ARCHITECTURAL SURVEY TIKAL, GUATEMALA THE GREAT TEMPLES George F. AnoVews University of Oregon Eugene, Oregon SITE: TIKAL BACKGROUND: The first official expedition to the ruins of Tikal was made in 1848 by Modesto Mendez and Ambrosio Tut, who were accompanied by an artist, Eusebio Lara. Mendez and Tut provided brief descriptions of the main temples and Lara made somewhat fanciful drawings of several stelae and carved lintels. They were followed in 1877 by Dr. Gustav Bernoulli, who succeded in having some of the carved wooden lintels removed from Temples I and IV and sent to the Museum fur Volkerkunde in Basel, Switzerland. The architectural record of Tikal was begun in earnest in 1881 and 1882 by Alfred Maudslay, who provided measured plans and excellent photographs of Temples I-V (1889-1902). Maudslay was followed by Teobert Maler, who visited the site in 1895 and 1904. Maler spent three months in all at Tikal and his record includes numerous plans, sections, photographs, and descriptions of buildings and sculptured monuments. (Maler, 1911). A few years later Alfred Tozzer and R.E. Merwin spent a month at the site and their report (1911) included a site map as well as additional architectural data. Further architectural data was supplied by Edwin Shook (1951), who visited the site in 1937 and 1942. In 1956, with Shook as the first Field Director, the University of Pennsylvania initiated an 11 year program of excavations and investigations at Tikal in cooperation with the government of Guatemala and the National Institute of Anthropology and History of Guatemala. The list of individuals who participated in this undertaking is indeed very long but special mention should be made of the work of Stanley Loten (1970), Peter Harrison (1970) and William Coe (1990) who focussed a considerable amount of attention on the architecture at Tikal. Following the completion of the University of Pennsylvania's program at Tikal, further excavation and restoration projects have been carried out by archaeologists from the National Institute of Anthropology and History of Guatemala with Miguel Orrego and Rudy Larios as principal investigators in connection with numerous architecturally oriented projects, including Group 5E- 11 (Orrego and Larios, 1983). I visited Tikal on several occasions during the two decades between 1960 and 1981 for the purpose of studying the exposed architectural remains at the site, and the report which follows is based on these investigations. 3 SITUATION: The ruins of Tikal are located in the northeastern part of the Department of Peten, Guatemala, about 43 kilometers by air from Flores, the modern departmental capital. Until the present paved road to the site was constructed, the ruins could only be reached by air from Santa Elena (near Flores) but the airstrip was closed following a raid and fire in 1980. The closest major archaeological site is Uaxactun, which is about 19 kilometers to the north. TOPOGRAPHY: The central portion of the site is situated in the midst of a series of seasonal bajos and the bajos continue outward in all directions for some distance. Only the higher ground was used for building purposes and all ancient structures are found on a series of ridges and higher portions of ground surrounding the bajos but never in the bajos themselves. WATER SUPPLY: Because of the lack of permanent streams and lakes, the ancient inhabitants of Tikal were forced to rely on aguadas, or natural ponds, supplemented by artificial deep reservoirs, which were lined with stone and plaster to make them watertight. Since the number of aguadas was limited, the reservoirs actually served as the main source of water. While some chultuns have been found among the ruins, these are of the dry-storage type rather than the water-storage type which are so common in the Puuc and Chenes regions to the north. MAPS: As of 1981, five different maps of Tikal had been made, which vary widely in terms of their extent and accuracy. The earliest map was made by Alfred Maudslay (1889-1902) and was limited to a few of the larger structures in the main center. Maler made a more extensive map during his second visit to the site in 1904 but this was not actually published until 1971. Maler's map was made in seven separate sheets, covering a total area of about square kilometers. In the meantime, Alfred Tozzer and Raymond Merwin made a partial map of the main center (1911) which served as the map of Tikal for many years. The central portion of the site (16 square kilometers) was mapped in the late 1950's by crews from the University of Pennsylvania (Carr and Hazard, 1961) and this still serves as the base map of Tikal, with amendations and additions as new data is forthcoming. The most recent maps are those produced by the east-west and north-south transepts running to the Tikal Park boundaries 4 (Puleston, 1983). These maps are part of the settlement survey of Tikal, which attempted to define the limits of Greater Tikal. This study also shows site plans of many of the satellite sites surrounding Tikal. SIZE: According to Puleston (1983) Greater Tikal covers an area of about 120 square kilometers as opposed to the 16 square kilometers shown on the Carr- Hazard map. The limits of the larger area are determined in part by the locations of long earthworks, which are assumed to mark the limits of the site to the north and southwest while the other site limits were determined mostly on the basis of dropoff of visible structures. Structure density works out to about 112 per square kilometer, within Greater Tikal and 39 per square kilometer beyond the site limits. CTVIC PLAN It is not possible within the confines of the present report to i V 2 attempt any definite analysis of the civic plan of Tikal. In an earlier publication (Andrews, 1975) I discussed some basic aspects of the organization of the structures in the central portion of the site. More recently, Puleston has suggested that Greater Tikal was divided into three main concentric subzones which he called Epicenter Tikal, Central Tikal, and Peripheral Tikal. Within all three of these zones, buildings and other structures were sited on the basis of natural ground elevations, and only the higher areas of land were used for building purposes. This leads to a "scattered" effect, particularly in the two outer zones, but the order within the epicenter is determined both on the basis of elevation, as well as the locations of the several great causeways which bind the larger structures within the epicenter into a more cohesive whole. At smaller scales, individual complexes of structukres are organized into the familiar rectalinear groupings favored by the ancient Maya throughout the lowland area. COMMENTS: It should be recognized that all of the above is a very condensed version of what can be gleaned from a careful study of the official Tikal Reports which have been issued to date (1991), as well as the myriad of thesis, reports and journal articles which have been produced by various members of the multi-national group of professionals who have worked at Tikal. Anyone interested in pursuing any of the lines of inquiry outlined above is urged to consult! several of these primary sources. s ARCHITECTURAL SURVEY AT TIKAL In March of 1974, I initiated a preliminary architectural survey of selected buildings at Tikal, Guatemala, as part of a more general architectural survey of the lowland Maya area as a whole. By that time archaeologists and other specialists from the University of Pennsylvania had completed their 11 year program of investigations at the site (1956-1966) but further work was already in progress under the auspices of the National Institute of Anthropology and History of Guatemala. At the outset, I realized that there was no way for me to make a comprehensive survey of all the standing architecture at a site the size of Tikal, other than with photographs, but it still seemed worthwhile to record some amount of detailed architectural data from representative buildings which had recently been excavated and partly restored. With this in mind, I restricted myself to two basic building types; pyramid-temples, and range-type (commonly called palace-type) buildings. Included were Temples I-VI, plus Structures 5D-65 (Maler's Palace), 5D-91 (south building, Group of 7 Temples), Structure 5C-13 (Bat Palace), and Structure 5E-58 (Palace of the Vertical Grooves). My feeling at that time was, and still is, that a record of this kind would provide a useful basis for comparing basic architectural forms and details of typical buildings at Tikal with those from other regions. I also recognized that my preliminary data would ultimately be superceded by much more detailed data obtained during the course of excavations and restorations carried out on the same buildings by archaeologists from either the University of Pennsylvania or INAH, Guatemala. As it has turned out, publication of the Pennsylvania reports, and those of INAH, Guatemala are well behind schedule and of the buildings I recorded, only Structure 5E-58 has so far been reported elsewhere (Orrego and Larios, 1983). Given the above, the report that follows should be considered as strictly preliminary, pending publication of more detailed data by others. George F. Andrews April, 1991 Cs LATE CLASSIC ARCHITECTURE AT TIKAL ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES - EXTERIOR BUILDING PLATFORMS: Platforms with one, two or three bodies and two or more levels. In plan, these platforms follow plan of building proper. Stepped sides of multi -level platforms slope inward, and profiles vary from simple to complex apron-type forms with inset corners. STATRWAYS: Projecting stairways on platforms normally on front side only, and some have ramps at outer edges. Risers and treads normally formed with good sized, well-cut blocks. BASE MOLDINGS: Base moldings, where distinct from building platforms, show plain faces with slight inward slope. Height varies considerably (see individual buildings). LOWER WALLS: Lower walls more or less vertical, and most are plain, with no applied or inset decoration. One major exception to this rule is seen on Structure 5E-58 where wall surfaces show paneled effect, created by vertical grooves. DOORWAYS: Doorways in exterior walls, which vary considerably in width, have simple, rectangular forms. All doorways spanned with wooden lintels, many of which are still in place. WALL OPENINGS: Numerous small, vent-type and drain-type holes in exterior walls. Occasional examples of larger "windows", such as those in rear walls of Bat Palace. MEDIAL MOLDINGS: Medial moldings difficult to discern since they have very shallow projections in reference to walls above. Where still in place, medial moldings have plain, slightly sloping faces, roughly parallel to slope of walls above. Heights vary from .20 meters to .50 meters. UPPER WALL ZONES: Upper walls generally show slight inward slope, and main 1 facades generally carry some form of stone and stucco decoration. Side and rear facades may be either plain or decorated. CORNICE: Most cornice moldings fallen but remaining examples show simple, inward sloping forms, similar to medial moldings. ROOFCOMBS: All Great Temples and many other temple-type buildings carried high, hollow roofcombs over rear portions. Occasional examples of roofcombs on range-type buildings. Roofcombs divided into two, three, or more sections vertically by offsets or projecting moldings at sides and rear. Fronts, and occasionally sides and rear wall, also carried elaborate stone and stucco sculptural forms. I LATE CLASSIC ARCHITECTURE AT TIKAL ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES - INTERIOR LOWER WALL ZONE RAISED FLOORS: Floors of rear rooms generally raised above floors of outer rooms. Raised floors also seen in doorways between rooms and within part of a single room. BENCHES: Benches are not found in temple-type buildings but numerous examples of masonry benches are found in range-type buildings. Peter Harrison (1970) noted 13 different bench types in buildings of Central Acropolis, and these same types are found in range buildings throughout the site. INTERIOR STAIRWAYS: Interior stairways are extremely rare and only example I have seen is in Room 8 of Structure 5E-58, Group 5E-11. DOORWAYS: Interior doorways more varied than exterior doorways -as some have wooden lintels, including multi-beam examples carved in shallow relief (see decorative features). Other interior doorways have stone lintels or are vaulted at top. WALL NICHES: Numerous examples of wall niches of two basic kinds in rangetype buildings. One variety has simple, rectangular form with wood lintels at top while second variety has horizontal wooden member centered in outer face. WINDOWS: Some examples of large openings in exteriofr walls in form of "windows". For examples, see Bat Palace and Maler's Palace. VENT HOLES: Numerous examples of small, almost square holes in lower walls (just below springlines) which seem to have served for ventilation purposes. DRAIN BOLES: Small holes, sijmilar in size to vent holes, found at floor level of rooms. These appear to have served as a way of draining water from rooms (after scrubbing?). BEAM HOLES: Small, sub-spring holes in walls which carried imbedded wooden beams. Some are single, while others are in pairs on opposite sides of rooms. Many of these beam holes associated with benches. CORDHOLDERS: Sometimes called tie holes or curtain holders, these are round holes in walls with pins imbedded near back of hole. Pins generally vertical and were made of stone, wood, or bone. Best (and latest) examples have ceramic inserts at outer edge for protective purposes. These devices are almost universally found in inner walls adjacent to exterior doorways, but are sometimes found in other locations, including doorjambs. ROD SOCKETS: Shallow, hemispherical depressions in doorjambs which are found just above floor and below lintels. These are assumed to have been used as sockets for ends of wooden rods, which could be bent and ends slipped into sockets. While these devices are almost universal in buildings in Puuc region, they are none-typical at Tikal. VAULTS SPRINGLINE OFFSETS: Offsets in long walls are shallow (.037-. 07 m.) and corners generally rounded. Offsets in end walls are extremely shallow, or non existent. VAULT SHAPES: Faces of most vaults are straight, with occasional examples of stepped vaults. Vaults with carved faces, as seen in Puuc and other regions, are not found at Tikal. In many cases, end walls of vaults show some inward slope, even though there is no offset at springline. CROSSBEAMS: Most vaults show two or three rows of wooden crossbeams, some of which were decorated with spool-like moldings. Occasional examples of pairs of crossbeams (side by side) though most are single. OPENINGS: Niches, or other wall openings extremely rare in faces of vaults. MOLDD#GS: No known examples of stone or stucco moldings at springline or below capstones, although these are common in many northern regions. to CAPSTONES: Capstone spans vary from .15 to .30 meters. ROOFCOMBS INTERIOR CHAMBERS: Huge roofcombs on Great Temples, and probably other temples as well, had sealed, vaulted chambers within. These spaces were much like rooms in buildings, as some had wooden crossbeams in vaults. 'I LATE CLASSIC ARCHITECTURE AT TIKAL DECORATIVE FEATURES - EXTERIOR BUILDING PLATFORMS: Most building platforms undecorated (other than moldings) as far as stone and stucco sculptures are concerned. One exception can be seen on east side of building platform of Temple II, which shows traces of large masks adjacent to stairway. BASE MOLDINGS: Where present, base moldings are plain. LOWER WAIi ZONES: Lower walls of both temples and range-type buildings are generally plain, though there are some exceptions, such as Structure 5E-58 where walls are "grooved" or carry sculptural forms. Occasional examples of lower walls with plain or decorated inset panels but these are exceptions rather than the rule. DOORWAYS: Jambs and lintels of exterior doorways are plain. No known examples of exterior doorways with carved wooden lintels. MEDIAL MOLDING: Moldings, where present, are plain. Any decoration must have been in stucco, of which none has survived. UPPER WALL ZONES: Upper wall zones of main facades of both temples and range-type buildings, and in many cases the end walls as well, carried sculptural forms such as masks, including masks at corners. Occasional examples of other decorative forms, such as unusual motif seen in rear wall of central temple of Group of Seven Temples (Structure 50-96) or hieroglyphic inscriptions, as seen on Temple of the Inscriptions (Temple VI). CORNICE MOLDINGS: Little data, as most cornice moldings have fallen, but surviving examples indicate these moldings were plain. ROOFCOMBS: Facades of roofcombs, particularly the main facades, carried elaborate stone and stucco sculptures featuring human figures, masks, and other forms, including hieroglyphic inscriptions. Sides of many roofcombs IL carried similar sculptures but rear facades were generally plain. Some evidence that much of this sculpture was painted, though little paint has survived. '3 LATE CLASSIC ARCHITECTURE AT TIKAL DECORATIVE FEATURES - INTERIORS SCULPTURED LLNTELS: Sculptured wooden lintels have been found over the interior doorways in several of the Great Temples, as well as in other structures. Unfortunately, most of these have been removed (some destroyed) and there is now no way of knowing how many buildings actually had carved lintels. A few of the original carved lintels can still be seen in Temples I and III. Other carved beams are now in London, Basel and New York. WALL PAINTINGS: Polychrome murals, of the kind found at Bonampak and other sites, are unknown at Tikal. Small painted designs, mostly classified as graffiti, have been found in small numbers but paintings of any kind are extremely rare on either wall or vault surfaces. SCULPTURES: Sculptural forms, executed in either stone or stucco, are exceedingly rare (perhaps non-existant) on the interiors (walls or vaults) of buildings at Tikal. I saw none in any of the buildings I examined and none were reported by either Harrison (1970) or Loten (1970). GRAFFITI: While not a universal trait, numerous graffiti have been reported and recorded from a large number of buildings at Tikal, including both temple and range-thype buildings. Most are found on the plastered surfaces of walls, but some are found on plastered surfaces of floors, benches, and vaults. Distribution is uneven, however, and some buildings appear to have had none. HAND PRINTS: Red hand prints (positives) and negative prints (outlined in red) have been found in both temple and range-type buildings. The number of examples is too limited, however, to consider these as typical decorative (symbolic?) forms. PAINTED CAPSTONES: To the best of my knowledge, no painted capstones have be^fen reported from Late Classic buildings at Tikal. m LATE CLASSIC ARCHITECTURE AT TIKAL CONSTRUCTION FEATURES - EXTERIOR BUILDING PLATFORMS: Platforms have rubble cores and cut stone facings. Facing blocks much like those seen in substructures and in facings of building walls. Coursing is fairly regular and little mortar is required between joints. STAIRWAYS: Stairways employ cut stone blocks and normally, only one course of stones used for individual risers. Both risers and treads coated with stucco. BASE MOLDINGS: Projecting base moldings formed with one or two courses of cut stones. LOWER WALLS: Outer walls made with concrete-like core, faced with rectangular blocks. Walls of range-type buildings are thick, compared to those in northern regions and average 4 to 6 feet in thickness, compared to an average wall thickness of 2 feet in Late Classic Puuc buildings. Walls of the Great Temples are even thicker, and measure up to 15 feet. Core material consists of large aggregate, mixed with smaller stones and mortar. Harrison (1970) noted that in the later buildings of the Central Acropolis, the core material from the building platform (or floor) was carried directly up into the core of the building walls. Although facing stones can be called veneer-like, they are well bound to core and do not tend to fall off, as do thin-veneer stones used in other regions. DOORWAYS: Jambs of doorways consistently faced with rectangular blocks, similar to those used in wall facings. Multi-beam wood lintels above, most of which consist of round beams made of logwood or zapote. MEDIAL MOLDINGS: Medial moldings formed with one or two courses of stones, depending on height. Lowest course fairly deeply tenoned into hearting. UPPER WALLS: Basic construction similar to that seen in lower walls (rubble core with cut stone facing). Construction joint some distance behind finished outer face where structural portion of vault was completed before outer wall facing was added. CORNICE MOLDLNG: These moldings formed with one or two courses of stones, same as medial moldings. Lowest course not as deep as in medial moldings since projection is very slight. ROOFCOMBS: Construction technology employed in roofcombs similar to that used in other parts of building. Roofcombs are hollow, with sealed interior chambers, as a way of reducing weight. Outer surfaces finished with cut stone facings, as in lower and upper walls of building below. IL LATE CLASSIC ARCHITECTURE AT TIKAL CONSTRUCTION FEATURES - INTERIOR WALLS: Interior walls employ same kind of construction as seen in exteior walls. These walls also fairly thick (about the same as exterior walls) and were covered with coats of plaster wrth-fnere4fin--one-4ayjv-- BENCHES: Benches made of stone masonry, with finished plaster surfaces. These are secondary, as floors and walls were plastered before benches were constructed; hard to say how much time elapsed between plastering of floors and walls and construction of benches. DOORWAYS: Some interior doorways covered with multi-beam, wooden lintels, as over exterior doorways, but others are vaulted. Some very narrow doorways have stone lintels (see data sheets for individual buildings). VAULTS: Vaults have concrete-like core, made with large aggregate and mortar, faced with specialized cut stones. Facing stones have beveled, rectangular faces, measuring as much as 22 inches wide and 15 inches high. Tenoned portions are about 26 inches deep, and most are slightly wedge-shaped in profile. A few are more slab-like, and flat surfaces top and bottom produce a true corbelled vault. CROSSBEAMS: Most vaults have two or three rows of crossbeams, with ends deeply imbedded into vault hearting. All are round in section, about 5-6 inches in diameter. CAPSTONES: Capstones are rectangular blocks, about 6-8 inches thick. 20 inches (plus or minus) bottom of capstones to top of roof. n TIKAL - THE GREAT TEMPLES The six Great Temples at Tikal, commonly known as Temples IVI, have attracted the attention of casual visitors and professionals alike ever since they first became known to outsiders. The reasons for this popularity are not hard to understand since these monumental pyramid-temples, with their towering roofcombs, are among the highest, and most impressive architectural monuments ever built by any pre-Columbian culture. The tallest of this group, Temple IV, which measures about 64.45 m high from the base of the platform supporting its pyramidal substructure to the top of its roof comb, soars high above even the tallest trees in the surrounding rain forest. In addition, the doorways of several of the temples were covered with sculptured wooden lintels, whose design and execution are superb examples of the ancient Maya sculptors' art. All of these temples (and other smaller, less well known temples) through they differ in terms of size, number and layout of rooms, decorative features and orientation, , follow a common design template. Each stands on a stepped \ truncated pyramid with a single projecting stairway on its front side. The stepped sides of the pyramids carry complex, apron-type moldings with inset corners. On top of this truncated pyramid is a low building platform, also with a single stairway on the front, which leads to the temple proper. The temple is divided into four zones vertically; 1) projecting base; 2) lower wall zone; 3) upper wall zone; and 4) roofcomb. In plan, the temples are divided into two sections, front and rear, by means of either a setback or a vertical recess in both ends which differentiates the two parts. The base moldings and both lower and upper wall zones of the rear portion are higher than those of the front portion, and the roofcombs invariably rise over the rear portions, further exaggerating their verticality. In most cases, only the front sides of the roofcombs were decorated, but the upper wall zones of both sides and front of the front sections carried masks and/or other sculptural forms. The following pages contain the basic architectural data for each of the Great Temples together with drawings and photos made by the author. As is the case with the range-type buildings (elite residences ?) I recorded, my data should be considered as preliminary, pending the publication of data obtained by others from excavation and restoration. It is offered mostly for purposes of general comparison with temples and pyramid-temples from other regions. SITE: TIKAL DATE: 3/29/1974 TEMPLE I (Structure 5D-1) SUBSTRUCTURE OF TEMPLE I (Pyramid) The west side of the stepped and truncated pyramid supporting Temple I measures 37.25 m total (north-south) including its projecting stairway. The stairway, which is 8.46 m wide at the bottom, projects out 8.55 m beyond the west face of the pyramid. Only a few risers of this stairway are still preserved at the bottom; most of the stairway now used by visitors to reach the upper temple is an earlier "construction" stairway, used by the ancient Maya during the time the temple was being constructed. The nine terraces of the main pyramid, each of which has two setbacks on the west face, feature complex apron-type moldings which step back near the corners (see plan). The overall height, from plaza level to top of pyramid, is about 29.5 m total. The portions adjacent to the projecting stairway differ in profile and carry projecting moldings along the upper edge. The sides and rear of the pyramid show similar forms but for the most part, they have not been reconstructed (see photos). While the interior of the pyramid appears to be a solid mass of rubble and retaining walls, an exploratory tunnel driven north of the main stairway revealed the presence of a buired vaulted tomb, about 4.41 m long. 2.43 m wide, and 3.95 m high, whose floor level was 6.08 m below the level of the present plaza. The tomb. though partly collapsed, was found to contain a rich burial including jades, pearls, pottery, shells, and carved fragments of bones. There was no stairway leading to this tomb, as in the Temple of Inscriptions at Palenque, but it seems reasonable to assume that the tomb was constructed and used for the burial of an important ruler, prior to the time Temple I and its substructure were built. It was then covered over by the latter structures as a means of protecting the buried ruler and accompanying grave goods. Since Temple I has been dated to about A.D. 700, the tomb must date some years earlier. Zo SITE: TIKAL DATE: 3/29/1974 STRUCTURE 5D-1 TEMPLE I (Temple of the Giant Jaguar) GENERAL DESCRIPTION Temple I, which is also known as the Temple of the Giant Jaguar, is situated on the east side of the Great Plaza at Tikal. The temple proper stands on a steepsided, stepped pyramid with nine levels, with a broad stairway on its west side. As is characteristic of the pyramidal substructures of the Great Temples, the stepped sides of the pyramid carry complex aprontype moldings, with inset corners. The temple proper rests on a building platform, about 1.82 m high, with its own stairway on the west side. The temple measures 11.87 m wide overall (west side) and 7.51 m deep (north side). It is divided into two main sections (front and rear) by means of a vertical recess about 0.87 m deep, running the full height of the temple from top of building platform to top of roof of front section. Its three narrow rooms can be entered from a doorway on the west side, with plain, wooden lintels above. A high roofcomb rises over the rear portion of the temple with the remains of a large, seated figure on the front (west) side flanked by elaborate scroll-work. The name Temple of the Giant Jaguar is derived from a motif on one of its carved lintels over an interior doorway. ORIENTATION Main facade faces west. BUILDING PLATFORM Temple I stands on a building platform, about 12.63 m wide (north-south) and 8.46 m deep (east-west) overall. A stairway on the west side, about 5.52 m wide, gives access to the upper temple from the top of the pyramidal substructure. The platform, which is 1.81 m high, has sloping sides, with an horizontal recess, about .38 m high, set .47 m above the top of the pyramid (see section). EXTERIOR DETAILS BASE MOLDING No base molding on front section. Details below are for molding on rear section, beginning at vertical recess between front and rear sections. Form: Projecting, rectangular molding. Outer face shows very slight inward slope. Size: Height 0.70 m. Projection: 0.20 m at top. LOWER WALL ZONE Height: 3.21 m; top of building platform to bottom of projecting upper wall, front section. No data for rear section. Stonework: Walls faced with courses of small blocks, moderately well-dressed. Thickness: Front wall 1.03 m thick at doorjambs. Decoration: None; wall surfaces are plain. DOORWAYS Shape; Rectangular. Jambs: Faced with small blocks, similar to those used for wall facings. Lintels: Plain wood lintels in the form of rectangulr beams, 0.18 m thick. MEDIAL MOLDING No real medial molding. Upper wall projects out 0.22 m beyond face of wall below and then runs upward with no break. UPPER WALL ZONE Height: About 2.52 m. Stonework: Where plain, upper wall faced with small blocks, similar to those seen in lower walls. Decoration: Traces of grotesque masks over doorway and at corners; north and south sides of front section also carried stone and stucco sculptures. Other: Upper wall zone of rear section appears to have been plain. Upper wall zones of both front and rear sections show slight inward slope. CORNICE No cornice molding. Entire face of upper wall forms single plane from top to bottom. ROOF STRUCTURE Description: Very large high roofcomb made in two main sections. Roofcomb is hollow, with sealed, vaulted chambers within each section. Location: Over rear portion of building. Dimensions: Overall height about 14.7 m, not including fallen portion at top. Decoration: West face of roofcomb decorated with large seated figure, flanked by scroll-work and other forms, Z~L including serpents. These forms made with stone armatures, covered with stucco and then painted. ARCHITECTURAL STYLE Central Peten style. COMMENTS The first "scientific" description of Temple I was made by Alfred Maudslay (1889-1902) who called it Temple A. Most of the carved wooden lintels over the inner doorways of Temple I had already been removed at the time of Maudslays visit, probably by Bernoulli, and only two of the original carved beams are still in place. Maler (1911) added additional data and photographs from his investigations in 1895 and 1904. and Tozzer (1911) made a new plan and section. Temple 1 was carefully excavated and partly restored as part of the University of Pennsylvania's archaeological investigations at the site (1956-66) who brought it to its present form. My data from Temple I were recorded in March of 1974, although some of my photographs were made as early as 1960, before its restoration had been completed. Z3 SITE: TIKAL DATE: 3/29/1974 STRUCTURE 5D-1 (TEMPLE I) INTERIOR DETAILS: ROOM 1 (Exterior room, west side) DIMENSIONS Length: 6.57 m. Width: .74 m. WALLS Height: 3.32 m.: floor to springline. Thickness: Front wall 1.03 m thick at doorjambs. Stonework: Walls faced with small blocks, moderately welldressed. Doorways: Exterior doorway 2.20 m wide. Plain wooden (zapote) lintels above. 0.48 m top of lintels to springline. Rod Sockets: No data. Cordholders." None noted. Wall Openings: Small, vent-type holes in front walls, about 0.38 m below springline, but I am not sure if these are original. Platforms: None. Other: Step up to Room 2 is .34 m high. Maler (1911) reported both white and red hand prints above doorway to Room 2, as well as a graffiti showing a "dancing devil". VAULTS Springline Offset: .06-.07 m. Height: 1.99 m: springline to bottom of capstones. Form: Vault faces have straight sides. Stonework: Vault faced with long rectangular slabs, with exposed faces cut to slope of vault. Capstones: Capstone span about 0.20 m. Crossbeams: Three rows of wooden crossbeams; one row about 0.20 m above springline. 1 row 0.20-.25 m below capstones. 1 row near center of vault. OBSERVATIONS Room is extremely narrow by normal Maya standards and vault is fairly high, given span. ^ SITE: TIKAL DATE: 3/29/1974 STRUCTURE 5D-1 (TEMPLE I) INTERIOR DETAILS; ROOM 2 (Middle room) DIMENSIONS Length: 4.71 m. Width: .76 m. WALLS Height: 2.51 m; top of floor to bottom of lintel. Thickness: Dividing wall to front room (Room 1) 1.23 m thick. Stonework: Same as in Room 1. Doorways: Doorway in west wall to front room 2.43 m wide. Carved wood lintels above with 2 of 4 original beams still in place. Rod Sockets: No data. Cordholders: No data. Wall Openings: None noted. Platforms: None. Other: Floor of this room raised 0.34 m above floor of outer room. VAULTS All details of vault similar to those seen in Room 1. OBSERVATIONS Very small room with only 3.58 sq. m of floor space, exclusive of space between doorjambs. zr SITE: TIKAL DATE: 3/29/1974 STRUCTURE 5D-1 (TEMPLE I) INTERIOR DETAILS: ROOM 3 (Rear room) DIMENSIONS Length: 5.28 m. Width: .71 M. WALLS Height: 3.09 m: floor to springline. Thickness: Dividing wall to Room 2 is 1.46 m thick. Rear wall about 1.78 m thick. Stonework: Same as in Rooms 1 and 2. Doorways: Doorway in dividing wall to Room 2 is 1.92 m wide. Wood lintel above, made with 5 beams. Maler (1911) found only one of 5 carved original beams with human figure in profile. 0.58 m top of lintel to springline. Rod Sockets: No data. Cordholders: No data. Wall Openings: None noted. Platforms: None. Other: Pit in floor, made by Maya looters, led down to grave made prior to A.D. 900. Faint traces of drawings in red on rear wall. Floor of this room raised 0.26 m above floor of Room 2. VAULTS All details of vault similar to those seen in vault over Room 1. OBSERVATIONS Very narrow dark room. zu TIKAL, Guatemala Temple I (Str. 5D-1) G.F. Andrews, 1974 21 Tikal, Guatemala Temple I (Structure SD-1) C.F. Andrews, 1971 (Roofcomb after Coe, 1990) ^i> TIKAL, Temple I and II (Restored) *? Jo TIKAL, Temple I (restored) *f TIKAL, Temple I and Temple II 3Z *-nV_, TIKAL, Temple I (Structure 5D-1. 33 iaiifcrt- .. TIKAL, Great Plaza and Temple I. North Acropolis to left. TIKAL - View of Temple I from rear zs SITE: TIKAL DATE: 3/26/1974 TEMPLE II (STRUCTURE 5D-2) Temple II. the 2nd of the Great Temples at Tikal is situated on the west side of the Great Plaza, and faces east toward Temple I. The structure as a whole consists of four basic components: 1) a stepped and truncated pyramid with three main terraces; 2) a supplementary platform, on top of the pyramid, set weU back from the outer edges; 3) a building platform, which rests directly on supplementary platform; and 4) the temple proper. PYRAMID Pyramid consists of three main terraced bodies, with two setbacks on each face creating inset corners; broad stairway on the east side. Overall height about 17.38 m. The single stairway, which is 10.33 m wide, projects out to the east for a distance of 7.47 m at the base. The central portion of the pyramid has plain sloping sides, with projecting moldings top and bottom while the two stepped back portions at the corners feature complex, apron-type moldings with differing profiles (see photos). At the foot of the stairway the largest stone monument at Tikal can be found (stela, 3.54 m high) together with a round altar. SUPPLEMENTARY PLATFORM (Platform on top of pyramid, which supports building platform) Good-sized platform with two main levels (front and rear). Projecting stairway on east side 6.76 m wide. Faces of platform on both sides of stairway decorated with large masks which are now mostly destroyed. Front portion of this platform, which is 2.27 m high overall, has a recessed base .38 m high, with a sloping wall above. Rear portion, which is 2.78 m high overall, has sloping sides, with horizontal recess, .33 m high, about .53 m above top of pyramid. Rear portion of platform projects out slightly beyond front portion, and change occurs in front of vertical recess in end walls of temple above (see north elevation). BUILDING PLATFORM This platform, which serves as support for temple proper, is also divided into two sections (front and back) which differ in height. Front portion, which is 1.34 m high overall, has a recessed base .38 m high. The rear portion, with simple, slightly sloping sides, is 1.42 m high overall. The stairway on the east side, which is a continuation of the stairway in front of the lower platform, is divided into two parts by a projecting masonry block about 2.28 m wide (see plan and section for details). SITE: TIKAL DATE: 3/22/1974 STRUCTURE 5D-2 (TEMPLE II) GENERAL DESCRIPTION Temple II is much like its counterpart on the east side of the Great Plaza (Temple I) and Like Temple I it has three narrow rooms, one behind the other (see plan). The temple proper stands on a building platform with supplementary platform below (described earlier) and also like Temple I, is divided into two parts (front and rear) by a vertical groove in both sides, running the full height of the building. The two sections differ in height, and as seen in all the Great Temples at Tikal, a high, hollow roofcomb rises over the rear portion of the building. The east face of the roofcomb was decorated with a large mask, flanked by elaborat earplugs, and the upper facades of the front section of the temple itself (east, north and south sides) were also decorated with mask forms, now mostly destroyed. Temple II is sometimes called the Temple of the Masks after the great face on the roofcomb. The temple dates from about the same time as Temple I, or about A.D. 700. ORIENTATION Main facade faces east. EXTERIOR DETAILS BASE MOLDING No real base molding; temple proper stands directly on top of building platform described earlier. LOWER WALL ZONE Height: 3.02 m top of building platform to bottom of projecting wall, front section. This dimension is 3.12 m for rear section. Stonework: Walls faced with small, rectangular blocks, set in fairly even courses. Faces are moderately well-dressed. ThicJcness: Front wall 1.32 m thick at doorjambs. Decoration: None; lower walls are plain. DOORWAYS Shape: Rectangular. Jambs: Faced with small blocks, similar to those used for wail facings. Lintels: Plain wooden lintels (zapote wood) cut into rectangular beams, about .239 m thick. 31 MEDIAL MOLDING Some question as to whether there is actually a medial molding. My notes indicate that there is a slightly projecting "frame" where medial molding normally occurs. which encloses sculptured mask forms. This member is .328 m high. UPPER WALL ZONE Height: About 2.4 m (approx.) overall. Stonework: Where plain, upper wall is faced with small rectangular blocks similar to those seen in lower walls. Decoration: Front and sides of front section of upper wall decorated with mask forms, now mostly destroyed. Other: Upper wall zone of rear portion of building is plain. CORNICE As is the case with medial molding, I believe there was no real cornice molding although there appears to be a slightly projecting "frame" at the top of the wall which encloses decorated portion of wall. ROOF STRUCTURE Description: Large, high roofcomb. divided into two or three sections vertically. See section for details of sealed chamber in lower portion. No data on chamber(s) in upper portions. Location: Over rear portion of building. Dimensions: No data recorded, but see section. Decoration: Front (east) side of roofcomb carried elaborate sculptural forms, including large mask with lateral earplugs. Sides and rear of roofcomb plain. ARCHITECTURAL STYLE Central Peten style. COMMENTS Like its counterpart on the east side of the Great Plaza (Temple I), Temple II was first reported in any detail by Alfred Maudslay (1889-1902) who called it Temple B. Maudslay's superb photos of this building prior to its excavation, are matched only by those of Teobert Maler. who visited the site some years later (1895 and 1904). Further investigations were carried out on Temple II by Tozzer (1911) and Shook et.al(1935). The latter were able to make a detailed study of the lower chamber inside of the great roofcomb. The temple and its substructures were cleared and consobdated during the course of the archaeological projects carried out at Tikal by the University of Pennsylvania (1956-66) who also restored the stela and altar found at the foot of the pyramid stair. My data was recorded in March of 1974. following its complete excavation and consolidation as noted above. y\ SITE: TIKAL DATE: 3/22/1974 STRUCTURE 5D-2 (TEMPLE II) INTERIOR DETAILS: ROOM 1 (Outer room, east side) DIMENSIONS Length: 4.82 m. Width: .91 m. WALLS Height: 3.10 m floor to springline. Thickness: Front (east) wall 1.32 m thick at doorjarab. Stonework: Walls faced with small, rectangular blocks moderately well-dressed. Doorways: Exterior doorway 2.25 m wide. Plain wooden Lintels above, .24 m thick. .30 m top of Untels to springline of vault. Rod Sockets: No data. Cordholders: No data. Wall Openings: None noted. Platforms; None, but note that floor of room behind (Room 2) is raised m above floor of this room. Other: Numerous graffiti on walls of this and other rooms. Maler ((1911, figs. 8-11, 16) made drawings of many of these. VAULTS Springline Offset: About .075 m Height: 1.67 m springline to bottom of capstones. Form: Vault faces have straight sides. Stonework: Vault faced with Capstones: Capstone span about .22 m. Crossbeams: Three rows of crossbeams. Other: Very narrow, steep-sided vault. He SITE: TIKAL DATE: 3/22/1974 STRUCTURE 5D-2 (TEMPLE II) INTERIOR DETAILS ROOM 2 Length: 4.95 m. Width: 0.95 m. Other: All details of walls and vault similar to those seen in outer room (Room 1). ROOM 3 Length: 3.53 m. Width: 0.94 m. Other: Ail details of walls and vault similar to those seen in Room 1 (Outer room). 41 X 0 0 5 ' 2 10 3 ^ METERS TIKAL, Guatemala Temple II G.F. Andrews, 1974 te C.F. Andrews. 1970 HZ TIKAL, Temple I and II. View looking southeast. . i yvl _ . i iy. 9 L^ * >j *f> '7T* A 5" J.V ***** **? v V '.*< V Z, - I. IV- ^' * ^1^1 ?V? '(-- ^/->. &: -,i.S- /.ft. ^*. j -. * %.' . '. ? I -e I r> % k . i * / y* iff-. X*? Kit- > **# *t '# * fl- - - V -lM'1 ** !** * -w;o 'i 'A <'.'*? mu. .-w.^** . < * arir . 5. *w*# l **** * * ntPMt^ ti^t.*-*** **- *-""* vim-f(r ri-^r; ".V- ' ... vf I >. lit a rJJS^ ^''MW*. *y.-%*i#^^ -T'r<(' '*"*- TlltM>r~rW !>) M T^* r ni i -m P ' J - T *' ^ ?& Vifr >t- -- I .5. a ** . ' * 1 . ' -t * r.N * # - l / - - I I ft ? ^t. V*. ? . . . r - '.- J ., -J, m Ai| VjAy4l04rff "J vr - r .. - .v . .-a: \- > 4T& "a? n .-*. .^ - -i -- Iftl r 'J ** > r^ I *!to 5^**^i. rol a* ?c *" &jlrvdreto& {9&6 TIKAL, Temple II. View from terrace of North Acropolis. m TIKAL, Temple II tfj TIKAL, Temole II. Graffiti SITE" TIKAL DATE: 3/27/1974 TEMPLE III Temple III is situated about 300 m west, and slightly south of Temple II. Like the other Great Temples, it stands on a high, stepped pyramid, which in this case has a broad stairway on the east side. Unbke the pyramids of Temples I and II, which have been excavated and partly restored, the pyramid supporting Temple III remains in its ruined state, and only the vague outlines of its broad stairway and stepped sides can still be discerned. Maler (1911) beUeved that the pyramid had 9 steps, with inset corners, as does Temple I, and this is probably correct. Maler gave overall width as about 49 m while Maudslay (1889-1902) suggested 56 m and the correct dimension probably falls somewhere between. At the base of the stairway Stela 24 and Altar 6 are found, both now partly destroyed. A construction date of 9.19.0.0.0, or A.D. 810, has been suggested by one interpretation of a fragmentary text on Stela 24. BUILDING PLATFORM Like the other Great Temples at Tikal, the temple proper rests on a building platform, about 7.27 m high overall. A stairway on the east side. 7.38 m wide, gives access from the top of the pyramid to the temple above. The platform is differentiated into two sections on the front side by means of a sbght setback near the ends and these two sections have different profiles (see sections). Unlike the building platforms of the other Great Temples, which are higher at the rear than at the front, the platform here continues on around the building at the same height. r< SITE; TIKAL DATE: 3/27/1974 STRUCTURE 5D3 (TEMPLE III) GENERAL DESCRIPTION The temple building proper of Temple III is somewhat larger than Temples I and II and measures 15.22 m wide along its east front and 8.84 m deep overall. It has only two rooms, one behind the other, but like all the Great Temples at Tikal it has a very high roofcomb over the rear portion, the upper part of which has now fallen. The most unusual feature of Temple III is the fact that in plan it forms a parallelogram, rather than a rectangle and the southeast corner forms an angle of about 94 degrees, rather than 90 degrees. This distortion is also reflected in the south end wall of the outer room, which is roughly parallel with the canted south exterior wall. Temple III is also known as the Temple of the Jaguar Priest after the jaguar robed individual who appears on the lintel over the doorway to the inner room. ORIENTATION Main facade faces east. EXTERIOR DETAILS BASE MOLDING No base molding; lower walls rest directly on top of projecting building platform. LOWER WALL ZONE Height: 3.54 m top of building platform to bottom of projecting wall. Stonework: Wall faced with Thickness: Front wall 1.73 m thick at doorjambs. Decoration: None; lower walls are plain. DOORWAYS Shape: Rectangular. Jambs: Faced with small, rectangular blocks, similar to those used for waU facings. Lintels: Wood lintels, about 0.24 m deep. Six original beams have been replaced with new zapote blocks. MEDIAL MOLDING 1 believe there was no real medial molding, although my notes indicate that there was an horizontal "frame" about .30 m high at the bottom of the upper wall where portion above is sbghtly recessed. UPPER WALL ZONE Height: About 3.34 m: bottom of projecting upper wall to top of roof. Stonework: Where plain, upper wails faced with small. rectangular blocks, similar to those seen in lower walls. Decoration: Remains of three large masks in east facade (over doorway and at corners). Other: Upper wall zones of rear portion are plain. CORNICE No real cornice molding, although there may have been a horizontal "frame" at top of wail, as at bottom. ROOF STRUCTURE Description: Very high, hollow roofcomb divided into two or three sections vertically. East (front) face slopes back. Location: Over rear portion of building. Dimensions: No data. Decoration: East face was covered with elaborate sculptures, now mostly fallen: traces of additional sculptural forms on north and south sides as well. Rear is plain. ARCHITECTURAL STYLE Central Peten style. COMMENTS In common with all but one of the Great Temples (Temple VI), Temple III was first described and photographed by Alfred Maudslay (1889-1902). A few years later Teobert Maler (1911) provided a more detailed description and other excellent photographs. These early photographs are particularly valuable today, since the pyramidal substructure is now recovered with huge trees (as of 1981) and only the temple proper can be seen. The temple itself was cleared and consolidated as part of the University of Pennsylvania's 10 year program at the site (1956-66) when the fallen lintels over the east doorway were replaced with new wooden lintels. It is difficult to suggest any logical reason for the distortion of the temple proper into a parallelogram, since none of the other Great Temples show this amount of deviation. It could be merely an error on the part of the builders, but it seems more deliberate than accidental, and therefore more difficult to understand. S3. SITE: TIKAL DATE: 3/27/1974 STRUCTURE 5D-3 (TEMPLE III) INTERIOR DETAILS: ROOM 1 (Outer room) DIMENSIONS Length: 6.65 m front, 6.90 m rear. Width: 1.62 m. WALLS Height: 3.96 m. floor to springline. Thickness: Front wall 1.73 m thick. Stonework: Walls faced with Doorways: Exterior doorway 3.83 m wide (front); 3.90 m at rear; 3.12 m top of floor to bottom of bntels. Wood lintels (plain) .24 m thick. Rod Sockets: No data. Cordholders; No data. Wall Openings: None noted. Platforms: None. Other: Step up to rear room .27 m high. South end wall not perpendicular to front and back wails. VAULTS Springline Offset: .075 m (approx.) Height: 2.57 m (approx.) springline to bottom of capstones. Form: Vault faces have straight sides. Stonework: Vault faced with long rectangular slabs with faces set to slope of vault. Capstones: Capstone span about .16 m. Crossbeams: Three rows of crossbeams as in other Great Temples. Other: Projecting springline has rounded corners. OBSERVATIONS This room wider than front room of Temples I and II. SITE: TIKAL DATE: 3/27/1974 STRUCTURE 5D-3 (TEMPLE III) INTERIOR DETAILS: ROOM 2 (Rear room)) DIMENSIONS Length: 3.35 m. Width: .69 m. WALLS Height: 3.68 m (approx.) floor to springline. Thickness: Dividing wall to front room 2.21 m thick. Stonework: Walls faced with Doorways: Doorway to front room 2.17 m wide. Carved wooden lintels above; 9 of 10 original wooden beams still in place though defaced by looters (see details). Rod Sockets: No data. Cordholders: No data. Wall Openings: None noted. Platforms: None. Other: Floor of this room raised .27 m above floor of outer room. VAULTS While much narrower, all details of vault over this room similar to those seen in vault of Room 1. OBSERVATIONS Very small, exceptionally narrow room. METERS TIKAL, Guatemala Temple III (Str. 5D-3) G.F. Andrews, 1979 rc SITE: TIKAL TEMPLE IV (STRUCTURE 5C-4) DATE: 3/27/1974 Temple IV is situated some m west of the Great Plaza, at the western end of the Tozzer causeway. The pyramid proper (and upper platforms and temple) is supported on a large basal platform with a broad stairway on the east side. The pyramid of Temple IV, which sits well back from the eastern edge of the basal platform, appears to have risen in 7 stepped tiers, although it still awaits excavation and consolidation. Near the base of the ruined stairway on the east side of the pyramid are a plain stela and its altar. The pyramid in turn supports a supplementary platform, upon which is a typical Tikal-type building platform, the latter serving as the support for the temple proper. SUPPLEMENTARY PLATFORM This platform, with numerous offsets and changes in level, measures about 2.74 m high overall. On the front, it has two main inward sloping bodies, each with a projecting molding at the top. A broad, projecting stairway on the east side, 11.56 m wide, with two slightly differing runs, gives access to the temple above (see plan and details). BUILDING PLATFORM The building platform, which is 1.11 m high on the front section. rises another 0.54 m on the rear section. It has plain, inward sloping sides, which project out about 0.23 m beyond the waUs of the temple proper. $1 SITE: TIKAL DATE: 3/27/1974 TEMPLE IV (STRUCTURE 5C-4) GENERAL DESCRIPTION Temple IV is by far the largest of the Great Temples at Tikal, measuring 29.62 m wide across its east front and 12.67 m deep overall. It has the same basic configuration as Temples I III ; front and rear sections differentiated by means of a vertical recess at the sides running the full height of the building, all elements of rear portion raised higher than those in front, an outset, vertical section at the rear, and high, hollow roofcomb raised over rear portion. At the time of my earlier visits to Tikal (1960, 1964) it was possible to cbmb up inside the chambers on the interior of the huge roofcomb from where a magnificent view could be obtained of the other Great Temples to the east. The outer doorway, which faces east, was covered with plain wooden lintels but both of the interior doorways had been covered with carved wooden lintels, which unfortunately, are now in the museum in Basel, Switzerland, having been removed under the orders of Dr. Gustave Bernoulli in 1877. ORIENTATION Main facade faces east. EXTERIOR DETAILS BASE MOLDING No real base molding. Walls of temple rest directly on top of building platform (see above). LOWER WALL ZONE Height: 3.09 m top of building platform to bottom of projecting upper wall. Stonework: Walls faced with small, rectangular blocks, moderately well-dressed. Deeply tenoned into wall hearting. Thickness: Front wall 2.03 m thick at doorjambs. Decoration: None; lower walls are plain. Other: Recesses between front and rear sections of building about 1.78 m wide. DOORWAYS Shape: Rectangular. Jambs: Faced with small blocks, similar to those used in wall facings. Lintels: Wood lintels (6 rectangular beams), about 0.21 m thick. SI MEDIAL MOLDING As noted for other Great Temples, there is no real medial molding, as upper wail projects out at bottom and then rises with sbght inward slope to top of roof. UPPER WALL ZONE Height: No data; upper portion fallen. Stonework: Where plain, walls faced with small rectangular blocks, similar to those seen in lower walls. Decoration: Traces of large masks (5) on east facade. One over doorway, one at each corner, and other centered between doorway and corners. Other: Upper wall shows slight inward slope from bottom to top. CORNICE No cornice molding present. ROOF STRUCTURE Description: High, hollow roofcomb divided into two or three sections vertically. East side shows slight inward slope. Location: Over entire rear portion of building. Dimensions: No data. Decoration: Very faint traces of mask or head on east (main) face of roofcomb as noted for Temples I III . Rear is plain. ARCHITECTURAL STYLE Central Peten (Tikal) style. COMMENTS Alfred Maudslay (1889-1902) was the first person to adequately describe and photograph Temple IV, which he called Temple E. Maudslay followed closely on the heels of Bernoulli, who caused its carved lintels to be removed, and Maudslay in turn was followed by Teobert Maler who provided more detailed descriptions of both interiors and exteriors, together with excellent photographs. Like the other Great Temples, Temple IV was cleared and consolidated (temple proper only) as part of the University of Pennsylvania's work at the site during 1956- 66. They also obtained radiocarbon dates from wood Untel beams and vault beams which give an average age of A. D. 72060. which tends to confirm a reading of 9.15.10.0.0 from hieroglyphic inscriptions on the Untels now in Basel. SITE: TIKAL DATE: 3/27/1974 STRUCTURE 3C-4 (TEMPLE IV) INTERIOR DETAILS: ROOM 1 (Outer room) DIMENSIONS Length: 6.39 m. Width: 1.21 m. WALLS Height: 4.32 m floor to springline. Thickness: Front wall 2.05 m thick at doorjambs. Stonework: Walls faced with Doorways: Exterior doorway 3.06 m wide. 3.55 m floor to bottom of lintels. Plain wood Lintels, .21 m thick. Rod Sockets: No data. Cordholders: No data. Wall Openings: None noted. Platforms: None. Other: Step up to Room 2, rear wail, .40 m high VAULTS Springline Offset: About 0.075 m. Height: 2.46 m springline to bottom of capstones. Form: Vault faces have straight sides. Stonework: Vault faced with Capstones: Capstone span about 0.20 m. Crossbeams: Two rows of crossbeams. Other: High, narrow vault. OBSERVATIONS Tiny room, with walls (north and south) nearly 11.5 m thick. (*c SITE: TIKAL DATE: 3/27/1974 STRUCTURE 5C-4 (TEMPLE IV) INTERIOR DETAILS: ROOM 2 (Middle room) DIMENSIONS Length: 4.58 m. Width: 1.18 m. WALLS Height: No data. Thickness: Dividing wall to front room 2.33 m thick at doorjambs. Stonework: Wails faced with small rectangular blocks, as in all other rooms. Doorways: Doorway to front room 2.15 m wide. Original carved wooden lintels above removed many years ago (1877). See drawing, made from cast of original beams. Rod Sockets: No data. Cordholders: No data. Wall Openings: None noted. Platforms: None. Other: Floor of this room raised 0.40 m above floor of outer room. VAULTS Details of vault over this room similar to those seen in vault over outer room. OBSERVATIONS Very high, narrow room. Maler (1911) gives total height, floor to bottom of capstones as 6.90 m. H SITE: TIKAL DATE: 3/27/1974 STRUCTURE 5C-4 (TEMPLE IV) INTERIOR DETAILS; ROOM 3 (Rear room) DIMENSIONS Length: 4.29 m. Width: 0.68 m. WALLS Height: No data. Thickness: Dividing wall to middle room 2.38 m thick at doorjambs. Stonework: Same as in other rooms. Doorways: Doorway to middle room 1.90 m wide. 3.29 m high. Original carved wood lintels above removed in 1877 and are now in museum in Basel, Switzerland. Rod Sockets: No data. Cordholders: No data. Wall Openings: None noted. Platforms: None. Other: Floor to this room raised .52 m above floor of adjacent room. VAULTS Details of vault over this room similar to those seen in vault over front room (Room 1). OBSERVATIONS Extremely narrow, high room. Maler (1911) gives overall height, floor to bottom of capstones, as 6.85 m. TIKAL, Guatemala Temple IV (Str. 5C-4) G.F. Andrews, 1974 * TIKAL, Temple IV M Tikal, Guatemala - Lintel no 3. Temple Eff (after Maudslay) GS SITE: TIKAL DATE: 3/28/1974 TEMPLE V (STRUCTURE 5D-5) Temple V is situated on a large terrace on the south side of the ravine and reservoir separating the Central Acropolis from the structures further to the south. Unbke the other Great Temples at Tikal, neither its pyramidal substructure or the temple proper has been excavated and consolidated. The stepped pyramid supporting the temple has a broad, projecting stairway on the north side, with ramps along the outer edges, giving access to a good-sized platform at the top. This platform supports a building platform, upon which the temple proper stands. No stelae or altars were found at the base of the stairway of the pyramid. although all of the other Great Temples do include such monuments. BUILDING PLATFORM The building platform, which has plain, sloping sides and rounded corners, rises to a height of about 1.25 m at the front, and the rear portion is raised another .70 m. A projecting stairway on the north side gives access to the doorway of the temple above. G(* SITE: TIKAL DATE: 3/28/1974 STRUCTURE 5D-5 (Temple V) GENERAL DESCRIPTION Temple V (temple building proper) is a huge mass of masonry (22.93 m wide, 7.90 m deep) which encloses only one very small room. While the exterior is differentiated into two main sections (front and rear) this is accomplished by a simple setback rather than the more characteristic vertical recess seen in Temples I-IV. It also differs from Temples I-IV in that the exterior corners, front and rear, are well rounded, a detail which is seen on several other buildings at Tikal, but not on the other Great Temples. Temple V does, however, have a very high roofcomb over the rear portion of the building, within which two sealed chambers have been located. From its single doorway on the north side, an exceptionally good view of the Central Acropolis, Great Plaza, and North Acropolis can be obtained. ORIENTATION Main facade faces north. EXTERIOR DETAILS BASE MOLDINGG LOWER WALL ZONE Height: Stonework: Wails faced with small to medium-sized, rectangular blocks, moderately well-dressed. Thickness: Front wall about 1.70 m thick at doorjambs. Decoration: None; lower wails are plain. Other: Corners of building, front and rear, are rounded. DOORWAYS Shape: Rectangular. Jambs: Rectangular. Jambs.* Faced with medium-sized, rectangular blocks, similar to those used for wail facings. Lintels: Original wood Untels still in place. MEDIAL MOLDING No real medial molding. As in Temples I-IV, upper waU projects out at point where medial molding would normally occur and then slopes up in single plane. UPPER WALL ZONE Height: No data. Stonework: Where plain, upper walls faced with rectangular blocks similar to those seen in lower walls. Decoration: Traces of five masks on north facade: (One over doorway, one each at corners, and others in between; portion at rear is plain.) Other: Upper wall slopes inward from bottom to top. CORNICE No cornice molding. ROOF STRUCTURE Description: Very high, hollow roofcomb divided into three or more sections vertically. Upper portion fallen. North faces show sbght inward slope. Tozzer (1911) describes two sealed chambers in interior of roofcomb, one above the other. Lower chamber only 1.10 m high while chamber above is 5.77 m high. Location: Over rear section of building. Dimensions: No data. Decoration: North side of roofcomb covered with elaborate sculptural forms, now much destroyed. ARCHITECTURAL STYLE Central Peten (Tikal) style. COMMENTS Temple V was first photographed by Alfred Maudslay (1889- 1902) although his report did not include a plan. As with the other Great Temples at Tikal, Maler (1911) submitted a more detailed description of Temple V and its pyramidal substructure, and his photograph clearly shows the broad projecting stairway on the north side of the pyramid (ibid, plate 6). As recently as 1981. Temple V had not been excavated and consoUdated. mostly as a means of allowing visitors to see one of the Great Temples as found in situ. Radiocarbon dates from wooden beams suggest a construction date of about A.D. 700. SITE: TIKAL DATE: 3/28/1974 TEMPLE V STRUCTURE 5D-5 INTERIOR DETAILS: Room 1 DIMENSIONS Length: 4.00 m. Width: .82 m. WALLS Height: 2.97 m (approx.) floor to springline. Thickness: Front wall 1.70 m thick at doorjambs. Stonework: Walls faced with small, rectangular blocks. Doorways: Exterior doorway 2.18 m wide, 2.28 m high. Wood Untels above. Rod Sockets: No data. Cordholders: No data. Wall Openings: None noted. Platforms: None. VAULTS Springline Offset: About 0.06 m. Height: 1.80 m (approx.) springline to bottom of capstones. Form: Vault faces have straight sides. Stonework: Same as in other temples. Capstones: Capstone span about 0.13 m. Crossbeams: No data. Other: OBSERVATIONS Very narrow, high room. CI TIKAL, Guatemala Temple V(Str. 5D-5) C.F. Andrews, 1971 lc TIKAL, View from North Acropolis showing Temple I, Central Acropolis, and Temple V -J SITE: TIKAL DATE: 3/18/1978 TEMPLE OF THE INSCRIPTIONS (STRUCTURE 6F-27) GENERAL DESCRIPTION Good sized temple-type building (18.08 m long x 8.90m deep overall with two rooms: long front room, with three exterior doorways, and single room behind. Building stands on pyramidal substructure, about 11 m high overall, with stairway on west side. Temple proper also faces west and overlooks large plaza, with remains of several stelae and round altars. Temple gets its name from hieroglyphic inscriptions carved on face of roofcomb and upper facades (140 total glyph blocks) which includes date of 9.16.15.0.0 (A.D. 766). ORIENTATION Main facade faces west. EXTERIOR DETAILS BASE MOLDING Form: Single member, apron-type molding. Size: Overall height .76 m at front section, 1.16 m high, rear section. Projection: .15 m projection at top. Other: Molding slopes inward about .17 m from bottom to top. LOWER WALL ZONE Height: 2.46 m; top of base to bottom of projecting upper wall. Stonework: Wall faced with rectangular blocks, moderately well dressed, and deeply tailed into hearting. Thickness: Front wall 1.41 m thick at doorjambs. Decoration: None; lower walls are plain, both front and rear sections. DOORWAYS Shape: Rectangular. Jambs: Faced with medium-sized blocks, similar to those seen in walls. Lintels: Wood bntels; these are round in section, 0.15 m in diameter, 6 total over each doorway. 1L MEDIAL MOLDING No real medial molding; entire upper wall projects out about .20 m beyond face of wall below. UPPER WALL ZONE Height: About 2.44 m high overall. Stonework: Where plain, wall faced with rectangular blocks, similar to those seen in lower walls. Decoration: Traces of mask over doorway to central room. Panels of incised hieroglyphic inscriptions on east, north and south facades (see details). Other: Upper wall shows very sUght inward slope. CORNICE No real cornice molding. Upper wall at rear is flush from top to bottom. ROOF STRUCTURE Description: Very thick, high roofcomb with two roughly vaulted chambers, one above the other in interior. Outer face steps back in front (three steps total) but rear wall is plain from bottom to top. Location: Over rear portion of building, but sets back about .75 m from outer face of upper wall at rear. Dimenions.* About 12.0 m high overall, and about 5.25 m thick at base. Decoration: Remains of central portion of mask still in place at base of roofcomb on west side. Projecting stones in upper portion of roofcomb indicate that it carried elaborate stucco sculptures of unknown design. Panel of 96 glyph blocks incised in east (rear) face of roofcomb. Panels with 12 glyph blocks each on north and south sides of roofcomb. ARCHITECTURAL STYLE Central Peten style. COMMENTS Temple VI was first reported by Antonio Ortiz in 1951, who made his way from Uaxactun to Tikal with several companions. Later that same year, Heinrich Berlin (1951) published a description of the temple and its associated monuments. Temple and substructure were cleared and consobdated some years later as part of University of Pennsylvania Project at Tikal. 11 As noted above, Temple VI differs in several respects from the other major temples at Tikal in that it has three doorways in its main facade instead of the usual one, and the Lintels over its doorways are formed with round logs, rather than the rectangular beams found in Temple I-V, some of which are carved with human figures and hieroglyphic inscriptions. In addition, while the front portion of the temple is differentiated from the rear portion by simple setbacks on both ends, it lacks the more complex vertical recesses which are seen in all but Temple V of the major temples. Finally, the inscriptions on the rear of the roofcomb of Temple VI are also unique, as the other temples appear to have plain rear walls. "14 SITE: TIKAL DATE: 3/18/1978 TEMPLE OF THE INSCRIPTIONS (STRUCTURE 6F-27) INTERIOR DETAILS: Room 1 (Outer room) DIMENSIONS Length: 15.10 m. Width: 1.83 m. WALLS Height: 2.60 m; floor to springline. Thickness: Front wall 1.39 m thick at doorjambs. Stonework: Walls faced with Doorways: Lateral doorways, 1.50 m wide. Central doorway 1.99 m wide. Lintels formed with round beams, 0.15 m in diameter. Seven total over each doorway, 0.51 m springline to top of lintels. Rod Sockets: No data. Cordholders: Pairs of round cordholders high and low, both sides of all three exterior doorways. These are partly destroyed and pins are missing. Wall Openings: Small holes (floor drains) at floor line in wail sections adjacent to central doorway. These are flush with top of base on exterior. Platforms: None. Other: l)Three red handprints on back wall, both sides of doorway to rear room, about 1.65 m above floor. 2) Many graffiti on walls but so overlaid with modern scribbles that it is difficult to identify originals. See details of graffiti on east wall, north of doorway. VAULTS Springline Offset: Height: 1.32 m, springUne to bottom of capstones. Form: Vault faces have straight sides. Stonework: Vault faced with Capstones: Capstone span about 0.20 m. Crossbeams: Two rows of crossbeams; one at springline, other row 0.35 m to center below capstones. OBSERVATIONS Outer room with three doorways is unusual since the other five major temples at Tikal (Temples I-IV) all have only a single doorway. SITE: TIKAL DATE: 3/18/1978 TEMPLE OF THE INSCRIPTIONS (STRUCTURE 6F-27) INTERIOR DETAILS: Room 2 (Rear room) DIMENSIONS Length: 4.03 in. Width: 1.24 m. WALLS Height: 2.32 m; floor to springline. Thickness: Dividing wall to front room 1.90 m thick. Stonework: Walls faced with Doorways: Doorway to front room 1.95 m wide. Wood lintels above .17 m thick, .33 m bottom of lintels to springbne. Lintels are round sections of logs, 11 in all. Rod Sockets: No data. Cordholders: Remains of cordholders, high and low, both sides of doorway, 0.38 m from jambs. Lower holders 0.43 m to center above floor, upper holder 0.63 m below springbne. Wail Openings: Small hole centered in rear wall just below springline. Platforms: None. Other: Floor of this room raised .40 m above floor of front room. VAULTS Springbne Offset: 0.075 m long walls. No offsets in end walls at springbne. Height: 1.52 m, springbne to bottom of capstones. Form: Vault faces have straight sides. Stonework: Vault faced with Capstones: Capstone span 0.20 m. Crossbeams: One row of crossbeams at springbne, 2nd row near midpoint (verticaby) of vault. Other: OBSERVATIONS Room 2 very small, compared to outer rooms, but was originally longer as both ends were partly filled in with secondary construction. 11* METERS TIKAL, Guatemala Temple of the Inscriptions G.F. Andrews, 1974 11 TIKAL. Guatemala Temple of the Inscriptions C.F. Andrews, 1974 H TIKAL, Temple of the Inscriptions. View of rear showing inscriptions on roofcomb. -n