Railroads would give special rates on these libraries. There is great need for a central library building, perhaps on the University campus, to meet the requirements not only of the University and the State Library, but which should serve as a center for the traveling library sys­tem, and be a mecca for all students of this vast Southwest country, what­ever their line of research. The day's pleasures were brought to a close by an informal reception in the University library, where music and a display of coins and medals, rare editions, pictures, posters, etc., added to the enjoyment of the occa­sion. At a short business meeting on Tuesday morning to hear reports of committees and perfect a permanent organization, the following officers were elected: Willia.m L. Prather, Austin, President; Miss Rosa M. Leeper, Dallas, First Vice-President; Mrs. J. C. Terrell, Fort Worth, Second Vice-President; A. C. Read, El Paso, Treasurer; Benjamin Wyche, Austin, Secretary. The Committee on Constitution, of which Mr. A. P. Wooldridge was chairman, reported the following Constitution, which was adopted: CONSTITUTION OF THE TEXAS STATE LIBBABY ASSOCIATION. The undersigned, their associates and successors, hereby organize them­selves into a State Library Association, as follows: First. The name of this organization shall be "The Texas State Library Association." Second. The purpose and object of this Association shall be the pro­motion of library interests in Texas. Third. The home and headquarters of the Texas State Library Associa­tion shall be at the city of Austin, Texas. Fourth. The membership of the Tex.as State Library Association shall consist of the undersigned, who are hereby declared to be its charter mem­bers, and of such other reputable persons as may hereafter from time to time be elected to membership by the Executive Board to be hereinafter created, or by the Association itself. Members shall be classed as active or general,, and as honorary members. The dues of active or general members are fixed at $1 per year. The dues of honorary members are fixed at $10, the payment of which sum once made, entitles such honor­ary member to a life membership in the Texas State Library Association. It shall also be competent to the Association when in session to elect hon­orary members without dues, when, in the judgment of the Association, such persons have rendered the State of Texas or this Association such distinguished public services as to clearly entitle them to this honor. Fifth. The administration and control of the affairs of this Associa­tion (when the Association itself is not in session) is vested in an Exec­utive Board of the Association, consisting of a President, two Vice-Presi­dents, a Secretary and a Treasurer, serving ex-officio (all of which officers are to be chosen by the Association only), and one representative from each congressional district; these congressional district members of the Executive Board, for the first year of this Association, shall be appointed by the President of this Association; thereafter such members of the Exec­utive Board shall be chosen by the Association at its annual meetings, but by special resolution at such regular meetings the President may, from time to time, be ,empowered to appoint such congressional district members. Five members of the Executive Board shall constitute a quorum for the,transaction of business. The usual parliamentary rules shall apply in the conduct of this Asssociation, and its officers shall possess and exer­cise the usual common law and statutory powers of their respective offices and be charged with the usual duties and responsibilities of their several positions, subject, however, to such by-laws of the Association as may be adopted by the Executive Board and to such resolutions as may be passed by the Association itself. Sixth. The annual meetings of this Association shall be held in the city of Austin, Texas, on the third Tuesday of November of each year, save and except that the Association itself by resolution upon adjourn· ment, or the Executive Board, when the Association is not in session, may fix the annual meetings of the Association at such other times and such other places in Texas as they may from time to time order and appoint. Annual meetings of the Executive Board shall be held on the day before, and at the place of the regular annual meeting of the Asso­ciation. Special meetings of the Executive Board may be called by the President of the Association when in his judgment the vital interests of the Association so require. And it is hereby made his duty to call a spe­cial meeting of said Executive Board when so requested in writing by three or more members of said Board. Seventh. The provisions of this charter and such by-laws as the Execu­tive Board may provide, and it is made their duty to frame a system of by-laws by the next annual meeting of this Association, can be altered, amended or annulled at any regular meeting of this Association, provided such proposed change in this charter or in the by-laws of this Association is submitted in writing and filed with the Secretary of the Association at least thirty days before the next annual meeting of the Association there­after. Witness our hands at Austin, Texas, this June, 1902. The President was authorized to appoint a Committee on Legislation, with A. P. Wooldridge as chairman, on Co-operation with Women's Clubs, the State Teachers' Association, and on Information About Libraries. After a vote of thanks to Mr. Wyche and Miss Wandell for their efforts in making the meeting a success, the Association adjourned. The attendance and enthusiasm far surpassed expectations, and it is only to be regretted that more time was not left for plans and further discussions. In addition to the various plans of which the record of this meeting is but suggestive, it is apparent that the accomplishment of the following specific objects will receive the best efforts of the Association: ( 1) A ~tate library commission. (2) The establishment of a system of free traveling libraries. ( 3) The enlargement and proper recognition of the State library. ( 4) The gathering and distributing of library information by a com­ mittee from the Association, serving until a library commission is secured. It will be seen that the Association has undertaken no small task, but in the accomplishment of this great work it counts on the hearty support of all who believe in the promotion of good reading. The library is taking its place along with the school and the church in the improvement of our citizenship. It is, in a way, more comprehensive than the school in that it reaches the old and the young alike, it is less exacting, and opens wider avenues of thought than the home; it has not the dogmatism of the church-it is, in a word, the peoples' university. The observance, therefore, of a library day in all the schools and women's clubs of the State would arouse interest and bring into closer sympathy three great educational forces whose objects and aims are the same. The founders of the Republic recognized the importance of and made provision for public education. The State, in fulfilling its manifest duty, gives bountifully to the public schools. If it is the duty of the State to teach its citizens to read, has it not now a second and greater duty in pro­viding for all at public expense free access to the best books? BENJAMIN WYCHE. +++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++·• j YOUNG MEN j + l i * 'fl! + ..!t,. I T + + * £COLLEGE MEN + who would add a practical finish to their liberal education and thus get promptly to work in some profitable and congenial em­ployment. If any voung man should read +i this who wants a -· +t Paying Position ~ let him write to us, for we can fit him for ep business -and find business for him -as t ~ 44,000 graduates testify. For information + address: CLEMENT C. GAINES, M.A., B.L., PRESIDENT, + 29 Washington Street, POUGHKEEPSIE, NEW YORK. + who w••• "' ~•!,,_~, mu•• eom • living and would like to make more-should write for ·the CATALOGUE of "The best practical school in America." We prepare more than one thousand youngpeople for business pursuits every year and obtain desirable situations for ALL grad­uates of our COMPLETE COMMERCIAL Merchants and busine&s men, the officials of railways, banks, and other corporations constantly apply to us for properly trained assistants. 'l'his course appeals with special force to * + * 1i ~~ "'Ii + J_ T + .a,,. T' i +I + ~~ "ii ; + + It= ~'Ii'"' t t ,,­ •-++++++++++++++++++++++++++• Organized March 2, 1897. JOHN H. REAGAN, President. JULIA LEE SINKS, Second Vice-President. F. R. LUBBOCK, Third Vice-President. GEORGE P. GARRISON, Recording Secretary and Librarian. EUGENE C. BARKER, Acting Corresponding Secretary and Treasurer. THE OBJECTS OF THE ASSOCIATION, as stated in its constitution, are "in general, the promotion of his­torical studies; and, in particular, the discovery, collecti()n, preser­vation, and publication of historical material, especially such as relates to Texas." THE QUARTERLY OF THE ASSOCIATION is sent free to all me.mbers. The subscription price to others is two dollars per year, or fifty cents per number. The Quarterly iB sent also to the principal libraries of the United States and Canada, and is exchanged for many other publications, principally such as are of a historical nature. It has obtained hearty commendation in many quarters. The numbers published during 1899, contained the Prison Journal of Stephen F. Austin, and much other matter of historical interest. Subsequent numbers will contain copies and translations of rare Spanish MSS., and other important documents. THE COLLECTION OF THE ASSOCIATION consists of about two hundred and fifty volumes and pamphlets, besides a considerable amount of MS. material and various histori­cal relics, and is gr01Wing steadily. The Association has at present no means to buy such matter, but it will gladly receive, acknowl­edge, and preserve gifts for the collection. MEMBERSHIP. There are no qualifications for membership, except interest enough in the work of the Association to help support it by paying the dues, which are only two dollars per year, including subscrip­tion to the Quarterly. The number of members is now about one thousand, among whom are many of the most prominent citizens of the State, and a considerable list from without. Those desiring to become members or subscribe for the Quarterly, should send their names to EUGENE 0. BARKER, Acting Corresponding Secretary and Treasurer, Austin, Texas. Contributions for the Quarterly and correspondence relativ~ to historical materials, should be addressed to GEORGE P. GARRISON, Recording Secretary and Librarian, Austin, Texas. Pacific Coast Excursions VIA SAN FRANCISCO, CAL., $45 AND RETURN KNIGHTS OF PYTHIA.S, A.UGUST, 1902. MYSTIC SHRINES, JUNE, 1902. PORTLAND, OREGON, AKD RETURN UNITED WORKMEN A.ND TQA.VELERS PROTECTIVE A.SS'N, JUNE, 1902. The only route that affords a view of the uniqne civilization ancl scenic grandeur of Arizona and New Mexico. lttterestittg Literature, Tett Ceuts Postage. W. S. KEENAN, G. P. A., • Galveston, Tex. + + i Ask Your Agent for Tickets :t, t + '°1f" VIA + i + + THE i Ji+ CHOCTAW+J ~ ROUTE + i1 + k ~«" TO ALL POINTS + t~ East and Southeast. + i + + t + 'T + + + i FREE RECLINING CHAIR CARS I* ~ ~ i ~ + + + ~ ~ + 'T + + New Trains. Fast Time. Superb Service. +i Pullman Buffet Sleepittg Cars. No + + Transfer at Memphis. :t * +· + i+ ~ For further i11fortnatio11 write to ~ E. L. ROGERS, GEO. H. LEE, :f; + Trav. Pass. Agt., 6. P. & T. A., + eift DALLAS -TEXAS. LITTLE ~OCK, A~K. + ~ + ·~++++++++~++++++++++~• ... J '!$!, "'' KNOWLEDG:E IS POWER ' " +THE+ International.&·Great Northern + 'R.R. CO.+ IS APOWER IN TRANSPORTATION Possessing tile KNOWLEDGE of the wants of the TRAVELING PUBLIC and meetin11 its demands by furnishing the ·very best of equip­ment in Elegant Sleeping Cars, Electric Lighted :; and -Electric Cooled free Chair Cars, Clean and ~••; Comfortable Coaches, Heavy Steel Raihvand . Rock. Ballasted Road Bed:\" Schedoies specially " '. arranged . fo1' close connections at ,Ju·notit;m Points. The .High Flyer . f: ~ ' . . '. Is ·_the Fastest aud Fittest Passeu~er , . ., · Traiu iu Tex-as. ' ) For Tickets aud-luformatiou can at City Ticket Office, 52~ CougtessAve:tJu.e, corner 6th Street; Qed Frout. · · D. J. PRICE, P. J. LA.WLESS, 6.. P. &. T. A., Patesttue, Texas. c. P. & T. A., Austtu, Texas;